Lecture 10
Introduction to TCP/IP
CT4005NI - Computer Hardware and Software
Architectures
Introduction to TCP/IP
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
was created by DoD.
• Computer networks use this TCP/IP scheme for
internetwork communication.
• TCP/IP first came on the scene in 1973, but was later divided
into two distinct protocols, TCP and IP.
• In 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP and was the authorized set of
rules for data transmission over a computer network.
TCP/IP and the OSI Model
• TCP/IP model is a condensed version of the OSI reference
model.
• It has four layers instead of the seven layers of the OSI
model.
• The four layers are Application/Process layer, Host-to-host
or the Transport layer, the Internet or the Network layer and
the Network Access Layer.
TCP/IP and the OSI Model
TCP/IP and the OSI Model
• The Process/Application layer defines protocols for node to
node application communication and also controls user
interface specifications.
• The Host-to-host or transport layer parallels the function of
the OSI’s Transport layer by setting up transmission service
for applications.
• The Internet or Network layer corresponds to the OSI’s
Network Layer, looking over the logical transmission of
packets.
• The Network Access layer implements the data exchange
between the host and the network using hardware
addressing.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
• In the following sections, we will now cover the different
Application Layer protocols used in an IP network.
1. TELNET: Used for terminal emulation and has a telnet
client and a telnet server. Uses TCP port 23.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
2. FTP: A protocol that allows us to transfer files. Requires
proper authentication modes set up.
3. TFTP: A stripped-down version of FTP that is mainly used
for quick backups of data. Uses port 69.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
4. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used to send
mail using a spooled or queued method of mail delivery. Uses
port 25.
5. POP and POP3: The Post Office Protocol (POP) is used to
retrieve mail from a mail server to a host. Uses port 110.
6. IMAPv4: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) gives us
more security while allowing users to retrieve mail from a
mail server to a host. Uses port 143.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
7. TLS and SSL: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure
Socket Layer (SSL) are cryptographic protocols or securing the
online data transmission.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
8. HTTP and HTTPS: Used to manage communications
between browsers and servers. HTTPS uses SSL.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
9. DNS: Domain name server (DNS) resolves hostnames.
The Process/Application Layer
Protocols
10. DHCP: Used to dynamically assign IP addresses to hosts.
Host-to-Host Layer Protocols
• There are two sets of protocols in this layer which helps to
manage end to end communication between the
communicating hosts.
• TCP or Transmission Control Protocol is a Connection-
Oriented protocol.
• UDP or User Datagram Protocol is a Connection-Less
Protocol.
Host-to-Host Layer Protocols
• TCP takes data from the top layer and then breaks it into
segments.
• Uses virtual circuits.
• It sequences and numbers each segments and thus is called
connection oriented protocol.
• Uses Three-way-Handshake for reliability and is known as
Reliable protocol.
Host-to-Host Layer Protocols
• UDP is a scaled down protocol and is also referred to as the
thin protocol.
• This protocol is used when the reliability of the transmitted
data is not a priority.
• The segments created using UDP are not segmented, nor
numbered, hence known as Connection-Less protocol.
• There are no acknowledgements and thus the protocol is
known as Unreliable protocol.
Port Numbers
• Port numbers are used for establishing communication
sessions and for communication with the upper layers to
that of Host-to-Host layer.
• There are source ports and then there are destination ports.
• Numbers below 1024 are reserved as ports used by well
known protocol and services.
• 1024 to 65535 can be used to make up source ports or
destination ports.
Port Numbers
Common Port Numbers
Internet Layer Protocols
• The internet layer provides the Routing feature while also
providing network interface for the upper layers.
• The IP (Internet Protocol) uses the Packet’s layer 3 address
to route packets from source to destination hosts.
• Routing table is used extensively.
• IP receives segments from host-to-host layer and fragments
them into packets.
Internet Layer Protocols
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a management
protocol and service.
• They can provide hosts with information about network
problems.
• PING (Packet Internet Groper) uses ICMP echo request and
reply messages to check the physical and logical
connectivity of the machines.
Internet Layer Protocols
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) finds the hardware
address of a host from a known IP address.
IP Addressing
• An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each
machine on an IP network.
• The location of any specific device on an IP computer
network can be identified using IP addresses.
• Unlike hardware addresses, IP addresses are not hardcoded
into the NIC card of a host.
172.16.0.12 192.168.1.1
41.1.23.16
IP Terminology
• Bit: A bit is one digit, either a 0 or a 1.
• Byte: A collection of 8 bits equals to 1 byte.
• Octet: An octet is made up of 8 bits.
• Network address: This is the designation used in routing to
send packets to a remote network.
• Broadcast address: The address used by applications and
hosts to send information to all nodes/hosts on a computer
network.
Network Addressing
Unicast, Broadcast and
Multicast
End of Lecture 10.
