Flexible Transmission Grids

Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows

Boris Berseneff
SmartGrids Network Studies Specialist
boris.berseneff@areva-td.com

Internal Webinar Training, 5 of May 2010

T&D
 Training Scope

Composed of two parts:

1. A more fundamental part:

Some basic notions of power system operation and related
challenges;

Basics of reactive power compensation;

DC transmission systems.
2. A more product-line-oriented part:

Proposing SBU solutions to the identified challenges:
- Clarifying the working principles of each solution;
- Pointing out the main advantages/drawbacks of each solution;
- Giving examples of application as needed.

The main objective here is to give an overview of

SBU solutions to improve power flows.
2 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 2
 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

3 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 3

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

4 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 4

 Reactive Power Compensation
Basic Principle
Ui Uj Ui Uj
Rij + j·Xij Rij
Sij Sij

Uncompensated line: Compensated line:

• Important voltage drop • Small voltage drop;

essentially on Xij; (essentially due to losses on Rij)

• Important reduction of • Optimal power transfer

power transfer capability. capability.

• Compensation possible by
injecting reactive power at j.

Voltage drop in Rij is unavoidable (active component);

Voltage drop in Xij can be avoided (reactive component).

(Equivalent) Xij > 0 ⇒ Use capacitors!

(Equivalent) Xij < 0 ⇒ Use inductances!
5 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 5
 Reactive Power Compensation
Objectives

Ui Uj

Greater management and control of transmission Xij
power flows:
 Increased transmission capacity; Sij
 Increased voltage stability margins.

Main types of classical compensation: Ui = |Ui|∠δi
 Shunt: Uj = |Uj|∠δj

Regulates nodal voltage modules;
(Ui or Uj) δij = δi - δj

Uses Phase-Earth nodal reactances.
Inductances (low load) or Capacities (high load).
 Series:
Ui ⋅ U j

Reduces Xij and δij resulting in increased dynamic
stability of the grid; Pij ≈ ⋅ sin(δ ij )

Uses capacitors.
X ij
(Overcharged transmission lines.)

FACTS devices provide advanced reactive power

compensation.

Reactive power compensation permits greater

transmission grid effectiveness and stability.
6 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 6
 Reactive Power Compensation
Power Flow Management

Ui Uj
Xij
Voltage regulation
through shunt reactive power compensation:
Phase angle control Sij
through phase shifting:
SVC: Static VAR Compensator
STATCOM: STATic Synchronous COMpensator
PST: Phase Shifting Transformer
Ui = |Ui|∠δi
Uj = |Uj|∠δj
U i .U j δij = δi - δj
Pij ≈ . sin ( δ ij )
X ij

Impedance modification
through series reactive power compensation:

SC: Series Capacitor

TCSC: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

There are several ways to improve power flows

through reactive power compensation.
7 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 7
 Reactive Power Compensation
Shunt Compensation – Load Compensation
Ui
Ui Uj

ij ·I
R XL Lj

j·X
Sij δij Uj R
θ i j ·I
2·XC 2·XC φ I

Also called power factor (cos(φ)) correction;

Can increase transmissible power by up to 50%;

Results in reduced transmission losses.

Load power factor correction

is key to efficient power transmission.
8 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 8
 Reactive Power Compensation
Shunt Compensation – Midpoint Compensation

Ui Um Uj Ui = Um = U j = U
R/2 XL/2 R/2 XL/2 Lj X L = X ij
U2 δ 
2·XC Sij Ideal
Sij 2·XC Pij ≈ 2 ⋅ ⋅ sin ij 
Compensator X ij  2 

Consists in “breaking” the line into two “equal” parts;

Permits to either:
 Double the line theoretical transmissible power;
or
 Double the line length:

For the same voltage level;

For the same conductor section.
or
 Quadruple the transmissible power 1 U i2
U j = U i ⋅ cos(δ ij ) ⇒ max {Pij } = ⋅
of the base non-compensated line. 2 X ij

Midpoint power factor compensation allows to

double the maximum theoretical capacity of a given line.
9 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 9
 Reactive Power Compensation
Series Compensation
Ui Uj Ui Uj’ Uj
R XL Lj R XL XC Lj
Sij Sij Series
Compensation
Ui

L ·I
Ui

j·X
δij Uj R δij Uj
θ L ·I
φ θ φ

C ·I
I Ui - Uj I Ui - Uj

j·X

L ·I
R·
L I

j·X
Uj’

Improved voltage profile; (series compensation reduces Ui - Uj)

Improved dynamic stability; (series compensation reduces δij)
Ui ⋅U j

Increased theoretical transmission capacity; Pij ≈ ⋅ sin (δ ij ), X C < 0
XL + XC

Overcompensation may lead to sub-synchronous resonance.

Series compensation advantages are three-fold…

... but, beware of overcompensation.
10 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 10
 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

11 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 11

 Phase Shifting Transformers
Ui Uj Ui = |Ui|∠δi
Phase angle control Xij Uj = |Uj|∠δj
Sij δij = δi - δj
Vi .V j
Pij ≈ . sin ( δ ij )
X ij

Actual example:
Pragnères
X fault X fault X fault

P→ 50 70 80% 60 140% 50 85 75% 100% 100%

Former arrangement Former arrangement Postponed solution Current solution

Steady state Faulty condition New tie line construction Phase shifting Transformer

Steady-state power flow control

and voltage regulation.
12 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 12
 Phase Shifting Transformers – Theory
P1 Hypothesizes: P’1 Zd
I I1 Z1 Z1 < Z2
I1Max < I2Max
I2 Z2
P2 P’2
Z1 Z1 + Z d
I2 = I1 I2 = I1
Z2 Z2
Z1 Z1 + Z d
I max = I1max + I1max ⋅ < I1max + I 2 max I max = I1max + I1max ⋅ = I1max + I 2 max
Z2 Z2

S < S1 + S 2 S = S1 + S 2

It is not possible to use the Power flow is transferred to

full power transfer capacity the high capacity line

PST may be used to postpone new line investments.

13 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 13

 Phase Shifting Transformers – Theory

US, i = UL, i + ∆Ui

∆Ui

UL, i US, i

Adding in the line a voltage made from a combination of the

line voltages;

Achieved by a tap changer.

Simple principle but complex design.

14 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 14

 Phase Shifting Transformers – Designs

Single Core: symmetric and non symmetric

 Pros: low price;
 Cons: employed for low voltage and low rated power only because
OLTC in line.

Dual Core: constant modulus and quadrature booster

 Pros: employed for high voltage; the insulation level of OLTC can be reduced
because the tap winding is separated from series winding
 Pros: efficient with all voltages, angles and power;
 Cons: need for two active parts in the same tank or not;
 Cons: need for 9 outputs at the line voltage.

15 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 15

 Phase Shifting Transformers – Dual Core Designs
A B C

Quadbooster

Non symmetric;
A’ A

Output voltage depends
on phase shift.

A’ B’ C’

A B C

Constant modulus

Symmetric;
A
A’
Off load voltage A’ does
not depend on the angle;

Voltage for the main
transformer is taken in the
middle of the series
A’ B’ C’ winding.

16 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 16

 Phase Shifting Transformers – Example
La Praz’s PST
Long Term: extra line

Dual Core
constant modulus

1181 MVA Two studied solutions

400 kV

1560 A
Strong line

-14.5 ° Short Term: PST

Weak line

New line

Strong line

Weak line

PST

17 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 17

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

18 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 18

 The emergence of FACTS

Today, grids are more and more constrained:

 Increasing power demand;
 Raising environmental concerns, costs and regulatory difficulties 
less investments in large grid infrastructures.

Power grids need to be more an more flexible to compensate for the lack of
investments and integrate decentralized generations

 Increase of power transfer capability;

 Need to control power flow over designated routes.

Traditional line compensation and power flow control methods are
not flexible and dynamic enough (reactors, capacitors, PST)

Technological solution: FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)
 Power electronics-based devices increasing the effectiveness and the
dynamic behavior of power grids assets.

FACTS technology creates innovative opportunities

for more efficient power flow control.
19 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 19
 The emergence of FACTS: Possible Benefits

Power flow control according to defined strategies and to system

needs;

Increase the loading and line thermal capabilities;

Increase system security by:
 Increasing stability margins;
 Damping any electromechanical oscillations;
…

Provide greater flexibility for integrating additional centralized \
distributed generation;

Reduce reactive power flows thus allowing power lines to carry
additional amounts of active power;

…

20 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 20

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

21 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 21

 Basics Applications of Power Electronics

FACTS controllers are based on an assembly of:
 AC/DC and/or DC/AC converters;
 High power AC switches.

Converters are made of valves that are an assembly of power
devices, snubber circuits and turn-off/turn-on gate drive circuits.

AC switches are an assembly of back-to-back connected power
devices, snubber circuits and turn-off/turn-on gate drive circuits.

Nominal rating of power devices:
 1 kA to 5 kA;
 5 kV to 10 kV.

Basic functions of power converters and AC switches:
 To control the amplitude of the AC voltage being applied to any
existing reactive elements;
 To produce a synthetic voltage waveform or ac as a current source;
 To convert power from AC to DC or from DC to AC.

22 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 22

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

23 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 23

 Classification of power semiconductor devices

Uncontrolled: diodes
 Unidirectional current capability;
 Unidirectional voltage blocking switch;
 The conduction state is dictated by the applied voltage at the device
terminals.

Turn-on controllable switches: thyristors

 Unidirectional current capacity;
 Bidirectional voltage blocking switches.

Fully controllable switches (self-commutated devices): GTO, IGBT

 Turn-on and turn-off is commanded through the gate;
 Pulse triggered or continuously gated.
GTO: Gate Turn OFF thyristor
IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

24 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 24

 Classification of power semiconductor devices
Type Features Symbol Implementation

Uncontrolled
Diode
Unidirectional current

Supply/load Delay controlled

Thyristor
commutated Unidirectional current

Delay controlled
Antiparallel Thyristors
Bidirectional current

Bidirectional current
IGBT, GTO + Diode
Unidirectional voltage
Self commutated
Unidirectional current
IGBT, GTO
Bidirectional voltage blocking

i
If V > 0 then i > 0
V

If V > 0 then i > 0 Turn-ON ability

If V > 0 then i > 0 Turn-ON ability Turn-OFF ability

25 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 25

 General features of semiconductor switches 1/3

Thyristors
 Bidirectional voltage blocking capability;
 Unidirectional current carrying capability;
 Available in large power ratings;
 Very rugged;
 Low losses (current conduction) and triggered by low energy pulses;
 Turned off using external circuit;
 Usually line commutated and switched at line frequency (forced commutation is difficult
to implement).

26 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 26

 General features of semiconductor switches 2/3

Pulse triggered self-commutated devices: GTO

 Unidirectional voltage blocking capability;
 Bidirectional current carrying capability;
 Pulse triggered;
 Blocking initiated by injecting reverse current into the gate (it shuts the main GTO
current);

 Need gate drives with large pulse capabilities but short duration (a few µs);
 Long turn-OFF time → switching frequency < 1 kHz;
 Switching losses rise with the switching frequency ~f2.

27 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 27

 General features of semiconductor switches 3/3

Continuously gated self-commutated devices: IGBT

 Recent device;
 Unidirectional voltage blocking capability;
 Bidirectional current carrying capability;
 Hybrid devices: similar behavior…

on the power side as Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT);

on the gate side as Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET);

 Gate consumption is small

 Require a separate gate drive power supply to be gated continuously during
conduction period;
 Small turn-ON and turn-OFF time;
 Switching frequency > 1 kHz → Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for control of
output magnitude and harmonics distortion.

Differences between MOSFET and BJT: http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-bjt-and-mosfet/

28 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 28
 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

29 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 29

 Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC

6-Pulse Bridge Valve =

R Y B B Y R

1 5 9 3 11 7

7 11 3 9 5 1

12 4 8 4 12 8
Yy0d11 Yy0d11
6 10 2 10 6 2

12-Pulse Bridge Quadrivalve

HVDC DC HVDC
link / line
1, 2, 3 …: Operating sequence of valves
30 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 30
 Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
R Y B

1 5 9

7 11 3

12 4 8
Yy0d11
6 10 2

31 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 31

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

32 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 32

 Basic types of FACTS Controllers

Series FACTS controllers
 Voltage injection in series with a line: voltage source;
 Supply or consume variable reactive power (if the voltage is in quadrature with
the current);
 More effective for controlling current/power flows;
 Possibility of controlling voltage (but less efficient than shunt controllers);
 Smaller MVA size;
 Need to be designed to ride through or bypass short circuit currents;

Shunt FACTS controllers
 Injection of current at the point of connection: current source;
 Supply or consume variable reactive power (if the injected current is in
quadrature with the line voltage);

 Most effective for controlling voltage at and around the point of

connection;
 No power flow control;

Combination of series and shunt can provide the best of both!

33 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 33

 Basic types of FACTS Controllers
Line
V
Shunt controller
Line i
Symbol of FACTS controller Series controller

Unified series-
series controller
Coordinated series
DC power link Unified series-shunt and shunt controller
controller
DC power link Coordinated
control

DC power link

Storage

Storage
Storage

34 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 34

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

35 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 35

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

SVC benefits:
 Instantaneous regulation of voltage profiles;
 Assistance in fault recovery;
 Reduces the incidence of black/brown-outs;
 Allows greater network operation flexibility;
 Improves steady and dynamic performances;
 Reduces losses and maximizes capability of assets;
 Power oscillation damping;
 Three phase balancing.

36 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 36

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

SVC = TCR(s) + TSC(s) + Harmonic Filter(s):
 Thyristor Controlled Reactor;
 Thyristor Switched Capacitor;
 Mechanically Switched Capacitor;
 Mechanically Switched Reactor;
 Harmonic filter. Point of Connection
HV

MSC MSR LV

Filter MSR MSC TSC TCR

37 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 37

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

Thyristors Controlled Reactor module
 Provides variable inductance insertion;
 Continuously variable device
absorbs reactive power to decrease system voltage;

 Provides point-on-wave control (smooth output)

minimum current to full rated current;

 Fast response;
 Source of harmonics.

Single line diagram 3-phase delta connection representation

38 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 38

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

Thyristors Switched Capacitor module
 Provides variable capacitance insertion;
 Rapidly switched device
generate reactive power to increase system voltage;

 Fast response;
 Does not generate harmonics;
 Does not provide point-on-wave control (output in blocks)
high in-rush currents if switched other than at voltage zero.

Single line diagram 3-phase delta connection representation

39 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 39

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

Fixed capacitors and reactors
 Configured as manually switched devices
absorb or generate reactive power;

 Configured as harmonic filters

absorb harmonic currents generated by TCR;

 Manually switched device.

40 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 40

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

Example: Lovedean, UK
 400 kV -75/+150 MVAr
V
Filter Filter Filter Filter
+ + +
400 kV TCR
2TSC 1TSC

Capacitive Inductive
current current
Fixed Thyristor Switched Thyristor
Capacitor Capacitors Controlled Reactor i
20 MVAr 65 MVAR each 95 MVAR 85 20
150 MVAr 75 MVAr

Actual arrangement V vs. i characteristic

41 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 41

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

Example: Lovedean, UK

Reactors of TCR
TSC/TCR Transformer
Valves

TSC
Capacitors

Filter

42 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 42

 Shunt Compensation: Static VAr Compensator

SVC Thyristor Valve Module

Thyristors Valves Arrangement

43 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 43

 Shunt Compensation: STATCOM
SVC

Variable inductors and capacitors
obtained with thyristors;

Q ~ U2.

Low losses / STATCOM

STATCOM = STAtic COMpensator

High bandwidth

VSC (Voltage-Sourced
allowing quicker
Converter) controls
control:
voltage through
injection of reactive  Active filtering;
power;  Load balancing;

Q ~ U;  Flicker mitigation;
VSC

VSC is obtained by  Low content of
harmonics.
GTO/IGBT;

4 quadrants control

Smoother output
than SVC.
High losses / SVC
44 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 44
 Shunt Compensation: STATCOM

Comparison of characteristics, without active power source
TSC & TCR System Voltage
(p.u.)
STATCOM
1.0 p.u.

0.4 p.u.

1.0 p.u. Capacitive Current Inductive Current 1.0 p.u.

(Leading) (Lagging)

STATCOM offers greater flexibility

45 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 45

 Shunt Compensation: STATCOM

VSC
 Required output signal is obtained by:

Chain circuit of GTO valves;

Pulse Width Modulation, done with IGBT (less commutation losses but more expensive).

Vdc
Vout
Vdc
Output
t0 t1 t2

Two-level VSC

+ + + Vout
V V V
- - -

ac terminals
3V Vout
2V
V

α1
Chain circuit VSC α2 αi : switching instant
α3

46 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 46

 Shunt Compensation: STATCOM

AREVA’s chain-link STATCOM

47 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 47

 Shunt Compensation: STATCOM

STATCOM-based SVC 400 kV, East Claydon, UK
Transformer
TSC Filter
3 STATCOM
cabins
Cooling
TCR plant
TSC / TCR
valves

Heat
exchanger

48 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 48

 Shunt Compensation: STATCOM

AREVA’s PWM STATCOM: SVC MaxSine

Network current before and after

compensation with MaxSine

PWM: Pulse Width Modulation

49 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 49

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

50 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 50

 Series Compensation: Fixed Series Capacitors

FSC benefits
 electrical:

enhanced control of voltage profile  enhance stability;

reduced transmission angle,  improved network stability;

reduced longitudinal impedance,  boosted active power transfer
capability.
 financial:

Avoiding the investment on additional transmission circuit(s) [cost of the
transmission lines + cost of the right-of-ways];

About investments transmission line vs. FSC: a minimum ratio of 10 to 1 is
often quoted.

 operational:

Owing to duration of administrative procedures for construction of a new
transmission line, FSC implementation and operation is much faster.

51 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 51

 Series Compensation: FSC

FSC elements and equipments

Bypass Varistor
Capacitor Bank

Capacitor Bank

Bypass Varistor

Damping Reactor
Spark Gap

Series Capacitor

Spark Gap

Composite Insulator

Bypass Switch
Damping Reactor
52 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 52
 Series Compensation: FSC

FSC example: Turkey, 420 kV, 125 MVAr

Clearance
(series capacitors)

53 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 53

 Series Compensation: TCSC

TCSC: Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator;

TCSC benefits:
 Series compensation:

Steady state voltage regulation and prevention of voltage collapse;

Improving transient rotor angle stability;

Steady state power flow control by compensation of transmission lines.
 Balancing of load flow by changing the reactance of a specific
interconnecting power line (wide range of variation of the equivalent
impedance from capacitive to inductive);
 Capability to provide additional damping to spontaneous system
oscillations;
 Risk of subsynchronous resonances mitigated by changing its
apparent impedance for subsynchronous frequencies.

Adapting the transmission system for

minimizing losses, controlling power flows and
operating the entire system at optimum security
margins.
54 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 54
 Series Compensation: TCSC

TCSC elements:
 Capacitors;
 Bypass Varistors;
 Thyristors valves and reactor = Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR).
Capacitor Bank

Bypass Varistor

replaced by
Damping Reactor
Spark Gap

Series Capacitor

MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV

Bypass breaker
55 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 55
 Series Compensation: TCSC

Functioning: the TCR module operating modes
 Blocking mode: Xline
XC

Xeq = Xline - Σ (Xc)

 Bypass mode:
XL

Xeq = Xline - Σ (Xc.XL)/(Xc-XL)
XL << XC at rated frequency

Thyristor valve is continuously triggered
(the capacitor voltage is much lower in by-pass than in blocking mode)

 Boost mode:

Current through the inductance is controlled to flow in pulses (+/- large);
XTCR = 2 π f L / (2 - α/90 + Sin 2α
α/π)

Xeq = Xline - Σ (Xc.XTCR)/(Xc-XTCR) Draft…

Capacitive for higher value of α, equivalent impedance of TCSC is much

higher than Xc itself;

Inductive for lower value of α, below synchronous frequency.

56 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 56

 Series Compensation: TCSC

TCSC example: Bonneville Power Administration, USA
 220 MVAr;
 2900 A in the line.

57 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 57

 Series Compensation: SSSC

SSSC: Static Synchronous Series Compensator
 Similar as STATCOM but output AC voltage is in series with the line
 Based on VSC or CSC (current-sourced converter)
 Based on GTO/IGBT technology
 Same benefits as TCSC but better performances
 Not available yet… within AREVA T&D’s portfolio

Line

Storage

58 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 58

 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

59 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 59

 The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC

UPFC: the universal solution
 Combination of a STATCOM and a SSSC with a dc link;
 Based on GTO/IGBT technology;
 Allows for multiple variable control, concurrently or selectively:

Line voltage;

Impedance;

Angle;

Reactive power;

Active power.

 Not available yet… within AREVA T&D’s portfolio

Line Voltage regulation

through shunt reactive power compensation:
Phase angle control
through phase shifting:
SVC: Static VAR Compensator
STATCOM: STATic Synchronous COMpensator
PST: Phase Shifting Transformer

U i .U j
Pij ≈ . sin ( δ ij )
X ij

Impedance modification
through series reactive power compensation:

SC: Series Capacitor

TCSC: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
dc link
60 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Energy Transits 60
 Training Structure

1. Power Transmission Control: Reminder

i. Basic Theory
ii. Power Flow Control with Phase Shifting Transformers
iii. The emergence of FACTS
2. Power Electronics: Fundamentals
i. Basic Functions of Power Electronics
ii. Power Semiconductor Devices for High Power Converters
iii. Static Power Converter Structures, e.g.: HVDC
3. Main FACTS Devices
i. Basic Types of FACTS Controllers
ii. Shunt Compensation: SVC and STATCOM
iii. Series Compensation: FSC, TCSC and SSSC
iv. The Unified Power Flow Controller: UPFC (brief overview)
v. Future Applications for Distribution (brief overview)

61 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 61

 Future Applications for Distribution

Same principles but design must be adapted:
 D-SVC;
 D-STATCOM  SVC MaxSine;
 D-SSSC called DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer);
 D-UPFC;

Under developments! D-STATCOM already available.

62 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 62

 AREVA’s D-STATCOM solution: SVC MaxSine

SVC MaxSine
Main features
All-in-one Real-time
Compensation
4 MVAr to 150 MVAr

Current Harmonics
Compensation

Voltage Stabilisation

Flicker Reduction

Power Factor Correction

Load Currents Balancing
Reaction Time is less than 2ms
Universal Communication
Connectivity

63 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 63

 AREVA’s D-STATCOM solution: SVC MaxSine
Load Currents

Compensated total currents

MaxSine currents

64 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 64

 Future Applications for Distribution: Perspectives

HV Network

P
P

MV Network MV Network

Direct AC connection
not possible because
of high fault level

The traditional model:

 Network designed for power flow from
HV to MV

65 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 65

 Future Applications for Distribution: Perspectives

HV Network

P P

P P

Q Q
+V +V

STATCOM -V -V STATCOM

66 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 66

 Future Applications for Distribution: Perspectives

HV Network

P
P

P Q Q P
+V +V

P
Multi-
STATCOM -V -V STATCOM
Multi-
To MV
MVDC Link
purpose
with energy with energy
purpose
grids
VSC
storage storage
VSC

67 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 67

 Conclusion:
Overview of all PE and FACTS Solutions

T&D
 Overview of all PE and FACTS solutions

SVC STATCOM SCS TCSC SSSC PST UPFC

Active power flow

Reactive power flow

Steady state voltage

control

Transport angle

Dynamic voltage
control

Stability

Power oscillations

Subsynchronous
resonances

Unbalanced phases

Best Good Poor NA

69 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 69

 ☺ Best Overview of all PE and FACTS solutions
 Adequate
FACTS Devices
Not appropriate
Shunt Series Combined
SVC STAT
Solution M S C M S R SC SR PST FCL SC APST FCL FAST FAST FAST (TSR/ -COM SSSC TCSC
- -
- - - - - APST FCL TCR/ (DVR) TSSC IPFC UPFC
- - D-STAT
TSC) TPSC
Problem PST PST R APST PST R APST -COM

Voltage Control –
Steady State ☺☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺   
Voltage Control –
Dynamic (< 5s)  ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺   
Phase Balancing
– Steady State   ☺ ☺    
Phase Balancing
– Dynamic (s)   ☺ ☺    
Power Oscillation
Damping (ms)   ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺  ☺
Transient
Stability (ms)    ☺  ☺  ☺
Power Flow –
Steady State ☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺ ☺   ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
Fault Current
Limitation ☺☺☺ ☺      

Circuit
TSSC = Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor
MSC = Switched Capacitor APST = Assisted PST TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor
TCSC = Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
MSR = Switched Reactor APST-R = APST with Parallel Inductance TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor
TPSC = Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor
SC = Series Capacitor FCL-APST = Fault Current Limited APST TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor
IPFC = Interline Power Flow Controller
SR = Series Reactor FAST-PST = Real-Time Controlled PST DVR = Dynamic Voltage Restorer
UPFC = Unified Power Flow Controller
PST = Phase Shifting Transformer FAST-APST-R = Real-Time Controlled APST-R STATCOM = Static Synchronous Compensator
SSSC = Static Synchronous Series Compensator
FCL-PST = Fault Current Limited PST FAST-FCL-APST = Real-Time Controlled FCL-APST D-STATCOM = Distribution STATCOM
SC-PST = Series Compensated PST SVC = Static Var Compensator
T&D
 FACTS and HVDC Units

HVDC Excellence FACTS Excellence

centre: centre:
Stafford – UK (PES) Tampere – Finland (PET)

R&D centre:
Constance - Germany (PEK)

FACTS Competence
centre:
Philadelphia – US (PEP) Engineering centre:
Beijing - China (PEZ)

Engineering centre: Engineering centre:

S Paulo - Brazil (PER)
Noida - India (PEI)

HVDC up to 800 kV – 7000 MW SVC up to 38 kV – 600 MVar

71 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 71

 Storage: overview of key technologies 1/3

Pumped
Pumped Hydro
Hydro CAES
CAES Ultra
Ultra capacitors
capacitors
• Description: energy is • Description: energy is • Description:
stored in a mass of stored in the form of electrochemical energy
water moved to a compressed air storage devices that
high reservoir thus stored in a reservoir store energy
giving it potential (natural or artificial). electrostatically by
energy that will be The compressed air means of separating
converted by releasing will be used with positive and negative
the water into a lower natural gas to power a ions in the electrolyte
reservoir through turbine generator from each other
hydro turbines generating electricity

SMES
SMES Regenerative
Regenerative Fuel
Fuel cells
cells Flywheels
Flywheels
• Description: energy is • Description: energy is • Description: mechanical
stored in the form of a stored in the form of device that stores kinetic
magnetic field hydrogen that is then energy in a rotating mass.
surrounding an converted back in The flywheel is driven by a
electrical coil. The electricity, producing rotating electrical machine
SMES is charged/ only water as a side that converts mechanical
discharged using product energy into electrical
Power Electronics energy

Batteries
Batteries Flow
Flow batteries
batteries
• Description: electrochemical • Description: form of
device that stores electrical rechargeable battery in
energy in chemical form which electrolyte
thanks to a potential between containing one or more
electrodes that causes an dissolved electroactive
internal reaction in the species flows through
electrolyte. an electrochemical cell
that converts chemical
• Several types of Battery technologies energy directly to
exist: Lead-acid, Sodium-Sulphide (NaS), electricity.
Lithium-Ion…

72 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 72

 Storage: overview of key technologies 2/3

Pumped
Pumped Hydro
Hydro CAES
CAES Ultra
Ultra capacitors
capacitors

Mature technology
Mature technology
Extremely high power density
+
Bulk ESS with very high
charge/discharge duration
+
Bulk ESS with high charge/discharge
duration
+
Excellent responsiveness

Excellent electrical efficiency

Very high power/energy capacity
High power/energy capacity

High capital costs
Fossil-fueled (e.g.: NG): need of a heat
Very low energy density

–
Very low energy density

Specific geographical conditions
– source

High-pressure air reservoir location –
Low energy capacity

Very short charge/discharge durations at

High environment impacts (underground or above) high power levels

Require complex control systems

SMES
SMES Regenerative
Regenerative Fuel
Fuel cells
cells Flywheels
Flywheels

Very high electrical efficiency;
Very high responsiveness
High power or high energy apps.
+
Very high responsiveness;

High cycling ability.
+
No moving parts

No GHG emissions associated to its
+
High cycling ability and good
responsiveness
operation
Easy to manage (turn-key solutions)

Not mature (still under research):
Commercial µSMES product exists (200 kW)
Low electrical efficiency
Rather low energy capacity
–
Magnetic field may be difficult to contain
(health and environment problems) –
Lack of maturity for T&D applications
–
Unsuitable for bulk power apps. (> 100

Low power capacity and cycling ability MW).

Low energy capacity and energy density

Batteries
Batteries Flow
Flow batteries
batteries

Good scalability and transportability
Independent sizing of power and energy
+ (depending on electrolyte)

Inherent high energy densities: reduced
+ capacity (VRB type);

Reasonable electrical efficiency;
physical footprint
High power/energy capacity.

Electrical efficiency needs improvement
Tend to be complex systems (bearing

– (except for the Li-Ion)

Hard to manage: need to be reset often – pumps, plumbing, and other auxiliary components)

Lack of maturity for T&D applications
(disconnect and fully charge), specialized control
Low energy density
algorithms to avoid operational risks (e.g.: gassing,
Unsuitable for bulk power apps. (> 100
explosion…) MW).

73 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 73

 Storage: overview of key technologies 3/3
Duration
20 hrs

10 hrs
Intermittent output optimization Load leveling

2 hrs
UPS T&D CAPEX deferral
Black start Ramping

1 hr
Peak shifting
Energy arbitrage

30 mn Capacity firming

Load following

1 mn
Voltage regulation*
Frequency regulation

secs Power quality

Power

1MW 5MW 10MW 100MW 500MW

Extra fast response (µs) Ultra Fast response (ms) Fast response (s) Slow response (min)

74 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 74

 Bibliography

Narain G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi, ”Understanding FACTS,” IEEE

Press, 2000.

Yong Hua Song and Allan T. Johns, “Flexible ac transmission systems

(FACTS),” IEEE Press, 1999

PET website: http://www.nokiancapacitors.com/systems.htm

75 T&D Flexible Transmission Grids – Part 2: Solutions to Improve Power Flows 75

T&D