Introduction To GD&T?

INTRODUCTION TO GD&T?
Parts manufactured in a shop must meet

specific design requirements shown on engineering
drawings. GD&T is a way of specifying engineering
design and drawing requirements with particular
attention to actual function and relationship of the
part features. The best method for describing how
the parts should fit together and how they function
should be one that is understood by people in all
stages of the process.
GD&T can be thought of as an engineering
design drawing language and a functional
production and
inspection technique. It aids manufacturers in
sophisticated engineering designs as well as
meeting demands for more completeness,
uniformity, and clarity.This unique system uses
standard, international symbols to describe parts in
a
language that is clearly understood by any
manufacturer that is familiar with the standard.
Need/Significance of GD&T:
Generally speaking, there are many instances
that call for GD&T to be used. Some of these
instances are listed below:
 When part features are critical to function or

interchangeability.
 When functional gauging techniques are

desirable.
 When datum references are desirable to ensure

consistency between manufacturing and
gauging operations.
 When computerization techniques in design and

manufacture are desirable.
 When standard interpretation or tolerance is not

already implied.
 There are many obvious reasons why GD&T

makes sense in the manufacturing environment.
For example:It saves money.
 Provides for maximum producibility of a part
through maximum production tolerances.
 Ensures that design dimensional and tolerance

requirements, as they relate to the actual
function, are specifically stated and thus carried
out.
 Adapts to, and assists, computerization

techniques in design and manufacturing.
 Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at

assembly.
 Provides uniformity and convenience in drawing

in drawing delineation and interpretation,
thereby reducing controversy and guesswork.
Types of Tolerances:
1) Geometrical Tolerances.
2) Dimensional Tolerances.
Types of Geometrical
Tolerances:
Form Tolerances:
• Straightness
• Flatness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity
Orientation Tolerances:
• Parallelism
• Perpendicularity
• Angularity
Location tolerances:
• Position
• Symmetry
• Concentricity
• Coaxiality
Runout tolerances :
• Circular runout
• Total runout
Advantages of GD&T:
 GD&T instructions are a significant
improvement over the traditional methods.
 GD&T is a compact language that can be

understood by anyone who has learned the
symbols and it replaces the numerous notes
that were often used to describe the part.
 In accordance with the guidelines of ASME

Y14.5M and ISO 1101 standards.
 GD&T offers greater design clarity, improved

fit, better inspection methods, and more
realistic part tolerances. By emphasizing how
features relate to each other, manufacturers
can better control the design, fit and function
of parts.
 This process ensures that good parts pass

inspection and bad parts are caught and
rejected before they reach the customer.
 Many geometric tolerances require strict

inspection methods beyond the capabilities of
basic calipers or micrometers. A coordinate
measuring machine is best suited for
inspecting most features and their
relationships.
Commonly Used GD&T Terms

&Symbols:
GD&T symbols are known universally as a method

of specifying requirements without using notes or
words on the drawing. The symbols are created to
look like the requirement they identify. Symbols can
specify things such as repetitive features, diameters,
radius, spotfaces, and counterbores. Most of the
symbols used between ASME and ISO are identical.
However, there are a few differences. The chart M
below outlines some of the most common symbols
and their appearance for both ISO and ASME. There
are a few symbols that are used in the ASME
Y14.5M, 1994 Standard that are being proposed for
the ISO standards. The symbols marked with an “X”
are new or revised from the previous Y14.5M, 1982
standard.
In order to form a good understanding of
GD&T, it is necessary
to understand several basic terms and symbols.
These terms are outlined below and will be
discussed in more detail in subsequent sections:
•Radius–
Two types of radii can be applied in GD&T. The
radius ( R ) and
the controlled radius (CR) are used to distinguish
general applications (R) from those which require
further restrictions (CR) on the radius shape.
•Statistical Tolerancing Symbol–

Tolerances are sometimes calculated using simple
arithmetic. These mathematic calculations are used
to assign various features of a part to the total
assembly. Statistical tolerancing can be applied to a
part to increase tolerances and decrease the
manufacturing cost. If a part is designated as being
statistically toleranced, it must be produced using
statistical process controls.
•With Size -
When a feature is said to be “with size” it is
associated with a size dimension. It can be
cylindrical or spherical or possibly a set of two
opposing parallel surfaces.
•Without Size -
A feature that is without size is a plane surface
where no size dimensions are indicated.
•Feature Control Frames -
This is potentially the most significant symbol in any
geometric tolerancing system. It provides the
instructions and requirements for the feature to
which it is related. Only one requirement is
contained in a feature control frame. Multiple
features require multiple feature control frames. The
first frame contains one of the 14 geometric
characteristic, the second contains the total
tolerance for the particular feature, the third and
subsequent compartments of the feature control
frame contain specified datum. It is important to note
that the feature control frame controls the surface of
a flat feature and the axis or median plane of a
feature of size.
•Material Condition Modifiers -

Often it becomes necessary to refer to a feature in
its largest or smallest condition, or it may be
necessary to refer to a feature regardless of feature
size. These conditions are designated as the
maximum material condition (MMC), the least
material condition (LMC) and regardless of feature
size (RFS). For example, MMC would be used to
express the largest pin or the smallest hole. LMC
would be used to describe the smallest pin or the
largest hole. RFS might be used to show that a
geometric tolerance applied to any increment of
feature size of any feature within its size tolerance.
CASE STUDY : PART DESIGN
YOUTUBE LINK FOR GD&T

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4D7ySwNTZQ

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INTRODUCTION TO GD&T?

Parts manufactured in a shop must meet

 When part features are critical to function or

 When functional gauging techniques are

 When datum references are desirable to ensure

 When computerization techniques in design and

 When standard interpretation or tolerance is not

 There are many obvious reasons why GD&T

 Ensures that design dimensional and tolerance

 Adapts to, and assists, computerization

 Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at

 Provides uniformity and convenience in drawing

 GD&T is a compact language that can be

 In accordance with the guidelines of ASME

 GD&T offers greater design clarity, improved

 This process ensures that good parts pass

 Many geometric tolerances require strict

Commonly Used GD&T Terms

GD&T symbols are known universally as a method

•Statistical Tolerancing Symbol–

•Material Condition Modifiers -

CASE STUDY : PART DESIGN

YOUTUBE LINK FOR GD&T

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