G10 Performance Task Worksheet: Part I. The Production of Neat Soap (Cold Process) and Stoichiometry

G10 PERFORMANCE TASK WORKSHEET
Part I. The Production of Neat Soap (Cold Process) and Stoichiometry

Complete this Worksheet. You may attach additional paper for your solutions.
Introduction.
One of the organic chemical reactions known to ancient man was the preparation of
soaps through a reaction called saponification. Natural soaps are sodium or potassium
salts of fatty acids, originally made by boiling lard or other animal fat together with lye
or potash (potassium hydroxide). Hydrolysis of the fats and oils occurs, yielding glycerol
and crude soap.
1 mole fat + 3 mole NaOH  1 mole glycerol + 3 mole crude soap
Natural laundry bar soap is usually used in washing clothes. A good natural laundry bar
soap has enough fat, lye and additives, which give it the ability to remove dirt and stains
in clothes. The ingredients should be thoroughly mixed to produce quality laundry soap.
The formula that we will use in this guide will produce 500 g of soap, hence, the amount
of each ingredient recommended can be derived in percentage (%), and which can be
applied to any amount of soap produced in large quantity. Note that caustic soda takes
another preparation and is used as “lye”.
Ingredients:
Coconut oil/ vegetable oil/ corn oil/ sunflower oil/ canola oil/olive oil
water
Caustic soda pellets
Fragrance / Others for the variations
1
Materials:
o
o
ice cream containers for mixing/containers o
1 pc stirring rod hand gloves o
safety goggles
o plastic cups 100-mL graduated cylinder o
o analytical balance Moulds o
o
o
Procedure:
A. Preparing the lye solution:
1. Calculate the mass of NaOH needed to react with the 250.00 grams oil
based from the balanced equation. Show your solutions.
Average MW oil= 210.0g/mol
Solution:
2. Determine the volume of water needed to prepare the 20 % NaOH solution

by ratio and proportion. Show your solution.
This mixture is the lye solution.
Remember to always pour the lye into the water, not the water into the lye!
Allow the lye solution to cool. Continue stirring until lye solution cools. Store
overnight.
Table 1. Preparation of the lye solution.

Amount %
Caustic soda 20.0
Distilled water
Solution:
B. Mixing the oil and lye solution:
1. Measure 250.00 g coconut oil and slowly pour the lye
solution (prepared in Part A) while constantly stirring. Mix very
well until it has the consistency of a condensed milk.
Table 2. Neat soap composition.

Quantity %
coconut
oil/vegetable oil
Lye soluition
Others (specify)
TOTAL
C. Adding other components as additives:

1. When the oil and lye solution mixture has thickened add
fragrance and other components.
2. While mixing the ingredients continuously, add fragrance.
3. With a stirring rod, test the consistency of the mixture
from time to time while mixing it continuously for 15-20
minutes or until the mixture becomes as thick as condensed
milk.
4. When the mixture reaches the right consistency, pour it
evenly into the soap frame or mould .
D. Hardening the soap before it is sliced:
1. Let the soap stand in the container/mould overnight for the
saponification process. The chemical elements added to the soap will
take effect during this process.
2. Wipe the soap once in a while with a rag to remove moisture.

3. After 24 hours, slice the soap according to desired size and weight.
4. The soap should only be used after 2-7 days when if has achieved the
desired hardness and has passed the effects of caustic soda.
Submit your sample soap bar with packaging to the teacher after one
week.
Title: Cold Process Soap Making
I. Objectives:
II. Methodology:
A. Table of Materials:
Chemicals and
Equipments PPE
Additives
B. Schematic Diagram
IV. Results
Table1. Lye-Water Solution

Substance Amount Percentage
Distilled
water (H2O)
Caustic
soda flakes
Calculation:
Table2. Lye-water solution + Coconut oil
Percentage
Substance Amount
(%)
Coconut oil
Distilled
water (H2O)
Caustic
soda flakes
Total
Calculation:
Table 3. Percentage Yield

Actual Yield
Theoretical
Yield
Percentage
Yield
V. Discussion of Results
Conclusion:
Figure1. Picture of Actual Product

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G10 PERFORMANCE TASK WORKSHEET

Part I. The Production of Neat Soap (Cold Process) and Stoichiometry

1 mole fat + 3 mole NaOH  1 mole glycerol + 3 mole crude soap

2. Determine the volume of water needed to prepare the 20 % NaOH solution

This mixture is the lye solution.

Table 1. Preparation of the lye solution.

Table 2. Neat soap composition.

C. Adding other components as additives:

2. Wipe the soap once in a while with a rag to remove moisture.

Table1. Lye-Water Solution

Table 3. Percentage Yield

Figure1. Picture of Actual Product

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