CBIL02

CBIL – 02
Insurance Laws in India
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University,

Kota
1
CBIL – 02
Insurance Laws in India
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University,

Kota
Course Development Committee CBIL-02
Chairman
Prof. L. R. Gurjar
Director (Academic)
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota
Convener and Members
Convener
Dr. Yogesh Sharma, Asso. Professor Prof. H.B. Nanadwana
Department of Law Director, SOCE
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota
External Members :
1. Prof. Satish C. Shastri 2. Prof. V.K. Sharma
Dean, Faculty of law, MITS, LaxmanGarh Deptt.of Law
Sikar, and Ex. Dean, J.N.Vyas University, Jodhpur
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)
3. Dr. M.L. Pitaliya 4. Prof. (Dr.) Shefali Yadav
Ex. Dean, MDS University, Ajmer Professor & Dean - Law
Principal, Govt. P.G.College, Chittorgarh (Raj.) Dr. Shakuntala Misra National
Rehabilitation University, Lucknow
5. Dr Yogendra Srivastava, Asso. Prof.
School of Law, Jagran Lakecity University, Bhopal
Editing and Course Writing
Editor: Course Writer:
Dr. Yogesh Sharma, Asso. Prof. Dr Yogendra Srivastava, Asso. Prof.
Convener, Department of Law Department of Law, School of Law, Jagran
Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota Lakecity University, Bhopal
Academic and Administrative Management
Prof. Vinay Kumar Prof. L.R.Gurjar
Pathak Director (Academic)
Vice-Chancellor
Prof. Karan Singh Dr. Anil Kumar Jain
Director (MP&D) Additional Director (MP&D)
Course Material Production
Prof. Karan Singh
Director (MP&D)
Production 2015 ISBN-
All right reserved no part of this book may be reproduced in any form by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the V.M. Open University, Kota. Printed and published on
behalf of V.M. Open University, Kota by Director (Academic)
Printed By….
Insurance Laws
Unit No. Unit Name Page No.
Unit 1: History, Development and Nature of Insurance Law 7
Unit 2: General Principles of Insurance Law 23

Unit 3: Specific Principles of Insurance Law 41
Unit 4: The Insurance Act-I 62

Unit 5: The Insurance Act-II 84
Unit 6: Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 104

Unit 7: Marine Insurance Act, 1963 134
Unit 8: Fire Insurance 163

Unit 9: Motor Insurance 191
Unit 10: Miscellaneous Insurance 211
Unit 11: Insurance Regulatory Development Authority Act, 1999 245

Unit 12: Insurance Ombudsman 264
Unit 13: Social Security and Insurance 284-304

BI-2 Introduction
This Course has been conceived and produced for the students of Certificate
Program in Banking and Insurance Laws who need to study the different
basic aspects of Insurance Laws. It will provide understanding, skill and
elementary knowledge of Insurance Laws. It will train learner for career as
Insurance Officer, Agents or professionals. Course will also inculcate the
understanding of Insurance Laws at national level and it will provide some
other regulatory dimensions in Insurance Laws field.
This Block contains Thirteen Units. First Unit will introduce students with
the meaning of Insurance, its historical development and laws in India. It will
also help students in knowing the status of insurance before
independence and after independence. Unit will also acquaint you with
nature of insurance also. This Second unit deals with the General principles of
Insurance. Unit will also acquaint you with Conditions of Insurance and
Procedure for settle the insurance claims. Third Unit will explain students
the specific principles of Insurance and Law. Students will be able to
recognize the specific principles of insurance. Unit Four will introduce
students with the Insurance Act, 1938 in which they will learn about
importance and salient features of Insurance Act. Unit Five again deals with
the Insurance Act, 1938 and will help students in knowing applicability of
important provisions of the Act. Unit Six will explain students about the Life
Insurance Act, 1956. It deals with concept of Life Insurance and
administration of life insurance etc. Unit seventh will introduce students
with meaning, importance and applicability of marine insurance. Unit Eight
will explain students about meaning, importance and principles of Fire
insurance. Unit Nine will explain students about the meaning, need and
importance of Motor Insurance. It will also explain the importance of Motor
Vehicle Act, 1988 and its related provisions. Unit Ten will apprise students
about the various miscellaneous insurances like householder, crop, livestock and
persona accident etc. Unit eleven will apprise students about the importance
of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 and provisions
related to establishment of the Authority. You will also learn the
application of Act, 1999 to monitor and regulate insurance business in India.
Unit twelve will apprise students about the importance of the Insurance
Ombudsman
and the role of Insurance Ombudsman in settlement of the cases between
insured and insurer; and the concept of consumer and its relationship
particularly in case of disputes. Unit thirteen will apprise students about the
meaning and importance of Social Security, the various government social
security schemes, and the legislative provisions for Social Security in
India.
Unit 1
History, Development and Nature of
Insurance
Objective:
After going through this unit you should be able to:
 Understand the meaning of ‘Insurance’
 Understand the historic perspective of insurance
 Understand the nature and characteristic of insurance
Structure:
1.1 Introduction and Meaning of Insurance
1.2 History of Insurance
1.2.1. Ancient Era
1.2.2. British Era
1.3 Pre Nationalization /Post Independence Era of the Indian Insurance
1.4 Nationalization of the Insurance Business in India
1.5 History of Insurance Legislation in India
1.6 Liberalization of Indian Insurance
1.7 Role of Private Insurance Companies in Growth and Develop. of Insurance Sector
1.8 Nature or Characteristics of Insurance
1.9 Functions and Limitations of Insurance
1.10 Importance of Insurance
1.11 Summary
1.12 Some Useful Books
1.13 Check your Progress
1.14 Answers to check your progress
1.15 Terminal Questions
1.1 Introduction and Meaning of Insurance:
The insurance idea is an old institution of transactional trade.
Even from olden days merchants who made great adventures gave money by
way of
consideration, to other person who made assurance, against loss of their
goods, merchandise ships and things adventured. The rates of money
consideration were mutually agreed upon. Such an arrangement enabled other
merchants more willingly and more freely to embark upon further trading
adventures. Insurance in the modern form originated in the Mediterranean
during 13/14th century. The use of insurance appeared in the account of North
Italina Merchant Banks who then dominated the international trade in Europe
and that time. Marine insurance is the oldest form of insurance followed by life
insurance and fire insurance. The concept of Insurance has prevalent in India
since ancient times amongst Hindus. The Joint family system, peculiar to
India, was a method of social insurance of every member of the family
on his life.
The term ‘insurance’ may be defined as a co-operative
mechanism to spread the loss caused by a particular risk over a number of
persons who are exposed to it and who agree to ensure themselves
against that risk.
Insurance is a ‘contract’ wherein one party (the insurer) agrees
to pay the other party (the insured) or his beneficiary, a certain sum upon a
given contingency (the insured risk) against which insurance is
required.
Some authors defined insurance as a social apparatus to
accumulate funds to meet the uncertain losses arising through a certain
hazard to a person insured for such hazard.
According to J.B. Maclean, “Insurance is a method of spreading
over a large number of persons a possible financial loss too serious to be
conveniently borne by an individual.” (J.B. Maclean; Life Insurance P.1)
According to Riegel and Miller, “Thus it serve the social
purpose; it is a social device whereby uncertain risks of individual may be
combined in a group and thus made more certain; small periodic contribution
by the individual providing a fund out of which those who suffer losses may be
reimbursed.” (Riegel and Miller; Principles of Insurance and Practice;
P-10)
The primary function of insurance is to act as a risk transfer
mechanism. Under this function of insurance, an individual can exchange his
uncertainly for certainly. In return for a definite loss, which is the premium, he
is relieved from the uncertainly of a potentially much larger loss. The risk
themselves are not removed, but the financial consequences of some are
known with greater certainly and he can budget accordingly.
Every subject or discipline has certain generally accepted and a
systematically laid down standards or principles to achieve the objectives of
insurance. Insurance is not exception to this general rule. In insurance, there
is a body of doctrine commonly associated with the theory and
procedures of insurances serving as an explanation of current practices and
as a guide for all stakeholders making choice among procedures where
alternatives exit. These principles may be defined as the rules of action or
conduct that are universally adopted by the different stakeholders involved in
the insurance business. These principles may be classified into following
categories:
 Essentials of Insurance Contract

 Specific Principles of Insurance Contract
 Miscellaneous Principles of Insurance Contract
1.2. History of Insurance:

History of insurance can be easily understandable when it is categorically
discussed in relevant segments:
1.2.1. Ancient Era: Basically insurance is an age old

phenomenon and part of the human society. The ancient origin of insurance is
Emerigon, whose brilliant and learned Traite des Assurance, first published in
1783, is still read with respect and admiration. There is a presence of
insurances were known to the ancients such as Romans, Phoenicians
Rhodians, although the business of underwriting commercial risks was
probably not highly developed. In Spanish history of Livy and Suetonius show
that the contractors who undertook to transport provisions and military stores
to the troops in Spain stipulated that the government
should assume all the risk of loss by reason of perils of the sea or capture
and this was probably the first time when insurance process was known.
There were friendly societies organized for the purpose of extending aid to
their unfortunate members from a fund made up of contributions from all.
These societies undoubtedly existed in China and India in the earliest times.
The earliest traces of Insurance in the ancient Indian history was in the
form of the marine trade loans or carrier’s contracts, which can be found in
Kautilya’s Arthashatra, Yajnyavlkya’s Dharamshastra and Manu’s
Smriti.
A. Marine Insurance: The marine insurance is the oldest form
of insurance. Under Bottomry Bond, the system of credit and the law of
interest were well developed and based on a clear appreciation of hazard involved
and the means of safeguarding against it. If the ship was lost, the loan and
interest were forfeited. The contract of insurance was made a part of the
contract of carriage, and Manu shows that Indians had even anticipated the
doctrine of average and contribution. Freight was fixed according to season
and was expected to be reasonable in the case of marine transport which was
then very much at the mercy of winds and elements. Travelers by sea and
land were very much exposed to the risk of losing their vessels and
merchandise because the piracy on the open seas and highway robbery of
caravans were very common. The cooperative device was quite
voluntarily in the beginning, but now in modern it has been converted into
modified shape of premium. The marine form land lending prominence of
Lombard’s Merchant merchants got a prominent section of the London city.
They built homes there and took the name of Lombard Street. Later on this
street became famous in the insurance history.
B. Fire Insurance: After marine insurance, fire insurance developed
in the present form. It had been observed in Anglo-Section Guild for the first
time where the victims of fire hazards were given personal assistance by
providing necessaries of life. It had been originated in Germany in the
beginning of sixteenth century. The fire insurance got momentum in England
after the great fire in 1666 when the fire losses were tremendous. About 85
per cent of the houses were burnt to ashes and property worth of sterling ten
crores were completely burnt off. Fire Insurance Office was established in
10
1681 in England. With colonial development of England, the fire insurance
spread over the world.
11
C. Life Insurance: The Life insurance made its first appearance
in England in sixteenth century, the first recorded evidence in England being
the policy on life of William Gybbons on June, 1653. Even before this date
annuities had become quite common in England, and marine insurance had
in fact made its appearance three thousand years ago.
D. Miscellaneous Insurance: Accident insurance, fidelity insurance,
liability insurance and theft insurance were the important form of insurance at
that time. Lloyd’s Association was the main functioning institution. Now,
insurance such as cattle insurance, crop insurance, profit insurance, etc. are
taking place. The scope of general insurance is increasing with the
advancement of the society.
1.2.2. British Era: Even though the insurance was and old
concept but developed during the regime of British rule. In the nineteenth
century the growth and development of the insurance sector taken shape
without any regulation any monitory framework. It was really a typical story of
a colonial era where a few British insurance companies dominated the market.
Company started by Europeans in Calcutta was the first Life insurance
company on Indian soil named Oriental Life Insurance Company in 1818,
followed by the Bombay Life Assurance Company in 1823, the Madras
Equitable Life Insurance Society in 1829 and Oriental Life Insurance
Company in 1874. However till the establishment of the Bombay Mutual Life
Assurance Society in 1871, Indians were charged an extra premium of up to
20 per cent as compared to the British.
1.3. Pre Nationalization /Post Independence Era of the

Indian Insurance:
The Constitution of India is a federal in nature in as much there is a
division of power between Center and States. Insurance is included in the
Union List. The subject include in this list are of the exclusive jurisdiction
of the Center. The Central Legislature is empowered to regulate the
insurance industry in India and hence the law in this regard is uniform
throughout the territories of India. The specific legislation passed in the
year 1938 is still a comprehensive piece of legislation to deal both life
and non-life insurance sector.
The government incorporated so many amendments in this legislation to deal
effectively after independence. We will deal separately discussion on
Insurance Act, 1938. The insurance business grew at a faster pace after
independence. Indian companies strengthened their hold on this business but
despite the growth that was witnessed, insurance remains an urban phenomenon
and no as such more options and policies were available for the rural people.
1.4. Nationalization of the Insurance Business in India:

The management of life insurance business of two hundred and forty five
Indian and foreign insurers and provident societies then operating in India
was taken over
by the Central Government on January 19, 1956. The Life Insurance Corporation
(LIC) was formed in September 1956 by the Life Insurance Corporation Act,
1956 which granted the LIC the exclusive privilege to conduct Life Insurance
Business in India. However, the LIC Act, 1956 left outside its purview The
Post Office Life Insurance Fund, any Family Pension Scheme framed under
the Coal Mines Provident Fund, Family Pension and Bonus Scheme Act,
1948 or the Employee’s Provident Funds and the Family Pension Act,
1952. After enactment of Life Insurance Corporation, the life insurance
business has been taken out of the purview of 1938 Act and governed by
provisions of the LIC Act, the rules made there under in terms of Section 48,
and the regulation framed under Section 49 of the LIC Act.
In the case of LIC of India v. Manoj Kumar, AIR 2011 Patna 139, the
provisions of Section 43 of the LIC Act adopt certain provisions of the
Insurance Act, 1938 indicated therein and, therefore, the sections mentioned
therein would apply to the affairs of the LIC, but not the ACT as a
whole.
The nationalization of General Insurance was late due to some specific reasons but
it also nationalized with effect from January 1, 1973 through the introduction
of the General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972 [GIC Act].
Under the provisions of the GIC Act, the shares of the existing Indian General
Insurance Companies and undertakings of other existing Indian General Insurance
companies were transferred to the General Insurance Corporation to secure the
development of the general insurance business in India and for the regulation
and control of such business. The GIC was established by the Central
Government in accordance with
the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 in November, 1972 and it,
commenced business on January, 1973.
Prior to 1973, there were a hundred and seven companies, including foreign
companies, offering general insurance in India. These Companies were
amalgamated and grouped into four subsidiary companies of GIC viz. the
National Insurance Company Ltd.; The United India Assurance Company
Ltd.; New India Assurance Company Ltd.; and Oriental Insurance
Company Ltd.
1.5 History of Insurance Legislation in India:

Upto the end of nineteenth century, the insurance was in its
inceptional stage in India. Therefore, no legislation was required till that time.
Usually the Indian Companies Act, 1883 was applicable to business concern;
banking and insurance companies like New Indian Insurance Companies and
Provident Societies started during the time of independence movement; but most of
them were financially unsound. It was asserted that the Indian Companies
Act, 1883 was inadequate for the purpose. Therefore, two Acts were passed
in 1912, namely, Provident Insurance Societies Act V of 1912 and the Indian
Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912. These two Acts were in pursuit of the
English Insurance Companies Act, 1909.
These two enactments were governing only life insurance.
There was no control on general insurance since such businesses were not so
developed. Besides, there were the following defects of these acts:
1 The control and enquiry was slight. Non-compliance of rules and
regulations was not strictly penalised.
2 The foreign companies were to submit report of their total
business both in Indian and outside India. But separate particulars regarding
business done in India were not demanded and the absence of these made it
impossible to get any idea of the cost of procuring business in India for
foreign companies and comparing them with similar data of the Indian
companies.
3 The government actuary was not vested with the power to order
investigation into the conduct of a company even when it appeared that
the company was insolvent under the power of exemption.
4 Any one can start life insurance business only with the sum of
Rs. 25000/-. It was too law to prevent the mushroom growth of companies.
Foreign insurer was not bound to deposit a certain sum of life policy
issued in India.
General Insurance on the other hand also has its origins in
the United Kingdom. The first general insurance company “Triton Insurance
Company Ltd.” was promoted in 1850 by British nationals in Calcutta. The
first general insurance company established by an Indian was “Indian
Mercantile Insurance Company Ltd” in Bombay in the year 1907. There were
legislative attempt made to strengthen the Act of 1912 but failed and in the
year 1938 the government enacted Insurance Act, 1938 to deal both life
and non-life insurance sector.
1.6. Liberalization of Indian Insurance:

Since 1956, with the nationalization of insurance industry, the LIC and GIC
held the monopoly in Indian life and non-life insurance sector. Both LIC
and GIC played a significant role in the development of the of the insurance
market in India and in providing insurance coverage in India through an
extensive network. For example, currently the LIC has a wide network of
Seven Zones, Hundred Divisions and over Two Hundred Branches. LIC has
over 5,50,000 agents nationwide and over 100 million lives were covered.
From 1991 onwards, the Indian Government introduced various reforms in the
financial sector paving the way for liberalization of the Indian Economy.
Consequently, in 1993, the Government of India set up an eight member
committee chaired by Mr. R.N. Malhotra, a Former Governor of India’s apex
bank, the Reserve Bank of India to review the prevailing structure regulation
and supervision of the insurance sector and to make recommendations for the
strengthening and modernizing the regulatory system. The committee
submitted report to the Indian Government in January, 1994. Two of the
key recommendations of the committee included the privatization of the
insurance sector by permitting the entry of private players to enter the
business of life and general insurance and an establishment of an Insurance
Regulatory Authority.
The Indian Government took number of years in the implementation of
the Malhotra Committee recommendations. The Indian Parliament passed the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Act, 1999 (The IRDA Act) on
December 2, 1999 with the aim “to provide for the establishment of an
Authority, to protect the interest of the policy holders, to regulate, promote and
ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry and to amend the Insurance
Act, 1938, The Life Insurance Act, 1956 and the General Insurance
Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972”.
1.7. Role of Private Insurance Companies in Growth
and Development of Insurance Sector:
The Government opens the sector for the foreign insurance company but
limited the investment up to the limit of 26%. Even today the present
Government wants to increase the limit of FDI in insurance sector and
placed the Bill before the Parliament but still under process to get the assent
of the appropriate forums. In the first year of insurance market liberalization
(2001) as much as 16 private sector companies including joint ventures with
leading foreign insurance companies have entered the India Insurance Sector.
Of this, 10 were under the life insurance category and six under general
insurance. Thus in all there are 25 players (12 Life Insurance and 13
General Insurance) in the Insurance Industry in general.
The IRDA Act has established the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority as a statutory regulator to regulate and promote the
insurance industry in India and to protect the interests of holders of insurance
policies. The IRDA Act also carried out a series of amendments to the
Insurance Act, 1938 and conferred the powers to the Controller of
Insurance on the IRDA.
1.8. Nature or Characteristics of Insurance:

The following are the characteristics of the Insurance:
1. Sharing of Risks: Insurance is a cooperative device to share the
burden of risk which may fall on happening of some unforeseen events, such
as death of head of the family, or happening of marine perils or by fire.
2. Evaluation of Risks: For the purpose of ascertaining the
insurance premium, the volume of risk is evaluated, which forms the
basis of insurance contract.
3. Payment on happening of specified event: The insurance company is
bound to make the payment to the insured. Happening of the insurance event
is certain in the life insurance but in the case of fire or marine or accidental
insurance, it is not necessary.
4. Amount of Payment: The amount of payment in indemnity
insurance depends upon the nature of losses occurred, subject to a maximum of
the sum insured. However in case of life insurance a fixed sum is paid on
the happening of uncertain event.
5. Large number of insured persons: The success of insurance
business depends on the large number of persons insured against similar risk,
This will enable insurer to spread the losses of risk among large number of
persons, thus keeping the premium rate at minimum.
6. Insurance is not Charity: Charity pays without consideration but
in the case of insurance , premium is paid by the insured to the
insurer in consideration of future payment.
7. Transfer of risk: Insurance is a plan in which the insured transfer
his risk on the insurer.
8. Ascertaining of losses: By taking a life insurance policy, one can
ascertain his future losses in terms of money. This is done by the insurer
to determining the rate of premium, which is calculated on the basis of
maximum risks.
9. A Contract: Insurance is a legal contract between the insurer
and insured under which the insurer promises to compensate the insured
financially within the scope insurance policy, and the insured promises to pay
a fixed rate of premium to the insurer.
10. Based on certain Principles: Insurance is a contract based upon
the certain fundamental principles of insurance which includes utmost good
faith, insurable interest, contribution, indemnity, causa proxima, subrogation
etc.
1.9. Functions of Insurance:
The primary functions of insurance includes the following:
1. Provide protection: The primary purpose of insurance is to
provide protection against future risk, accident and uncertainty. Insurance cannot
check the happening of the risk, but can certainly provide for the losses of risk.
Professor Hopkins observes , “Insurance is a protection against economic
loss by sharing the risk with others.” He further adds “Insurance is the
protection against economic loss.”
2. Collective bearing of risk: Insurance is a device to share the
financial loss of few among many others. Dinsdale opines, insurance is a
mean by which few losses are shared among longer people. Similarly, William
Bevridge observes, “The collective bearing of risks is insurance.” All the
insured contribute the premiums towards a fund and out of which the person
exposed a particular risk is paid. Similarly, Rigel and Miller observe,
“Insurance is a device whereby the uncertain risks may be made more
certain.”
3. Evaluation of Risk in Advance: Insurance determines the
probable volume of risk by evaluating various factors that give rise to risk.
Risk is the basis for determining the premium rate also.
4. Provide certainty against risk: Insurance is a device which helps
to change from uncertainty to certainty. This may the reason that John Magee
writes that the function of insurance is to provide certainty. Similarly, Riegel
and Miller observe, “The function of insurance is primarily to decrease the
uncertainty of events.”
5. Spreading Risks: Professor Thomas has correctly written that
“Insurance is the device for spreading or distributing risks.”
6. Other Functions: There are indirect functions of insurance which
benefit the economy indirectly. Some of such functions are:
a. Means of savings and investment: Insurance serves as saving
and investment. Insurance is a compulsory way of saving and it restricts
the unnecessary expenses by the insured’s. For the purpose of availing
income-tax exemptions also, people invest in insurance. In the words of
Magee “Although investment is not the primary function of insurance.
Insurance service is proved to be an important benefit of insurance.”
b. Source of earning Foreign Exchange: Insurance is an
international business; the country can earn foreign exchange by way of
issue of marine insurance policies.
c. Promote exports: Insurance makes the foreign trade risk
free through different types of policies issued under marine insurance cover.
In case of loss of cargo and others due to marine perils the insurance
company makes good the loss.
d. Provides Social Security: Through various social protection
plans, the insurance provides social security to people. It not only provides
security at the time of death but also provides assistance to the insured at the
time of sickness, old age, maternity etc.
Limitations of Insurance: In spite of number of advantages
of insurance, it has certain limitations. On account of such limitations, the
benefits of insurance could not avail in full. These limitations are:
a. All the risks cannot be insured: All the risks cannot be insured,
only pure risks can be insured, and speculative risks are not
insurable.
b. Insurable interest on the subject matter: Insurance is possible
only when the insured has insurable interest in the subject matter of
insurance either at the time insurance or at the time of loss, or at both the
times; in the absence of which the contract of insurance become void.
c. Impossibility of measurement of real loss: In case the loss
arisen from the happening of the event cannot be valued in terms of money,
such risks are not insurable.
d. Not possible to insure the risk covered by a single individual
or a small group: Insurance against the risks of a single individual or a small
group of persons are not advisable since it is not practicable due to higher
cost involved.
e. Moral Hazards: It becomes difficult to control moral hazards
in insurance. There are certain people who mis-utilize the insurance plans for
their self interest by claiming false claims from insurance companies.
f. Insurance is not profitable investment. Its main object is to
provide security against risks. Insurance business cannot be a source to
acquire profits.
1.10. Importance of Insurance:
Insurance is a very important useful tool to provide security to individual,
business or industry and to the society.
A. Insurance provides security and safety to an individual.
B. Insurance affords peace of mind of a person and society in
general
C. Insurance also protects mortgaged property
D. Insurance eliminates the dependency after the death of the husband
or father or any other key earning member of the family.
E. Life insurance encourages saving.
F. Life insurance is a profitable investment as well as providing
income-tax exemption to an individual.
G. Life insurance fulfils the needs of a person, either it is a
Family needs or Old age needs or Re-adjustment needs or other type of
needs.
H. Uncertainty of business losses is reduced
I. Business efficiency is increased with insurance
J. Key man Indemnification is a unique feature of insurance
K. Welfare of employees
1.11. Summary:
The history of insurance is very old and developed through the joint family
concept of social security in India. The development of theoretical
concepts and legal development is started little late during the regime of
British Government. The insurance sector developed very fast in our country as
compared to any other sector. The definition, Nature and definition of insurance
is also discussed at length in this unit.
1.12. Some Useful Books:

 Singh, Bridge Anand, New Insurance Law (2000) Union
Book Publisher, Allahabad
 Ivamy, Case Book on Insurance Law (1984), Butterworths

 Ivamy, General Principles of Insurance Law (1983),
Butterworths
 John Birds, Modern Insurance (2003), Universal Law Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
 Murthy & Sharma, Modern Law of Insurance (Fourth
Edition), Lexis Nexis, Butterworth Wadhwa, Nagpur
 Srinivasan, M.N., Principles of Insurance Law (2006), Wadhwa

& Company, Nagpur
 Mishra, M.N., Law of Insurance (2006), Central Law
Agency, Allahabad
 Jaiswal , J.V.N., Law of Insurance (2008), Eastern Book
Company, Lucknow
 Singh, Avtar, Law of Insurance (2008), Eastern Book

Company, Lucknow
20
 Mathew, M.J., Insurance : Principles & Practice (2005),
RBSA Publishers, Jaipur
1.13. Check your Progress:

A. Which of the following statement are true or false?
1.The insurance is an old institution of transactional trade.
2.Insurance is gambling.
3.Marine insurance is an oldest form of insurance.
4.Insurance is a cooperative device to share the burden of risk.
5. The insurance company is bound to make the payment to the
insured.
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. The fire insurance got momentum in England after the great fire
in……… when the fire loses were tremendous.
2. The Life Insurance Corporation was formed in …………….
3. The first general insurance company established by an
Indian was ……………………..
4. The IRDA Act also carried out a series of amendments to
the …………………
5. The Primary purpose of insurance is to provide protection
against………..
1.14. Answers to check your progress
A.
1.True
2.False
3.True
4.True
5.True
B.
1. 1666
2.September, 1956
3.Indian Mercantile Insurance Co. Ltd.
4.Insurance Act, 1938
5.Future Risk
1.15. Terminal Questions
Q.1. Discuss the functions of insurance.
Q.2. Discuss the limitations of insurance.
Q.3. Define insurance and describe its main characteristics.
Q.4. Discuss the importance of insurance.
Q.5. Discuss the history of insurance.
Unit-2
General Principles of Insurance Law
Objective:
 To understand the basic principles of insurance
 To understand the importance of conditions
 To understand the procedure to settle the insurance claims
Structure :
2.1. General Nature of Insurance Contract
2.2. Offer and Acceptance
2.3. Legal Consideration
2.4. Competent to make contract
2.4.1. Minor
2.4.2. Persons of unsound mind
2.4.3. Other disqualification
2.5. Free Consent
2.6. Legal Object
2.7. Construction of Policy
2.8. Conditions of Policies
2.9. Discharge of Insurance Contract
2.10. Discharge at Death
2.11. Summary
2.12. Some Useful Books
2.13. Check Your Progress
2.14. Answer to Check Your Progress
2.1. General Nature of Insurance contract:
The valid insurance contract, like any other contracts, according to section 10
of the Indian contract act, 1872 must based upon the following principles:
1.Offer and acceptance
2.Legal consideration
3.Competent to make contract
4.Free consent
5.Legal object
2.2. Offer and acceptance:
The intimation of the proposer’s intention to buy insurance is the
‘offer’, while the insurer’s readiness to undertake the risk stated, is
the ‘acceptance’. The ‘offer’ in case of insurance is called proposal. If
other party accepts this proposal, it is transformed into an agreement. The
offer for entering into contract may generally come from the insured. The
insurer may also propose to make the contract. Whether the offer is from the
side of insurer or from the side of insured the main fact is acceptance. Any
act that precedes it is an offer or a counter-offer. All that precedes the offer
or counter – offer is an invitation to offer. In insurance, the publication of
prospectus, the canvassing of others are invitations to offer. When the prospect
(the potential policy - holder) proposes to enter the contract it is an offer and
if there is any alteration in the offer that would be a counter-offer. If this
alteration or change (counter-offer) is accepted by the proposer, it would
be an acceptance. At the moment, the communication of acceptance is
given to other party; it would be a valid acceptance.
Generally the insurance agent approaches to the prospect with the prospectus, rate
and condition of insurance. The prospect will decide whether to purchase the
policy at the stipulated rate or not when the prospect decides to purchase the
policy, he fulfills the proposal form. The proposal form with the medical report,
agent’s report and development officer’s report along with the premium rate
are sent to the insurer. The insurer on receiving these documents and
premium, will decide whether to accept or not. If the decision is to accept the
risk on ordinary terms, an acceptance letter is sent to the prospect. There may be
another case of acceptance when the premium is not sent with the proposal.
The insurer advises to pay the first premium within a specified period. The
contract would complete on payment of the premium within the prescribed
period. If the premium is not paid within the period specified in the
acceptance letter, the acceptance is revoked. There may be the third case
where the risk is to be accepted
on special rates and conditions, the applicant is informed accordingly. If these
terms and conditions are acceptable to the prospect, the contract would
complete when the requisite premium is paid within the specified period.
If he does not accept the terms and conditions, the contract fails.
The submission of proposal form will be an offer and sending of an
acceptance letter will be an acceptance from the side of insurance
company. But if the proposal form is not with the first premium it is simply
an invitation to make an offer. The letter sent to the insured asking for
payment within a period is an offer and payment of the premium is an
acceptance.
In Looker and another v. Law Union & Rock Insurance Co. (1928), the
contract was not considered complete. In this case the proposal was made on 10th
July, 1926 and accepted on 15th July. The insured fell ill on 21st July. A
cheque was dispatched on 24th July. Receipt of cheque was issued on 26th
July and on 27th July the insured died. In this case the contract would have
finalized on 26th July but the cheque was not honoured due to insufficient, the
contract would not complete. Moreover, it is the duty of the insured to disclose
all the material facts before the completion of the contract.
If the insurer decides to accept the risk on special terms and rates, the letter
sent to the insured informing about the terms and conditions would be an offer
if premium was not accompanied with the proposal form but if premium was
accompanied the letter would be a counter offer. When the insured accepts
the special rates and conditions and pays the requisite amount of premium, it
would be an acceptance. The contract completes as soon as acceptance is
made. It should be noted that the delivery of the policy is not a condition for
completion of life insurance contract. The policy is an evidence of contract
between insurer and insured.
The insurer’s offer to insure the proposer is to be deemed conditional on the
risk not materially changing prior to acceptance. In Canning v. Fraquer (1886)
the proposer was seriously injured before acceptance although premium was
tendered but was not accepted by insurer. Shortly afterwards the proposer
died. The court held that the insurer was not liable because the first premium
was not accepted by the insurer; the so-called acceptance letter was not an
acceptance but was a
counter-offer which could not be considered to be in force after the risk
has changed and material change in the health was not informed to the
insurer.
Similarly in Harrington v. Pearl Life (1914), the insurer informed the proposal
that the proposal would be accepted provided the first premium was paid
within 30 days. The proposer assigned the policy on the condition that the
assignee would pay the first premium. The assignee- Harrington paid the
first premium a little before the death of the assured. The court held that
since the little or the policy was not complete, the assignee has no right to
receive the policy amount, i.e., the acceptance was not made before
assignment.
2.3. Legal consideration:

In insurance contract, the premium is the consideration on the
part of the insured. Certainly, the insurer who promises to pay a fixed
sum at a given contingency must have some return for his promise. The
fact is that without payment of premium insurance contract cannot be
initiated. The insurer must have some return for its promise. It need not be
money but it must be ‘valuable’. It may be right, interest, profit or benefit
according to one party or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility
given, suffered or undertaken by the other. In life insurance, the considerations
are the statements in the application and the payment of the first annual
premium. All subsequent premiums are not part of the consideration but
are merely conditions to be fulfilled by the insured for keeping the contract in
force. Since the subsequent premiums are not part of the considerations,
the insurer cannot compel the insured to pay the premiums subsequent
to the first premium.
2.4. Competent to make contract

The parties to the contract should be competent to contract.
Every person is competent to contract (a) who has attained the age of
majority according to the law; (b) who is of sound mind; (c) who is not
disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject (Section
11 of the Contract Act). Any person, either natural or artificial who has
legal capacity to enter into a contract can become an insurer. It must
have the required license for the purpose of
conducting life insurance from the government authority. It can continue to
hold or get renewed the license only as long as it is properly organized and
managed and is observing all the conditions to which the license is issued
or renewed. The applicant (insured) can enter into the contract provided
he is not minor, not of unsound mind, not disqualified from contracting
by any law.
As far as the insurance contracts are concerned, only those insurers
grant insurance policies that have been issued licenses by Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA). Similarly, minors, people of
unsound mind and criminal background cannot take on insurance
contract. This applies to bankrupt persons. In case of a minor, the natural
legal guardians enter into a valid contract on behalf of the minor, till the
minor attains 18 years of age.
2.4.1. Minor: Majority is attained when a person completes
the age of 18 years. A minor has no capacity to contract except for
necessaries or for employment. The minor can repudiate the contract any
time till he attains the majority. A minor cannot sign for proposal for
assurance. Therefore, the age of proponent must be proved by submission of
satisfactory evidence. The contract can be voidable at the option of minor who is
entitled to refund of premium paid on it. There does not arise any question
of incompetence on the ground that the application for insurance on the
life of minor is made by a competent adult.
2.4.2. Persons of Unsound Mind: Section 12 of the Indian
Contract states that a person is said to be of sound mind for the purpose of
making a contract, I, at the time of making it, he is capable of
understanding it and of forming a national judgment as to its effect upon
his interests. A person who is usually of unsound mind but occasionally of
sound mind can make a contract when is of sound mind.
A same man who is delirious from fever or who is so drunk that
he cannot understand the terms of contract or form a national judgment as to
its effect on his interests, cannot contract whilst such delirium or drunkenness
lasts, In Molton v. Camrouse, 1849, it was established when a lunatic
purchased two annuities, for his life, the company has no knowledge of his
lunacy; the purchase
was fair and of good faith, the purchase money could not be recovered
by the personal representatives of the deceased lunatic.
2.4.3. Other disqualification: Other disqualification arises
out of the incapacities arising out of political status such as in the case of an
alien. Valid contract can be made with aliens, but not with enemy aliens when
a foreigner with whom an insurance contract has been entered into becomes
an enemy foreigner, the contract is either suspended or terminated as from
the date of declaration of war. It has been realized that court decisions have
not been uniform in this case. Sometime, the contract is suspended and is re-
instated after hostilities have ceased. The policy holder becomes entitled to
reserve value when the contract is terminated.
Insolvent: An insolvent cannot enter into contract. He is
deprived or all powers to enter into transactions which will bind the creditors
in respect of his property. After discharge of his obligation, he can enter
into the contract.
Married Women: In India, a women married or unmarried was
and under no disability to enter into contract for insurance. Under the
Married Women’s Property Act, 1882, a woman is empowered to take a
policy on her own life or on the life of her husband for her own benefit.
Convicted: A convicted person cannot enter into contract
unless he is discharged from the crime.
2.5. Free consent:
When both the parties have agreed to a contract on the terms
and conditions of the agreement in the same sense and spirit, they are said to
have a free consent. The consent will be free when it is not caused by; (a)
coercion; (b) undue influence; (c) fraud; (d) misrepresentation ; or mistake.
When there is not free consent except fraud the contract becomes voidable at
the option of the party whose consent was so caused. In case of fraud the
contract would be void.
Section 14 of the Indian Contract Act lays down that consent is said to be
free when it is not caused by:
1. Coercion;
2. Undue Influence;
3. Fraud;
4. Misrepresentation ; or
5. Mistake
When there is no free consent the contract becomes voidable at the option of
the party whose consent was so caused.
Free Consent in Insurance: When a person signs a proposal
for assurance, he gives his free consent to the contract. The proposer
should understand the contents of proposal in the same sense and should
make rational judgment upon it and a written declaration on the proposal. The
agreement with a blind man or an ignorant and uneducated man stand on the
same footing and it requires that free consent is obtained. The proposer is
responsible for the proposal made by him.
The disqualifies of a free consent are discussed below
coercion:- Contract vitiated by coercion becomes voidable at the option of the
party whose consent was procured by such coercion. It is the committing or
threatening to commit any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code or the
unlawful detaining or threatening to detain any property to the prejudice of
any person whatever with the intention of causing any person to enter into
agreement.
Undue Influence: A person is deemed to be in a position to
dominate the will of another when he holds a real or apparent authority over
the other or when he stands in a fiduciary relation to the other or where he
makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or
permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental or bodily
distress. The burden of proving the undue influence was not exercised shall
be upon the person who is in a position to dominate the will of the other. The
undue influence exists where the relations subsisting between the parties are
such that one o the parties is in position to dominate the will of the other
and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other.
Fraud: Fraud includes any of the following acts committed
by a party to a contract or with his connivance or by his agent with intent
to deceive another party thereto or his agent or to induce him to enter
into the contract:-
1. The suggestions as to a fact by one having knowledge or belief
of the fact.
2. The active concealment of a fact by one has knowledge of belief
of the fact.
3. A promise made without intention of performing it.
4. Any other act fitted to deceive.
5. Any such act or omission as the law specially declares to be
fraudulent.
The contract initiated by fraud is void ab initio and party whose consent
to the agreement or contract is caused by fraud has the right to avoid it
and claim compensation for any damage suffered by him.
Misrepresentation: Misrepresentation means and includes:

(i) The positive, assertion in a manner not warranted by the
information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he
believes it to be true;
(ii) Any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive gains
an advantage to the person committing it, or anyone claiming under him
by misleading another to his prejudice or to the prejudice of anyone claiming
under him;
(iii) Causing, however, innocently, a party to an agreement to make
a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of
agreement.
The agreement caused by misrepresentation is voidable at the option of the
party whose consent was so caused.
2.6 Legal object

The object of the agreement should be lawful. An object that is;
(i) not forbidden by law; (ii) is not immoral; or (iii) opposed to public
30
policy; or (iv) which does not defeat the provisions of any law, is lawful. In
proposal form the object of insurance is asked which should be legal and the
object should not be concealed. If the object of an insurance agreement, like
the consideration is found
31
to be unlawful, the policy is void. Moreover, the object of the contract should
not be based on gambling nature.
2.7. Construction of Policy:
Policy is the formal document which evidences the contract of insurance
which has already been made between the insured and insurer. It has been
the practice of insurer to issue a policy in which the contract is completely
expressed. The Insurance Act, 1938 under Section 3(2) clearly lays
down the necessity of a standard form. It reads as- “ A certified copy of the
published prospectus, if any , and of the standard policy forms of the insurer
and statements of the assured rates, advantages, terms and conditions to be
offered in connection with life insurance business by an actuary that such
rates, advantages, terms, and conditions are workable and sound……”
The following points are important while constructing the policy:
1.Any ambiguity in the policy will be construed against the
insurer who prepared it so that the insured may obtain the benefit of any
reasonable doubt. It was decided in Jowkes v. Manchester and London Life,
(1863). This rule stems from the rule of Contra Proferentum.
In Alder Moore (1960), it was held that this rule will apply only where there is
real ambiguity. Where the language of the policy is taken from an answer
in the proposal which is the phraseology of the insured, the above rule will
not apply.
2.Where a policy issued is not in conformity with the terms
of the contract which has already been made, the insured may require the
insurer to rectify it. Where a contract is contained in more documents than
one spread over different dates, the later in date should be given greater
weight in case of conflict between the two. The written portions of the
policy will be held to override the printed parts should there be any
conflict between them.
3.Although the policy is not the contract, but only evidence
of it. Yet the contract will normally be interpreted according to the
contents of the policy.
4. The policy should refer the proposal made by the
proposer payment of the premiums, conditions when sum assured is
payable.
5.In Annapurnabai v. Hindustan Cooperative Insurance (1943,
it was stated that if the policy makes no reference to the prospectus or rules
of the company, they cannot be taken into consideration in interpreting
the policy.
6.The particulars relating to names, addresses of the assured and
life assured, sum assured, premiums, class of insurance and the life, are
grouped together in the form of a schedule. There are no legal difficulties in
the schedule.
2.8. Conditions of Policies:
It is again a very important aspect of insurance. The conditions of policies are
discussed under days of grace, premium, notice, payment of premium, return
of premium, lapse of policy, revival of lapse policy, surrender value and
its adjustment and loan on policy.
1.Days of Grace: Days of grace period during which the policy
does not lapse on ground of non-payment of premium of the due date. The
insurance cover continues uninterrupted during these days even without payment
of premium for the current period. If the premium is not paid within the due
date, the policy lapses with effect from the due date of the unpaid
premium.
The days of grace in India in one calendar month but not less
than 33 days in case of an annual, half yearly or quarterly mode of premium-
payment and 15 days in case of monthly mode of premium. If the policy-
holder dies within these, full policy-amount minus the unpaid premium is
payable. The rule of computation when the matter is not provided for by
legislation has always been that the day upon which the negotiation paper
becomes due and payable is not to be counted and the following day is
the first day of grace.
2.Premium Notice: The insurer is not legally bound to send
the premium notice, but as a matter of practice, the insurer sends a premium
notice to every insured about a premium falling due on a particular date in
the next few
weeks. It mentions the amount of premium, the due date and days of grace.
The premium notice is not sent in case of monthly premiums.
3.Payment of Premium: The first premium is the consideration
for the insurer’s promise; but the subsequent premiums are conditions to
continue the contract. The payment of these premiums is not a promise by
the insured that he would pay the premiums subsequent to the first. The
insurer cannot compel the insured to pay the premium. He can discontinue
paying these premiums at any time. If the subsequent premiums are not paid,
the assured cannot claim the full policy amount because he has not fulfilled
the conditions of the contract.
4. Return of Premium: Lord Mansfield stated, “Equity
implies a condition that the insurer shall not receive the price of running a
risk if he runs none. Where the contract does not come into effect, the
insurer is not liable for premium and he has to return the premium to the
insured.” Where the insured has committed breach of warranty, he cannot
take advantage of it to put an end of the policy. I the statement in the proposal
is false or there is concealment of material facts, the policy shall be void
and the premiums paid shall be forfeited. The premiums appearing in the
prospectus of a life office are based upon the rates of mortality of standard
lives. So an extra premium should be charged in case of persons who are
known to be engaged in or changing to more than usually hazardous
occupations or residing or intend to reside in or travel through unhealthy
climate. So, the premiums paid shall be forfeited if the insured resides or
travels beyond prescribed territories.
5.Lapse of Policy: A life insurance contract is a conditional
contract where under in order to keep the contract in force, the policy-holder
has to pay premiums as and when due. If the premium is not paid within the
days of grace, the policy is lapsed and the insurer is not under any obligation
to continue his promise. The insurer is relieved of all his responsibility
under such conditions.
6. Revival of Lapsed Policy: A lapsed policy can be revived
or reinstated at the request of the insured although the insurer will be within
his right to decline the revival. The insured is required to state his health. A
fresh medical
examination will be necessary if the lapsed policy is revived after a certain
period of lapsation.
7.Surrender value and its adjustment: Under Insurance Act,
1938, it is provided that a policy of life insurance under which the whole
of the benefits become payable either on the occurrence, or at a fixed
interval or fixed intervals after occurrence, of a contingency which is bound to
happen, shall, if all premiums have been paid for at least three consecutive
years in the case of a policy issued by an insurer. Section 113 of the
Insurance Act, 1938 provides that notwithstanding any contract to the contrary
a policy which has earned a surrender value shall not lapse by reason of non-
payment of further premiums but shall be kept alive to the extent of the paid
up sum insured.
Important to note that if two years premiums are paid, the policy amount will
be reduced to paid-up value in case of non-payment of premiums, to the
premium payable, such paid-up policies do not participate in future profits or
bonuses of the company but the vested bonuses are attached to it. If the
premiums are paid for latest three years and the insured dies within 6 months
from the date of default, the full sum assured by the policy will be payable
subject to usual deductions of unpaid premiums and interest thereon.
Recently the provision of surrender value has changed. Now the benefit of
surrender value will be applicable only when five consecutive annual
premiums are paid or one-fourth of the total premium payable has been paid
provided this one fourth premium is not less than three years.
8. Policy-Loan: The insured has a right to obtain a loan on
the security of the policy within its surrender value is also one of the
privileges mentioned by some insurer has lien on the proceed of the policy to
the extent of outstanding loans and interest thereon. The security against
which the loans are granted is the cash surrender value of the policy. If policy
holder fails to pay back the loan amount and or interest, the same may be
deducted from case surrender value.
2.9. Discharge of Insurance Contract:

The nature of insurance contract is generally a contract between two parties-
the insurer and the insured. The contract can be discharged in the following
ways:
1. By Agreement: The policy holder and the insurance company
may agree to perform the contract on mutual terms and conditions as
prescribed by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority in this
regard. They may agree that on surrender of the policy after a certain period,
the surrender value may be paid. The policy may be converted into a paid up
policy or in the form of policy such as form a whole life insurance to
endowment insurance.
2. Impossibility of performance: The contract is deemed to
be performed when an act of impossibility occurred or where the promisor
could not prevent, the act which made, the contract void. For example: When
war occurs between the countries of insurer and insured and discharge of
contract becomes impossible.
3.Breach: The breach of contract may take place when the
promisor refuses to perform the contractor renders himself disabled to
perform or fails to perform it or by his action or conduct it becomes impossible
of performance. The performance may refuse to perform his part of the
contract.
4.Performance: When both the parties perform their promises,
the contract is discharged under normal course of business. When the life assured
pays the premium the insurer will be bound to pay the assured by the policy.
The insurer shall pay the premium at the time of death or at the maturity
of the claim as the case may be.
2.10. Discharge at Death:

Final settlement of claim in the form of discharge of death is very important
stage. In the settlement of death claim the documents like – proof of death,
proof of title and other important documents are required to settle the claim of
the policy holder. The details related to each aspect are as follows:
1.Proof of Death: In India the following evidences are required:
In claim Form-A, the claimant is required to give his/her replies to
questions regarding to his/her occupation, relationship with the deceased,
nature of title, place and date of death of the life assured, duration of his last
illness, death, details of other policies on life assured and names of the
doctors who has been consulted
by the life assured during the last three years. In claim Form-B, the last
medical attendant’s replies to a number of questions relating to the assured
as well as the circumstances relating to the assureds death and habits,
history of any previous ailments and any other information which the medical
attendant in a position to give. In Claim Form-C, certificate of burial or
cremation is required. If the death certificate by the Municipality or the
Panchayat is given, no certificate of burial or cremation is required. A
certificate of identity has also to be obtained by the claimant in addition
to the certificate of burial or cremation of in the absence of certificate of
death. It has to be completed and signed by a person known character and
responsibility acquainted but not related to the deceased nor to the claimant
and who has seen the dead body. If the deceased was in service at the time
of death, certificate from the last employer in the claim Form-E.
Premature Claim- If the death occurs within one year of the
issue of the policy, the insurer will have to make confidential enquiries
regarding the cause of death and the nature and duration of last illness, etc.,
from the doctors consulted by the deceased and others. In case of suicide
within one year issue of policy, the insurer may repudiate his liability.
Similarly, if false statement or suppressed material facts are given, the
insurer may repudiate his liability to pay the sum assured.
Presumption of Death- If sufficiently searching inquiries have
been made to satisfy a judge of the probability of the assured being dead, the
court will presume death to have taken place at the end of seven years from
the date of the disappearance, and the evidence the office will require is the
order of the court presuming death.
War: In case of war, where the whereabouts of member of the
armed forces could not be established, it is more likely that he may be
missing or in the hands of enemy or have disappeared in circumstances
arising out of war which renders proof of death difficult. In such case, the
certificate of death issued by the appropriate military authorities should be
accepted as the best proof of death.
2.Proof of Title: The sum assured is payable to the assured or
his executors, administrators, assign or other legal representatives. The assured
can
receive the policy money if the policy matures during his lifetime. Other
persons are entitled to the sum assured in the event of his death. The legal
representatives have been defined as any executors and administrators
where there are no executors or administrators, the heir and where there is no
heir, the person who represents in law and can give a valid discharge. No
right can be claimed on the policy of the deceased person unless letter of
administration have first been granted by a court of competent jurisdiction.
Under the letter of administration or probate of the will is granted, no one can
claim. Where the policy money does not exceed Rs. 2,000, a certificate from
the Administrator-General will be sufficient. This certificate can be easily
obtained from the Administrator-General of the State concerned, without the
help of pleader, if the total estate left by the assured including policy
money does not exceed Rs. 2,000. The Administrator General charge a fee
at the rate of 3 per cent of the value of the estate.
Nomination and Assignment: The nominee will get policy if
the policy was not assigned. If the nomination is not registered, the insurer
will not be liable for the payment. The nominations can be canceled at any
time before the payment. So the person nominated in the last is legally
liable to get the policy amount. The insurer may apply to pay the amount
into the court with the jurisdiction of which is situated the place at which
such amount is payable under the terms of policy or otherwise if there is
conflicting claims or insufficiency of proof of title. A receipt granted by the
court for any such amount; subject to certain procedure the court shall decide
all questions relating to the disposal of claims to the amount into court.
Maturity Claim: A notice is generally is issued by the insurer
shortly before the maturity date. A printed letter is usually employed for
this purpose which will state the number of the policy and name of the life
assured, the date of maturity, and the amount of the sum assured and bonus,
if any, the amount of any loan outstanding with interest thereon to the date
of maturity and the net sum payable. If the policy does not stand assigned,
the amount is payable to the insured. Even if the policy stands nominated the
nominee is not entitled to get the policy amount. However, where the policy
is assigned, the assignee will get policy amount provided the assignment is
absolute one. If the assignment is conditional,
the policy amount will be paid according to the terms and conditions of
the assignment.
2.11. Summary:
General nature of contract of insurance is similar to other general contract.
The basic principles which are applicable on other type of contract are
simultaneously also applicable to insurance. But the specific general
principles of insurance are only applicable to the contract of insurance and
changing the nature of it. The formation of contract is based on basic
principles like- offer and acceptance, consideration, legal object, competency
to make contract etc. and discussed at length. The students can easily
understand the nature of insurance through these explanations.


Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.

& Company, Nagpur
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
2.13. Check Your Progress:

A. Which of the following statements are true and false?
1.The ‘offer’ in case of insurance called ‘proposal’.
2.The contract would complete on payment of the premium
within the prescribed period.
3.Insurer can compel the insured to pay the premium subsequent
the
first
4.The insured can enter into the contract provided that he is not
premium.
5. The insurer is not legally bound to send the notice of
minor. premium.
1.The valid insurance contract, like any other contract
according to of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
2. The insurer’s offer to insure the proposer is to
be …………………………on the risk not materially changing to prior to
acceptance.
3. ………………………..of the Indian Contract Act, 1872
lays down that consent is said to be free.
4........................................................................Any
ambiguity in the policy will be construed........................the
insurer.
5.The insured has right to obtain a loan on the security of the
policy within its ……………………………..
2.14. Answer to Check Your Progress:
A.
1. True
2.True
3.False
4.True
5.True
B.
1.Section 10
2.deemed conditional
3.Section 14
4.Against
5.Surrender value
Q.1. What is important principle of Insurance?
Q.2. Discuss in detail offer and acceptance.
Q.3. Who is competent or not competent to make contract.
Q.4. Explain the procedure to settle the claim?
Q.5. Explain in detail the importance of conditions of policy.
40
Unit-3
Specific Principles of Insurance Law
Objectives:
 Understand the concept of important specific principles of Insurance
 Understand the concept of miscellaneous principles of Insurance
 Understand the use of Assignment
Structure:
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Uberrima Fides or Principle of Utmost Good Faith
3.3. Principle of Insurable Interest
3.4. Principle of Indemnity
3.5. Principle of Proximate Cause
3.6. Principle of Subrogation
3.7. Principle of Contribution
3.8. Principle of Double Insurance
3.9. Principle of Assignment
3.10. Principle Re-Insurance
3.11. Summary
3.14. Answer to check your Progress
3.1 Introduction:
Besides, the essentials of a valid insurance contract discussed in the
previous section, there are certain specific principles, which are of paramount
significance to the contract of both the life and non-life insurance. The specific
principles of the contract of insurance consist of the following:
 Uberrima fides or Principle of Utmost Good Faith;

 Principle of Insurable Interest;
 Principle of Indemnity;
 Principle of Proximate Cause;
 Principle of Subrogation;
In addition to this few miscellaneous principles are also important to
understand the concept of insurance in general like:
 Principle of Contribution
 Principle of Double Insurance
 Principle of Assignment
 Principle of Re-Insurance
3.2 Principle of Utmost Good Faith or Uberimma Fides:
In Marine Insurance Act, 1906, Section 17 which provides,
“A contract of Marine Insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good
faith, and if utmost good faith is not observed by either party, the contract may
be avoided by either party”.
Section 18 (1), despite the title of the statute, this section is of general
application is insurance law. Section 18 (1) provides:
“Subject to the provision of this section, the assured must
disclose to the insurer, before the contract is concluded, every material
circumstances, which is known to the insured and insured in deemed to know
every circumstances which, in the ordinary course of business, ought to be
known by him. If the assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may
avoid the contract.”
The test for determining the materiality of any “circumstances” is
laid down by section 18 (2) of the act which provides that, “Every
circumstances is material which would influence the judgment of a
prudent insurer in fixing the premium or determining whether he will
take the risk.”
Characteristics of utmost good faith
1. It is an obligation to the parties to insurance contract to make a
full and true disclosure of material fact.
2. The obligation to make full and true disclosure applies to all type
of insurance.
3. The duty to disclose continues upto the conclusion of the
contract.
4. It covers any material alteration in character of the risk which
may take place between personal and acceptance.
5. Concealment of material fact on misrepresentation may affect
the validity of the contract.
The principle of utmost good faith must be used in respect of the following –
In Life Insurance – Information relating to age, health and disease, habits,
family history, nature of business or profession.
In Fire Insurance – Information relating to structure of assets, nature of
goods, condition of godown, activities of the firm etc.
In Marine Insurance – Information relating to size of the ship, nature of cargo,
packaging of cargo etc.
It is true that the underwriter can have a pre-survey for fire
insurance or medical examination for life or health insurance, carried out, but
even then there are certain aspects of the risk which are not apparent at the
time of pre-survey or medical examination, for example, the previous loss or
medical history and etc. Because of the aforesaid reason the law imposes a
greater duty of disclosures on both the parties to an insurance contract than
to other commercial contracts. This is called uberimma fides (utmost
good faith).
Remedies for breath of utmost good faith – The aggrieved party has the
following options:
 To avoid the contract by either

a) Repudiating the contract void ab initio; or
b) Avoiding liability for an individual claim;
 To sue for damages as well, if concealment or fraudulent misrepresentation

is involved;
 To waive these rights and allow the contract to carry on unhindered.
The aggrieved party must exercise his option within a
reasonable time of discovery of breach or it will be assumed that he has
decided to waive his right. Legal consequences – It is worth mentioning that
in absence of utmost good faith the contract would be voidable at the option
of the person who suffered loss due to non-disclosure. The inadvertent
concealment will be treated as fraud and it is void, ab initio. However, as and
when the voidable contract has been validated by the party not at fault, the
contract cannot be avoided by him later on.
In United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v/s M.K.J. Corporation [(1996)
6 SCC 428] the Supreme Court observed that “it is the fundamental principle
of insurance that utmost good faith must be observed by the contracting
parties. It is different than the ordinary contract where the parties are
expected to be honest in the dealings but they are not expected to
disclose all the defects about the transaction,” The court also observed
that it is the duty of the insurer and their agents to disclose all material facts
within their knowledge since obligation of good faith applies to them
equally with the assured.
Burden of Proof – In L.I.C. of India v/s Channasbasamma [AIR
1991 SC 392], “The burden of proving that the assured had made false
representation and suppressed material facts is undoubtedly upon the corporation.”
Cases Referred for further reading :
1. Vijay Kumar v/s New Zealand Insurance
Co. AIR 1954 Bom. 347
2. Bhagwani Bai v/s L.I.C. of
India AIR 1984 M.P. 126
3. Lakshmi Insurance Co. v/s Bibi Padmavati
AIR 1961 Punjab 253
4. L.I.C. of India v/s Smt. Vijaya
Chopra AIR 2008 (NOC) 2334
5. L.I.C. of India v/s Smt. Chandra
Kanta AIR 2008 (NOC) 2334
6. L.I.C. of India v/s Mrs. Shashi
Sethi AIR 2008 H.P. 67
7. Smt. Sakhitombi v/s Zonal Manager, L.I.C. of India,
Calcutta AIR 2009 Gauhati 90
3.3 Principle of Insurable Interest:

The Webster’s (Third New International Dictionary) has defined
Insurable interest as the interest (as based on blood tie or likelihood of
financial injury) that is judged to give an insurance applicant a legal right
to enforce the insurance contract against the objection that is
wagering contract.
In the words of Riegel and Miller, “An insurable interest is an
interest of such a nature that the possessor would be financially insured by
the occurrence of the event insured against.”
This term has not been defined in the Insurance Act, 1938
but a definition has been given in section – 7 of the Marine Insurance Act,
1963 [Same as section -5 of the Marine Insurance Act, 1906] “a person is
interested in a marine adventure where he stands in any legal or equitable
relation to adventure to any insurable property at risk therein, in consequence
of which he may benefit by the safety or due arrival of insurable property, or
may be prejudiced by its loss, or by damage there to, or by the detention
thereof, or may incur liability in respect thereof.”
Characteristics of Insurable Interest – Following are some
important characteristics that emerge from the definition of insurable interest:
1. There must be some subject-matter to insure, namely, the life of
a person, property like house, vehicle etc.;
2. The insured must have some legally recognised relationship with the
subject matter of the insurance;
3. The insured must be benefited by the safety of the subject –
matter and suffers loss if the subject – matter is lost, damaged or
destroyed;
4. The subject-matter should be definite and it should be capable
of being valued in terms of money.
A good case regarding insurable interest came up before the
Delhi State Commission in Virmani Refrigeration & Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd.
v/s New India Assurance Co. Ltd. [(2005) 1 CPJ 767 Delhi State
Commission]. The complainant insured the property comprising of godowns
and other offices against fire for Rs. 7,40,000/-. A fire broke out engulfing the
entire property as a result of which extensive damage was caused to the
building, furniture, fixtures, fitting, electricity and sanitary system. A surveyor
was appointed and during course of investigation it was found that one M/s
Anantraj Agencies Pvt. Ltd. claimed themselves to be occupant of 60% of
the building. A claim was preferred by the complaint. The respondent took the
plea that it was discovered during investigation that 60% of the property was
given to Anantraj Agencies under various agreements whereas only 40%
property remained with the complainant had insurable interest of only 40%.
On these facts, the commission observed:
“It does not mean that by virtue of this deed the insurable
interest of the complainant was to the extent of 40%. While receiving the
premium the Insurance Company had assessed the insurance amount and
therefore, to say at the end of the day that insurable interest of the complainant
was to the extent of 40% is difficult to accept.” It is the insurer to satisfy
him regarding insurable interest before issuing policy.
In United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v/s Shri Hasan Sultan
Nadaf [(1992) 3 CPJ 64 (National Commission)], the question of insurable
interest was before the National Commission. That the state commission
observed that the contention of the insurer that the respondent – claimant had
not produced any evidence that the shed of the factory was owned by him, is
untenable and seems to us to be mere lame excuse put forward by the
insurer to improperly rejects the insured’s claim. The National Commission in the
present case rightly observed that the observation of the state commission that
insurance policy has been issued by
the insurer after inspecting the shed of the complainant and if the faction of
the insurable is not verified then we have only gain to business but issue the
reckless insurance policies without ascertaining the existence of a property
before it is entered into insurance policy.
In the absence of an insurable interest in the life or the thing
insured, the insurance contract will simply be a wager and therefore void. The
insurable interest is necessary to the validity of insurance policy.
3.4 Principle of Indemnity:
Indemnity is the controlling principle in insurance law. All
insurance policies, except the life policies and personal accident policies are
contract of indemnity. This principle may be defined as “under the indemnity
contract the insurer undertakes to indemnify the insured against the loss suffered
by the insured peril.” Literally, indemnity means “make good the loss.” This
principle is based on the fact that the object of the insurance is to place the
insured as far as possible in same financial position in which he was before
the happening of the insured peril. Under this principle the insured is not
allowed to make any profit out of the happening of the event because the
object is only to indemnify him and profit making would be against the
principle. Example – If a house is insured for Rs. 10 Lakhs against the risk of
fire and is damaged in fire causing a loss of Rs. 1 Lakh only. Then the
insured would be paid only one Lakh because the principle of indemnity
is with him. Likewise, this principle also limits the amount of
compensation, if the loss caused is more than 10 Lakh, he cannot recover
more than the amount for which the house was insured.
The principle of indemnity has been explained in an English
Case, Castellain v/s Preston [1883 2 Q B 38];
“Every contract of Marine and Fire insurance is a contract of
indemnity and of indemnity only, the meaning of which is that the insured in
case of loss is to receive full indemnity but is never to receive more.
Every rule of insurance law is adopted in order to carryout this fundamental
rule, and if ever any proposition brought forward the effect of which is opposed
to this fundamental rule, it will be bound to be wrong.”
The main characteristics of the principle of indemnity are:
1. That it applies to all contracts of insurance except the life
and personal accident insurance.
2. That the amount of compensation is restricted to the amount of
loss, meaning there by that the insured cannot be allowed to make profit
out of it.
3. If there are more than one insurer for the property, if destroyed,
the amount of loss could be recovered from any of them but not from all of
them, and
4. The insurers take all the rights that the insured had, after
the payment of compensation.
How Indemnity is provided?
Replacement Cas
h
Indemnity
Reinstallment Repai
r
Merits of the principle of indemnity – The principle of indemnity offers

the following advantages:
1. The principle of indemnity is an essential feature of an insurance
contract, in absence of this principle industry would have the hue of gambling
and the insured would tend to effect over-insurance and then intentionally
cause a loss to occur so that a financial gain could be achieved.
2. This principle helps in avoidance of anti-social act.
3. The principle of indemnity helps to maintain the premium at
low level.
There are certain obvious exceptions to the indemnity principle;
life insurance is one of them. No money value can be placed on human
life and therefore the insurer undertakes to pay a fixed or guaranteed sum
irrespective of the loss suffered. A life insurance contract comes near to
guarantee than to indemnity.
3.5. Principle of Proximate Cause ‘or’ principle of
causa proxima:
The maxim as it runs is, “Causa proxima non remote spectator”, which
means “the immediate, not the remote cause” In order to pay the insured loss,
it has to be seen as to what was the cause of loss. If the loss has been
caused by the insured peril, the insurer shall be liable. If the immediate cause
is an insured peril, the insurer is bound to make good the loss, otherwise
not.
In an English Cases, Pawsey & Co. v/s Scottish Union and
National Insurance Co. (1907), “The Proximate cause has been defined to
mean the active and efficient cause that sets in motion a chain of events
which bring about a result without the intervention of any force started and
working actively from a new and independent source.”
Perils relevant to an insurance claim can be classified
under three headings:
1. Insured Perils – Those named in the policy as insured example –
fire, sea, water, lightening, storm theft etc.
2. Excluded Perils – Those stated in the policy as excluded either
as causes of insured perils e.g. riots, earthquake, war etc.
3. Uninsured Perils – Those perils not mentioned in the policy at all
as insured and excluded perils. Smoke and Water may not be excluded nor
mentioned as insured in a fire policy.
Need for the principle of proximate cause – When the loss is
the result of two or more causes operating simultaneously or one after the
other in succession.
In an English Case Cox v/s Employers Liabilities Assurance
Corporation [(1865) LR 1 CP 232 : 14 WR 106], An army officer visiting
sentries posted along the railway lines was accidentally run over by a passing
train and killed. The policy excluded death or injury “directly or indirectly
caused by war etc.” The place of accident was dark due to blackout. The
passing of train was held
to be proximate, efficient and effective cause of the accident but the indirect
cause was the war because war was the reason for the presence of the
officer on the spot. The claim was rejected on the ground that the death of the
officer was not directly but indirectly, result of the war.
In a recent case Kajima Daewoo Joint Venture v/s New
India Assurance Co. Ltd. [(2005) 1 CPJ 534 Uttaranchal State Commission]
the number of machines were employed in constructing a power project was
duly insured. One such machine was TIL excavator that was insured for site,
the machine burst as the lubricating system failed and with much effort the
machine was lifted to a safe place otherwise that 30 ton machine would
have fallen much below causing a total loss to it. The main damage was
caused to the engine of the machine that was reported beyond repairs. A claim
was preferred where as the surveyor was deputed for the assessment of the
loss/damage. The claim was repudiated on the ground interalia that the
machine did not suffer any external impact and damage to the engine was
mechanical on account of seizure of the engine on account of starvation of
lubricant oil which was not within the preview of the policy. The
commission observed entire material on record and reached the conclusion that
the mechanical failure of the machine was due to its slipping on the hilly terrain
and the accident was the proximate cause of the mechanical failure.
Therefore it was well covered under the policy.
In New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v/s Vivek (Old Storage [(1999)2
CPJ 26], [the National Commission], the Comprehensive policy (Fire
Insurance Policy) had covered fire risk as well as other risks to Building,
machinery etc. and also deterioration of stocks of potatoes stored in the
complainant’s cold storage The accident clause covered the breakdown of
machinery due to unforeseen circumstances. There was leakage of ammonia
gas and therefore the plant was closed causing loss to the stock of potatoes
in the go down. The Insurance Co. denied the claim as there was no
breakdown of the plant and machinery. This contention was rejected and it
was held that as plant and machinery of cold storage developed leakage and
ammonia gas escaped the plant had to be shutdown for repairs of the leak
which resulted in damage to the stored potatoes. Thus the Insurance Co.
50
was held liable.
51
1. It is the responsibility of the assured to prove, in case of loss
that the loss was caused by insured perils.
2. In case the insurer gives the argument that the loss was caused
by excluded perils and not by insured or proximate perils he is to
prove.
3. According to conditions of many insurance plans the losses
caused directly or indirectly due to certain reasons are kept outside the
provision of insurance policies. In such a case, the losses caused by such
reasons are not the liability of the insurer.
4. It is the duty of the assured to prove that the loss was not
caused by excluded perils but the loss was caused by itself without the
interference of excluded perils.
3.6 Principle of Subrogation:
This is also a corollary to principle of indemnity. Subrogation is
the substitution of one person in place of another in relation to a claim, its
rights, remedies or securities. This principle is applicable to both fire and
marine insurance. Having satisfied the claim of the assured, the insurer stands in
the place, and subrogated to all the rights of the insured. In the words of
W.A. Dinsdale, “Subrogation is the insured’s right to receive the benefit
of all the rights of the assured against third parties which, is satisfied, will
extinguish or diminish the ultimate loss sustained.”
According to Federation of Insurance Institutes, Mumbai.
“Subrogation is the transfer of rights and remedies of the insured to the
insurer who has indemnified the insured in respect of the loss.” According to
the principle of subrogation, on the payment of claim of the insured, the
insurer steps into the shoes of the insured, to claim the damages/loss caused
to the property by third party: For example, the owner of a motorcar having a
comprehensive insurance cover, has got two alternative in case of an
accident with another car or person (third party) who caused the accident.
Firstly, he can claim for the damages from the Insurance Co. or from the
third party. If the car owner decides to collect compensation from the
Insurance Co., his right against the third party is subrogated
to the Insurance Co. so that the company can afterwards claim the damages
from the third party.
The right of subrogation arises in the following ways:
1. Right arising out of tort – A tort refers to ‘civil wrong’ and
a common type of tort may be negligence or nuisance, when a duty owned to
a third party is breached, the injured party gets the right of claiming damages
from the wrongdoer. Where tort has caused some loss, the insurer will
succeed to the policy holder’s right of action.
2. Right arising out of contract – Where a compensation is
imposed on a third person, the obligation of paying compensation to the
injured in respect of the loss, shall pass over to the insurer but the right
attached to the insured shall be subrogated, goods damaged while in the
custody of a common carrier or tenancy agreement is a suitable example in
the case.
3. Right to subrogation arising out of salvage – Where an insured
is paid for a total loss against a marine policy, a subrogation right arises
on the subject-matter (insured article) is not taken into account, on taking
over the salvage by the insurer. For example – a ship is damaged beyond to
get it repaired, but still have some scrap value. This value should be taken
into consideration when the insurer takes over the salvage. Essentials of
Principle of Subrogation –
(i) Corollary to the principle of indemnity – This principle of
subrogation is the supplementary principle of indemnity.
(ii) Subrogation is the substitution – The insurer according to
this principle becomes entitled to all the rights of insured subject-matter after
payment because he has paid the actual loss of the property.
(iii) Subrogation only up to the amount of payment – The insurer
in subrogation all the rights, claims, remedies and securities of the damages
insured property after indemnification but he is entitled to get these benefits
only to the extent of his payment.
(iv) The subrogation may be applied before payment – If the assured
got certain compensation from third party before being fully indemnified by the
insurer, the insurer can pay only the balance of the loss.
(v) Personal Insurance – The doctrine of subrogation does not
apply to personal insurance because the doctrine of indemnity is not
applicable to such insurance. The insurers have no right of action against the
third party in respect of the damages. For Example – If an insured dies due to
the negligence of a third party his dependent has right to recover the amount
of the loss the policy could be subrogated by the insurer.
In an English case, Commercial Union Assurance Co. v/s Lister [(1874) 9 CH
App. 483], which is usually cited as authority for the proposition that an
assured not fully compensated for his loss retain control of legal proceedings
brought against third party. In this case a mill was insured with 11 insurers for
a total $ 30,000. The mill was destroyed in a gas explosion. The
responsibility for which lay with the Halifax Corporation, the estimated
true loses, exceeded $ 56,000 including consequential loss of profits of $
6,000. The insured recovered under the policies from all the Insurance
Companies and sued the Commercial Corporation. Sir Garage Jessel MR held
on an interlocutory application by the commercial union, that the assured
could retain control of the action subject to an undertaking to sue for the
whole loss. The court further said, “If the insured obtain from the
Corporation of Halifax a sum larger than the difference between the amounts
of the loss. He is a trustee for that excess for the Insurance Co. or
Companies.” The implication seems to be that recovery in these
circumstances should go first in favour of the insured in respect of his
losses not covered by the policy.
3.7. Principle of Contribution

This principle is a corollary to the principle of indemnity. This principle is
applicable in all types of insurance contracts except life insurance. Where an
insurer gets the subject matter insured with more than one insurer and case
of loss/damage to the insured property, all of them shall be called upon to
contribute towards the claim in proportion to the sum assured with each.
In an English case, North British and Mercantile Insurance Co.
v/s London Liverpool and Globe Insurance Co. [(1877) 5 CHD 569], the
principle of contribution has been explained as, “Contribution exists where the
thing is done by the same person against the same loss and to prevent a man
first of all recovering more than the whole loss or if he recovers from the other
then to make the parties to contribute ratably. But that only applies where
there is the same person insuring the same interest with more than one
office.”
According the Federation of Insurance Institutes, Mumbai,
“Contribution is the right of an insurer who has paid a loss under a policy,
to recover as a proportionate amount from other insurers who are liable for
the loss.” This principle ensures equitable distribution of losses between different
insurers. A policy holder is not entitled to claim from each insurer more
than the ratable proportion of the loss to which one is liable.
Calculation of Contribution – The following formula is applicable to calculate
the contribution by each:
Contribution = Sum assured with individual insurer x Total
loss Total sum assured
Example : A insures a building against fire with three fire insurance
companies x, y and z with Rs. 30,000/- Rs. 40,000/- and Rs. 30,000/-
respectively. A fire took place during the period of insurance and a total loss
of Rs. 60,000/- was calculated. The contribution from x, y and z shall be
as under:
Contribution of x Company = 30,000 x 60,000 =
18,000 1,00,000
Contribution of y Company = 40,000x x 60,000 =
24,000 1,00,000
Contribution of z Company = 30,000x x 60,000 =
18,000 1,00,000
In case Company X has made the payment of claim for Rs. 60,000/- to A , X
has right to claim Rs. 24,000/- and Rs. 18,000/- from Y and Z
respectively.
3.8. Principle of Double Insurance:
Double Insurance is possible in all types of Insurance Contracts.
A person can insure his life in different policies for different sums. In life
insurance the assured can claim the sum insured with different policies on
maturity on to his nominee after his death. This becomes possible in life
insurance because life insurance is not indemnity insurance. Where risk
connected with a particular subject-matter is insured under more than one
policy taken out from different Insurance Co’s, it is called “Double Insurance”.
Double Insurance may not be of much advantage in case of indemnity insurance
because insured can recover only one amount which is equal to his loss and
not more than that.
Same Risk Same Different insurance

Companies Insured
In New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v/s Krishna Kumar [(1994) 1

CPR 731], [Haryana State Commission], In this case the truck in question
was purchased by the complainant after obtaining loan from the Bank in
return, the truck was hypothecated with the Bank. The complainant insured it
with Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. for one year, no information given to the
finance (the Bank) and the financer also got the same truck insured.
Fortunately no untoward incident happened during the period of insurance.
After the expiry of the period of insurance, the complainant allegedly
discovered about the Double Insurance and a filed a complaint for the return of
the premium. The commission while dismissing the complaint observed:
“It would seen that there was a communication gap between the respondent and
his financing bank for which obviously enough the appellant Insurance Co.
cannot be penalized.”
Difference between Double Insurance and Re-Insurance.
1. Double Insurance is the method by which an insured purchases
different policies against the same subject-matter. Where as in Re-Insurance
an insurer obtain Re-Insurance with another insurer.
2. In Re-Insurance, relationship exists between the Original Insurer and
the Re-Insurer. The insured has no relationship with the Re-Insurance but in double
insurance always a relationship between insured and insurer.
3. In Double Insurance, every insurer is bound to contribute in
properties to the policies on happening of losses. In Re-Insurance the insurer
is required to contribute in proportion to the amount of Re-Insurance.
4. In Double Insurance, the insured has the right to claim from
every insurer subject to the limit of actual loss. In the Re-Insurance the
insured can demand compensation from the original insured only.
3.9. Principle of Re-Insurance:
Re-Insurance is a contract between two or more Insurance Companies by
which a portion of risk of loss is transferred to another Insurance Company
This happens only when Insurance Company has undertaken more risk
burden on its shoulder than its bearing capacity. In the words of Riegel and
Miller “Re-Insurance is the transfer by an Insurance Company a portion of
its risk to another Company.”
According to the Federation of Insurance Institutes, Mumbai,
Re- Insurance is an arrangement whereby an insurer who has accepted
insurance, transfers a part of the risk to another insurer so that his liability on
any one risk is limited to a figure proportionate to his financial
capacity.”
A Re-Insurance does not affect the contract between the original insurer and
the assured. Re-Insurance contracts are contract of indemnity, even though the
original policy may not the one of indemnity, such as a life or personal
accident policy. Re- Insurance is dealt within section 101-A of the Insurance
Act, 1938. Chapter – II of the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority (General Insurance Re- Insurance) Regulation, 2000 prescribes
procedure for Re-Insurance or section – 3 reads as under:
Section – 03: (1) The Re-Insurance programme shall continue to be guided
by the following objectives to:
a) Maximize retention within the country;
b) Develop adequate capacity;
c) Secure the possible protection for the Re-Insurance cost incurred;
d) Simplify the administration of business;
(2) Every insurer shall maximum possible retention commensurate with
its financial strength and volume of business. The authority any require an
insurer to justify its retention policy and may give such directions as
considered necessary in order to ensure that the Indian insurer is not merely
fronting for a foreign insurer;
(3) Every insurer shall cede such percentage of the sum assured on
each policy for different classes of insurance written in India to the Indian Re-
Insurance as may be specified by the authority in accordance accordance
with the provision of Part IV-A of the Insurance Act, 1938.”
Characteristics of Re-Insurance –
(i) It is an Insurance contract between two Insurance Companies.
(ii) The insurer transfers the risk beyond the limit of his capacity
to Insurance Company.
(iii) The relationship of the assured remains with the original insurer
only. The Re-Insurance is not liable directly towards the assured.
(iv) Re-Insurance does not affect the right of insured.
(v) The original insurer cannot do Re-Insurance more than the
insured sum.
(vi) Re-Insurance is a contract of indemnity.
3.10. Principle of Assignment:
The provision regarding assignment and transfer are given in section 38 of
the Insurance Act 1938. An assignment is the complete transfer of rights, title
and interest in the policy. Briefly stated, an assignment is an interest through
which the beneficial interest, right and title under a policy are transferred, the
transfer may be absolute or conditional. So far life policies are concerned, the
assignment could be made either by endorsement can the policy itself or
through a separate instrument
which should be signed either by the assignor or his duly authorized agent
and attested by at least one witness.
Insurance Company Assignee, Not a Consumer – In Vijay Laxmi
Transport Co. v/s United India Insurance Co. Ltd. [(2005) 3 CPJ 401
Uttaranchal State Commission], the consumer booked certain insured articles
through the appellant courier which did not reach the destination. A claim was
preferred where in the Insurance Co. paint the insured amount to the insured
(consignor) and filed a claim against appellant carrier (Transport Co.) for
indemnification of the loss as the loss was occasioned by the deficiency on
the part of the Transport Co. The commission while dismissing the
complainant observed:
“It is settled principle of law as pronounced by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in
the ruling Savani Roadlines v/s Sundaram Textiles Ltd. [AIR 2001 SC 2630 |
(2001) 5 SCC 625] that Insurance Company is the assignee. It was not a
beneficiary of services hired by consumer from carrier. Insurance Co. is not a
consumer vis – a – vis the carrier.
It has been specifically held on the strength of the ruling
reported in New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v/s G.N. Sainani [AIR 1997 SC
2938] that assignee of a mere right to sue for the loss cannot be held to be
beneficiary of any service within the meaning of the definition ‘consumer’. In
this ruling it has been held that such an assignee cannot file a complaint
under the Consumer Protection Act but can file a civil suit for the recovery of
the loss. It has been held that the complaint by such assignee would not be
maintainable. The same decision has been given in the ruling Oberoi
Forwarding Agency v/s New India Assurance Co. Ltd. [(2000) 2 SCC 407 |
(2000) | CPJ 7 SC].
Features of Assignment – A reading of section 38 of the Insurance Act,
1938 makes it clear that an assignment can be effected either by an
endorsement on the policy itself or through a separate instrument. A notice in
writing must be given to the Insurance Company by the assignee along with
the policy documents. The insurer must register the assignment in the
books and give a written acknowledgement of the receipt of such notice. The
assignment may be absolute or conditional. The effect of the assignment should
be the transfer of all rights and
liabilities under the policy to the assignee subject to conditions if any.
Necessary Conditions for Assignor and Assignee –
(i)an assignment can be made by a person competent to make a contract
and the assignee should not have any legal disqualification;
(ii) The assignment should also not be in contravention of any law;
(iii) It must be in writing under the signature of the assignor and
it should be allotted at least by one witness.
Nominees rights after assignment of policy to Bank, In K. Sarikala v/s
L.I.C of India [(1999) 98 comp. case 293 (AP)], The husband of the petitioner
died in an accident and the petition or being nominee in the insurance policy
claimed the insured amount. It was contended by the Insurance Company that the
policies were assigned in favour of the Bank (Second Respondent). In
discharge of the surely amount due to the Bank by the policy holder and
therefore in view of the section
38 (6) of the Insurance Act, 1938 the L.I.C. would recognize the
transferee/assignee as the only person entitled to the benefit under the policy.
It was further contended that once the policy was assigned and transferred in
favour of the Bank, the nomination stands cancelled by the virtue of sub-
section (4) 39 of the Act. Thus, it was contended that the corporation (L.I.C.)
was not liable to pay any amount to the petitioner who ceased to be a
nominee and it is only the Bank that had to pay the amount to the legal
representatives of the deceased in accordance with the law. Thus the
corporation need not be made a party to such proceeding, as its liability stood
transferred to the transferee. In view of the clear position of law, the stand of
the corporation is perfectly legal and writ petition is liable to be dismissed
against it.
3.11. Summary:
Due to existence of the specific and miscellaneous principle makes the
concept of the insurance unique even though it is also a contract between the
parties and policy holders. All these principles are important in Life and Non-
life Insurance. The application and understanding of all these principle is
important also in case of any dispute.
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Company, Nagpur
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
A. Which of the following statements are true and false:
1.A contract of Marine Insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good
faith.
2.It is not an obligation to the parties to insurance contract to make a full and
true disclosure of material fact.
3.United India Insurance Co. Ltd. V. M.K.J. Corporation case in related to
utmost good faith.
4.LIC of India v. Channasbasamma is related to burden of proof.
60
5.Virmani Refrigeration & Cold Storage Pvt. Ltd. V. New India Assurance Co.
Ltd. is related to insurable interest.
61
1........................................Indemnity is the Principle of insurance.
2......................................................................Literally, indemnity
means “…............................................................................”.
3.English case law Pawsey & Co. v. Scottish Union and National Insurance
Co. Ltd. is related to principle of “…...............”.
4....................................................................Subrogation is the
transfer of.........................................................................Of the insured to the
insurer who has indemnified the insured in respect of the loss.
5.Contribution is the right of an ……………….
3.14. Answer to check your Progress:
A.
1.True
2.False
3.True
4.True 5. True
B.
1.Controlling
2.Make good the loss
3.Proximate Cause
4.Rights and remedies
5.Insurer
3.15. Terminal Questions:
1.Discuss in detail the principle of Utmost Good Faith.
2.Discuss in detail principle of Insurable Interest.
3.Discuss in detail principle of Causa-Proxima.
4.Discuss in detail principle of Indemnity.
5.. Write short notes on any two of the following:
a. Re-Insurance b. Double Insurance c.
Assignment
Unit-4
The Insurance Act,
Objectives: 1938-I
 understand the importance of the Insurance and the Insurance Act,
1938
 understand the salient features of the Insurance Act, 1938
 understand the application and use of various sections of the
Act
Structure:
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Scope of the Act
4.3. Requirements as to Capital
4.4. Deposits
4.5. Registration
4.6. Submission of Returns
4.7. Prohibition Rebates, Restriction of Commission
4.8. Licensing of Insurance Agents
4.9. Investment
4.10. Prohibition
4.11. Investigation
4.12. Duties and Power of Controller of Insurance
4.13. Summary
4.16. Answer to Check Progress
4.1. Introduction:
Insurance Act, 1938 [AS AMENDED BY INSURANCE
(AMENDMENT) ACT, 2002] [4 of 1938] is an Act to consolidate and amend
the law relating to the business of insurance. Whereas it is expedient to
consolidate
and amend the law relating to the business of insurance; it is hereby enacted
as follows: -
PART I - Preliminary - Short title, extent and
commencement. (1)) This Act may be called
Insurance Act, 1938.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.
(3)It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may,
by Notification in the Official Gazette, appoint in this behalf. It was well
balanced and was the first comprehensive piece of insurance legislation in
India governing both life and non life branches of insurance. This Act provided
to prevent the growth of mushroom companies, to enforce working on
sound principles, to prevent misappropriation of funds and to protect
the assets.
Some important Definitions as per the Insurance Act, 1938 are as under:
Definitions.
In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, -
(1) “actuary” means an actuary possessing such [qualifications as may
be specified by the regulations made by the Authority];
[(1A) “Authority” means the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
established under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Insurance Regulatory
and Development Authority Act, 1999;]
(2) “policy-holder” includes a person to whom the whole of the interest of
the policy-holder in the policy is assigned once and for all, but does not
include an assignee thereof whose interest in the policy is defeasible or is for
the time being subject to any condition;
(3) “approved securities,” means-
(i) Government securities and other securities charged on the revenue of the
Central Government or of the Government of a State or guaranteed fully as
regards principal and interest by the Central Government or the Government
of any State;
(ii)debentures or other securities for money issued under the authority of any
Central Act or Act of a State Legislature by or on behalf of a port
trust or
municipal corporation or city improvement trust in any Presidency-town;
(iii)shares of a corporation established by law and guaranteed fully by the
Central Government or the Government of a State as to the repayment of the
principal and the payment of the divided;
(iv) securities issued or guaranteed fully as regards principal and
interest by the Government of any Part B State and specified as approved
securities for the purposes of this Act by the Central Government by
notification in the Official Gazette; and
(4) "Auditor" means a person qualified under the Chartered Accountants
Act, 1949 (38 of 1949), to act as an auditor of companies ;
(4A) "banking company" and "company" shall have the meanings respectively
assigned in them in clauses (c) and (d) of sub-section (1) of Section 5 of
the Banking Companies Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);
(5) "certified" in relation to any copy or translation of a document
required to be furnished by or on behalf of an insurer or a provident society as
defined in Part III means certified by a principal officer of 6Esuch insurer or
provident society to be a true copy or a correct translation, as the case
may be;
(5A) "chief agent" means a person who, not being a salaried employee of
an insurer, in consideration of any commission-
(i) performs any administrative and organising functions for the
insurer, and
(ii)procures life insurance business for the insurer by employing
or
causing to be employed insurance agents on behalf of the insurer;
[(5-B) "Controller of Insurance" means the officer appointed by the
Central Government under section 2B to exercise all the powers,
discharge the functions and performs the duties of the Authority
under this Act or the
Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 (31 of 1956) or the General
Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (57 of 1972) or the
Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999;]
(6) "Court" means the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in
a district and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original
civil jurisdiction;
(6A) "fire insurance business" means the business of effecting,
otherwise than incidentally to some other class of insurance business,
contracts of insurance against loss by or incidental to fire or other
occurrence customarily included among the risks insured against in fire
insurance
Policies;
(6B) "general insurance business" means fire, marine or miscellaneous
insurance business, whether carried on singly or in combination with one or
more of them;
(7) "Government security" means a Government security as defined in
the Public Debt Act, 1944 (18 of 1944);
2
[(7A) “Indian insurance company” means any insurer being a company-
(a) which is formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1
of 1956);
(b) in which the aggregate holdings of equity shares by a foreign
company, either by itself or through its subsidiary companies or its nominees,
do not exceed twenty-six percent paid-up equity capital of such Indian
insurance company;
(c) whose sole purpose is to carry on life insurance business or
general insurance business or re-insurance business.
Explanation- For the purpose of this clause, the expression “foreign
company” shall have the meaning assigned to it under clause (23A) of section
2 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);]
(8)"insurance company" means any insurer being a company, association or
partnership which may be wound up under the Indian Companies Act, 1913
(7 of 1913), or to which the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 (9 of 1932),
applies;
(8A) “insurance co-operative society” means any insurer being a co-
operative
society,-
(a) which is registered on or after the commencement of the Insurance
(Amendment) Act, 2002, as a co-operative society under the Co-
operative Societies Act, 1912 (2 of 1912) or under any other law for the time
being in force in any State relating to Co-operative Societies or under the
Multi-State Co- operative Societies Act, 1984 (51 or 1984);
(b) h
aving a minimum paid-up capital, (excluding the deposits required to
be made under section 7), of rupees one hundred crores;
(c) in which no body corporate, whether incorporated or not, formed or
registered outside India, either by itself or through its subsidiaries or
nominees, at any time, holds more than twenty-six per cent of the capital
of such Co-operative Society;
(d) whose sole purpose is to carry on life insurance business or general
insurance business in India:
(9) "Insurer" means-

(a) any individual or unincorporated body of individuals or body
corporate incorporated under the law of any country other than
India, carrying
on insurance business not being a person specified in sub-clause
(c) of this clause which-
(i)carries on that business in India, or
(ii)has his or its principal place of business or is domiciled in
India,
or
(iii) with the object of obtaining insurance business, employs a
representative, or maintains a place of business, in India;
(b) any body corporate [not being a person specified in sub-clause

(c) of this clause] carrying on the business of insurance, which is a body
corporate incorporated under any law for the time being in force in India;
or stands to any
such body corporate in the relation of a subsidiary company within the
meaning of the Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of 1913), as defined by
sub-section (2) of section 2 of that Act, and
(c) any person who in India has a standing contract with

underwriters who are members of the Society of Lloyd's whereby such person
is authorised within the terms of such contract to issue protection notes, cover
notes, or other documents granting insurance cover to others on behalf of the
underwriters.
but does not include a principal agent' chief agent, special agent' or an
insurance agent or a provident society as defined in Part III;
(10)"insurance agent" means an insurance agent licensed under Sec. 42
who receives agrees to receive payment by way of commission or other
remuneration in consideration of his soliciting or procuring insurance
business including business relating to the continuance, renewal or revival of
policies of insurance;
(10A)"investment company" means a company whose principal business is
the acquisition of shares, stocks debentures or other securities;
(10B)“intermediary or insurance intermediary” shall have the meaning
assigned to it in clause (f) of sub-section 2 of the Insurance Regularoty and
Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999)
(11)“life insurance business" means the business of effecting contracts
of insurance upon human life, including any contract whereby the payment of
money is assured on death (except death by accident only) or the
happening of any
(12) "Manager" and "officer" have the meanings assigned to those

expressions in clauses
(9) and (11), respectively of Section 2 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7
of 1913);
(13)"Managing agent" means a person, firm or company entitled to the
management of the whole affairs of a company by virtue of an agreement with
the company, and under the control and direction of the directors except to
the extent, if any, otherwise provided for in the agreement, and includes any
person, firm or company occupying such position by whatever name
called.
Explanation.—If a person occupying the position of managing agent calls
himself manager or managing director, he shall nevertheless be regarded as
managing agent for the purposes of Sec. 32 of this Act;
(13A)"marine insurance business" means the business of effecting contracts
of insurance
upon vessels of any description, including cargoes, freights and other
interests which may be legally insured, in or in relation to such vessels,
cargoes and freights, goods, wares, merchandise and property of whatever
description insured for any transit, by land or water, or both, and whether or not
including warehouse risks or similar risks in addition or as incidental to such
transit, and includes any other risks customarily included among the risks
insured against in marine insurance policies;
(13B)"miscellaneous insurance business" means the business of effecting
contracts of
insurance which is not principally or wholly of any kind or kinds included
in clause (6A), (11) and (13A);
(14) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act; and
(15) "principal agent" means a person who, not being a salaried
employee of an insurer,
in consideration of any commission,—
(i) performs any administrative and organising functions for the insurer; and
(iii) procures general insurance business whether wholly or in part by
employing or causing to be employed insurance agents on behalf of the
(16) "private company" and "public company" have the meanings
respectively assigned
to them in Clauses (13) and (13-A) of Sec. 2 of the Indian Companies Act,
1913 (7 of 1913);
(17) "special agent" means a person who, not being a salaried employee
of an insurer, in consideration of any commission, procures life insurance
business for the insurer whether wholly or in part by employing or causing
to be employed insurance agents on behalf of the insurer, but does not
include a chief agent.
Salient Features o the Insurance Act, 1938
The Salient Features of Insurance Act, 1938 have been
discussed under the following subtitles:
1.Scope
2.Requirements as to Capital
3.Deposits
4.Registration
5.Submission of Returns
6.Prohibition Rebates, Restriction of Commission
7.Licensing of Insurance Agents
8.Investment
9.Prohibition
10. Investigation
11. Duties and Power of Controller of Insurance
4.2. Scope of the Act, 1938:
The Act applies to all type of insurance business-life, fire,
marine etc. done by companies incorporated in India or elsewhere. It also
governs the provident companies, mutual offices and cooperative
societies.
According to Sec. 2(C) of the Act, there is prohibition of
transaction of insurance business by certain persons.
Save as hereinafter providing, no person shall after the
commencement of the Insurance Act, begin to carry on any class of insurance
business in India shall after the expiry of one year, from such
commencement, continue to carry on any such business unless he is –
a) A public company or
b) A society registered under the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912
or under any other law for the time being in force in any state relating to co-
operative societies or,
c) A body corporate incorporated under the law of any country
outside India not being of the nature of a private company.
Provided that the Central Government may, by notification in the official
Gazette, exempt from the operation of this section to such extent, for
such period and subject to such conditions as it may specify, any person or
insurer for the purpose of carrying on the business of granting superannuation
allowances and annuities of the nature specified in sub-clause (c) of clause (11)
of Section 2 or for the purpose of carrying on any general insurance
business.
4.3. Requirement as to Capital:

No insurer carrying on the business of life insurance,
general insurance or insurance in India on or after the commencement of the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999, shall be
registered unless as:
(i) A paid-up equity capital or rupees one hundred crores, in case
70
of a person carrying on the business of life insurance or general
insurance; or
71
(ii) A paid-up equity capital of rupees two hundred crores, in case
of a person carrying on exclusively the business as a reinsurer:
Provided that in determining the paid-up equity capital specified
under clause (i) or clause (ii) the deposit to be made under section 7 and
any preliminary expenses incurred in the formation and registration of the
company shall be excluded:
Provided further that an insurer carrying on business of life
insurance, general insurance or Re-insurance in India before the commencement of
the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 and who
is required to be registered under this Act, shall have a paid-up equity
capital in accordance with clause (i) and (ii), as the case may be, within six
months of the commencement of that Act.
4.4. Deposits:
To prevent the growth of insurer of small financial resources
or speculative concerns, the Act provided for registration of all insurers
and a substantial deposit with the Reserve Bank.
According to Section-7, every insurer shall, in respect of the
insurance business carried on by him in India, deposit and keep deposited
with the Reserve Bank of India, in one of the offices in India of the bank for
and on behalf of the Central Government, the amount hereafter specified,
either in cash or in approved securities, estimated at the market values of the
securities on the day of deposit or partly in cash and partly in approved
securities so estimated.
a) In the case of the life insurance business, a sum equivalent to
one percent of his total gross premium written in India in any financial
year commencing after the 31st day of March, 2000 not exceeding rupees ten
crores;
b) In the case of general insurance business, a sum equivalent to
three percent of his total gross premium written in India, in any financial
year commencement after the 31st day of March 2000, not exceeding rupees
ten crores;
c) In the case of Re-insurance business a sum of rupees twenty crores.
Provided that, where the business done or to be done is marine insurance
only and relates exclusively to country craft or its cargo or both, the amount to
be deposited under this sub-section shall be one hundred thousand
rupees only.
4.5. Registration:
Section – 3 states that, no person shall, after the
commencement of this Act, begin to carry on any class of insurance business
in India shall after the expiry of three months from the commencement of this
Act, continue of carry on any such business, unless he has obtained from
the authority a certificate of registration for the particular class of
insurance business.
Every application for registration shall be accompanied by –
a) A certified copy the memorandum and articles of association.
b) Names, address and occupation of directors.
c) A statement of the class or classes of insurance business done
or to be done.
d) Principal place of business or domicile outside India.
e) A certified copy of the published prospectus.
f) The receipt showing payment of fee as may be determined by
the regulations which shall not exceed fifty thousand rupees for each class of
business as may be specified by the regulations made by the
authority.
g) Such other documents as may be specified by the regulations
made by the authority.
If, on the receipt of an application for registration and after making such
inquiry as he deems fit, the authority is satisfied that:
a) The financial condition and the general character of
management of the applicant are sound;
b) The volume of business likely to be available to, and the
capital structure and earning prospects of, the applicant will be
adequate;
c) The interests of the general public will be served.
The authority may register the applicant as an insurer and grant
him certificate of registration. The authority shall withhold registration shall, or
cancel a registration already made if any requirement is not satisfied or in
so far as it relates to a particular class of insurance business as the case
may be:
a) If the insurer fails to comply with the provisions Section – 7
or of deposits or
b) If the insurer is in liquidation or is adjudged an insolvent
or
c) If the business has been transferred to any other insured or
d) If the whole of the deposit made in respect of insurance
business has been returned to the insurer under Section – 9 or
e) When clause – 9 of Section – 2 related to insurer’s definition
ceased of cancelled or suspended.
f) Defaults in complying with any rules.
g) Carry any business other than insurance business or any prescribed
business.
Section 3-A of the Act is related to renewal of Registration. According to the
sub- clause (1), an insurer who has been granted a certificate of registration
under Section 3 shall have the registration renewed annually for each year
after the ending on the 31st Day of March after the commencement of the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.
Section 3-B of the Act is related to Certification of soundness of terms of
life insurance business.
4.6. Submission of Returns: (Section 15):
The audited accounts and balance sheet and actuarial report
and abstract and four copies there of shall be furnished as returns to the
authority in the case of the accounts and balance sheet and the actuarial
report within six months and in the case of the abstract within nine months
from the end of the period to which they refer. If the principal place is
outside India, the period of submission may be extended by three
months.
Of the four copies so furnished one shall be signed in the case
of company by the Chairman and two directors and by the principal
officer of the Company and, if the company has a managing director or
managing agent, by the director or managing agent in the case of a firm by
two partners of the firm, and, in the case of an insurer being an individual, by
the insurer himself and one shall be signed by the auditor who made the audit
or the actuary who made the valuation, as the case may be.
Where the insurer’s principal place of business or domicile
is outside India, he shall forward to the authority, along with the documents,
certified statement showing the total assets and liabilities of the insurer at the
close of the period covered by the said documents.
The insurer shall, within the time specified in sub-section (1)
of Section – 15, furnish to the authority four certified copies in the English
language of every balance-sheet, account abstract, report and statement
supplied to the public authority and in addition there four certified copies in
the English language of each of the following statement:
a) A statement audited by an auditor or by a person duly
qualified under the law of the insurer’s country showing the assets held by
the insurer in India at that date of any balance sheet so furnished.
b) A separate account of receipts and payments and revenue
account for the period covered by any account to furnish;
c) A separate abstract of the valuation report in respect of all
business transacted in India in each class or sub-class of insurance
business; and
d) A declaration in the prescribed form stating that all amounts
received by the insurer directly or indirectly whether from his head officer or
from any other source outside and have been shown in the revenue
account.
4.7. Prohibition, Rebates, Restriction of Commission:
Prohibition of Payment by way of Commission or Otherwise for Procuring
Business
No person shall, after the expiry of six months from the
commencement of this act, pay or contract to pay any remuneration or reward
whether by way of commission or otherwise for soliciting or procuring
insurance business in India to any person except an insurance agent or a
principal, chief or special agent.
[Section 40 (1)]
No insurance agent shall be paid or contract to be paid by
way of commission or as remuneration in any form an amount exceeding, in
the case of life insurance business, 40% of the first year’s premium payable
on any policy or
policies effected through him and 5% of a renewal premium, payable on such
a policy, or, in the case of business of any other class, 15% of the
premium.
Provided that insurers, in respect of life insurance business
only, may pay during the first ten years of their business, to their
business, to their insurance agents 55% of the first year’s premium payable
on any policy or policies affected through them any 6% of the renewal
premium payable on such policies. [Section 40 (1)]
Limitations of Expenditure on Commission (Section – 40(A))
1. No person shall pay or contract to pay to an insurance agent,
and no insurance agent shall receive or contract to receive by way of
commission or remuneration in any form in respect of any policy of life
insurance issued in India by an insurer after the 31st day of December
1950, and effected through an insurance agent, an amount exceeding:
a) Where the policy grants an immediate annuity or a deferred
annuity in consideration of a single premium, or where only one premium is
payable on the policy, 2% of that premium,
b) Where the policy grants a deferred annuity in consideration of
more than one premium, 7½% of the first year’s premium, and 2% of
each renewal premium, payable on the policy, and
c) In any other case, 35% of the first year’s premium, 7½% of
the second and third year’s renewal premium, and thereafter 5% of each
renewal premium payable on the policy:
Provided that in a case referred to in clause (c), an insurer, during the first 10
years of his business, may pay to an insurance agent, and an insurance agent may
receive from such an insurer, 40% of the first year’s premium payable on
the policy.
2. No person shall pay or contract to pay to a special agent,
and no special agent shall receive or contract to receive, by way of
commission or as remuneration in any form, in respect of any policy of life
insurance issued in India by an insurer after the 31st day of December, 1950
and effected through a special agent an amount exceeding:
a) In a case referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1) one half
percent of the premium;
b) In a case referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) two percent
of the first year’s premium payable on the policies;
c) In a case referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (1) fifteen
percent of the first year’s premium payable on the policies;
Prohibition of Rebates (Section - 41)
1. No person shall allow or offer to allow either directly or indirectly
as an inducement to any person to take out or renew or continue an
insurance in respect of any kind of risk, relating to lives or property in India,
any rebate of the whole or part of the commission payable or any rebate of
the premium shown on the policy, nor shall any person taking out or
renewing or continuing a policy accept any rebate, except such rebate as
may be allowed in accordance with the published prospectuses or tables
of the insurer:
Provided that acceptance by an insurance agent of commission in connection
with a policy of the insurance taken out by himself on his own life shall not be
deemed to be acceptance of a rebate of premium within the meaning of this
sub-section if at the time of such acceptance the insurance agent satisfies the
prescribed conditions establishing that he is bonafide insurance agent
employed by the insurer.
2. Any person making default in complying with the provisions of
this section shall be punishable with fine, which may extend to Rs.
5000/-.
4.8. Licensing of Insurance Agents (Section - 42):
1. The authority or an officer authorized by him in this behalf shall
in the prescribed manner and on payment of the fee determined by the
regulations, which shall not be more than two hundred and fifty rupees, issue
to any person making an application in the prescribed manner determined by
the regulations, a license to act an insurance agent for the purpose of
soliciting or procuring insurance business provided that:
a) In the case of an individual, he does not suffer from any of
the disqualification:
(i) That the person is a minor;
(ii) That he is found to be of unsound mind by a court of
competent jurisdiction;
(iii) That he has been found guilty of criminal misappropriation
or criminal breach of trust or cheating or forgery or an abetment of or
attempt to commit any such offence by a court of competent
jurisdiction:
Provided that, where at least five years have elapsed since the completion of
sentence imposed on any person in respect of any such offence, the authority
shall ordinarily declare in respect of such person that his conviction shall
cease to operate as a disqualification under this clause:
(iv) That in the course of any Judicial proceeding relating to any
policy of insurance or the winding up of an Insurance Co. or in the course
of an investigation of the affairs of an insurer it has been found that he has
been guilty of or has knowingly participated in or connived at any fraud,
dishonestly or misrepresentation against an insurer or an insured.
(v) That he does not posses the requisite qualifications and
practical training for a period not exceeding twelve months, as may be
specified by the regulations made by the authority in this behalf.
(vi) That he had not passed such examination as may be specified
by the regulations made by the authority in this behalf:
Provided that a person who had been issued a license under sub-section (1)
of this section or sub-section (1) or section 64UM shall not be required to
possess the examination as required by clauses (e) and (f):
(vii) That he violates the code of conduct as may be specified by
the regulations made by the authority.
b) In the case of a company or firm, any of its directors or
partners does not suffer from any of the said disqualifications:
Provided further that any license issued immediately before the commencement of
the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 shall be
deemed to have been issued in accordance with regulations, which provide for
such license.
2. A license issued under this section shall entitle the holder to act
at an insurance agent for any insurer.
3. License issued under this section, after the commencement of
the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999, shall remain
in force for a period of three years only from the date of issue, but shall, if
he applicant, does not suffer from any of the disqualification mentioned
above and the application for renewal of the license reaches the issuing
authority at last thirty days before the date on which the license ceases to
remain in force, be renewed for a period of three years at any one time on
payment of the prescribed fee which shall not be more than two hundred
and fifty rupees, and an additional fee of a prescribed amount, not
exceeding one hundred rupees by way of penalty if the application for renewal
of the license does not reach the issuing authority at least thirty days before
the date on which the license ceases to remain in force.
3-A. No application or the renewal of a license under this section shall be
entertained if the application does not reach the issuing authority before the license
cease to remain in force:
Provided that the Authority may, if satisfied that undue hardship
would be caused otherwise, accept may application in contravention of this
sub- section on payment by the applicant of a penalty of seven hundred and
fifty rupees.
4.9. Investments:
Every insurer shall invent and at all times keep invested assets equivalent to
not less than the sum of:
a) The amount of his liabilities to holders of life insurance policies
in India of account of matured claims, and
b) The amount required to meet the liability on policies of
life insurance maturing for payment in India, less:
(i) The amount of premiums which have fallen due to the insurer on
such policies but have not been paid and the days of grace for payment of
which have not expired, and
(ii) Any amount due to the insurer for loans granted on and within
the surrender values of policies of life insurance maturing for payment in India
issued by him or by an insurer which business he has acquired and in respect
of which he has assumed liability.
In the manner following, namely, twenty-five percent of the said sum
in Government securities, a further sum equal to not less than twenty-five
percent of the said sum in Government securities or other approved securities and
the balance in any of the approved investments specified in sub-section (1) of
section 27A or, subject to the limitations, conditions and restrictions specified
in sub-section (2) of that section, in any other investment.
Section 27-A:
1. No insurer shall invest or keep invested any part of his
controlled fund otherwise than in any of the following approved
investment namely:
a) Approved securities;
b) Securities of, or guaranteed by Government of U.K.;
c) Debentures or other securities of Municipality in a State;
d) Debentures or other securities issued by a body constituted by
any Central Act or Act of State Legislature.
e) First Mortgage on immovable property under any housing or
building scheme;
f) Debentures secured on first charge on immovable property;
g) First debentures secured by a floating charge on all its assets;
h) Preference shares of any company;
i) Shares of any company which have been guaranteed to any by
any company;
j) First Mortgagee immovable property;
k) Immovable property situated in India or in any other country;
loans on life interests, or on policies of life insurance within their
surrender value;
l) Loans on life interests or on policies of life insurance within
their surrender values;
m) Life interests;
n) Fixed deposits with banks;
o) Debentures of, or shares in cooperative societies;
p) Such other investments as the authority may declare to be approved
investment.
4.10. Prohibition of Loan:
No insurer shall grant loans or temporary advances either
on hypothecation of property or on personal security or otherwise, except
loans on life policies issued by him with their surrender value, to any
director, manager, managing agent, actuary, auditor, or officer of the insurer
if the company or where the insurer is a firm, to any partner therein, or to
any other company or firm in which any such director, manager, managing
agent, actuary, officer or partner holds such position.
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to a loans
made by an insurer to a banking company.
Provided further that nothing in this section shall prohibit a company from
granting such loans or advances to subsidiary company or to any other
company of which the company granting the loan or advance is a subsidiary
company and where any such loan or advance is made out of any life
insurance fund the matter shall be reported within thirty days of the making of
such loan or advance to the authority.
Investigation: The authority may, at any time, by order in writing, direct
any person (Investing Authority) specified in the order to investigate the
affairs of any insurer and to report to the authority on any investigation made
by him provided that the investigating authority may, whenever necessary
employ any auditor or actuary or both for the purpose of assisting him in any
investigating under this section. [Section - 33]
The Investing Authority (IA) may, at any time, and shall, on being directed to
do so by the Authority, cause an inspection to be made by on e or more of his
officers of any insurer and his books of account; and the IA shall supply
to the insurer a copy of his report on such inspection.
On receipt of any report under sub-section (1) or sub-section (5), the Authority
may, after giving such opportunity to the insurer to make a
80
representation in
81
connection with the report as, in the opinion of the Authority, seems
reasonable, by order in writing.
The Authority may, after giving reasonable notice to the insurer, publish the
report submitted by the investigating Authority under sub-section (5) or such
portion thereof may appear it to be necessary. No order made under this
section other than an order made under clause (b) of sub-section (6) shall be
capable of being called in question in any court.
All expenses of, and incidental to, any investigation made under this section
shall be defrayed by the Insurer, shall have priority over that debts due from
the insurer and shall be recoverable as an arrear of land revenue.
4.11. Summary:
The Insurance Act, 1938 is an important legislation. It is also applicable in
both life as well as non-life insurance business. The important features
related to minimum capital, registration, return and investigation are the key
features of this unit and the student will be in a position to apply all this in
different situations. The process to provide license to the insurance agent
first time at length discussed under Section 42 of the Insurance Act,
1938.
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Company, Nagpur
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
A. Which of the following statements are true and false:
1.Insurance Act, 1938 applies to all type of insurance business.
2.Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority is of the
year
2000.
3. A certified copy of memorandum and article of association is
mandatory for registration of insurance company.
4.Loan is permissible against life insurance policies issued by
the
insurer.
5.Registration of Insurance Companies is not required.
1...................................................Registration is defined
under..........................................................of the Insurance Act,
1938.
2. No person shall allow or offer to allow
either……………………….as an inducement to any person to take out or
renew or continue an insurance.
3.........................................................................Licen
sing of insurance agent is defined under................................of
the Insurance Act, 1938.
4.........................................................Investigation is
Act, defined under.....................................................of the Insurance
1938.
5. Every insurer shall, in respect of the insurance business carried
on
by him in India, deposit and keep deposited with
the………………………..
4.14. Answer to Check Progress:
A.
1.True
2.False
3.True
4.True
5.Tru
e B.
1.Section 3
2.Directly or indirectly
3.Section 42
4.Section 33
5.Reserve Bank of India
1.Discuss in detail the scope of Insurance Act, 1938.
2.Discuss the requirement of capital and deposit to start of Insurance
Business.
3.Discuss the importance of Registration.
4.Discuss in detail the licensing under the Act.
5.Discuss the Investigation under the Act
Unit-5
The Insurance Act, 1938-II
Objectives:
 Understand the importance of the Insurance Act, 1938
 Understand the features of the Insurance Act, 1938
 Understand the application and use of various sections of the
Act
Structure:
5.1. Assignment or Transfer of Policies
5.2. Nomination by Policy holder
5.3. Special Provisions of Law
5.4. Management by Administrator of Insurance Business
5.5. Powers and Duties of Administrator
5.6. Acquisition of the Undertakings of Insurers in certain cases
5.7. Insurance Association of India, Councils of the Association and
Committee
5.8. Functions of the Executive Committee
5.9. Tariff Advisory Committee and Control of Tariff Rate
5.10. Miscellaneous Penalty Provisions
5.11. Summary
5.1. Assignment or Transfer of Policies
and Nominations:
Section 38 of the Insurance Act, 1938: (1) A transfer or assignment of
policy of life insurance, whether with or without consideration, may be made
only by an endorsement upon the policy itself or by a separate instrument,
signed in either
case by the transferor or by the assignor or his duly authorized agent and
attested by at least one witness, specifically setting forth the fact of transfer or
assignment.
(2) The transfer or assignment shall be complete and effectual upon the
execution of such endorsement or instrument duly attested but except where
the transfer or assignment is in favour of the insurer shall not be operative as
against an insurer and shall not confer upon the transferee or assignee, or his
legal representative, any right to sue for the amount of such policy or the
money secured thereby until a notice in writing of the transferee or
assignment and either the said endorsement of instrument itself or a copy
thereof certified to the correct by both transferor and transferee or their duly
authorized agents have been delivered to the insurer.
(3) The date on which the notice referred to in sub-section (2) is
delivered to the insurer shall regulate the priority of all claims under a transfer
or assignment as between reasons interested in the policy; and where
here is more than one instrument of transfer or assignment, the priority of
the claims under such instruments shall be governed by the order in
which the notice referred to in subsection (2) are delivered.
(4) On payment of fee insurer grant a written acknowledgement of the
receipt of such notice and any such acknowledgement shall be conclusive
evidence against the insurer that he has duly received the notice to which such
acknowledgement relates.
(5) From the date of receipt the insurer will recognize the transferee or
assignee named in the notice only person entitled to benefit under the
policy.
(6)Any rights and remedies of an assignee or transferee of a policy of
life insurance under an assignment or transfer affected prior to
commencement of this Act shall not be affected by the provisions of this
section.
(7) Notwithstanding any law or custom having the force of law to the
contrary, and assignment in favour of a person made with the condition
that it shall be inoperative or that the interest shall pass to some other
person on the happening of a specified event during the lifetime of the person
whose life is insured, and an
assignment in favour of the survivor or survivors of a number of person shall
be valid.
5.2. Nomination by Policy-holder (Section 39):
(1) The holder of a policy of life insurance on his own life, may when
effecting the policy or at any time before the policy matures for payment,
nominate the person or persons to whom the money secured by the policy
shall be paid in the event of his death.
(2) Any such nomination in order to be effectual shall, unless it is
incorporated in the text of the policy itself be made by an endorsement on
the policy communicated to the insurer and registered by him in the records
relating to the policy and any such nomination may at any time before the
policy matures for payment be cancelled or changed by an endorsement or a
further endorsement or a will, as the case may be but unless notice in
writing of any such cancellation or change has been delivered to the
insurer, the insurer shall not be liable for any payment under the policy made
bona fide by him to a nominee mentioned in the text of the policy or
registered in records of the insurer.
(3)The insurer shall furnish to the policy holder a written acknowledgement of
having registered a nomination or a cancellation or change thereof, and may
charge a fee.
(4) A transfer or assignment of a policy made in accordance with
Section38 shall automatically cancel a nomination.
(5)Where the policy matures for a payment during the life time of the
person whose life is insured or where the nominee or, if there are more
nominees than one
, all the nominees die before the policy matures for payment, the amount
secured by the policy shall be payable to the policy-holder or his legal
heir or legal representatives or the holder of a succession certificate as the
case may be.
(6)Where the nominee or , if there are more nominees than one a nominee
or nominees survive the person whose life is insured, the amount secured by
the policy shall be payable to such survivor or survivors.
(7) The provisions of this section shall not be apply to any policy of life
insurance to which section 6 of the Married Women’s Act, 1874, applies
or at any time applies.
5.3. Special Provisions of Law:
Section 45- Policy not to be called in question on ground of mis-statement
after two years:- No policy of life insurance effected before the
commencement of this Act shall after the expiry of two years from the date of
commencement of this Act and no policy of life insurance effected after the
coming into force of this Act shall, after the expiry of two years from the date
on which it was effected be called in question by an insurer on the ground that
statement in the proposal or in any report of a medical officer, or referee, or
friend of the insured, or in any other document leading to the issue of
policy, was inaccurate or false, unless the insurer shows that such statement
was on a material matter of suppressed facts which it was material to disclose
and that it was fraudulently made by the policy holder and that the policy-
holder knew at the time of making it that the statement was false or that it
suppressed facts which it was material to disclose:
Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent the insurer from calling for
proof of age at any time if he is entitled to do so, and no policy shall be
deemed to be called in question merely because the terms of the policy
are adjusted on subsequent proof that the age of the life insured was
incorrectly stated in the proposal.
Section 46: Application of the law in force in India to policies issued in India:-
The holder of a policy of insurance issued by an insurer in respect of
insurance business transacted in India after the commencement of this
Act shall have the right , notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained in the policy or in any agreement relating thereto , receive
payment in India , of any sum secured thereby and to sue for any relief in
respect of the policy in any court of competent jurisdiction in India :
and if the suit is brought in India any question of law arising in connection
with any such policy shall be determined according to the law in force in
India:
Provided that nothing in thing in this section shall apply to a policy
of marine insurance.
47. Payment of money into court:-(1) where in respect of any policy of
life insurance maturing for payment an insurer is of opinion that by
reason of conflicting claims to or insufficiency of proof of title to the
amount secured thereby or for any other adequate reason it is impossible
otherwise for the insurer to obtain a satisfactory discharge for the payment of
such amount, the insurer may, apply to pay the amount into the Court within
the jurisdiction of which is situated the place at which such amount is payable
under the terms of the policy otherwise.
(2) A receipt granted by the Court for any payment shall be a
satisfactory discharge to the insurance for the payment of such
amount.
(3) An application for permission to make a payment into Court under
this section, shall be made by a petition verified by an affidavit signed by a
principal officer of the insurer setting fourth the following particulars,
namely ,
(a) the name of the insured person and his address;
(b) if the insured person is deceased, the date and place of his death;
(c) the nature of policy and the amount secured by it;
(d) the name and address of each claimant so far as is known to the
insurer with details of every notice of claim received;
(e)the reasons why opinion of that insurer satisfactory discharge cannot be
obtained for the payment of the amount; and
(f)the address at which the insurer may be served with notice of any
proceeding relating to disposal of the
(4) An application under this section shall not be entertained by the
Court if the applications is made before the expiry of six months from the
maturing of the policy by survival ,or from the date of receipt of notice by the
insurer of the death of the insured , as the case may be .
(5) If it appears to the court that a satisfactory discharge for the payment of
the amount cannot otherwise be obtained by the insurer it shall allow the
amount to be paid into Court and shall invest the amount in Government
Securities pending its disposal.
(6) The insurer shall transmit to the Court every notice of claim received
after the making of the application under sub-section (3), and any payment
required by the Court as costs of the proceedings or otherwise in connection
with the disposal of the amount paid into Court shall as to the cost of the
application under sub-section
(3) be borne by the insurer and as to any other costs be in the discretion
of the Court.
(7) The court shall cause notice to be given to every ascertained
claimant of the fact that the amount has been paid into court, and shall cause
notice at the cost of any claimant applying to withdraw the amount to be
given to every other ascertained claimant.
(8) The Court shall decide all questions relating to the disposal of
claims to the amount paid into court.
5.4. Management by Administrator:
(Section 52-A): When Administrator for Management of Insurance Business
may be appointed: - (1) If at any time the Authority has reason to believe that
an insurer carrying on life insurance business is acting in a manner likely to
be prejudicial to the interest of the holders of life insurance policies, he
may, after giving such opportunity to the insurer to be heard as he think fit,
make a report thereon to the Central Government.
(2) The Central Government, if it is of opinion after considering the
report that it is necessary or proper to do so, may appoint an Administrator to
manage the affairs of the insurer under the direction and control of the
Authority.
(3) The administrator shall receive such remuneration as the Central
Government may direct and the Central Government may at any time cancel
the appointment and appoint some other person as Administrator.
(4) The management of the business of the insurer shall as on and after
the date of appointment of the Administrator vest in such Administrator, but
except with the leave of the Authority the Administrator shall not issue any
further policies.
The Authority may issue such directions to the Administrator as to his powers
and duties as he deems desirable in the circumstances of the case, and
the Administrator may apply to the Authority at any time for instructions
as to the manner in which he shall conduct the management of the business
of the insurer or in relation to any matter arising in the course of such
management.
5.5 Powers and Duties of Administrator:

(Section 52-B)- (1) The Administrator shall conduct the management of
the business of the insurer with the greatest economy compatible with
efficiency and shall, as soon as may be possible, file with the Authority a
report stating which of the following courses is in the circumstances most
advantageous to the general interests of the holders of life insurance
policies, namely:
(a) the transfer of the business of the insurer to some other
insurer;
(b) the carrying on of its business by the insurer (whether
with the policies of the business continued for the original sum insured with
the addition of bonuses that attach to the policies or for reduced
amounts);
(c) the winding up of the insurer; and
(d) such other course as he deems advisable.
(2) On the filing of the report with the Authority, the Authority may take
such action
5.6. Acquisition of the Undertakings of Insurers
90
in certain cases:
(Section 52-H)- Powers of the Central Government to acquire undertakings of
insurers in certain cases:
91
(1)If, upon receipt of a report from the Authority the Central
Government is satisfied that an insurer-
(a) has persistently failed to comply with-
(i) any direction given to his under Section 34, Section 34-F
or Section 34-G, or
(ii)any order made under Section 34-E; or
(b) is being managed in a manner detrimental to the
public interest or to the interests of his policy holders, share-holders, and
that,
(i)in the public interest; or
(ii) in the interest of the policy-holders or share-holders of such
insurer
It is necessary to acquire the undertaking of such insurer, the Central
Government may, be noticed order, acquire the undertaking of such insurer
with effect from such date as may be specified in the order.
Provided that no undertaking of an insurer shall be so acquired unless such insurer,
has been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the
proposed action.
After such official Gazette Notification, all the assets and liabilities of the
undertaking of the acquired insurer shall stand transferred to, and vest in,, the
Central Government. The assets and liabilities of the undertaking of the
acquired insurer shall be deemed to include all rights, powers, authorities and
privileges and all property, whether movable or immovable, including, in
particular, cash balance, reserve funds, investments, deposits and all other
interests and rights in or arising out of, such property, as may be in the
possession of, or held by, by the acquired insurer immediately before the
appointed day (Sub-section 2 and 3 of Section 52- H).
Sub-section (4)-Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the Central
Government may, if it satisfied that all the assets of the undertaking of the
acquired
insurer should, instead of vesting in the Central Government, or continuing to
so vests, vest in corporation or company.
Sub-section (5) Where the undertaking of the acquired insurer vests in an acquiring
insurer under sub-section (4), the acquiring insurer shall, on and from the
date of such vesting, be deemed to have become the transferee of the acquired
insurer and all the rights and liabilities in relation to the acquired insurer shall,
on and from the date of such vesting, be deemed to have been the rights and
liabilities of such acquiring insurer.
Sub-section (7) - If on the appointed day, any suit, appeal or other
proceeding, of whatever nature, is pending by or against the acquired insurer
the same shall not abate, be discontinued or be, in any way, prejudicially
affected by reason of the transfer of the undertaking of the acquired insurer or
of anything contained in this section, but the suit, appeal or other proceeding may
be continued, prosecuted and enforced by or against the Central Government
or the Acquiring insurer, as the case may be.
5.7. Insurance Association of India, Councils of the
Association and Committee:
Section 64-A: Incorporation of the Insurance Association of
India:- All insurers carrying on insurance business in India to constitute a
body corporate by the name of Insurance Association of India. All the insurer
and provident fund societies incorporated or domiciled in India shall be known
as members of the Insurance Association of India, and all insurers and
provident societies incorporated or domiciled elsewhere than in India shall
be known as associate members of the Association. The Insurance
Association of India shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and
shall have power to acquire, hold and dispose of all property, both movable, and
immovable, and shall by the said name sue and to be sued.
Section 64-C: Councils of Insurance Association of India: There shall be
two Councils of the Insurance Association of India, namely-
1.The Life Insurance Council consisting of all members and associate members of
the Association who carry on life insurance business in India;
2.The General Insurance Council consisting of all members of the
Association who carry on general insurance business in India.
Section 64-D: Authority of members of Association to act through agents:- It
shall be lawful for any member of the Life Insurance and General Insurance
Council to authorize any individual, whether an officer of the insurer or
not, to act as the representative of such member at any meeting or the
council concerned or to stand as a candidate for any election held by that
council. The authorities of the Life Insurance Council and General
Insurance Council shall be the Executive Committees constituted in the
manner provided under the Act.
Section 64-F: Constitution of the Executive Committees of the Life Insurance
Council and General Insurance Council: (1) The Executive Committee of the
Life Insurance Council shall consist of the following persons,
namely:-
(a) Two officials nominated by the Authority one as the Chairman
and other as a member;
(b) Eight representatives of members of the Insurance Association
of India carrying on life insurance business elected in their individual capacity
by the said members in such manner from such groups of members and from
such areas as may be specified by the Authority;
(c) One official not connected with any insurance business,
nominated by the Authority; and
(d) Five persons connected with life insurance business; nominated
by the Authority for the purpose of representing such groups of insurer
carrying on life insurance business or such areas as have not been able to
secure adequate representation on the Executive Committee of the Life
Insurance Council or for any other purpose.
(2) The Executive Committee of the General Insurance Council shall
consist of the following persons namely:
(a) two officials nominated by the Authority, one as the Chairman and
the other as a member;
(b) eight representatives of members of the Insurance Association of India
carrying on general insurance business elected in their individual capacity by
the said members in such manner, from such groups of members and from
such areas as may be specified by the Authority;
(c) one non-official not connected with any insurance business,
nominated by the Authority; and
(d)five persons connected with general insurance business, nominated by
the Authority for the purpose of representing such groups of insurers carrying
on general insurance business of such areas as have not been able to secure
adequate representation on Executive Committee of the General Insurance
Council or for any other purpose.
(3) If any body of persons specified in sub-sections (1) and (2) fails to
elect any of the members of the Executive Committee of the Life Insurance
Council or General Insurance Council the Authority may nominate any person
to fill the vacancy, and any person so nominated shall be deemed to be a
member of Executive Committee of the Life Insurance Council or the General
Insurance Council, as the case may be, as if he had been duly elected
thereto.
(4) No official nominated by the Authority shall be entitled, whether as
Chairman or as a member, to vote in respect of any matter coming up before
any meeting of the Executive Committee of the Life Insurance Council or
the Executive Committee of the General Insurance Council, as the case may
be, and subject thereto each of the said Executive Committees may, with
the approval of the Authority make by-laws for the transaction of any
business at any meeting of the said committee, any such by-laws may provide
that any member of the Committee who is interested in any matter of or the
time being before that Committee may not be present at or take part in any
meeting thereof.
(5) The Life Insurance Council or the General Insurance Council may
form such other committees consisting of such persons as it may think fit to
discharge such functions as may be delegated thereto.
5.8. Functions of the Executive Committee:
Section 64-J: Functions of the Executive Committee of Life Insurance
Council:- The functions of the Executive Committee of the Life Insurance
Council shall be-
(a) To aid, advise and assist insurers carrying on life insurance business
in the matter of setting up standards of conduct and sound practice and
in the matter or rendering efficient service to holders of life insurance
policies;
(b) To render advice to the Authority in the matter of controlling
the expenses of insurers in respect of their life insurance business in
India;
(c) To bring to the notice of the Authority the case of any insurer
acting in a manner prejudicial to the interests of holders of life insurance
policies;
(d) To act in any matter incidental or ancillary to any of the
matters specified in clause (a) to (c) as, with the approval of the Authority
may be notified by the Life Insurance Council in the Gazette of India.
Section 64-L.Functions of the Executive committee of general Insurance Council -
(1)the functions of the Executive committee off the general Insurance
Council shall be –
(a) To said and advise insurers, carrying on general insurance business,
in the matter of setting up standards of conduct and sound practice and
in the matter of rendering efficient service to holders of policies of general
insurance;
(b) To render advice to the Authority in the matter of controlling
the expenses of such insurers carrying on business in India in the matter
of commission and other expenses;
(c) To bring to the notice of Authority the case of any such
insurer acting in the manner prejudicial to the interests of holders of general
insurance policies;
To act in any matter incidental or ancillary to any of the matters specified
in clauses (a) to (c) as with the approval of the Authority may be notified
y the General insurance Council in the Gazette of India.
(2) For the purpose of enabling if effectively to discharge its functions,
the Executive committee o the General insurance Council may collect such
fee as may be prescribed from all insurers carrying on General insurance
business:
Provided that if General Insurance Council thinks fit, it may by a resolution
passed by it, waive the collection of the prescribed fees for any year and
where any such resolution has been approved by the Authority the Executive
Committee of the General insurance Council shall not any fees in relation
to that year.
5.9. Tariff Advisory Committee and Control of Tariff
Rate:
Section 64-U-Establishment of Tariff Advisory Committee:- (1) With effect
from the commencement of the Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1968, there shall
be established a Committee, to be called the Tariff Advisory Committee to
control and regulate the rates and advantages, terms and conditions that may be
offered by insurers in respect of general insurance business. The Advisory
Committee shall be body corporate having perpetual succession and a
common seal, with power subject to the provisions of this Act, to acquire, hold
and dispose of property, both movable and immovable, and to contract, and
may, by the said name, sue and to be sued.
Composition of Advisory Committee: (Section-UA)-The Advisory Committee
shall consist of the following members, namely-
(a) the Chairperson of the Authority ex-officio who shall be the
Chairman;
(b) a Senior officer of the office of the Authority nominated by
the Authority, who shall be the Vice Chairman;
(c) not more than ten representatives of Indian insurers, elected (in
their individual capacities) by such insurers in such manner, from such areas
and from among such insurers or groups of insurers as may be
prescribed;
(d) not more than four representatives of insurer incorporated or
domiciled elsewhere than in India but registered in India elected (in their
individual capacities) by such insurers in such manner, and from among such
insurers or groups of insurers may be prescribed.
Power of the Advisory Committee: (Section 64 UC)-(1) The Advisory
Committee may, from time to time and to the extent it deems expedient,
control and regulate
the rates, advantages, terms and conditions that may be offered by insurers in
respect of any risk or of any class or category of risks, the rates, advantages,
terms and conditions of which in its opinion, it is proper to control and
regulate, and any such rates, advantages, terms and conditions shall be
binding on all insurers.
(2) In fixing, amending or modifying any rates, advantages, terms or
conditions, relating to any risk, the Advisory Committee shall try to ensure, as
far as possible, that there is no unfair discrimination between risks of
essentially the same hazard, and also that consideration is given to past and
prospective loss experience.
(3) Every decision of the Advisory Committee shall be valid only after
and to the extent it is ratified by the Authority, and every such decision shall
take effect from the date on which it is ratified by the Authority, or if the
Authority so orders in any case, from such earlier date as he may
specify in the order.
(4) The decision of the Advisory Committee in pursuance of the
provisions of this section shall be final.
(5) Where an insurer is guilty of breach of any rate, advantage, term or
condition fixed by the Advisory Committee, he shall be deemed to have
contravened the provisions of this Act.
Power of the Advisory Committee to require information, etc.-(Section 64-UE)
-
(1)The Advisory Committee may require, by notice in writing, any insurer
to supply to it such information or statements, periodical or ad hoc, as it may
consider necessary to enable it to discharge its function under this Part and
every insurer shall comply with such requirements within such period as may
be specified by the Advisory Committee in this behalf , failing which the
insurer shall be deemed to have contravened the provisions of this Act.
(2) Any information may supplied under this section shall be certified by
a principal officer of the insurer or where the Advisory Committee has agreed
in advance, by such other officer or officers of the insurer as the principal
officer of the insurer may nominate for the purpose and if the notice so
require, also by an auditor.
(3) The Authority may. At any time, in writing, depute any
subordinate of its, to make a personal inspection of books of account, ledgers,
policy-registers and other books or documents of any insurer to verify the
accuracy of any return or statement furnished by him under sub-section
(1).
(4) The Advisory Committee may, at any time, on the application of an
insurer, make arrangements for the inspection of an organization which is
concerned with the inspection of risks, adjustment of losses or fire-fighting
appliances, and may, whenever necessary, advise insurers about the adequacy
of the arrangements for the inspection of risks and adjustment of losses or
the suitability of such appliances.
5.10. Miscellaneous Penalty Provisions under the
Insurance Act, 1938:
Penalty for default in complying with or act in Contravention of this Act-
(Section 102): If any person who is required under this Act or Rules or
Regulations made there under:-
(a) to furnish any document, statement, account, return report to the
Authority, fails to furnish the same; or
(b) to comply with the directions, fails to comply with such
directions;
(c) to maintain solvency margin, fails to maintain such solvency
margin;
(d) to comply with the directions on the insurance treaties, fails
to comply with such directions on the insurance treaties.
he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five Lakh rupees for each such
failure and punishable with fine.
Penalty for carrying on insurance business in contravention of Sections 3, 7
and 98: If a person makes a statement, or furnishes any document, statement,
account, return or report which is false and which he either knows or believes
to be false or does not believe to be true:
(a) He shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five Lakh rupees
for each such failure; and
(b) He shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to
three years or with fine for each such failure.
104. Penalty for false statement in document.- if a person fails to
comply with the Provisions of Section 27 or Section 27-A or Section 27-
B or Section 27-C or Section 27-D, he shall be liable to a penalty not
exceeding five Lakh for each for each failure.
105. Wrongfully obtaining or withholding property:- if any director
,managing director, manager or other officer or employees of an insurer
wrongfully obtains possession of any property or wrongfully applies to any
purpose of the Act, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding two Lakh
rupees for each such failure.
105-A. Offences by companies:- (1)Where any offence under this Act has
been committed by a company, every person who, at the time the offence
was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible, to the company for
the conduct of the business of the company as well as the company shall be
deemed to be guilty offence and shall be liable to be proceed against and
punished accordingly :
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such
person liable to any punishment, if he proves that the offence was
committed without his knowledge or that he had exercised all due
diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where any
offence under this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that
the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or is
attributable to any neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary
or other officer of the company such director, manager, secretary or other
officer shall be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be
proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Penalty for failure to comply with Section 32-B (Section 105-B):- If an
insurer fails to comply with the provisions of Section 32-B, he shall be liable
to a penalty not exceeding five Lakh rupees of each such failure and shall be
punishable with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine for
each such failure.
Penalty for failure to comply with Section 32-C (Section 105-C): If an insurer
fails to comply with the provisions of Section 32-C, he shall be liable to a
penalty not exceeding twenty five Lakh rupees for such failure and in the case
of subsequent and continuing failure, the registration granted to such insurer
under Section 3 shall be cancelled by the Authority.
Power of Court to grant relief: (Section 108)- If in any proceedings, civil
or criminal, it appears to the court hearing the case that a person is or may be
liable in respect of negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust but he
has acted honestly and reasonable and that having regard to all the circumstances
of the case he ought fairly to be excused for the negligence, default, breach of
duty or breach of trust, the court may relive him either wholly or partly
from his liability on such terms as it may think fit.
Cognizance of offences (Section 109) :- (1) No court inferior to that of a
Presidency Magistrate or Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence
under this Act. (2) No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable
under sub- section (4) of Section 34-B or sub-section (1-A) of Section 102
except upon complaint in writing made by an officer of the Central
Government generally or specially authorized in writing, in this behalf by
the Authority and no Court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate or
Magistrate of the first class shall try any such offence.
Appeals (Section 110) :- (1) appeal shall lie to the court having jurisdiction
from any of the following orders, namely:
(a) An order under Section 3 cancelling the registration of insurer;
(b) An order under Section 5 directing the insurer to change his
name;
(c) An order under Section 42 cancelling the license issued to an agent;
(d) An order under Section 75 refusing to register an amendment of
rules;
(e) An order under Section 87 or Section 87-A;
(f) An order made in the course of the winding up or insolvency of
an insurer or a provident society.
100
(2)The court having jurisdiction for the purpose of sub-section (1) shall be the
principal court of civil jurisdiction within whose local limits the principal place
of business of the insurer concerned is situate.
(3) An appeal shall lie from any order made under sub-section (1) to the
authority authorized to hear appeals from the decisions of the court making
the same and the decision on such appeal shall be final.
(4) No appeal under this section shall be entertained unless it is made
before the expiration of four month from the date n which the order appealed
against was communicated to the appellant.
Appeals (Section 110-H): (1) Any person aggrieved by any order made by the
Authority under Section 27-D, 34, 34-A, 34-B, 34-C, 34-E, 34-F, 34-G,
sub- sections
(1) , (4) and (7) of Section 64-UM or Section 64-VC may, within a period
of thirty days from the date of such order prefer an appeal against such order
to the Central Government and that Government may, by order, confirm,
modify or reverse the order made by the Authority and the order so made by
the Central Government shall be final.
(2) No claim for compensation shall lie in favor of any person for
anything done in pursuance of an order of the Authority so long as such
order was effective.
(3) The Central Government may, on the application of an applicant,
stay until the decision of the appeal, the operation of any order made under
Section 34 or sub- section (5) of Section 34-B or sub-clause (v) of clause
(b) of Section 34-E.
5.11. Summary:
The assignment and nomination is very important concept of contract of
insurance. After completion of this unit the students can easily understand the
penal provisions related to non compliance of Insurance Act as well as
concept of appeals related to this. The Insurance Association of India and
Tariff Advisory Committee are very important organizations of the
insurance sector.
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Company, Nagpur
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow

A.Which of the following statement are true or false:
1.Section 38 is related to assignment of policy.
2.The court shall decide all questions relating to the
disposal of claims to the amount paid into the court.
3.Power and duties of administration is discussed under section 52-
B.
4.All insurers carrying on insurance business in India to constitute a
body corporate by the name of Insurance Association of India.
5.Section 65 is related to establishment of Tariff Advisory
Committee.
B. Fill in the Blanks:
1.....................................................On payment of fee
insurer grant a..............................................acknowledgement
of the receipt of such notice of assignment.
2......................................................................Nominat
ion by policy holder is defined under..................................of
the Insurance Act, 1938.
3.Concept of Management by Administrator is defined
under…………
4.............................Power of Central Government to
acquire undertakings of insurer in certain discussed under of Insurance Act,
1938.
5..................................The General Insurance Council
consisting of all members of the Association who carry business in
India.

A.
1.Written
2.Section 39
B.
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
3.Section 52-A
4.Section 52-H
5.General Insurance Business
Q.1. Discuss the assignment in detail.
Q.2. Discus the Nomination in detail. 100 0
Q.3. Discuss the importance of Insurance Association of
India and its establishment.
Q.4. Discuss the special provisions.
Q.5. Discuss the detail about Tariff Advisory Committee.
Unit-6
Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956
Objective:
 To understand the structure of Life Insurance Corporation
 To understand the important legal provisions of Life Insurance Corporation
Act, 1956
 To understand the application of LIC Act, 1956
Structure:
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Definition of Life Insurance
6.3. Conditions and Privileges related to Life Insurance
6.3.1. Conditions and Privileges relating to Risk
6.3.2. Conditions and privileges relating to Premium
6.3.3. Conditions and privileges relating to Continuous
Policy
6.3.4. Conditions and privileges relating to Lapsed Policy
6.3.5. Conditions and privileges relating to Renewal
6.4. Difference between Contract of Indemnity and Life Insurance
Contract
6.5. Whether Notice before Repudiation Necessary?
6.6. When proposal shall be deemed accepted?
6.7. Legal Status of the nominee
6.8. Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956
6.8.1. Causes of Nationalization
6.8.2. Objectives of Nationalization
6.8.3. Objectives of LIC of India
6.8.4. Functions of LIC of India
6.8.5 Structural Framework of LIC
6.9. Provisions of LIC are discriminatory or not
6.10. Important provisions of LIC Act, 1956
6.11. Summary
6.14. Answer to check your progress
6.1. Introduction:
The Insurance can broadly be divided into two parts-first, the Life Insurance
and the General insurance. The Life Insurance as the name suggests, cover
the risk on life. The assured amount is payable on natural death or on death
due to accident; The general insurance covers fire insurance, the marine
insurance, the insurance of vehicle and other properties etc. and the loss or
damage is indemnified on the happening of an insured peril. The Life
Insurance provides for accumulated small savings and security for old age
and for the family members in case of premature death of the assured. The
assured feel secured that in case of premature untimely death, his family
would not be put in financial difficulty. if the assured survives he get on
accumulated sum of his savings.
6.2. Definition of Life Insurance:

There is no statutory definition of “Life Insurance”. The term has not been
defined in the Insurance Act. If the essentials of Life Insurance were
considered, a definition could automatically emerge. These essentials, in
short, are (1) that it should be in relation to human life, (2) that it provides
payment of the assured amount in a lump sum and (3) that the amount is
payable either of happening of ascertained event, i.e. the death, or on expiry
of a specified period. Keeping these essentials in mind, a definition of Life
Insurance could be evolved thus, “Life Insurance is contract in which the
insurer agree, for a consideration of periodical payments known as premium, to
pay an assured sum on happening of some event.” A definition of Life
Insurance could be found in an English case law in Dalby v Indian and
London Life Insurance Co. [(1854) 15 CB 365], according to which a Life
Insurance is a contract where the insured agrees to pay a certain amount by
payment of premium in lien of which the insurer agrees to pay the assured
money on the happening of a particular event, namely, the death of the
assured or on expiry of a specified period”.
6.3. A number of conditions and privileges are attached with
Life Insurance.
These condition and privileges may be relating to:
 The Risk
 The Premium
 The continuance of policy
 Lapsed policies
 Renewal
6.3.1Conditions and Privileges Relating to Risk – The conditions

as to risk can be any of the following nature:
1. Conditions as to commencement of risk – On the part of insurer
the risk commences when the insurer accepts the proposal and the proposer
deposits the first premium. In case the insurer gives acceptance conditionally,
the original proposer has to comply with those conditions first then it
becomes the clear acceptance by the insurer. These conditions may be
relating to payment of premiums or extra premiums or to comply with certain
statutory requirement. When complies with all these requirements, the
insurer risk commences.
2. Dating back the policies – Where the policy is executed prior to
a date of acceptance the proposal, it is called dating back the policies. Sometimes
the insured would like to date back his policy with the object of affecting the
policy at the younger are so that the premium rate may comparatively
low.
3. Conditions as to proof of age – The rates of premium are
directly related to the age of assured at the time of commencement of policy.
It is more important in endowment policies where the policy amount becomes
payable to the assured after attaining certain age. The category and period of
insurance are also determined on the basis accurate age.
6.3.2. Conditions and privileges Relating to Premium -

1. Payment of Premium – An insurance policy contains conditions
as to the rate of premium payable and the tenure of the policy. The premiums
the
conditions as the payable can be monthly. Quarterly, half-yearly or yearly.
Some rebate is also given on premiums if they are paid in half – yearly or
yearly basis.
2. Days of Grace - Days of grace are the extra days allowed
for remitting premiums after the due date. If the premium money is paid
during the days of grace, the policy does not lapse. Where the due date falls
on any Sunday or any public holiday, the premium can be paid on the next
working day. If death occurs on the days of grace, the insurer’s liability
exists under the provisions of the policy. The LIC allows 30 days as grace
period for annual payment of premium. Where premium is payable
monthly, the days of grace are 15 days.
3. Notice of Premium – The notice of is issued by the LIC,
when the premium becomes due. Again in all the policies, where the
premiums are payable other than monthly premium, the LIC issues notices
when the premium becomes due. However, the insurer is not bound to issue
such notices. If the premium is not remitted in time, the policy may lapse.
6.3.3. Conditions and Privileges Relating to continuance of Policy

1. Lapsing of Policy – A policy can be lapsed or terminated on
account of non-payment of premiums at any time when the premiums are
overdue. This happens when the assured fails to pay the premiums even
within the days of grace.
2. Indisputability of the Policy – According to section 45 of
Insurance Act, 1983, a separate clause has to be included in the policy by
the insurer. According to this section, a condition is included in the policy that
no dispute can be filed against the insurance policy after two years of its issue
as a result of failure to present any material fact or any mis-statement.
However, any material fact is fraudulently given or hidden the policy is
liable to be cancelled.
3. Revival of policy – Revival refers to novation of contract
of insurance. This can be done at any time before the expiry of 5 years from
the date of lapse of policy, by paying all the dues with interest @7.5 per cent
per annum. If revival is done within 6 months of lapsing the policy, no medical
examination is needed, otherwise fresh medical examination is
required.
4. Alteration in Policy – Generally no change in the policy is
possible. However, if the assured wants to change certain conditions of the
policy, he may request for the some to the insurer but it is not binding on the
insurer to accept such changes.
5. Loss of Policy – Insurance policy is an important document to
be surrendered at the time of final claim or at the time of taking loan
against the policy. In case of policy, on indemnity bond is to be
furnished in getting a duplicate policy issued in the name of the
assured.
6.3.4. Condition and Privileges to Lapsed Policies

A policy stands lapsed or terminated on non-payment of premium at any time
after the expiry of days of grace. A contract of insurance comes to an end on
lapse of policy. The insurer is
not liable on a lapsed policy in which premium was paid for less than 3 years.
The rules in this respect are as under:
1. The policy can be got paid – up: this can be done as per the
following formula.
In the example, the sum assured is Rs. 40,000; total no. of installments
payable are 80; and the installments of premium made so far are 12.
2. Forfeiture of Policies – According to the Insurance Act, 1938, a policy

can be forfeited on the following grounds.
(a) In case a default is made for the payment of premiums.
(b) In case of breach of conditions of the policy.
(c) In case of any mis-representation or untrue statement in the proposal.
3. Getting surrender value of policies – In case the assured is not in a
position to pay the further premiums, he may voluntarily get the policy
surrendered and receive the surrendered value.
6.3.5. Conditions and Privileges relating to Revival or Renewal of Policies
–
Where a policy is lapsed on account of nonpayment of premiums, a new
contract of insurance can be substituted against the original policy. This can
be done at any time before the expiry of 5 years from the date of lapse of
policy due to non- payment of premiums.
6.4. Difference between Contract of Indemnity and Life
Insurance Contract:
The difference between Contract of Indemnity and the Life
Insurance contract may usefully be mentioned.
(1) In a contract of indemnity, the insurable interest must exist at the time
of affecting the insurance as well as at the time when the loss or damage
occurred. As against it, in Life Insurance, the insurable interest should exist
only at the time of taking the policy.
(2) Further, in a contract of indemnity, the insured peril may or may not,
occur, while in Life Insurance the event is bound to occur i.e. it must occur
either in the shape of the death of the insured or maturity of the policy. In
the contract of indemnity, the insurance period is short, generally one year.
But in Life Insurance the period is long. It is not for one or two years.
(3) In contract of indemnity the element of investment does not exist, while
in Life Insurance there is an element of investment as well as saving.
(4) No surrender value is allowed under the contract of indemnity whereas
it is allowed as per rules in the Life Insurance.
(5) The principle of subrogation does not apply in contracts of Life
Insurance, whereas it applies in the contract of indemnity.
(6) The principle of contribution applies in the contracts of indemnity while
it is not applicable in Life Insurance contracts.
(7) The subject – matter of interest in Life Insurance contracts is the
life or interest in the life, whereas in contracts of indemnity the subject matter
is property, interest or liability.
(8) The object of Life Insurance contract is provision for old age, as
well as protection for family in case of premature death, while in the contract
of indemnity the object is protection of the property against loss or
damage.
(9) There is no utility of double insurance in the contract of indemnity
because the indemnity is conferred to the actual loss suffered, while in the
Life Insurance contract the claim would be payable under all policies.
110
6.5. Whether Notice before Repudiation Necessary?
111
In Nandini (Smt.) v. LIC of India [(1998) 93 Comp. Cases
953 (Kant.)], In this case, claim was repudiated on the ground that the
insured had made false statement regarding his health while taking the policy.
The petitioner filed a writ petition and contended that the LIC being a
statutory body and an instrumentality of the state was bound to act fairly
and abide by the minimum requirements of the principle of natural justice in
the matter of repudiation of the claim. Flowing from Life Insurance policies
in as much as that no notice was issued by LIC to the petitioner before
repudiation of the claim and thus LIC had violated the principle of natural
justice making the order unsustainable.
On the other hand, the contention of corporation was that
the repudiation of a contract for insurance on the ground that the same was
vitiated by non-disclosure of material facts was referable to section 45 of the
insurance act, 1938 which did not cast any obligation on the corporation to
issue a show cause notice or afford any opportunity to being heard in the
matter before the corporation could repudiate the liability. It was further
contended that the repudiation was based on facts about which there was
no dispute and any opportunity to the petitioner to show cause as to why
the claim should not be repudiate would have been formality.
The court observed that a public authority, particularly one
created under a statute like the respondent is bound to act fairly and in
tune with the requirements of natural justice cannot be disputed specially
when its action is equally well settled that the principles of natural justice not
being codified rules, cannot be put in a strait jacket and that they apply
differently in different situations. Thus it was concluded that notice before
repudiation of the claim was not necessary given by the corporation to
the petitioner.
6.6. When proposal shall be deemed accepted?

In LIC v. Brazinha D’souza [(1995) 82 Comp. cases 440
(Bom.)], The deceased had given a proposal for insurance with the LIC
along with the amount of premium for which a receipt was issued to him. He
expired and a claim was preferred by his wife that was repudiated on the
ground that there was no concluded contract as the death had taken place
before the acceptance of the
proposal. The contention of the LIC was that mere collection of the
amount of premium did not signify that there was acceptance of proposal.
The court observed that the memorandum hereby referred that the payment
was held in suspense subject to the payment framed in order which meant
that some formalities were to be observed before the payment would become
acceptable. Admittedly, the deceased had died before the premium could be
accepted. It was the current proposition of law that was concluded in a
decision of the Supreme Court in LIC of India v Raja Vasireddy Komalavalli
Kamba [(1984) 2 SCC 719], A similar situation was before the Supreme
Court in the above – mentioned case where it was observed that the contract
of insurance was to be concluded only when the party to whom on offer
had been made accepted it unconditionally and communicated its
acceptance to the person making the offer. The Supreme Court had further
observed that though in certain human relationships silence to a proposal
might convey acceptance, but in the case of an insurance proposal silence did not
denote consent and no binding contract arose until the person to whom an
offer is made acts or does something to signify its acceptance. Thus, the
contract was found not concluded.
6.7. Legal status of Nominee:

In Shreedevi Venugopal Nair v Divisional Manager, LIC [(2001)
104 comp cases 223 (Guj DB)], the petitioner/appellant was married to
the deceased insured (Son of the Respondent No. 2) Before the marriage, i.e.
on December 15, 1975, the deceased – insured had obtained a policy on his
life in which he had nominated his father (Respondent No.2) as his nominee. The
insured died on 1-2-1983. The appellant informed the LIC that the
payment of money under the policy be not made to anyone else as the
appellant was the only legal heir. The appellant was informed by the LIC that
under section 39 of the Insurance Act, 1938 it was bound to make the
payment to the person who had been nominated unless there was any
order of a competent court restraining the LIC not to make the payment. On
receipt of this letter the appellant approached the court under Article 226 of
the Constitution praying that the LIC be directed to make payment to her
and be restrained to make payment to father of the deceased – insured i.e.
Respondent.
2. The single judge rejected the petition on the ground that “this High
Court does not take upon itself the duty to deal with all civil disputes or of
civil rights. “The order was challenged before the Division Bench.
Referring to the case of Atmaram Mohanlal Panchal v Gunvantiben @
Geetaben [(1978) 48 comp cas 250 Guj (DB)] It was argued before the court
that nominee is a trustee of the amount of the policy and the rights of the legal
heirs are not affected because the nominee is not a class I heir In that
case there was a dispute between the legal heir and the nominee.
The Division Bench had observed:
“We may observe that there is no doubt as regards the legal
position that in view of the policy of insurance and the legal effect of
Section 39 of the Insurance Act only the person named in the policy as a
nominee has a right to receive and collect the money he merely collect it
can behalf of the original claimants. If there is a will, the legatees under
the will could set it. It the policy holder had died intestate, his legal
heirs could get it.”
In view of this authority the court observed that it was clear from
the language of sanction 39 of the Act that the policy holder retains the
interest during his life-time and no interest is created in favour of the nominee.
It was very clear from the aforesaid decision that the nominee was entitled to
receive the money from the insurer and had to disburse the amount as per
the provisions of the law, namely, in the instant case as per the sanction 8 of
the Hindu Succession Act. The court further observed that the nomination as
seen from sub-section (1) of Section 39 of the Act merely means that the
person nominated is the one to whom the monies secured by the policy
shall be paid in the event of death of the insured before the maturity of the
policy i.e. money forms part of the estate of the deceased policy holder which
would be governed by law of succession. In view of this clear position, the
legal heir would get the amount but it is for the civil court to decide as to who
are the legal heirs and for this court in exercise of jurisdiction under Article
226 of the constitution.
6.8. Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956:
Till January 1956, Life Insurance in India was under the control of private
enterprises. After 19th January, 1956 all the Life Insurance business in the
country has been nationalized. As a beginning the Life Insurance (emergency
provisions)
ordinance was promulgated on the 10th January 1956. There after the
Life Insurance Corporation Act was passed and the, LIC come into existence
from 1st September, 1956 by taking over the management and control of Life
Insurance business in the hands of Government. At the time of
nationalization, 245 insurance companies were in operation.
In the post-independent India the Life Insurance Corporation, Act, 1956 was
enacted by which some 245 Indian and foreign insurance companies and provident
societies (154 Indian, 16 non-Indian insurance companies and 75 provident
societies) were nationalized and Life Insurance Corporation of India came into
existence. The domain of LIC, as the name suggests was limited to Life
Insurance only. It may be worth white to mention that in whole of the
world, India was the first country to nationalize the life insurance
business.
6.8.1 Causes of Nationalization – The important causes were:
 Failure of private companies to function in the national “interest”.
 To provide for economic security to common man this was lacking in
the hands of private companies.
 Many private companies frittered away their resources over-looking the
interest of the policy holders.
 Individuals who were controlling the insurance business
misappropriated funds under their management in their other ventures leaving
the insurance business to bear losses
6.8.2 Objectives of Nationalization

 To fulfill the objective of establishing socialistic pattern of society in
India.
 To accumulate resources to meet the five – year- plan objectives.
 To develop insurance in villages and other remote areas.
 To safeguard the interests of insured’s.
 To accelerate social interests.
 To bring an end to unhealthy competition among private insurance
companies.
 To minimize the administrative expenses of insurance.
 To determine reasonable rate of premium.
 To remove the inefficiency of private companies.
 To develop safer economic life among the people.
6.8.3 Objectives of Life Insurance Corporation of India

The main aim of Life Insurance Corporation of India is to achieve the
objectives of nationalization. That include:
 To publicise and extend the insurance business specifically in rural and
remote areas.
 To provide suitable financial security at reasonable cost.
 To make the investment more dynamic by popularizing the savings
plan attached with insurance.
 To invest the insurance funds for maximum benefits and to keep
interest of assureds.
 To run the insurance business at minimum administrative cost.
 To function as trusts of the insured’s.
 To fulfill the needs of society in a changing social and
economic environment.
 To make the employees collectively responsible for providing efficient
services to the insured’s.
 To develop work satisfaction among agents and employees.
6.8.4 Functions of the LIC of India – The important functions of LIC

are as follows:
 To spread the insurance business within and outside India.
 To do capital redemption business, annuity and re-insurance business.
 Investment of insurance funds, keeping its security, recovery of
investment money timely and sale of property when so needed etc.
 To purchase and sale of property on behalf and interest of the corporation.
 To transfer the insurance business done outside India to any
individual/individuals, it is the interest of the corporation.
 To grant loan against security of any fixed or movable assets.
 To borrow money or to obtain funds for the corporation.
 To do all such activities, which are directly related with the rights of
the corporation and incidental there to.
The
structural
frame work
of theLIC is
shown as
under.
The Chairman
Public Relations
chief Vigilance Officer Managing Directors Managing committee

and Publicity Department
Zonal Officr Central Offices

(Managers) (Managers)
Divisional Offices/Managers
116
Branch Offices / Managers
6.9. Provisions of LIC Act are not discriminatory:
In UCO Bank Employees Association v LIC of India [(2004) 2
GLR 199 ( Guj. DB)], The question for consideration before the Division
bench of the Gujarat High Court was whether Section 30 of the LIC Act, 1956
is discriminatory and violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution of India? The
Bench observed that the provisions of LIC Act enacted by parliament for
the nationalization of the insurance business in India. Entrusting the
exclusive privilege of the Life Insurance business to the corporation, which
functions, subject to the rules of the Central government are neither
discriminatory nor arbitrary and the corporation, having regard to its nature
and the object sought to be achieved by the provisions of the Act and need
felt by parliament for the nationalization of the Life Insurance business,
has been rightly treated as a separate class by itself. Therefore the challenge
against the provisions of section 30 of the Act on the ground that they violate
Article 14 of the Constitution, thereof, fails.
It was expected that after the nationalization, the working of
the corporations would improve and they would give better service to the
customers but experience shows that LIC has not risen up to the expectations
almost every claim filed in courts and before Redressal agencies is contested
keenly irrespective of the fact whether the claim is genuine or not, and all sort
of pleas and technical grounds are taken just to avoid the liability.
The National Commission in LIC v Consumer Education and
Research Society [(1994) 2 CPR 655 NC] had to pass remark against the Life
Insurance corporation of India in the following words:
“The Life Insurance Corporation being an instrument of the
State is expended to conduct its business of insurance fairly, justly and
reasonably and its policy should be guided by consideration of service to the
people of this land as distinct from an unprincipled, commercial profit oriented
approach.” In Oriental Insurance co. Ltd. V Hemant Bhandari [(2005) 3 CPJ
418 Delhi state commission], the Delhi state commission in this case had
occasion to pass remarks, observing that the insurance companies have the
tendency of insuring each and every person under mediclaim policy without
verifying or getting examined from their doctor only to enhance their premium
117
and business. The commission referred to LIC v
118
Anuradha [(2004) 10 SCC 131] and LIC v Asha Goel [(2001) 2 SCC 160].
Where the Court has observed that LIC is a Social Welfare Institution. More
so when life insurance has been nationalized and the service is not available
in the private sector it should think of devising a policy available in
insurgency – afflicted regions which would take care of the insured and
his family members in such areas. The court hinted that the insurance
policies with terms and conditions suited to the requirement of people
inhibiting insurgency or militancy affected areas should be devised and
propagated.
In Asha Goel case the court observed:
“In course of time the corporation has grown in size and at
present it is one of the largest public sector financial undertakings. The public
is in general and crores of policy-holders in particular, look forward to prompt
and efficient service from the corporation. Therefore, the authorities in charge
of management of the affairs of the corporation should bear in mind that
the credibility and reputation depend on its prompt and efficient service.
Therefore, the approach of the corporation in the matter of repudiation of
policy admittedly issued by it should be one of extreme, care and caution. It
should not be dealt with a mechanical and routine manner.”
6.10 Important provisions of The Life Insurance Act, 1956
(i) Constitution
(ii) Capital
(iii) Function of the Corporation.
(iv) Transfer of services
(v) Set-up of the Corporation
(vi) Committee of the corporation
(vii) Authorities
(viii) Finance, Accounts and Audit
(ix) Miscellaneous
(i) Constitution – Establishment and Incorporation of Life Insurance
corporation of India (section 3)
(1) With effect from such date as the Central Government may by
notification in the official Gazelte, appoint, there shall be established a
Corporation called the Life Insurance Corporation of India.
(2) The corporation shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and
common seal with power, subject to the provisions of this Act to acquire, hold
and dispose of property and may by its name sue and be sued.
Section 4 : Constitution of the Corporation
1. The corporation shall consist of such number of persons not
exceeding sixteen as the central Government may think fit to appoint thereto
and one of them shall be appointed by the central government to be the
chairman thereof.
2. Before appointing a person to be a member the Central
Government shall satisfy itself that the person has no such financial or other
interest as is likely to affect prejudicially the exercise or performance by him
of his functioning as a member, and the Central Government shall also satisfy
itself from time to time with respect to every member that he has no such
interest; and any person who has consented to be a member shall, whenever
required by the central government so to do, furnish to it such information as the
Central Government considers necessary for the performance of its duties
under this sub-section.
3. A member who is in any way directly or indirectly interested in
a contract made or proposed to be made by the corporation shall as soon as
possible report to the corporation.
(ii) Capital (Section – 5) The original capital of the corporation shall be
five crores of rupees provided by the Central Government after due appropriation
made by parliament by law for the purpose, and the terms and conditions
relating to the provisions of such capital shall be such as may be
determined by the Central Government. The Central government may on
the recommendation of the corporation, reduce the capital of the
corporation to such extent and in such manner as the central
Government may determine.
(iii) Functions of the Corporation – It is the general duty of the
corporation to carry on Life Insurance business, whether in or outside India,
and the corporation shall so exercise its power under this Act as to secure
that the Life Insurance business is developed to the best advantage of the
community. The corporation also;
(a) Carries on capital redemption business, annuity certain business
or reinsurance business in so far as such reinsurance business appertains to
Life Insurance business;
(b) Invests the funds of the corporation in such a manner as the
corporation may think fit and to take all such steps as may be necessary or
expedient for the protection or realize of any investment, including the
taking over of and administering any property offered as security for the
investment until a suitable opportunity arises for its disposal;
(c) Acquires, holds and dispose of any property for the purpose of its business;
(d) Transfers the whole or any part of the Life Insurance business carried
on outside India to any other person or persons, if in the interests of the
corporation it is expedient so to do;
(e) Advances or lends money upon the security of any moveable or
immovable property or otherwise;
(f) Borrows or raises any money in such manner and upon such security
as the corporation may thinks fit;
(g) Carries on either by itself or through any subsidiary any other business
in any case where such other business was being carries on by a subsidiary
of an insurer whose controlled business has been transferred to an
vested in the corporation under this act.
(h) Carries on any other business which may seen to the corporation on to
be capable of being conveniently carried on in connection with its
business and calculated directly or indirectly to render profitable the business
of the corporation; and
(i) Doing all such thing as may be incidental conducive to the proper
exercise of any of the power of the corporation.
(iv) Transfer of Services (Section 12) – All the employees except chief
agent will be vested into new life – business. The salary and terms of
employment will remain the same unless the insurance business being thinks fit to
change the terms of employment for the benefit of the policy-holder. If any term
is not acceptable to an employee, he can be terminated by paying three months
salary as compensation. Subject to such rules as the Central Government may
make in this behalf, every whole-time salaried employee of a Chief Agent of
an insurer whose controlled business has been transferred to and vested
in the corporation, and
(a) Who was employed by the Chief Agent wholly or mainly in
connection with the controlled business of the insurer;
120
(b) Whose salary on the appointed day did not exceed five hundred
rupees per mensem; and
(c) Who was in the employment of Chief Agent for a continuous period of
not less than one year immediately before the appointed day shall on and
from the appointed day, become an employee of the corporation and the
provisions of section 11 shall, so far or relation to a whole- time
employee of the insurer provided that this section shall not apply except in
cases where the Chief Agent of the insurer was required under the terms of
his contract with the insurer to render the prescribed service to policy-
holders of the insurers.
(v) Set-up of the Corporation – Offices, Branches and Agencies
(Section 18)
(a) The Central office of the corporation shall be at such a place as the
Central Government may be notification in the official gazelle specify.
(b) The corporation shall establish a Zonal office at each of the
following places, i.e. Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Kanpur and Madras and
subject to the previous approval of the Central Government, may establish
such other zonal offices as it thinks fit.
(c) The territorial limit of each zone shall be such as may be specified by
the corporation;
(d) There shall be established as money divisional offices and branches in each
zone as the Zonal Manager thinks fit.
(vi) Committee of the Corporation [Section 19] – The corporation
may entrust the general superintendence and direction of its affairs and
business to an executive committee may exercise all powers and do all such
acts and things as may be delegated to it by the corporation.
The Corporation may also constitute an Investment committee
for the purpose of advising in it matters relating to the investment of its funds,
and, the investment committee shall consist of not more than eight members
of whom not less than three shall be members of corporations and the
remaining members hall be persons (Whether members of corporation or not)
who have special knowledge and experience in financial matters, particularly
matters relating to investment of funds.
The corporation may constitute such other committees as it may
think fit for the purpose to discharge such of its functions as may be
delegated to them.
(vii) Authorities -
(a) Managing Director – The corporation may appoint, one or more
persons to be the Managing Director or Directors of the corporation and every
Managing Director shall be a whole time officer of the corporation, and
exercise such powers and perform such duties as may be interested or
delegated to him by the executive committee or the corporation.
Corporation to be guided by the Directions of central Government – In
the discharge of its function under this Act, The corporation shall be guided
by such directions in matters of policy involving public interest as the Central
Government may give to it is writing; and if any question arises whether a
direction relates to a matter of policy involving public interest the decision of
Central Government there on shall be final.
(b) Zonal Managers - The corporation may entrust the superintendence and
direction of the affairs and business of a Zonal office to a person,
whether a member or not, who shall be known as a zonal manager and the
zonal manger shall perform all such functions of the corporation as may
be delegated to him with respect to the area within the jurisdiction of
the Zonal Office.
The Corporation may constitute for each zone a Board consisting of such
number of person as it thinks fit to appoint there to for the purpose of
advising the zonal manager in respect of such matters as are referred to it
under the regulation made by the corporation.
The corporation shall constitute in the prescribed manner for each zonal office
an employees and agent relations committee consisting of such number of person
as it think fit and every such committee shall consist of representatives of
the corporation and of its employees and agents.
(viii) Finance, Accounts and Audit
(a) Audit (Section 25) – The accounts of the corporation shall be audited
by the auditors duly qualified to act as auditors of companies under the law
for the time being in force relating to companies, and the auditors shall be
appointed by the corporation with the previous approval of the Central
Government and shall
receive such remuneration from the corporation as the Central Government
may fix.
Every auditor in the performance of his duties shall have at all reasonable time
access to the books of accounts and other document of the corporation.
The auditors shall submit their report to the corporation and shall also forward
a copy of their report to the Central Government.
(b) Actuarial Valuation [Section 26] – The corporation shall; once at
least in
every two years, cause an investigation to be made of actuaries into the
financial condition of the business of the corporation, including a valuation of
the liabilities of the corporation and submit the report of the authorizes to
the Central Government.
(c) Annual Report of Activities of Corporation [Section 27] – The
corporation shall, as soon as may be , after the end of each financial year,
prepare and submit to the central government in such form as may be
prescribed a report giving an account of its activities during the previous
financial year, and the report shall also give an account of the activities, if
any, which are likely to be undertaken by the corporation in the next
financial year.
(d) Obligation of Surplus [Section 28] - If as a result of any investigation
undertaken by the corporation under section 26 any surplus emerges, 95% of
such surplus shall be allocated to or reserved for the policy – holders of the
corporation. And the remainder may be utilized for such purposes and in such
manner as the Central Government may determine.
(e) Reports to be laid before Parliament [Section 29] – The Central
Government shall cuase the report of the auditors under Section 25, the
report of the actuaries under section 26 and report giving an account of the
activities of the corporation under section 27 to be laid before both House of
Parliament as soon as may be after such report is received by the Central
Government.
(ix) Miscellaneous :-
(a) Corporation to have the exclusive privilege of carrying on Life
Insurance business [Section - 30] – Except to the extent otherwise
expressly provided in this Act, on and from the appointed day the corporation
shall have the exclusive privilege of carrying on Life Insurance business in
India; and on and from the said day any certificate of registration under the
insurance act held by any
insurer immediately before the said day shall cease to have effect in so far as
it authorize him to carry on Life Insurance business in India.
(b) Exclusive privilege of corporation to cease [section 30 A] –
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the exclusive privilege of
carrying on Life Insurance business in India by the corporation shall cease on
and from the commencement of the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority Act, 1999 and corporation shall, therefore carry on Life Insurance
business in India in accordance with the provisions of the Insurance
Act, 1938.
(c) Power of Corporation to have official seal in certain cases (section 32)
The corporation may have for use in any zonal office,
divisional office or in any office outside India an official seal which shall
be a facsimile of the common seal of the Corporation, with the addition on its
face of the name of the zonal office, divisional office or other office where it is
to be use, and any such official seal may be affixed to any deed or document
to which the corporation is a party.
(d) Requirement of Foreign Laws to be Complied with in certain
cases
(section 33): Where any property or rights pertaining to the controlled
business of an insurer are transferred to and vested in the corporation under
this Act or would be so transferred and vested but for the fact that such
transfer and testing are governed otherwise than by the law of India, the
insurer shall comply with such directions as may be given to him by the
corporation for the purpose of securing that the ownership of the property
or, as the case may be, that the right is effectively transferred to the
corporation.
(e) Reverting of certain shares vested in the Administrator General
(Section 34): Notwithstanding anything containing in the Insurance Act, all
shares which have vested in the Administrator General of any State under
subsection (8) of Section 6A of that Act and which have not been disposed of
in accordance with the provision of that sub-section before the appointed day,
shall, on payment of the amount of expenditure, if any, incurred by the
Administrator General in relation to such shares by the persons who would have
been entitled to those shares if the said sub-section had not been enacted,
revest in such persons.
(f) Reputation of assets and liabilities in the case of foreign insurers
in
certain cases (Section 35):
1. Any insurer incorporated outside India may, before the appointed day, make
an application to the Central Government stating that among the assets
pertaining to the controlled business of the insurer there are assets brought
into India by the insurer for the purpose of building up his Life Insurance
business in India which, notwithstanding anything contained in section 7,
should not be transferred to and vested in the corporation.
2. On receipt of an application under sub-section (1), the Central
government shall determine the value of the assets of the insurer
appertaining to his controlled business in existence on the 31st day of
December, 1955, computed as at that date in accordance with the provisions
contained in paragraph 3 of part B of the First Schedule, and deduct there
from the total amount of the liabilities of the insurer appertaining to this
controlled business in existence on the 31st day of December, 1955,
computed as at that date in accordance with the provisions contained in the
second schedule; and if there is any excess, the Central Government may, by
order, direct that such assets equivalent in value to the excess as may be
specified in the order shall not be transferred to or vested in the corporation,
or where the order is made after the appointed day, that the corporation shall
be divested of the said assets.
3. In the case of any insurer incorporated outside India, the Central
Government may also, by order, direct that any such liabilities in respect of
Life Insurance policies expressed in any foreign currency issued on the lives of
persons who are not citizens of India as are specified in the order together
with any such assets necessary to meet the liabilities, as may be so
specified, shall not be transferred to or vested in the Corporation or, if the
order is made after the appointed day, that the Corporation shall be divested
of such liabilities and assets as aforesaid:
4. The amount of liabilities in respect of the policies referred to in an
order made under sub-section (3) shall be computed as at the 31st day of
December, 1955:
(a) In any case where in respect of the insurer concerned as order has
been made under sub-section (2), in accordance with the provisions
contained in clause
(b) of the Second Schedule; and
(b) In any other case, in accordance with method A specified in the
second schedule. Explanation: In computing the amount of liabilities in
amount of the
policy referred to in this sub-section, allowance shall be made for receipts and
payments in respect of such policies from the 31st day of December, 1955, up
to the date of the order.
5. Every order made by the Central Government under this section shall
be carried out by the corporation in such manner as the Central Government
may direct.
(g) Contracts of chief agents and special agents to terminate (section 36)
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Insurance Act or in any
other law for the time being in force, every contract appertaining to controlled
business subsisting immediately before the appointed day:
 Between an insurer and his chief agent or between an insurer and a

special agent; or
 Between the chief agent of an insurer and a special agent;
Shall, as from the appointed day, cease to have effect and all rights
accruing to the chief agent or the special agent under any such contract shall
terminate on that day.
Provided that in every such case compensation shall be given by
the corporation to the chief agent or the special agent, as the case may
be, in accordance with the principles contained in the Third Schedule, and
the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 16 shall, so far as may be apply in
every such case.
(h) Policies to be Guaranteed by Central Government (Section 37)
The sums assured by all policies issued by the Corporation including
any bonuses declared in respect thereof and, subject to the provisions
contained in Section 14 the amount assured by all policies issued by any
insurer the liabilities under which have vested in the corporation under this
Act, and all bonuses declared in respect thereof, whether before or after the
appointed day, shall be guaranteed as to payment in cash by the
Central government.
(i) Liquidation of Corporation (Section 38)
No provisions of law relating to the winding up of companies or
corporations shall apply to the corporation established under this Act, and the
corporation shall not be placed in liquidation save by order of the Central
Government and in such manner as that government may direct.
(j) Special Provisions for Winding up of Certain Insurers (Section 39)
Where any insurer being a company (other than a composite insurer)
Whose controlled business has been transferred to and vested in the corporation
under this act has accordance with the provisions of this Act collected and
distributed any moneys paid to him by the corporation by way of
compensation or otherwise and has also complied with any direction given
to him by the corporation for the purpose of securing that the ownership of
any property or any right is effectively transferred to the Corporation, the
Central Government may on application being made to it in this behalf by
such insurer grant a certificate to the insurer that there is no reason for the
continued existence of the insurer and where such a certificate has been
granted shall cause the certificate to be published in the official Gazette and
upon the publication thereof the insurer shall be dissolved.
(k) Penalty for withholding Property etc. (Section 40)
If any person willfully withholds or fails to deliver to the corporation
as required by section 13, any property or any books, documents or other
papers which may be in his possession or unlawfully retains possession of
any property of an insurer which has been transferred to and vested in the
corporation under this Act or willfully applies any such property to purposes
other than those expressed in or authorized by this Act, he shall, on the
complaint of the corporation, be punishable with imprisonment which may
extend to one year, or with fine which may extent to one thousand
rupees, or with both.
(l) Tribunal to have exclusive jurisdiction in certain matters (section 41)
No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain or adjudicate upon any
matter, which a tribunal is empowered to decide or determine under this
Act.
(m) Enforcement of decisions of Tribunals (Section 42)
Any decision of a Tribunal may be enforced in any civil court within
the local limits of whose jurisdiction the person against whom the decision is
to be enforced actually and voluntarily resides or carriers on business or
personally works for gain or owns any property, as if it were a decree passed
by that court.
(n) Application of the Insurance Act (Section 43)
(1) The following sections of the Insurance, Act shall, so far as may be,
apply to the Corporation as they apply to any other insurer, namely:
Section : 2, 2B, 3, 18, 26, 33, 41,
(2) The Central Government shall, as soon as may be after the commencement
of this Act, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that the following
sections of the Insurance Act shall apply to the corporation subject to such
conditions and modifications as may be specified in the notification,
namely:
Sections : 2D, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27A, 28A, 35, 36, 37, 40,
40A,
40B, 43, 44, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114 and 116A and
section 42 of the Insurance Act shall have effect in relation to the issue to
any individual of a license to act as an agent for the purpose of soliciting or
procuring Life Insurance business for the corporation as if the reference
to an officer authorized by the Controller in this behalf in sub-section (1)
thereof included a reference to an officer of the corporation authorized by the
Authority in this behalf.
(3) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
direct that all or any of the provisions of the Insurance Act other that those
specified in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), shall apply to the corporation
subject to such conditions and modifications as may be specified in the
notification.
(4) Every notification issued under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) shall
be laid for not less than 30 days before both Houses of Parliament as soon as
possible after it is issued, and shall be subject to such modifications as
Parliament may make during the session in which it is so laid or the session
immediately following.
(5) Save as provided in this section, nothing contained in the Insurance
Act shall apply to the Corporation.
(o) Act not to apply in certain cases (section 44)
Nothing contained in this Act shall apply in relation to:
(a) Any insurer whose business is being voluntarily wound up or is
being wound up under the orders of the court;
(b) Any insurer to whom the Insurance Act does not apply by reason
of the provisions contained in Section 2E thereof;
(c) Any composite insurer in respect of the management of whose affairs
an Administrator has been appointed under Section 52A of the Insurance
Act;
(d) The scheme run by the Central Government known as the post office
Life Insurance fund;
(e) Any approved superannuation fund as defined in clause (a) of section
58 N of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 which is in existence on the
appointed day;
(f) Any scheme in existence on the appointed day or any scheme framed
after the appointed day with the approval of the Central government
whereby, in consideration of certain compulsory deductions made by
Government from the salaries of its employee as part of the conditions of
service, the payment of money is assured by Government on the death of the
employee concerned or on the happening of any contingency dependent
on his life.
(p) Special Provisions Regarding Transfer of Controlled Business of
Certain Composite Insurers (Section 45)
Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (c) of section 44, the
Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, direct that on
and with effect from such date as may be specified in the notification the
assets and liabilities appertaining to the controlled business of a composite
insurer in respect of the management of whose affairs an Administrator has
been appointed under section 52A of the Insurance Act shall be
transferred to and vested in the corporation, and on the issue of such a
notification the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply in relation
to such insurer and to the transfer and vesting of the assets and liabilities of
his controlled business in the corporation subject to the modification that
references in this act to the appointed day shall be constructed as
references to the day specified in the notification.
(q) Defects in Constitution of Corporation or Committees not to Invalidate
acts or Proceedings (Section 46)
No act or proceeding of the Corporation or of any committee of the
Corporation shall be called in question on the ground merely of the existence
of any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the corporation or committee,
as the case may be.
(r) Protection of Action taken under Act (Section 47)
No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any
member or employee of the corporation for anything which is in good faith
done or intended to be done under this Act.
(s) Power to make Rules (section 48)
(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette,
make rules to carry out the purposes of this Act.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the
foregoing power, such rules may provide for all or any of the following
matter, namely:
(a) The term of office and the conditions of service of members;
(b) The manner in which the moneys and other assets belonging to any
such fund as is referred to in section 8 shall be apportioned between the
trustees of the fund and the corporation;
(c) The services, which the chief agent should have rendered for the
purpose of the provision to section 12;
(d) The jurisdiction of the Tribunals constituted under section 17;
(e) The manner in which, and the persons to whom, any compensation
under this Act may be paid;
(f) The time, within which any matter, which may be referred to a Tribunal
for decision under this Act, may be so referred;
(g) The manner in which and the conditions subject to which investments
may be made by the corporation;
(h) The manner in which an Employees and Agents Relations committee
may be constituted for each zonal office;
(i) The form in which the report giving an account of the activities of
the corporation shall be prepared;
(j) The conditions subject to which the corporation may appoint
employees;
(k) The fees payable under this Act and the manner in which they are
to be collected;
(l) Any other matter which has to be or may be prescribed.
(3) All rules made under this section shall be laid for not less than thirty
days before both Houses of Parliament as soon as possible. After they are
made, and shall be subject to such modifications as Parliament may make
during the session in which they are so laid or the session immediately
following.
(t) Power to make Regulations (Section 49)
(1) The Corporation may, with the previous approval of the Central
Government, by notification in the Gazette of India, make regulations not
inconsistent with this Act and the rules made there under to provide for all
matters for which provisions is expedient for the purpose of giving effect to
the provisions of this Act.
130
foregoing power, such regulations may provide for:
131
(a) The powers and functions of the Corporation, which may be delegated
to the zonal Managers;
(b) The method of recruitment of employees and agents of the
corporation;
(c) The number, term of office and conditions of service of members of
Boards constituted under section 22;
(d) The territorial limits of each zone established under this Act and
the business to be transacted in each zone;
(e) The manner in which the fund of the corporation shall be maintained;
(f) The maintenance of separate funds and accounts at each of the zonal
office;
(g) The jurisdiction of each divisional office and the establishment of
councils representative of policy-holders in each area served by a divisional
office for the purpose of advising the divisional office in respect of any matter
which may be referred to it;
(h) The conduct of business at meetings of the corporation;
(i) The formation of committees of the corporation and the delegation
of powers and functions of the Corporation to such committees, and the
conduct of business at meetings of such committees;
(j) The form and manner in which policies may be issued and contracts
binding on the corporation may be executed;
(k) The classification of policies, whether issued by the corporation or by
any insurer whose controlled business has been transferred to and vested in
the corporation for the purpose of declaring differential bonuses, wherever
necessary;
(l) The manner in which and the intervals within which the accounts
of the various zonal offices, divisional offices and branch offices may be
inspected and their accounts audited;
(m) The conditions subject to which any payment may be made by the
corporation.
6.11. Summary:
The Life Insurance Act, 1956 is a very important Act and understanding of this
is also equally useful like the Insurance Act, 1938. The administration,
power relating to monitor and expansion life insurance business was
exclusive before the entry of the private insurance companies in this
sector. Different important
conditions and applicability of various important provisions of LIC Act, 1956 is
useful for the students to understand after the completion of this.

Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Company, Nagpur
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow

Company, Lucknow
A.Which of the following statement is true or false:

1.A number of privileges and conditions are attended with
life insurance policies.
insured’s.
indemnity.
2. There is no
utility of
3. Objective of nationalization is to safeguard the interest of
double
insurance in
the contract 4. Application of Insurance Act, 1938 is defined under Section
of 43 of
the LIC Act, 1956.
5.In contract of indemnity the element of investment does not
exist.
1.A definition of life insurance could be found in an English
case law in
…………………………………………………………………….
2. Legal status of nominee discussed under the case
law………………………………………………………………………
3.................................................LIC is a institution.
4.Set-up of the Corporation- office, branches and agencies
defined under…………………………………..
5.Liquidation of Corporation is defined under……………..
6.14. Answer to check your progress:
A. 1. True/2. True/ 3. True/ 4. True/
True B.
1.Dalby v. Indian and London Life Insurance Co.
2.Shreedevi Venugopal Nair v. Divisional Manager, LIC
3.Social Welfare
4.Section 18
5.Section 38
Q.1. Discuss is the structure of LIC?
Q.2. Discuss the important provisions of LIC.
Q.3. Whether notice before repudiation is necessary?
Q.4. Discuss conditions and privileges related to life insurance.
Q.5. What are the Difference between Contract of Indemnity and Life
Insurance Contract.
Unit-7
Marine Insurance Act, 1963
Objective:
 To understand the importance of marine insurance
 To understand the various legal provisions of the Marine Insurance Act, 1963
 To understand the applicability of Indian Marine Act, 1963
Structure:
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Definition of Marine Insurance
7.2.1 Insurable Interest
7.2.2 Disclosure and Representations
7.3. Classification of Marine Insurance
7.4. Warranties in Marine Insurance
7.4.1 Nature of Warranty
7.4.2 When breach of Warranty is excused
7.4.3 Warranty of Neutrality
7.4.4 Warranty of Sea-worthiness of ship
7.4.5 No implied warranty that goods are sea worthy
7.4.6 Implied condition as to commencement of risk
7.5. Assignment of Policy
7.5.1 When and how policy is assignable
7.5.2 Assured who has no interest con not assign
7.6. Included and excluded losses
7.7. Partial Total Loss
7.8. Actual Total loss
7.9. Partial Loss
7.10. Right of Insurer on Payment
7.11. Summary
7.1. Introduction:
The oldest and the earliest records of marine policy relates to a
Mediterranean
voyage in 1347. In the year 1400, a book was written by a merchant of
Florence which indicates premium rates charged for the shipments by sea
from London to Pisa. Marine Insurance spread from Italy to trading routes in
other countries of Europe. Later on, in the year 1556, Phillip II made marine
insurance regulations for Spain .In 1563 for Antwerp (America) insured three
ships on a voyage from Hawaii to Central America. In 1575, during Queen
Elizabeth I, opened the Chamber of Assurance in the Royal exchange for
the registration of marine parcels. Following this, an Act of Parliament
was passed in 1601 to deal with disputes relating to marine insurance.
During the period of 1720-1824 the two chartered companies, viz London
Assurance and Royal Exchange Assurance enjoyed dominant position in the
field of marine insurance with the introduction of steamship and growth of
international trade, specialized marine services were introduced. Following
this, the Lloyd’s Association founded in 1892 and originated from coffee
house run by Edward Lloyd, became the major centre of marine insurance.
In earlier days travelers by sea and land were exposed to risk of losing
their vessels and merchandise because of piracy on the open seas. Moreland
has maintained that the practice of insurance was quite common during the
rule of Akbar to Aurangzeb, but the nature and coverage of insurance in this
period is not well known. It was the British insurers who introduced general
insurance in India, in its modern form. The Britishers opened general
insurance in India around the year 1700. The first company, known as the
Sun Insurance Office Ltd was set up in Calcutta in the year 1710. This was
followed by several insurance companies of different parts of the world, in the
field of marine insurance, In 1972, the General Insurance business was
nationalized by the Government of India by forming General Insurance
corporation. The following four companies have been
authorized to carry on general insurance business including marine insurance in
the country; viz; the National Insurance Company, New India Assurance
Company, Oriental Fire and General Insurance Company, and United India
Fire and General Insurance Company.
7.2. Definition of Marine Insurance:
The marine insurance has been defined in section 3 of the
Marine Insurance Act, 1963:
“A contract of marine insurance is an agreement whereby the insurer undertakes to
indemnify the assured, in the manner and to the extent thereby agreed,
against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incidental to marine
adventure” “Marine Insurance Business” as defined in sanction 2 (13-A) of
the Insurance Act, 1938, means the business of effecting contracts of
insurance upon vessels of any description, including cargoes, freights and
other interests which may be legally insured, in or in relation to such vessels,
cargoes and freights, goods, wares, merchandise and property of whatever
description insured for any transit by land or water or both, and whether or not
including warehouse risks or similar risks in addition or incidental to such
transit, and includes any other risks customarily included among the risks
insured against in marine insurance policies.
The ‘Marine adventure’ has been defined in Section 2(d) of the Marine
Insurance Act, 1963 as under:
1. Any insurable property is exposed to maritime peril;
2. The earning or acquisition of any freight, passage money,
commission profit or other pecuniary benefit, or the security for any
adventure, loans or disbursements is endangered by the exposure of
insurable property to maritime perils;
3. Any liability to a third party may be insured by the owner of or
other person interested in, or responsible for, insurable property by reason of
maritime peril.
In section 2(e) of the Act, “Maritime perils” means the perils consequent on, or
incidental to, the navigation of the sea, that is to say perils of the seas
fire, war perils, pirates, rovers, thieves captures, seizures, restrains and
detainments of princess and peoples; jettisons, barratry and any other perils
which are either of the like kind or may be designated by the policy.
Where no marine adventure took place, the goods which were not delivered
were not due to any maritime peril and therefore the insurer was not liable for
the loss or damage.
7.2.1 Insurable Interest:
Avoidance of Wagering contract [Section 6] :–
(1) Every contract of marine insurance by way of wagering is
void;
(2) A contract of marine insurance is deemed to be a wagering contract;
(a) Where the assured has not an insurable interest as defined by
this Act, and the contract is entered in to with no expectation of acquiring
such an interest; or
(b) Where policy is made “interest or no interest” or “without
further proof of interest” than the policy itself or “without benefit of
salvage to the insured” or subject to any, other like term;
Provided that, where there is no possibility of salvage, a policy may be
affected without benefit of salvage to the insurer.
Insurable Interest defined [Section 7]:
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, every person has an
insurable interest who is interested in marine adventure.
(2) In particular a person is interested in a marine adventure where
he stands in my legal or equitable relation to the adventure or to any
insurable property at risk therein, in consequence of which he may benefit by
the safety or due arrival of insurable property, or may be prejudiced by its
loss, or by damage there to or by the detection there of, or may incur
liability in respect thereof.
When interest must attach [Section 8]:
(1) The assured must be interested in the subject matter insured at
the time of the loss, though he not be interested when the insurance is
effected: provided that, where the subject matter is insured “lost or not lost”
the assured may recover although he may not have acquired his interest unfit
after the loss, unless at the time of effecting the contract of insurance the
insured was aware of the loss, and the insure was not.
(2) Where the assured has no interest at the time of the loss, he
cannot acquire interest by any act or election after he is aware of the
loss.
7.2.2 Disclosure and Representations
Insurance is uberrimae fides (Section 19) – A contract of marine insurance is
a contract based upon the utmost good faith, and if the utmost good faith be
not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other
party.
Disclosure by assured [Section 20]:
(1) Subject to the Provisions of this section, the assured must disclose
to the insurer, before the contract is concluded, every material circumstances
which is, know to the assured, and the assured is deemed to know every
circumstance which in the ordinary course of business; ought to be known to
him. If the assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may avoid
the contract.
(2) Every circumstance is material which would influence the
judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determining whether
he will take the risk.
(3) In the absence of inquiry the following circumstances need not
by disclosed, namely:
(a) Any circumstance which diminish the risk;
(b) Any circumstance which is known or presumed to be known to
the insurer. The insurer is presumed to know matters of common
notoriety or knowledge and matters which an insurer in the ordinary course
of his business such, object to know;
(c) Any circumstance as to which information is waived by the
insurer.
(d) Any circumstance which it is suspicious to disclose by reason of
any express or implied warranty.
(4) Whether any particular circumstance, which is not disclosed, be
material or not is, in each case, a question of fact.
(5) The term “circumstance” includes any communication made to,
or information received by the assured.
Disclosure by agent effecting insurer [Section 21]:
Subject to the provisions of the preceding section as to circumstances which
need not be disclose, where insurance is affected for the assured by an
agent, the agent must disclose to the insurer.
(a) Every material circumstance which is known to himself, and
an agent to insurer is deemed to known every circumstance which in the
ordinary course of business ought to be known by, or to have been
communicated to him; and
(b) Every material circumstance which the assured is bound to disclose,
unless it comes to his knowledge too late to communicate it to the agent.
7.3. Classification of Marine Insurance:
The marine insurance could be classified as:
(i) Hull Insurance.
(ii) Cargo Insurance; and
(iii) Freight Insurance
(i) Hull Insurance – Literally, hull means body or frame of the ship
or
vessel and its machinery thus, this type of Insurance covers ship or vessel
and its machinery. Thus, this type of Insurance covers ships and its
equipments. The ship or vessels may be classified as sea going vessels,
sailing vessels etc. The hull policies may also cover the risk while the vessel
is under construction. These insurance are generally for one year.
The complainant company was engaged in the business of drilling well in
Bombay High. The complainant obtained combine hull policy/package policy
for Rs. 52,45, 00,000,00. An accident took place in which the crane boom got
twisted and the bride line broke as a result. Boom fell on the top of the schlum
berger unit. A claim was preferred where the cost of repairs/replacement was
estimated to exceed 15 million rupees A surveyor was deputed. In Jagson
International Ltd. v New India Assurance Co. Ltd. [(2005) 3 CPJ 12 NC], the
complainant company submitted a bill of Rs. 80 lakh which contained air
freight charges amounting to Rs. 17 Lakh as the spare parts were required to
be brought by air because it was urgently required. Here was no condition in
the policy that air freight would be excluded. The Insurance company
deducted 20 Lakh by applying 30% depreciation.
The stand of the Insurance Company was that there was no damage to the
hull of the drilling barge covered by the policy, but the damage was only
to the crane which is not the hull of the drilling barge but only equipment.
The commission observed that it was difficult to hold that the equipment
which was part of the hull could not be said to be part of the hull. The
commission further observed.
“It has been rightly pointed out that the property insured is jack up drilling Rig
Mat drill which consists of hull and machinery of the drilling barge, hull
140
and crane cannot be treated as separate items crane is an integral part
of hull and not equipment. There is nothing on record to hold that crane is
not part of the hull of
141
the drilling barge In an any case, if the term of policy is vague, benefit
certainly goes to the insured and not to the insurer. ”
(ii) Cargo Insurance : Cargo means the goods carried on a ship thus
as
the terms suggests, cargo insurance is taken in respect of the cargo carried
by the ship from one place to another. The cargo insurance policy may be
‘time policy’ or ‘voyage policy’. When the policy is for a definite period, it is
known as ‘time policy’ If it is for a particular voyage it is known as
‘voyage policy’ and there is no time limit. There may be mixed time
and voyage policies.
(iii) Freight Insurance – The freight is the rent or amount paid for
the transportation of cargo. Generally , the ship-owner and the person
receiving the freight is one person. The freight could be paid in advance or at
the destination. Under the marine law the freight could be paid only if the
cargo reaches safely at the destination part. Therefore, if the freight has been
paid in advance, it poses no difficulty. But the problem sometime arises
when the freight is payable at the destination and the cargo may got lost
during the voyage and could not reach destination. In that event the freight is
lost. In order to overcome such contingency, the freight insurance is taken.
However, if the freight has been paid in advance it cannot be recovered in
case the cargo is lost during the voyage [Section 14 of the Marine
Insurance Act, 1963]
Kinds of Marine Policies:
There are various types of policies as defined in the different sections of
the Marine Insurance Act, 1963 namely, Time policy (Section 27), voyage
policy (Section 27), mixed time and voyage policy, valued policy (Section 29),
un-valued policy (Section 30), floating policy (Section 31), Blanket policy,
Fleet policy, Named policy, currency Policy and PPT Policy.
A blanket policy is a policy where the maximum amount of protection is
estimated for which the premium is payable in advance which is adjustable at
the end of the term of the policy. A fleet policy, as the terms itself
suggests, is a policy which covers a number of vessels under a single
policy. The advantage in the type of the policy is that if each vessel is insured
separately, the amount of premium may be much more further, if some
vessels are in such a condition that those cannot be insured because of their
condition, those are also covered in a fleet policy In named
policies the name of the ship and value of the cargo are mentioned by name.
The policy issued in foreign currency is known as currency policy.
7.4. Warranties in Marine Insurance:
7.4.1 Nature of warranty [Section 35]:
(1) A warranty, in the following sections relating to warranties,
means a promissory warranty, that is to say a warranties which the assured
undertakes that some particular things shall or shall not be done, or that some
condition shall be fulfilled, or whereby the affirms or negatives the existence
of a particular state of facts.
(2) A warranty may be express or implied.
(3) A warranty, as above defined, is a condition which must be
exactly complied with, whether it be material to the risk or not. If it be not
so complied with, then, subject to any express provision in the policy, the
insurer is discharged from liability as from the date of breach of warranty, but
without prejudice to any liability insured by him before that date.
7.4.2 When breach of warranty excused [Section 36]:
(1) Noncompliance with a warranty is excused when, by reason of a
change of circumstances, the warranty ceases to be applicable to the
circumstances, of the contract, or when compliance with the warranty is
rendered unlawful by any subsequent law.
(2) Where a warranty is broken, the assured cannot avail himself of
the defense that the breach has been remedied, and the warranty complied with,
before loss.
(3) An express warranty does not exclude implied warranty unless it
be inconsistent therewith.
7.4.3 Warranty of Neutrality [Section 38]:
(1) Where insurable property whether ship or goods, is
expressly warranted neutral, there is an implied condition that the property
shall have a neutral character at the commencement of the risk, and that, so
far as the assured can control the matter, its neutral character shall be
preserved during the risk.
(2) Where a ship is expressly warranted “Neutral”, there is also
an implied condition that, so far as the assured can control the matter, she
shall be properly documented, that is to say, that she shall carry the
necessary papers to
establish her neutrality, and that she shall not falsify or suppress her papers,
or use stimulated papers. If any loss occurs through breach of any condition,
the insurer may avoid the contract.
No implied warranty of Nationality [Section 39] – There is no implied warranty
as to the nationality of a ship, or that her nationality shall not change during
the risk.
7.4.4 Warranty of Sea Worthiness of ship – In a voyage policy there
is
an implied warranty that at the commencement of the voyage the ship shall
be sea worthy for the purpose of the particular adventure insured.
[Section 41(1)]
Where the policy attaches while the ship is in port, there is also an
implied warranty that she shall, at the commencement of the risk, be
reasonable fit to encounter the ordinary perils of the port. [Section 41 (2)]
Where the policy relates to a voyage which is performed in different stages,
during which the ship requires different kinds of or further preparation or
equipment, there is an implied warranty that at the commencement of each
stage the ship is sea- warty in respect of such preparation or equipment for
the purposes of that stage. [Section 41(3)]
A ship is deemed to be seaworthy when she is reasonably fit in all
respects to encounter the ordinary perils of the seas of the adventure
insured. [Section 41 (4)] In a time policy there is no implied warranty that the
ship shall be sea-worthy at any stage of the adventure, but where, with the
privity of the assured, the ship is sent to sea in on unseaworthy stage, the
insurer is not liable for any loss attributable to un sea worthiness.
[Section 41(5)]
7.4.5 No implied warranty that goods are seaworthy [Section 42]:
(1) In a policy on goods other movables there is no implied

warranty that the goods or movables are sea-worthy.
(2) In a voyage policy on goods or other movables there is an
implied warranty that at the commencement of the voyage the ship is not only
sea-worthy as a ship but also that she is reasonably fit to carry the goods or
other movables to the destination contemplated by the policy.
Warranty of legality – There is an implied warranty that the adventure
insured is
a lawful one, and that, so far as the assured can contract the matter, the
adventure shall be carried out in a lawful manner. [Section 43]
7.4.6. Implied condition as to commencement of risk [section 44] :
(1) Where the subject matter is insured by a voyage – policy “at
and from” or “from” a particular place, it is not necessary that the ship
should be at that place when the contract is concluded but there is on
implied condition that the adventure shall be commenced in reasonable time,
and that if the adventure be not so commenced the insurer may avoid the
contract.
(2) The implied condition may be negative by showing that the
delay was caused by circumstances known to the insurer before the
contract was concluded, or by showing that he waived the condition.
(a) Alternation of part of departure – Where the place of
departure is
specified by the policy, and the ship, instead of scaling for that destination,
sails for any other destination, the risk does not attach. [Section 45]
(b) Sailing for different destination – Where the destination is
specified in the policy, and the ship, instead of sailing for that destination,
sails for any other destination, the risk does not attach. [Section 46]
(c) Change of voyage [Section 47]:
(1) Where, after the commencement of the risk, the destination of
the ship is voluntarily changed from the destination contemplated by the
policy, there is said to be a change of voyage.
(2) Unless the policy otherwise provides, where there is a change of
the voyage, the insurer is discharged from liability as from the time of change,
that it is manifested; and it is immaterial that the ship may not in fact have left
the course of voyage contemplated by the policy when the loss
occurs.
(d) Deviation [Section 48]:
(1) Where a ship, without lawful excuse deviates from the
voyage contemplated by the policy, the insured in discharged from liability as
from the time of deviation, and it is immaterial that the ship may have
regained her route before any loss occurs.
(2) There is a deviation from the voyage contemplated by the policy.
(a) Where the course of voyage is specially designated by the
policy, and that course is departed from; or
(b) Where the course of the voyage is not specifically designated by
the policy, but the usual and customary course is departed from.
(3) The intention to deviate is immaterial there must be a deviation
in fact to discharge the insurer from his liability under the contract.
(e) Excuse for deviation or delay [Section 51]
(1) Deviation or delay in prosecuting the voyage contemplated by
the policy is excused –
(a) Where authorized by any special term in the policy; or
(b) Where caused by circumstances beyond the contract of master
and his employer; or
(c) Where reasonably necessary in order to comply with an express
or implied warranty; or
(d) Where reasonably necessary for the safety of the ship or the
subject matter insured; or
(e) For the purpose of saving hunter life on aiding a ship in
distress where human life may be in danger; or
(f) Where reasonably necessary for the purpose of obtaining medical or
surgical aid for any person on board the ship; or
(g) Where caused by the barratrous conduct of the master or crew;
if barratry be one of the perils insured against.
(2) When the cause excusing the deviation or delay ceases to operate
the ship must resume here course, and prosecute her voyage with reasonable
dispatch. As observed in Overseas Commodities Ltd. v Style [(1958) 1 Lloyds
Rep 546], “It has long been well established law that on express warranty
requires a strict and literal performance” As stated in Arnold on Marine
Insurance, “every policy, in fact, in which an express warranty is inserted is a
conditional contract to be binding if the warranty be literally complied
with, but not otherwise.”
In New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v Syed Mohammed [AIR 1991 ker 368
DB], a fishing boat was missing in heavy rains. The warranty clause in the
policy had provided that when boat is not in use, the vessel should be safely
anchored, moored or secured with proper watch and ward. There was no
watch and ward at the crucial time on the vessel. Thus, it was held that
the warranty clause was not complied with, and therefore, the owner of
the boat was not entitled to any compensation from the insurance
company. It was, however, contended that
someone was sleeping in a shed on the seashore but it was not regarded
as sufficient compliance with the warranty clause in the policy.
7.5. Assignment of Policy:
7.5.1When and how policy is assignable [Section 52]
(1) A marine policy may be transferred by assignment unless it
contains terms expressly prohibiting assignment, It may be assigned either
before or after loss.
(2) Where a marine policy has been assigned so as to pass the

beneficial interest in such policy, the assignee of the policy is entitled to make
any defense arising out of the contract which he would have been entitled to
make it the suit had been brought in the name of the person by or on
behalf of whom the policy was affected.
(3) A marine policy may be assigned by endorsement there on or in

other customary manner.
7.5.2 Assured who has no interest cannot assign [Section 53]
Where the assured has parted with or lost his interest in the subject. matter
insured, and has not, before at the time of so doing expressly or impliedly
agreed to assign the policy, any subsequent assignment of the policy
is inoperative;
Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the assignment of a policy
after loss.
7.6. Included and excluded losses [Section 55]:

(1) Subject to the provisions of this act, and unless the policy
otherwise provides, the insurer is liable for any loss proximately caused by a
peril insured against, but, subject as aforesaid, he is liable for any loss which
is not proximately caused by a peril insured against.
(2) In Particular –
(a) The Insurer is not liable for any loss attributable to the willful
misconduct of the assured, but unless the policy otherwise provides, he is
liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against, even though
the loss would not have happened but for the misconduct or negligence of the
master or crew;
(b) Unless the policy otherwise provides the insurer on ship or
goods is not liable for any loss proximately caused by delay, although the
delay be caused by a peril insured against;
(c) Unless the policy otherwise provides the insurer on ship or
goods is not liable for ordinary wear and tear, ordinary leakage and breakage,
inherent vice or nature of the subject – matter insured, or for any loss
proximately caused by rats or vermin, or for any injury to machinery not
proximately caused by maritime perils.
7.7. Partial and Total Loss [Section 56]

(1) A loss may be either total or partial. Any loss other than a total
loss, as hereinafter defined, is a partial loss.
(2) A total loss may be either an actual total loss, or a construction
total loss.
(3) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the policy,
an insurance against total loss, include a constructive, as well as an actual,
total loss.
(4) Where the assured brings a suit for a total loss and the evidence
proves only a partial loss, he may, unless the policy otherwise provides,
recover for a partial loss.
(5) Where goods reach their destination in specie, but by reason of
obliteration of marks, or otherwise, they are incapable of identification, the
loss if any is partial and not total.
7.8. Actual Total Los [Section 57] :
(1) Where the subject matter insured is destroyed, or so damaged
as to cease to be a thing of the kind insured, or where the assured is
irretrievably deprived thereof, there is an actual total loss.
(2) In the case of an actual total loss no notice of abandonment
need be given.
(a) Constructive Total Loss defined [Section 60]
(1) Subject to any express provision in the policy, there is a
constructive total loss where the subject matter insured in reasonably
abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable,
or because it could not be preserved from actual total loss without an
expenditure which would exceed it value when the expenditure had been
incurred.
(2) In particular, there is a constructive total loss -

(I) Where the assured is deprived of the possession of his ship or
goods by a peril insured against, and
(a) It is unlikely that he can recover the ship of goods, as the case
may be, or
(b) The cost of recovering the ship or goods, as the case may be
would exceed their value when recovered; or
(II) In Case of damage to ship, where she is so damaged by a
peril insured against that the cost of repairing the damage would exceed the
value of the ship when repaired.
In estimating the cost of repairs, no deduction is to be made in respect of
general average contributions to those repairs payable by other interests, but
account is to be taken of the expense of future salvage operations and of any
future general average contributions to which to ship would be liable if
repaired, or
(III) In case of damage to goods, where the cost of repairing the
damage and forwarding the goods to their destination would exceed their
value on arrival.
In a Akooji Jadwat (P) Ltd. v Oriental Fire & General Insurance
Co. Ltd. [AIR 1972, Cal 228], Pakistan waged war on India and the ship
belonging to the plaintiff, which was covered by valued policy of Rs. 10
lakh for peril of capture, seizure, arrest, restraint and detainment, etc. was
captured .It was held that where the ship insured against the perils of
capture, seizure, detention in consequence of hostility is captured by an
enemy nation and condemned by the Prize court of that nation, the insurer
cannot avoid the responsibility to pay the agreed sum on the ground that
there was no formal declaration of war by the capturing state or on the
ground that the war and hence the condemnation, were illegal when the
insurers have not protected themselves from any consequence of
an unlawful or an under cleared or an informal war and have not taken any of
the pleas relating to the character of the war.
The court further observed;
“Capture of enemy merchant ships during a state of war whether at high seas
or within the territorial waters of the capturing state is always a lawful prize
and they are liable to be condemned by the Prize Court. Where the prize is
brought within the territory of a capturing state, the Prize Court of that state
immediately vested with the jurisdiction over the prize Pakistan created a
state of war and then captured her during this state of war and she was
captured within the territorial waters of Pakistan. She was taken to West
Pakistan and prize court at Dacca had ample jurisdiction to condemn her and
it is wholly immaterial to decide whether Pakistan waged a formal or an
informal war.”
The court while dealing with what the proximate cause of loss is, discussed
various case law and observed:
“The loss which is produced by direct, efficient and predominating cause is
the proximate cause of the loss in the law of marine Insurance. Mere intrusion
of a new cause is of no moment so long it does not wither away the
efficiency of the direct, efficient and predominating cause. Merely because a
cause has intervened does not make it a nova cause supereniens. The
intervening cause must of its own force destroy the efficacy of the existing
cause and it must become an independent and a direct, efficient and
predominating cause of the loss before it can be said that the loss is
proximate caused by nova cause superveniens.” The court also
explained as to what is included in “actual loss” it observed;
“Capture followed by condemnation by the sentence of Prize Court of
competent jurisdiction extinguishes the title of the owner in the res. It is
judgment in rem.” Seizure and capture followed by condemnation stand to
the same footing and in both the cases. The title in the res vested in the
capturing state. Where the res is restated to its former owner after
condemnation it is a gift to him and a new title flows from the date of the
grant. This title in the res is also gone by a seizure followed by a hostile
confiscation by an enemy state in the law laid down by our supreme court in
T.R. Bhavani Shankar Joshi v Somasundara moopanar [AIR 1965 SC at p .
319]”.
(b) Effect of Constructive Total Loss [Section 61] – Where there is a
constructive total loss the assured may either treat the loss as a partial loss,
or
abandon the subject – matter insured to the insurer and treat the loss as if it
were an actual total loss.
(c) Notice of abandonment [section 62]:
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section where the assured
elects to abandon the subject-matter insured to the insurer, he must give
notice of abandonment. If he fails to do so the loss can only be treated
as a partial loss.
(2) Notice of abandonment may be given in writing, or by word
of mouth, or party in carting and party by word of mouth and may be
given in any terms which indicate the intention of the assured to abandon his
insured interest in the subject matter insured unconditionally to the
insurer.
(3) Notice of abandonment must be given with reasonable diligence
after the receipt of reliable information of the loss, but where the information is
of a doubtful character the assured is entitled to a reasonable time to make
enquiry.
(4) Where notice of abandonment is properly given, the rights of the
assured are not prejudiced by the fact that the insurer refuses to accept
the abandonment.
(5) The acceptance of abandonment may be either express or
implied from the conduct of the insurer. The mere silence of the insurer after
notice is not an acceptance.
(6) Where notice of abandonment is accepted the abandonment is
irrevocable. The acceptance of the notice conclusively admits liability for the
loss and the sufficiency of the notice.
(7) Notice of abandonment is unnecessary where at the time when
the assured receives information of loss, there would be no possibility of
benefit of the insurer if notice were given to him.
(8) Notice of abandonment may be waived be the insurer.
(9) Where an insurer has reinsured his risk, no notice of
abandonment need be given by him.
(d) Effect of abandonment [Section 63]:
(1) Where there is a valid abandonment the insurer is entitled to
take over the interest of the assured in whatever may remain of the subject
150
matter insured, and all proprietary rights incidental there to.
(2) Upon the abandonment of a ship, the insurer thereof is entitled
to any freight in course of being earned, and which is earned by her
subsequent to the
151
casualty causing the loss, loss of the expenses of earning it incurred after the
casualty; and where the ship is carrying the owner’s goods, the insurer is
entitled to a reasonable remuneration for the carriage of them subsequent to
the casualty coming the loss.
(e) Insurance for total and constructive total loss only: Whether partial
Loss
payable?
In Kalyanji Jethalad Shah v National Insurance Co. Ltd. [(2001) 1 CPR 104
NC]. A ship was purchased by the complainant firm for breaking. A marine
hull policy was issued by the opposite party Insurance Company for journey
of the ship from Bombay Harbour to Powder Works Bunder Darukhana Ship
Breaking yard by towing. The cover note mentioned the interest
insured as under.
“Interest insured Hull and Machinery Trading warranties Total Loss,
Constructive Total Loss, Salvage charges, 4/4th RDC with an excess of ½% of
the sum insured for higher all claims other than TL/CTL. Subject to warrant
that adequate crew is maintained on board all the time.”
While at ship breaking yard, the laborers employed by the ship breakers had
left the ship for lunch at the time the fire broke out causing partial loss. Thus,
there was no one on board at that time. Had the crew been on board they
could have doused the fire when it broke out. Someone gave a ring to the
complainant that the ship had caught fire and then the complainant informed
the fire brigade. However, the claim was repudiated by the insurer on
several counts. The contention of the complainant was that the risk covered
under the policy included “any risk arising due to fire” The Insurance
Company strongly denied all allegation and alleged that the words “any risk
arising due to fire” was not in the original policy and that was the result of the
interpretations made by the insured. The view of the commission was that this
contention of the insurer was prima facie correct. The questionnaire filled by
the complainant at the time of insurance showed that the insurance was for
total loss and constructive total loss, and the loss caused by fire had
been incorporated therein by the words “including fire” Thus, what was
insured was total loss and constructive total loss that may be due to various
causes including fire. The commission also found that the absence of crew
members on board the ship was in clear violation of the insurance
contract. The question before the commission was whether the complainant
was entitled to damages under these circumstances.
The Commission considered various definitions in the Marine Insurance Act,
namely, total loss and constructive total loss [Sections 56, 57 and 61], and the
effect of constructive total loss [section 61] and referred to an English
case, namely, Price v Maritime Insurance Co. Ltd. [(1901) 2 KB 412]. In
this case a ship along with its cargo was insured for a voyage to
Southampton. After covering some distance, it became a constructive total
loss. The ship was covered for total loss but only a partial loss took place. It
was held that since the loss was only partial while the insurance was for
total loss, the action by the insured must fail. Repelling the argument that it
would be very inconvenient that persons covering themselves by insurance
should not be entitled to recover because the entire ship and cargo was not
lost, Stirling L.J. observed, “The answer to that suggestion seems to be that
they could insure, not against total loss only, but against partial loss also”
Thus, the commission observed that in the case in hand also the insured
could have covered him not only for total loss but also for partial loss which
they did not. The commission also observed that according to the
affidavit of the Insurance Company the partial loss policies are not issued as
a matter of practice for this type of voyages because outbreak of fire in the
ship breaking yard is very frequent and, as such, usually such risks are not
covered.
In this connection the commission also referred to continental Grain co. Inc. v.
Twitchell (Vol. 78 Lloyd’s LR 251) where the material words in the policy were
as under:
“Anticipated earnings and/or interest, warranted free of all average. Only
against total and/or constructive total loss of vessel as per clause
attached hereto.”
After setting out the material words, Lord Goddard observed:
“As I read that policy, it means this: ‘We, the underwriters, are willing to
insure the earnings which you, the assured, anticipate you will make in
respect of this ship, but only against the loss of those earnings through a total
or constructive total loss of the vessel; and as it is warranted free of all
average, we will pay you only if you sustain a total and not a partial loss
of these earnings.”
The Commission then referred to another English case, namely, Western
Assurance Co. of Toronto v. Poole [(1903) 1 KBB 376] where the owner
of the ship insured her with the plaintiffs for a voyage from Santa Rosalta to
Portland (Oregon) By the terms of the policy, which was against partial as
well as total loss, the sound value of the ship was agreed at $19,000? By a
policy of reassurance the
plaintiffs reinsured themselves with the defendant (amongst other
underwriters) ‘against the risk of total and/or constructive total loss only’,
therein to be ‘valued as per original policy’ One of the questions before the
court was whether the owners of the ship could recover for partial loss under
the policy on reinsurance. It observed:
“The first question is whether there has been any constructive total loss within
the meaning of the contract sued on. It is quite a common practice for an
insurer against total and partial loss to reimburse the risk of total loss
while keeping himself uncovered as to partial loss. Of course, he does it at a
premium much lower than which he himself receives for the double risk, and
in the event of the insured vessel sustaining damage by the perils insured
against it is very much to his interest that the damage should be sufficiently
serious to constitute a constructive total loss, for in that event only can he get
his loss recouped by his reinsurer, and secure his profit, namely, the
difference between the two premiums. So, in the present case, the plaintiffs
are anxious to make that which the ship owners treated as a partial loss under
the original policy, a total loss under the reinsurance policy. ”
Ultimately, it was held in that case that the risk covered by the policy
of reinsurance did not extend to partial loss. It was found that it was not the
case of constructive or actual total loss.
On the basis of the various definitions and the observations in the above
referred cases, the commission observed that the principle is that if a policy of
insurance is taken for total loss, or constructive total loss, the insurance
company will not be liable to pay the partial loss. The partial loss has to be
separately insured. The commission also referred to Section [56 (4)] of the
Marine Insurance Act and observed that this section enables the court to
award compensation even for the partial loss when a claim is brought for
total loss, unless there are words in the insurance policy ruling out that
possibility. The commission, in this connection, referred to O’ May on
Marine Insurance, 1993 Edn. This reads as under: “Similarly, ‘where the
assured brings an action for a total loss and the evidence proved only a
partial loss’, Section 56(4) of Marine Insurance Act, 1906 states that the
‘assured may recover for a partial loss’ If, of course, the policy ‘otherwise
provides’ as, for instance, the cover is against ‘total loss only’, there would be
no alternative claim for partial loss.”
In the instant case, the commission observed, there was no insurance against
partial loss and what had taken place was partial loss. The claim was also for
partial loss only. Thus, the complaint by the complainant company was
dismissed.
7.9. Partial Loss (Including salvage and General
Average and Particular charges):
(a) Particular Average Loss [Section 64]:
(1) A particular average loss is a partial loss of the subject

matter insured, caused by a peril insured against, and which is not a general
average loss.
(2) Expenses incurred by or on behalf of the assured for the safety
or preservation of the subject-matter insured, other than general average and
salvage charges, are called particular charges. Particular charges are not
included in particular charges.
(b) Extent of Liability of Insurer for Loss [Section 67]:
(1) The sum which the assured can recover in respect of a loss
on a policy by which he is insured, in case of an unvalued policy to the full
extent of the insurable value, or, in the case of a valued policy to the full
extent of the value fixed by the policy, is called the measurer of
indemnity.
(2) Where there is loss recoverable under the policy, the insurer, or each
insurer if there be more than one, is liable for such proportion of the measure
of indemnity as the amount of his subscription bears to the value fixed by the
policy in the case of valued policy or to the insurable value in the case of an
unvalued policy.
(c) Liabilities to third parties [Section 74]:
Where the assured has affected an insurance in express terms against any
liability to a third party, the measure of indemnity, subject to any express
provision in the policy, in the amount paid or payable by him to such third
party in respect of such liability.
(d) Suing and Laboring clause [Section 78]:
(1) Where the policy contains a suing and laboring clause, the
engagement there by entered in to is deemed to be supplementary to the contract
of insurance, and the assured may recover from the insurer any expenses
properly
incurred pursuant to the clause, not withstanding that the insurer may have
paid for a total loss, or that the subject matter may have been warranted free
from particular average, either wholly or under a certain percentage.
(2) General average losses and contributions and salvage charge,
as defined by this Act, are not recoverable under the suing and laboring
clause.
(3) Expenses incurred for the purpose of averting or diminishing
any loss not covered by the policy are not recoverable under the suing and
laboring clause.
(4) It is the duty of the assured and his agents, in all cases, to take
such measures as may be reasonable for the purpose of averting or
minimising a loss.
7.10. Right of Insurer on Payment:
(a) Right of Subrogation [Section 79]:
(1) Where the insurer pays for total loss, either of the whole, or in
case of goods of any apportion able part, of the subject matter insured, he
thereupon becomes entailed to take cover the interest of the assured in
whatever may remain of the subject matter so paid for, and he is there by
subrogated to all the rights and remedies of the assured in and in respect of
that subject matter as from the time of the casualty causing the loss.
(2) Subject to the forgoing provisions, where the insurer pay for
a partial loss, he acquire no title to the subject matter insured, or such part of
it may remain, but he is there upon subrogated to all rights and remedies of
the assured in and in respect of that subject matter as from the time of the
casualty causing the loss.
(3) Subject to the foregoing provisions, where the insurer pays for a
partial loss, he acquires no title to the subject matter insured, or such part of it
may remain, but he is there upon subrogated to all rights and remedies of the
assured in and in respect of the subject matter insured as from the time of the
casualty causing the loss, in so far as the assured has been indemnified,
according to this act, by such payment for loss.
(b) Return of Premium

(I) Enforcement of return [82] – Where the premium, or a
proportionate part thereof, is, by this Act, declared to be returnable –
(a) If already paid, it may be recovered by the assured from the

insurer; and
(b) If unpaid it may be retained by the assured or his agent.
(II) Return by agreement [Section 83]
Where the policy contains a stipulation for the return of the premium, or a
proportionate part thereof, on the happening of a certain event, and that event
happens, the premium, or as the case may be, the proportionate part thereof, on
the happening of a certain event, and that even happens, the premium or, as
the case may be, the proportionate part thereof, is thereupon returnable to the
assured.
(III) Return for failure of consideration [Section 84]
(1) Where the consideration for the payment of the premium totally
fails, and there has been no framed or illegality on the part of the
assured;
(2) Where the consideration for the payment of the premium is
apportion- able and there is a total failure of any apportion able part of
the consideration, a proportionate part of the premium, is under the like
conditions thereupon returnable to the assured;
(3) In particular
(a) Where the policy is void, or is avoided by the insurer as from
the commencement of the risk, the premium is returnable, provided there has
been no fraud or illegality on the part of the assured, but if the risk is not
apportion able, and has once attached, the premium is not returnable.
(b) Where the subject matter insured, or part thereof, has never
been imperiled the premium, or as the case may be, apportion able part
thereof, is returnable.
Provided that where the subject matter has been insured “lost or not lost” and
has arrived in safety at the time when the contract is concluded, the premium
is not returnable; unless, at such time, the insurer knows of the safe
arrival.
(c) Where the assured has no insurable interest throughout the currency
of the risk the premium is returnable, provided that this rule does not apply to
a policy affected by way of wagering.
(d) Where the assured has a defensible interest which is terminated
during the currency of the risk, the premium is not returnable.
(e) Where the assured has over insured under an unvalued policy a
proportionate part of the premium is returnable;
(f) Subject to the foregoing provisions, where the assured has over
insured by double – insurance, a proportionate, part of the several premiums
is returnable;
Provided that, if the policies are effected at different times, and any earlier
policy has at any time borne the entire risk, or if a claim has been paid on
the policy in respect of the full sum insured thereby, no premium is returnable
in respect of that policy, and when the double insurance is effected knowingly
by the assured no premium is returnable.
(c) Rules of Tariff Advisory Committee not binding unless insured

informed:
A good case for refund of the premium came up before the Uttaranchal
State commission where the complainant had obtained a Marine Insurance
(Special Declaration) Policy (Cargo,) which was renewal of the earlier policy,
covering transit all risks for the consignments of finished pulp and paper
through rail or road from the factory/go down to anywhere in India. The
Insurance Company had agreed to renew the policy for a further period
of one year on same terms and conditions for which a heavy premium of
more than 18 lakh of rupees was paid. The sum assured was Rs. 375 crores.
Monthly declarations required under the policy were submitted by the
insured in time. During the period of policy, the complainant requested the
Insurance company to adjust the premium based on the monthly declarations and
to refund the excess premium towards unutilized amount of the sum insured of
Rs. 12,834.95 lakh. This amount was calculated by the
complainant as per the terms and conditions of the policy. Despite
several reminders, the amount was not refunded. After a lengthy correspondence
for over a year the Insurance Company, desired to refund a sum of Rs. 34,415
towards the unutilized premium for which a cheque was issued but the
complainant refused to accept this amount and filed a complaint.
The contention of the Insurance company was that there is a Tariff

Advisory committee where tariff and rules are provided which have statutory
force and binding on all concerned. It was further contended that in
Marine Special Declaration Policy, if the claim ratio for three years
excluding immediately preceding year or for any shorter period for which
experience is available is more than 70%, the premium rate has to be
appropriately loaded in such a way that after the loading, the loss ratio does
not exceed 70% at the loaded rate. The ratio had exceeded more than 100% .
Thus it was contended that in accordance with the terms and conditions and
rules laid down by the Tariff advisory committee the premium was loaded in
such a way that the ratio arrived at was 70% Hence, the balance unutilized
premium was calculated at Rs. 34,415 which was sent to the complainant.
The question before the commission was whether the tariff and rules were
binding on the complainant and whether those had any statutory force. The
commission then discussed the terms and conditions of the policy and the law
relating to them and concluded the said tariff and rules of the Tariff Advisory
committee were not mentioned in the policy. The policy was the backbone of
the contract between the parties and the parties could not go beyond it.
Any terms and conditions not contained in the policy could not be attached
afterwards to defeat the claim of the complainant. It is settled principle of law.
The commission observed that if any term or condition is not incorporated
in the policy and is not conveyed to the insured that is not binding on
the insured.
In reply to the contention of the insurer that the rules of Tariff Advisory
committee have statutory force, the commission observed that the rules were
neither notified nor published in the official Gazette nor was there any
notification for the information of the general public. The commission then
referred to a decision of
the National commission, namely, Ramaseshasaya Raw and Boiled Rice mill
v United India Insurance Co. Ltd. [(1993) 1 CPJ 56 NC]. Where also tariff
rules were in dispute National Commission had observed in that case that
confidential tariff rules of the company is not binding unless those have been
published in some Gazette. The National Commission, while making the
aforesaid observation, quoted a decision of the supreme court, namely, Harla
v. State of Rajasthan [(AIR 1951) SC 467] where the court had
observed:
“The thought that a decision reached in the secret recesses of a chamber to

which the public have no access and to which even the accredited representatives
have no access and of which they can normally know nothing, can
nevertheless affect their lives, liberty and property by the mere passing of
Resolution without anything more is abhorrent to civilized man. It shocks
his conscience. In the absence, therefore, of any law, rule, regulation or
custom, we hold that a law cannot come into being in this way. Promulgation
or publication of some reasonable sort is essential”
The state commission also referred to para 8 of the decision of the

National commission (supra) where it was observed:
“The so-called tariff rules are not statutory rules because rules framed under
section 114 of the Insurance Act have to be mandatorily published in the
Gazette of India which obviously had not been done inasmuch as the rules
are said to be confidential rules or instructions which have not been disclosed
to the complainant at any stage and whose terms have not been disclosed to
the complainant at any stage and whose terms have not been incorporated in
the insurance policies or the additional risk cover notes cannot in law bind
the policyholder. ”
The State commission also referred to Mantora Oil (p) Ltd. v Oriental
Insurance co. Ltd. [(1991) I CPJ 323 NC ]. Where also there was a similar
policy with a condition that if the value of the quantity of goods
transferred falls short of the insured amount, the Insurance company was to
refund the proportionate amount of premium. The amount of premium was
calculated but the Insurance Company took a stand that it was by mistake less
than what was required to be paid. The national
commission observed that this unilateral mistake on the part of the Insurance
Company was not binding on the complainant The insured was not informed
about this alleged mistake during the entire period the policy was
subsisting.
The case of Lallacherra Tea co. Ltd. v United India Insurance co. Ltd. also
had similar dispute where the west Bengal State commission held:
“The calculation of alleged arrear of premium as per recommendation of the

Tariff advisory committee on the basis of 30% loading over and actual
production and the tariff rate fixed in this regard which is not incorporated
in the original policy is illegal and not tenable.”
However, the Insurance Company placed reliance on a decision of the

Karnataka High Court, Where it was held that the rates fixed by the advisory
committee will become statutory and binding on all the insurers (and not to
the insured). Thus in view of all the aforesaid discussion, the complaint was
allowed and the Insurance Company was ordered to refund the unutilized
portion of the premium.
(d) Refund of premium by mistake.
Where the refund of the premium was made by the Insurance Company
by mistake, it is entitled to that amount from the insurer. In K.S.K. fisheries (P)
Ltd. v. United India Insurance Co. Ltd. the insured fishing vessel was under
repairs in the dry dock for a certain period. The complainant requested for
the refund of premium for the layup period which was allowed by the
Insurance Company. Later on the Insurance Company discovered that the
amount was refunded by mistake. The policy was under CRO condition which
did not provide for return of lay-off of the vessel. Therefore, the Insurance
Company was held entitled to the refund of the amount that was paid by
mistake.
7.11. Summary:
160
161
The Marine Insurance Act, 1963 is exclusively talking about marine
insurance. The important principles of contract of insurance are discussed
at length in this legislation. The partial loss, actual loss, deviation of voyage
and important relevant provisions are the unique feature of this Act. The
understanding and application of various important provisions in marine
insurance give strength to the students.

 Singh, Bridge Anand, New Insurance Law (2000) Union Book
Pub. All.bad
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
 Srinivasan, M.N., Principles of Insurance Law (2006),
Wadhwa &Co. Nagpr
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
 Mathew, M.J., Insurance : Principles & Practice (2005), RBSA
Pub., Jaipur

A.Which of the following statement are true or false?
1. Marine insurance is defined under Section 3 of the
Marine Insurance Act, 1963.
2.Every contract of marine insurance by way of wagering is
void.
3.Hull means body or frame of the ship or vessel and its
machinery.
4.No implied warranty that goods are seaworthy.
5.Deviation or delay in prosecuting the voyage contemplated by
the policy is not excused.
1.Marine adventure has been defined in ………… of the Marine
2...............................................................Disclosure by
agent effecting insurer is defined..............................of the Act,
1963.
3. Warranty of seaworthiness of ship is defined
under……………..
4. A marine policy may be transferred by ……………….
5. Right of subrogation is defined under…………………..
A.1. True/ 2. True/ 3. True/ 4. True/ 5. False
B. 1. Section 2(d)/ 2. Section 21/ 3. Section 41/ 4. Assignment/ 5.
Section 79
Q.1. What is the definition of Marine Insurance?
Q.2. Discuss in detail the classification of Marine Insurance.
Q.3. Discuss in detail the importance of Warranties.
Q.4. what is Assignment?
Q.5. what is importance of seaworthiness and deviation in Marine
Insurance?
Unit-8
Fire Insurance
Objective:
* To understand the importance of Fire Insurance
* To understand the general and specific principles of fire insurance
* To understand the application under specific conditions the eligibility of the
policy-holder
Structure:
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Meaning, Nature, Significance, Principles, Scope
8.2.1Meaning of Fore Insurance
8.2.2Characteristics or Nature of Fire Insurance
8.2.3Significance of Fire Insurance
8.2.4. Important Principles of Fire Insurance
8.2.5 Scope of Fire Insurance
8.3. Procedure of Effecting Fire Insurance
8.4. Hazards in Fire Insurance
8.5. Perils insured and Proximate Cause
8.6. Importance of Interpretation of ‘reasonable care’
8.7. Fire whether manipulated and its effect
8.8. Burden on Insurer to prove fire was intentional
8.9. Fire in Military Operation
8.10. Fire during Riot
8.11. Summary
8.14. Answers to check your progress
8.1. Introduction:
The history of Fire insurance began in XVI century. According to them it
started in Germany where the fire victims were indemnified against a
small amount of premium. From there it spread in other countries. It is
said that this type of insurance gathered momentum after the Great Fire of
London in the year 1666. Initially, such type of insurance covered the loss
due to fire as commonly understood. Later, the area and scope widened and it
embraced perils like loss due to explosion, loss caused by spontaneous, loss
due to fire caused by chemical reactions, etc.
The word ‘fire’ has not been defined in the Insurance Act, 1938. The definition
of Fire Insurance business and General Insurance business was initially missing
from the Act. These terms were inserted by Section 3 of Act 47 of 1950 with
effect from 1-6-1950 by introducing Sections 2(6-A) and 2(6-B) which
runs as under:
“2 (6-A) ‘fire insurance business’ means the business of effecting, otherwise
than incidentally to some other class of insurance business, contracts of
insurance against loss by or incidental to fire or other occurrence
customarily included among the risks insured against in fire insurance
policies
2 (6-B) ‘general insurance business’ means fire, marine or miscellaneous insurance
business, whether carried on singly or in combination with one or more of
them”.
8.2. Meaning, Characteristics or Nature, Significance,
Principles and Scope of Fire Insurance:
8.2.1. Meaning of Fire Insurance:
Fire insurance is a contract to indemnity, to the insured
for destruction of or damage to property caused by fire. The insurer
undertakes to indemnify the insured against loss due to fire caused to the
property insured against, not in excess of the maximum amount stated in the
policy. A contract of fire insurance is essentially a contract of indemnity, and
not against accident, but against loss caused by fire. For example, if a person
has insured his house of Rs.
1.0 lakh against loss by fire, the insurer is not liable to pay the sum, unless
the
house is destroyed by fire, but actual loss subject to the maximum limit of Rs.
1.00 lakh.
Meaning of Fire in contract of Insurance:
The word fire means “loss by fire” and in literal sense means a fire which
has broken bounds. Therefore, fire which is used for ordinary domestic
purposes or even for manufacturing is not fire. ‘Fire’ is fire insurance must
have the following two features:
1. Production of Ignition, light and heat.
2. Fire by accident.
1. Production of Ignition light and heat – According to
Justice Boyles (in Everett V/s London Ass. Co. 1895) “Fire means the
production of light and heat by combustion and unless there is actual ignition,
there is no fire within the meaning of the term in ordinary policy.”
LOSS CAUSED BY FIRE:-
Heating unaccompanied by ignition is not fire. “Loss or damage” occasioned
by fire means loss or damage either by ignition of the articles consumed or by
damage either by ignition of the articles caused or by ignition of that part of
the premises, where the article is. In one case there is loss, in the other
case, a damage occasioned by fire. Thus, it can be stated that no claim
possible without flame.
In the following cases, the loss by fire is not considered:
(1) Loss of goods by excessive heat due to the closure of
doors and ventilations.
(2) The damage of goods due to heavy humidity.
(3) Changes of particles (Sugar) in liquidity form due to heavy
sun
shines.
(4) Evaporation of items by chemical reactions or heat.
(5) Damage
of articles
due to
heavy
temperatu
re.
(6) Damage by explosives provided the explosion causes no
actual ignition.
(7) Damage from lightning provided it does not cause actual
ignition.
(8) Loss or damage by earth quake, riot, military power or civil
commotion.
(9) Damage to uses of articles as a result of smoke without
flame.
(10) The loss or damage caused by electricity.
All these situations do not fall under the definition of ‘fire’ and
therefore to the loss due to such things do not be covered by the fire insurance
policy.
The losses by the following instances or losses subsidiary to fire are
as
follows:
(1) Damage which occurs as a result or smoke or of putting
out
the fire would be covered by the fire risks.
(2) Any loss resulting from apparently necessary and bona
fide efforts to put out a fire, whether it be by spoiling goods by water or
throwing articles of furniture out of window, are covered by the fire
risks.
(3) Even by damages to a neighboring house by explosion
done for the purpose of arresting fire, would be covered by the fire
risks.
(4) Every loss directly or if not directly at least
consequently resulting from the fire is within the policy (In Stanley V/s
Western Ins. Co., 1968).
(5) Loss of theft during a fire is covered as a fire risk (In
Stanley V/s Bailey, 1831).
(6) Even loss by fire caused by the insured’s negligence is covered by
the policy (IN Harris V/s Poland, 1941).
(7) Any loss occured while putting out the fire.
2. FIRE BY ACCIDENT:-
In the case of fire insurance, the occurrence of fire
is accidental, then only it is covered by the policy. In case the fire is the
deliberate act of the insured, the insurer is not liable to compensate. The fire
which is used for ordinary domestic purposes or even for manufacturing is not
fire as long as it is confined within the usual or proper limits. Thus, fire by
accident means the production of light and heat by combustion and with
actual ignition and heating unaccompanied by ignition is not fire.
8.2.2 Characteristics or Nature of Fire Insurance:
1. It is a means of security against risk of fire on any material
or
property.
2. It is a contract of indemnity.
3. The insurer undertakes to indemnity the insured against
actual loss subject to the maximum limit of sum insured.
4. It is a contract of utmost good faith, the insurer and
the insured must disclose all material facts relating to the subject matter of
insurance.
5. A fire insurance policy is usually issued for one year
only with the option to the parties to renew it for a further period on
payment of stipulated premium.
6. If the property is insured with more than one insurer and
on loss by fire, all the insurers are called upon to contribute towards the
claim.
7. The insurer is not liable for payment of any claim if
the fire is caused deliberately.
8. In British Law, the fire insurance policies can be assigned
only with prior permission of the insurer, but under Indian Law the consent of
the insurer is not necessary to make valid assignment of policy, only a
notice of information is sufficient.
9. On occurrence of fire, a notice of fire should be given to
the insurer so that the insurer may take prompt steps forth with to
safeguard his interests, in dealing with salvage and also judge the cause and
nature of fire, and the extent of the loss.
10. It is the duty of the insured to act as a man of ordinary
prudence to take necessary steps to save the property from loss of fire, as in
the absence of any insurance against the property.
8.2.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF FIRE INSURANCE

The industry, trade and commercial articles have
been developing and diversifying at faster rate in India. Along with the
growth of industrial and commercial articles the infrastructural fields like
transport, communication, finance, advertising, stock marketing etc.,
have also been developing continuously so as to cope with the pace of
economic development. The importance of foreign trade also has been very
much for a developing country like India. All these developments in various
fields brought in much risks and uncertainties in business activities.
Insurance is the only fields that provide security, against business risks.
The role of the fire insurance has been increasing day-by-day as a means
against destruction or damage of business property caused by fire.
The significance of fire insurance can be discussed under the
following points:
(1) As a source for minimizing losses: Fire can destroy property
in goods and fixed assets of crores of rupees or can create damages to the
business property. Fire Insurance indemnifies losses or damages due to fire
and resources the mental worries of businessmen.
(2) Decreases in probabilities of fire losses: The increasing uses of
energy like petrol, electricity, gas and other such items have increased
the probability of losses or damages to goods and property. In order to
minimize this calamity, various type of fire extinguishing devices has
been discovered
throughout the world. Moreover, the fire insurance is another device to
indemnity the losses thus removes mental worries by extending financial
support.
(3) Increase in production of fire proof materials: Fire Insurance
cannot prevent occurrence of fire, but can reduce the losses. Today various
devices are produced in the country like fire extinguisher. Fire brigades
are set up by the government and local bodies in every city and town to
extinguish fire to prevent loss of property.
(4) Decrease in social loss of fire: Social awareness has been created in
the country to put out fire and to reduce the effect of fire. The social
organizations provide training to the people in the use of the fire
extinguishing devices and caution them in the use of such items which
causes or produces fire.
(5) Asset valuation: Assets are valued for obtaining a fire insurance
policy. It requires the insured to be more cautious in protecting his
property or goods.
(6) Loss preventing efforts and advice by the insurer: An insurer not
only indemnifies against fire losses, but also advises the insured to reduce
the incidence of fire. Fire Insurance companies establish, ‘salvage corps’, to
extinguish fire so that the extent of loss can be minimized.
(7) Helpful in business progress: Due to the facilities provide by the
fire insurance companies, the business enterprises undertake large scale
production and invests in business and marketing activities without any
botheration. This leads to continuous progress in industrial and commercial
activities, lead to economic growth.
(8) Beneficial for new industries: The new industrial units usually
face complex problems of production, finance, competition and sales etc. In
such a situation, they cannot afford the losses/damages due to fire. The fire
insurance relieves such entrepreneurs from worries by indemnifying the
loss/damages, if any, from the occurrence fire.
(9) Credit facility: Where the assets are secured by fire insurance, it
becomes easier for such enterprises to get credit from banks and other
financial institutions. This will increase the credit worthiness of the
enterprise.
(10) Distribution of risks: Fire insurance is an effective device to
distribute the risks in a group, enabling the individual or the institution to
maintain its efficiency.
8.2.4. IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF FIRE
INSURANCE:-
(1)INSURABLE INTEREST:
In the case of fire insurance, the insured must have insurable interest
in the subject matter both at the time of affecting the policy and at the time of
loss. In the case of goods, insurable interest arises on account of ownership,
possession and control. Ownership may be absolute or limited. It may be legal
or equitable. In the case of immovable property such as insurance of
buildings may be affected by any one interested in them. The owner can
always insure. The principle of insurable interest requires that the insured
must have an actual interest in the subject matter of insurance. The insured
must be “so situated with regard to the things insured that he would have
been benefited by its existence, loss from its destruction.” (In Lucena V/s
Crawfored, 1806). Any person may be said to have an interest in the subject
matter of insurance that may be injured by the risks to which the subject
matter is exposed.
(2) UTMOST GOOD FAITH:
A contract of insurance is a contract based on utmost
good faith and if the utmost good faith is not observed by either party, the
contract may be avoided by the other. Since insurance transfers risks from
one party to another, it is essential that there must be the utmost good faith
and frankness between the insured and the insurer. The whole truth must be
disclosed about the subject matter of insurance and all circumstances
surrounding it, in order that underwriters may know the extent of his risk and
170
how much he must charge for the insurance. The willful or innocent
withholding of any relevant information is a most serious matter, and the
insurer can declare the contract void on discovering the truth. This
171
obligation to make full and true disclosure applies to all type of insurance
such as life insurance, marine, fire etc. In the case of fire insurance the
insured should act in good faith in all the matters such as presenting the
claim for payment and similarly act as a man or ordinary prudence when
there is a fire by taking necessary steps to put out the fire so that the extent
of loss could be minimized.
(3) PRINCIPLE OF INDEMNITY:-
A contract of fire insurance is a contract of indemnity.
This means that the assured in the case of loss against which the policy has
been made shall be fully indemnified but subject to a limit of the policy.
The insurer undertakes to indemnify the insured the actual loses by the
happening of the event upon which the insurer's liability is to arise, and in no
case is the insured entitled to make a profit of his loss.
In addition to the liability of actual loss, the insurer
also undertakes to bear the consequential loss, for the loss of profits which
the insured sustains through interruption or cessation of his business as a
result of fire.
8.1.5 SCOPE OF FIRE INSURANCE:-
The scope of fire insurance is much wider. This can
be understood from Section 2 of Indian Insurance Act, 1938. According
to this provision, the scope of fire insurance involves the following types
of risks.
1.The risks directly involved by fire.
2. The risks indirectly involved (that have been traditionally
included within the fire insurance policy).
For the convenience of study, the scope of fire insurance can
be classified on the following basis:
i. Ordinary Scope
ii. Special Scope, and
iii. Comprehensive Scope
8.3. Procedure of Effecting Fire Insurance:
The steps to be followed in connection with affecting
fire insurance are as under:
1. Selection of insurer: The selection of the insurance
company is the first step. The insured is required to select a suitable company
for this purpose amongst a large number of companies engaged in this business.
After the nationalization of general insurance business in India, the first
insurance business is undertaken by four subsidiary companies of the
General Insurance Corporation (GIC) of India, viz.: (1) The National Insurance
Co. Ltd., Kolkata; (2) New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (3) Oriental Fire and
General Insurance Co. Ltd. (4) United India Fire and General Insurance Co. Ltd.
Chennai. These companies have branches all over India.
The proposer can select any of these companies according to
his convenience, rationality, goodwill of the company, its financial soundness,
premium rates, policies and services provided etc.
2.Presentation of proposal in the prescribed form:
After the selection of the insurance company a proposal form is obtained and
furnished with the insurer or his agent. The particulars about the name,
address, occupation of the proposer, value and nature of the subject matter of
insurance, type of policy required, amount of sum insured etc. are to be
furnished with care and utmost good-faith. All the facts about the subject
matter should be clearly disclosed.
3.Evidence of goodwill: The proposer is required to
furnish a certificate as evidence of his good will along with the proposal. The
format of this certificate is given with proposal form itself. Usually, the
insurance agent certifies that he knows the proposer for a period time and
his reputation is good in the society. In case the proposer is not known
personally to the agent or of doubtful integrity, the proposer will be asked to
furnish such evidence from any reputed person in the society.
4.Recommendations by Agent: The agent also gives
his recommendations in the proposal form at the place provided for this
purpose. The
insurer takes the decision to accept a proposal keeping in view of the
recommendations given by the agent.
5.Survey of the subject matter: When a proposal for
fire insurance is received in the office of the company, it makes a thorough
study of the proposal and if necessary, a survey of the subject matter of insurance
is conducted. Such a survey is conducted by expert surveyors, who will go into
enquire about the conditions of the subject matter, surrounding situations of
the subject matter, risks involved etc. The surveyors also verify the accuracy
of the details furnished in the proposal.
6. Report by Surveyors: After the survey, the surveyors
present a report to the insurance company. This report will state the physical
and moral hazards involved in the proposal. This report serves as an
important base for determining premium.
7.Acceptance of proposal: After determination of premium
on the basis of risk involved, the proposal is accepted and intimation is sent to
the proposer asking him to pay the premium within a specified period of time.
If the surveyors present an adverse report, the proposal is rejected and a
regret letter is sent to proposer.
8. Depositing of premium money: A lawful contract
between the insured and the insurer is entered into, when the premium
money is deposited by the insured. The risk commences as soon as the
premium is remitted.
9.Issue of Cover Note: As soon as the premium money
is deposited, the insurer issues a cover note (a provisional policy) indicating
there is that the insured has deposited the premium and the insurer has
accepted the proposal. On issue of absolute policy the legality of the cover
note ends. A cover note can also be insured pending the process of survey of the
subject matter and the premium has not been determined.
10. Issue of Insurance Policy: When all the
requirements under the risks have been complied with, the insurer issues the
policy duly stamped
and containing all terms and conditions. These terms and conditions define
the mutual rights and liabilities between the insurer and the insured.
8.4. Hazards in Fire Insurance:
Hazards in fire insurance means the whole causes and circumstances that
create loss or increase the quantum of losses. Certain hazards create loss by fire
or certain hazards increase chances of taking place of fire. The hazards in fire
insurance can be grouped into:
I. Physical Hazards, and
II. Moral Hazards
I. Physical Hazards: Physical hazards are concerned with
material features or arises from the subject matter of fire insurance can be
building, shops, factory, go downs or any houses or any materials etc. Every
one of these can be insured. From the proposal form itself, physical hazards
can be estimated. For this purpose, the following aspects of the subject
matter are to be considered.
1.Construction of building: knowledge about the structure
of the building is to be estimated first. The materials used for construction of
walls of the building its terrace, floors, doors etc. are to be considered for this
purpose. In addition to this the age of the building / house, its height, number
of floors in the building quality and use of woods in the building, etc. are also
to be verified. From each of these factors, the physical hazards can be
estimated.
2. Use of the building or premises: The fire insurance
hazards also influence the building or its premises for what purposes the
building is used. The building or its premises can be used for housing, shop,
godown, office, hotel, school, hospital etc. The nature of materials kept in
the building or the purpose for which the building is used, may increase or
decrease the chances of fire insurance hazards. For example, the building or
premises which are used for keeping explosive items, or inflammable
materials, etc. increase the hazards.
3. Location of the building or premises: The location
of the building or the premises influences the occurrence of fire insurance
hazards.
The use of the house may not increase the hazards, but the location of the
building can increases the chance of fire hazards. For example, explosives
shop near to a cloth shop. There is very rare chance of fire from the cloth
shop. but its nearness to an explosive shop increases the chances of
fire.
4.Electrification: The method of electrification or its
nature can increase or decrease the fire insurance hazards.
5.Interior Decoration: At the present time of modern
style of living, interior, decoration of the house/ building is a usual matter. The
interior decoration is done with the materials like wood, cloth, paper, and
paper board, synthetic insulating materials etc. All these materials increase
the chances or fire hazards.
II . Moral Hazards.
Moral hazards are the outcome of nature, behaviour and
attitude of people. Carelessness, dishonesty, negligence, insanity, lock of
proper education, social and economic structure of the society etc. are the causes
of moral hazards. The various causes of moral hazards are:
1. Dishonesty: With evil intention, the insured
property sets on fire. This is done to claim higher amount for less costing
property. In many occasions such people make efforts in charging claim
for higher amount.
2. Negligence: In many occasions, due to negligence
of the insured or his employees; the fire takes place in the building or the
goods. By hiding the truth, the claim is received from the insurer.
3. Un-cordial Industrial Relations: In many occasions,
due to un-cordial relations between the employer and employees, the insured
property is set on fire. The insured then claims the loss from the insurer.
4. Mean Mentality: Sometimes the insured keeps
mean mentality towards the insurer, and in order to exploit the reputation of
the insurer claims are made for such losses also.
5. Civil Disturbances: Sometimes certain bad
elements in the society put fire on the insured property. The insured becomes
successful in getting compensation/ claim for the insurer.
6. Non- taste for reducing risks: It is the duty of
the insured to take necessary steps to reduce the effects of fire, when a fire is
broken in the premises/ building. But many insured's never take any suitable
step to reduce the risk.
These types of risks are categorized as moral hazards in
fire
insurance.
8.5. Perils insured against and proximate cause:
Always it is essential in a fire policy that fire must be
the proximate cause of the loss. A shop was insured against loss from any
cause whatsoever except fire. A fire broke out on the adjoining premises and
spread to the rear of the plaintiff's shop but no further. While the plaintiff
was shifting his stock to safety, a mob attracted by the fire, tore down the
shop shutters and broke the windows for the purpose of plunder. It was held
that the proximate cause of the damage was not fire, but the lawless act of
the mob so that the claim was rejected only on that ground. (Marsden v.
City and County Assurance, 1865).
It is true that Fire means actual ignition and not
merely generation of heat. Certain property was insured against fire. A
quantity of gunpowder belonging to a person at some distance from the
plaintiff's property exploded, the shock of which shattered the windows and
damaged the plaintiff's property. It was held that as the proximate cause of
the damage was a concussion of air, and not fire, the plaintiff could not
recover. In an English Case, Everet v. London Assurance, (1965) BYLES
J. said.
"The expression in the policy which we have to construe
is, ' loss or damage occasioned by fire'. Those words are to be construed as
ordinary people would construe them. They mean loss or damage either by
ignition of the article consumed, or by ignition of part of the premises where
the article is in the one case there is a loss, in the other damage, occasioned
by fire. Lord Bacon say: '
It were infinite for the law to judge the causes of causes, and their impulsions
one of another, therefore it contented itself with the immediate cause, and
judged of acts by that, without looking to any further degree.' If that were not
so, a ship in the neighborhood of Mount Etna or Vesuvius during an
eruption, and receiving damage from substances projected there from, might be
said to be damaged by fire. So, a falling amongst crockery ware might in one
sense be said to occasion a loss by fire. But neither of these cases would fall
within these words, which must be understood in their plain and ordinary
sense"
In an English Case Austin v. Drew, (1816) ,Where a
servant, due to his negligence, failed to open the cover of an oven,
concentrated smoke and heat escaped damaging some sugar which was
being refined; this was held to be not a loss due to fire. The court said that
there was no more fire than always existed when the manufacturing was
going on. Nothing was consumed by fire. The loss was due to the negligent
management of the machinery. The sugar was chiefly damaged by the heat;
and what produced that heat, not any fire, but the fire, but the fire for heating
the pans which was usual. The servant forgot to open the register by which
the smoke ought to have escaped, and the heat to have been tempered.
Gibbs CJ , observed :
"If there is a fire, it is no answer that it was occasioned
by the negligence or misconduct of servants; but in this case there was no
fire except in the stove and the flue, as there ought to have been, and the loss
was occasioned by the confinement of heat. Had the fire been brought out of
the flue, and anything had been burnt, the company would have been liable.
But can this be said, where the fire never was at all excessive, and was
always confined within its proper limits? This is not a fire within the
meaning of the policy, nor a loss for which the company undertake. They
might as well be sued for the damage done to drawing – room furniture by
a smoky chimney"
Any loss resulting from an apparently necessary and
bona fide effort to put out a fire, whether it be by spoiling the goods
by water, or throwing the articles of furniture out of a window, or even
the destroying of a neighboring house by an explosion for the purpose of
checking the progress of the flames, in a work every loss that clearly and
proximately result, whether directly or
indirectly from the fire, is within the policy. The expenses caused in shifting
the business to some other place after a fire and the loss of profits resulting
from the loss of business is not losses caused by the fire.
In Harris v. Poland, 1941, If there is a fire, it is no answer that is
was occasioned by the negligence or misconduct of the servants or of
the owner himself. Thus, where a women having insured her jewellery
under a comprehensive cover, including fire, hid it in the sitting room grate.
Subsequent to that and completely forgetting the jewellery, she ignited the
fireplace and the jewellery was damaged by the fire. The insurer was not
permitted to escape liability. It was a loss by fire and it mattered not
whether the fire came to the insured property or the insured property
came to the fire.
Excepted perils:
Fire policies often provide that there would be no liability
for loss caused by gas, explosion, riot, civil commotion or war. Such risks
constitute the excepted perils. Sometimes an explosion leads to a fire or
a fire to an explosion. The court has to determine whether the loss was due
to fire of due to an excepted peril. In a policy of fire which excepted "explosion
by gas", KELLY CB said in Stanley v. Western Insurance Co., (1968):
In my opinion we must construe the words used in the
policy according to their usual and popular signification, not to their strictly
philosophical and scientific meaning. The policy goes on to say: "Neither will
the company be responsible for loss nor damage by explosion, except for
such loss of damage as shall arise from explosion by gas". The parties, when
they used the expression "explosion by gas", must have contemplated an
explosion arising from a cause that is now frequently a cause of accidents-
namely the ignition of gas used for illuminating purposes. It is quite clear
that this was not an explosion by gas of that character. It appears that in the
process of the plaintiffs manufacture a highly – inflammable product was
generated, which, on coming into contact with the atmosphere ignited. The
question is whether that product was gas within the meaning of this policy,
and I think it was not, It may be ' gas", using the term in its strict
philosophical and scientific sense; the water of the ocean is composed of
gases in the strict sense of the word; but this is not what is meant in
popular parlance by the word "gas".
In a policy of insurance against fire there was a provision
that the insurer shall not be liable in case the house was burnt by reason
of any invasion, foreign enemies, or any military or usurped power. A mob
protesting against high prices damaged the house and later in another mob
waive the house was burnt. The insurer was held liable, for the activities of a
lawless mob were not covered by the above stated exception and the house
was lost by fire. "What is the true idea," said WILMOT CJ, Conveyed to the
mind by the words "usurped power"? The rule to find it out, is to consider
the words of the context, and to attend to the popular use of the words.
My idea of the words burnt by usurped power, from the content, is, that
they mean burnt, or set on fire by occasion of an invasion from abroad, or of
an internal rebellion, when armies are employed to support it.
The words "military power" in a fire policy has been held
to include damage caused by a foreign military power. In this case a bomb
from an enemy Zeppelin during an air raid damaged a building which was
insured under a fire policy excluding damage from "insurrection, riots, civil
commotion or military or usurped power". It was held that "military power"
included foreign military power, and that therefore the insurer was not
liable under the policy.
Where the insurance company took possession of the
premises in order to minimize the damage by salvaging operation but instead
aggravated it by allowing water to remain on the premises for a longer time
than was necessary for putting out the fire, the company was held liable
for the increased damage.
Procedure and burden of proof:
It is the responsibility and duty of the insured to show
that loss was caused by fire. This makes out a prima facie case on his part.
The insurer may then show in defense that the fire was caused by the insured
himself or that it was due to his connivance. This principle was applied in a
case in which a yacht was totally destroyed by fire. The court did not accept
the plea of the insurer that it
was for the incurred to disprove that the fire was not caused with his consent
or connivance. SALOMON LJ stated the principle in Slattery v. Mance ,(
1962) :
" The Point which I have to decide depends on whether
the principles enunciated in the cases to which I have referred put the onus
on the plaintiff, where the claim under the policy is for 'loss by fire', to
exclude a fire caused by his own act. The point as far as I know has never
been decided, and counsels have been unable in their researches to find any
case bearing directly on this point. In my judgment, the onus of proof in cases
such as the one before me is different from the onus of proof in the 'perils
of the sea' cases. The risk of fire insured against is quite obviously not
confined to an accidental fire. If the ship had been set alight by some
mischievous person without the plaintiff's connivance, there could be no doubt
that the plaintiff would be instilled to recover. Of course the plaintiff cannot
recover if he was the person who fired the ship r was a party to the ship
being fire.”
8.6. Importance of Interpretation of "reasonable care"

Provisions in insurance policy:
Provisions as to the duty of the insured to take reasonable care of the thing
insured came into policies because no underwriter wished that his policy
should become a license for laxity. The questions arose as to what
meaning is to be given to the words "reasonable care". If they are taken to
mean simple negligence, the very purpose of taking out an insurance policy
would be defeated. A situation of theft without negligence would require the
state of robbery. The courts have been of the view that simple negligence
should not be taken as ousting the insurer's liability. There must at least be
a state of recklessness.
According to R.Birds : INSURANCE (1998) explained
"Benevolent judicial construction avoided that consequence, by reading the
provisions not to deny liability where the insured has been only ordinarily
negligent, but only if there has been proven disregard of ordinary standards, a
180
measure of recklessness" .
181
In Fraser v. B.N. Furman (Productions) Ltd. (1967) , DIPLOCK
LJ stated the requirement for the insurer to repudiate liability to be
shown affirmatively that the failure to take precautions was done recklessly, "
that is to say with actual recognition of the danger.....and not carting whether
or not that danger was averted". In W.J. Lane v. Spratt (1970) the court held
the insurer liable by restricting the due care obligation to steps relating to the
physical safeguarding of the goods, not the taking of precautions in employing
the participant driver, who absconded with his first load. The case did not thus
involve consideration of the level of care and the policy; covered
commercial risks.
Also discussed in Devco Holder Ltd. v Legal and General
Assurance Society Ltd. (1993) the driver of the insured care left it, with keys in
the ignition and unlocked, in a car park at a station while he went to his office
across the road. He was somewhat delayed and the car was stolen. The
natural defense raised by the insurer was that leaving the keys in the ignition
and the car unlocked was deliberate. In the chosen passages from the
judgment of DIPLOCK LJ had laid considerable stress on not so construing
the condition so as to frustrate of largely emasculate the commercial
purpose of the policy, which in the context of the earlier case meant "it is
not enough the employer's omission .... should be negligent, it must be at
least reckless.. .. .." The thrust of the appellant's case was that the reckless
test was misapplied by the trial judge in the present case but that defense
was rejected. They said that the driver had been "deliberately courting a
danger" SLADE LJ said:
"If the keys had been left in the ignition merely by
inadvertence the position would have been quite different on the facts, and
might well have been different on the law…even on the assumption that the
test applied in Fraser was the right test to apply....the learned judge.....
reached the right conclusion" .The insured lost the case .
In particular the judge cited the citation by LLOYD LJ in
that case of the dictum of DIPLOCK LJ in Fraser v Furman (1967):
"Reasonable' does not mean reasonable as between the
employer and the employee. It means reasonable as between the insured
and the
insurer having regard to the commercial purpose of the contract, which is inter
alias to indemnify the insured against liability for his (the insured's)
personal negligence."
It is not enough that the employer's omission ....Should
be negligent; it must be at least reckless". The judge in this case did not
find the brother reckless, so e allowed the insured's claim. The Bureau
rejected a case in which a hand bag containing a ring valued at £ 2950
was left in full view on the passenger sent in a locked car. The owner was
away for half an hour. The bag with the ring was stolen. In a review petition,
the following passage of DIPLOCK LJ was relied upon as reiterated in the
Soft case:
"The legal position is that the insured...must 'court' a
danger the existence of which he recognizes. He courts danger by taking
measure which he knows are inadequate to avert it of indeed no measures at
all. Recognition of the dangers is subjective as is knowledge of the adequacy
(or lack) as the steps taken so avert the risk"
8.7. FIRE WHETHER MANIPULATED and its Effect:

The repudiation of claim by the Insurance Companies on
the ground that either the complainant himself manipulated the fire or
someone else manipulated the same on his behalf, or that someone in
retaliation put the property of the complainant on fire. In essence, the plea of
the Insurance companies in such cases in that the fire was not accidental.
Sometimes finding the contention correct, such pleas are accepted but at times
these are not accepted on the ground that such pleas were taken just to make
out a ground for repudiation of the claim. The following judicial decisions
of different commissions will clear the picture.
Fire by neighbour in retaliation: In Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. v.
Annamma K. Abraham, (1995) 3 CPR 226 Kerala State Commission ,
the complainant had insured his printing press, accessories, stock-in process,
including stock of papers and types for a total sum of Rs. 2,40,000 with the
opposite parties. It was alleged by the complainant that on 17-12-1991 the
neighboring tenant of the same building came along with few rowdies and
destroyed the separating wall of the rented rooms and entered into the press
room and caused serious damage to the
press against the neighbor. The Incident was also reported to the first
opposite party who deputed a surveyor for assessing the damage. The matter was
not settled and, therefore, a complaint was made to the third opposite party on
06-04-1992 on which the second opposite party appointed another surveyor
to assess the loss. However, after receiving the report of the surveyor, the
second opposite party informed that since a criminal case was pending
against the alleged erring tenant, the matter shall be taken up after finalization
of the said case. The second opposite party also informed through a letter
that the claim was repudiated on the ground that the accident occurred
during the course of action by the complainant's neighboring shop owner
in retaliation of altering and constructing a common wall of the shop. Thus, a
complaint was filed claiming Rs. 55,000 along with compensation for
mental agony, etc.
The contention of the opposite party was that a surveyor
was immediately appointed who reported that a trespass was committed
by a neighboring tenant along with his henchmen with whom the complainant
had some dispute regarding a common wall. The police had registered two
cases regarding the incident and those cases were pending in the competent
court. The Insurance Company also deputed another surveyor and both the
surveyors reported that the complainant had demolished the partitions wall of
adjacent shop and the later in reappraisal encroached upon the premises of the
complainant's printing press. The reports also revealed that both parties
unlawfully removed the goods and, therefore, the opposite party
repudiated the claim of the complainant.
The District Forum found that the loss sustained by
the complainant was covered by the policy and, therefore, allowed the
complainant. Feeling aggrieved by the said order, the Insurance Company
preferred an appeal where it was contended that the claim was repudiated
under Exclusion Clause (d) of para 15 of the policy. This exclusion clause
says that loss or damage occasioned by permanent or temporary
dispossession of any building or plant or unit or machinery resulting from
the unlawful occupation by any person of such building or plant or unit or
machinery in prevention of access to the same. The view of the Commission
was that the case of the complainant did-not-fall under the aforesaid into the
premises of adjoining tenant and it was in retaliation that that neighboring
tenant committed the damage. In view of the Commission, a mere entering
into the
premises of the complainant and causing loss and damage couldn't be
brought under the aforesaid clause (d) because under the said clause it was
necessary that loss or damage should occasion by permanent or temporary
dispossession of any building or point or unit or machinery resulting from the
unlawful occupation by any person of such building or plaint or unit or
machinery in prevention of access to the same, which was not present in the
case. It was further argued that pendency of the criminal proceeding between
the complainant and his neighbors also cannot be considered a valid ground
to repudiate the claim under any exclusion clause of the policy. Thus, the
appeal of the Insurance Company was dismissed.
8.8. Burden on insurer to prove fire was intentional:

Once the insured had shown that the loss was caused by
fire, he had made out a prima facie case and the onus shifts on the insurer to
show on a balance of probability that the fire was connived by the assured, it
is decided in the case Murari Woolen Mills Ltd. v. United India Insurance
Co. Ltd. (2005) 3 CPJ 118 National Commission.
In Slattery V. Mance ,(1962) 1 all ER 525 , also a
similar observation was made. It was observed that once the insured had
shown that the loss was caused by fire, he had made out a prima facie case
and the onus shifted on the insurer to show on a balance of probability that
the fire caused was connived at by the assured. This authority was followed
by the National Commission in Murari Woollen Mills Ltd. v United India
Insurance Co. Ltd.(2006) 3 CPJ 118 National Commission, where also the
contention of the Insurance Company was that the fire was manipulated. The
complainant had prima facie proved his case and, therefore, the burden was
shifted on the insurer to prove that it was manipulated fire, and in that
attempt the insurer failed.
8.9. FIRE IN MILITANCY OPERATION:

In Ashok Kumar Baroo v. National Insurance Co. Ltd.
, (1998) 1 CPR 613 J&K State Commission, where the complainant had
insured his household goods for Rs. 45,000 which covered the loss by fire
and malicious damage including terrorist action. Due to militancy he had to
migrate from the valley. On 15-9-1991 while the Insurance policy was in
force, his house was
ransacked and the militants took household goods. On visiting his house he
found the locks and doors open and the house was damaged and nothing
was left in the house. The damage was also done to sanitary ware and water
taps. The mater was reported to the police and an FIR was registered under
Sections 457 and 390, IPC which was subsequently added by section 3 of the
terrorist Act as evident by the letter of the S.P. However, the case was
closed as not traceable.
It transpires that a claim was preferred to the
Insurance Company where the defense was that the terms and conditions of
the policy were not valid for theft and burglary. A report was sought from a
private investigating agency which reported that the FIR disclosed a case in
respect of house breaking and theft which did not fall in the category of
offences under TADA. Thus the file was closed as 'no claim'.
It seems that one Sri Jaswant Singh, a retired DIG, had
given some report and was examined to prove the said report as the
repudiation of the claim made by the Insurance Company was based on that
report. After going through this report and hearing the submission or the
parties, the Commission observed:
"....the testimony tendered by Sri Jaswant Singh was in
the nature of an opinion... It is very sad that the Insurance Company is
laboring under the impression that opinions are binding on us also. What is
required is that in the first place the Insurance Company should have
independently applied its mind to the case which in fact has not been done. If
the legal opinion was required then the proper course was to seek opinion
from some highly placed and recognized legal luminary. It is a common
knowledge that for their own purpose the insurance Companies are
approaching some private agencies who are tendering opinion against
payment of fees. Such opinions are always suspecting in the eyes of law
because they are tendered by the people who are neither experts in the field
nor they are tendering such opinion gratis. In any case it has no value
excepting that of an opinion authority can close its eyes to the facts of
the case."
The ransacking of the house, looting of the property and
the extent of damage caused were not disputed by the insurance Company.
What was disputed was that it had no liability. On this point the
Commission observed:
"..........the FIR clearly goes to show that the damage has
taken place during the period when the insurgency in the Valley was on its
peak. The complainant had migrated from the place. In the state of this gun
culture where everybody was fleeing for safety anything was possible at any
moment of day or night. The facts show that it is not a case of normal theft or
burglary which usually takes place when the people are fast asleep in their
houses and the thieves make their entry either by breaking open the house or
somehow succeed in removing the goods from somebody's possession. In a
situation like this as a matter or fact there is no need for criminals to do things
of this nature in the stealth of darkness. The gun yielding people have been
doing it open in the broad day light and there is no question of offering any
resistance to it. The facts mentioned in the application which was made by the
complainant to the police clearly shows that its was not a case of normal
theft or burglary but is a case of forcible removal of goods of the house
and also causing damage to the house including sanitary ware, etc. Thieves or
burglars have no time for all these things. They just make entry into house
and steal the goods before anybody wakes up in the house. In this state of
things it is unfair to argue that the goods were left behind uncared.... It
was in these circumstances that the case was not treated as of the rank of
Superintendent of police found it to be a case covered by the provisions of
TADA. Mr. Jaswant Singh who has tendered the opinion seems to have taken
a simplest view of the matter without taking into consideration all these facts.
Devoid of these facts nobody can take such a view. It is for this reason that
we have rightly in the beginning said that this opinion a part from being the
opinion of an individual cannot be given too importance as a piece of
evidence. Since the rejection of the claim is also based on the report of Shri
Jaswant Singh we find it absolutely unsustainable."
Thus, the Commission allowed the claim of the
complainant along with awarding Rs. 10,000 as compensation for loss
and injury.
8.10. FIRE DURING RIOT:
An appeal against the order of the Andhra Pradesh State Commission came
up before the National Commission in a case P. Venkateshwara Rao v. New
India Assurance Co. Ltd. , (1998) 3 CPR 24, where the insured lorry or the
complainant was diverted by some persons who were agitating the
exploitation of tribal people and then set it on fire. The claim was repudiated
by the Insurance company on the ground that under the policy conditions
any loss or damage caused by war, invasion, the act of foreign enemies,
hostilities or war like operation (whether war be declared or not), civil war,
mutiny assuming the proportion of or amounting to popular rising, military
rising, rebellion, revolution, insurance, military usurped power or any act of
any person acting on behalf of or in connection with any organization
with activities directed towards the overthrow by force of the Government
de jury of de facto or to the influence of it by terrorists or violence or by the
direct or indirect consequences of the said occurrences is not payable. The
state commission accepted this contention of the Insurance Company.
Feeling aggrieved by the said order the complainant came up before the
National Commission is appeal.
The National Commission quoted the clause relating to riot and strike
and observed: "It is clear from the reading of the conditions of
this policy that the act of any person taking part together with others in any
disturbance of the public peace (whether in connection with a strike or lock-
out or not) or the action of any lawfully constituted authority suppressing or
attempting to suppress any such disturbance or in minimizing the consequences
of such disturbance in not covered by the word 'riot and strike'. However,
one of the exceptions in this condition, namely, exception (b) referring to
mutiny, assuming the proportion of or amounting to popular rising, military
rising, rebellion, revaluation, insurrection, military or usurped power or any
act of any person acting on behalf of or in connection with any organization
with activities directed towards the overthrow by force of the Government de
jury or de facto or to the influence of it by terrorism or violence or by the direct
or indirect consequences of the said occurrences, provides an exclusion from the
riot and strike clause and the consequent risk there from. From the order of
the State Commission we find that while lodging the FIR with the police, the
loss caused to the truck was attributed to Naxalite activity, whereas the fact
is that five persons claiming themselves as Girjan member of
Dandkaranya Girijanna Ryotu Cooli Sangram of Visakha Zilla branch, had set
fire to the lorry... We are of the opinion that the agitation by the cooli Sangram
cannot be described as mutiny or a popular rising assuming the proportion of
rebellion etc. as mentioned in clause (b) of exceptions under 'I.M.T.21: Riot
and Strike in the policy document'. In our view it is covered by Condition
1, viz., 'the act of any person taking part together with others in any
disturbance of the public peace (Whether in connection with a strike or
lock-out or not) or the action of any lawfully constituted Authority in
suppressing or attempting to suppress any such disturbance or in
minimizing the consequence of such disturbance'."
Thus, the National Commission was of the opinion that
the stand taken by the Insurance Company that the policy did not cover the
risk of riot, strike and fire was not consistent with the policy conditions,.
Therefore, the appeal was allowed and the claim of Rs. 2, 40,000 as
assessed by the surveyor was awarded.
8.11. Summary:
There is no separate legislation to deal ire Insurance like marine and life
insurance. The growth of the fire insurance is tremendous and the law has
taken shape on the basis of legal pronouncements. The specific incidences
and on the basis of involvement of the risk the insurance companies
entering into a fire contract of insurance. All the principles of indemnity
are applicable on the fire insurance.
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Company, Nagpur
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow

A.Which of the following statement are true or false:
1.The word ‘fire’ has not been defined in the Insurance Act,
1938
2.It is true that fire means actual ignition not merely generation
of
heat.
3. Always it is essential in a fire policy that fire must be the
proximate cause of the loss.
4. ‘Reasonable care’ is not an important element of the fire
insurance policy.
5.‘Accidental fire’ is covered only under the Fire Insurance
Policy.
B. ill in the Blanks:
1.The history of fire insurance began in …………………….
2. Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. v. Annamma K Abraham is
related to fire by ……………………………..
3.....................................................................‘Fire
insurance business’ is defined under................................of the
4...........................Burden on to prove that fire was
intentional.
5. Ashok Kumar Baroo case is related to fire in
…………………………….
8.14. Answers to check your progress:
A.1. True
2. True
3.True
4.False
5.True
B. 1. XIV Century
2.Neighbor is retaliation
3. Section 2(6-A)
4.Insurer
5. Militancy Operation

1.What is the meaning of fire insurance?
2.What are the important characteristics of the fire insurance?
3.What is the significance of the fire insurance?
4.What are the important principles of the fire insurance?
190
5.Write a note on ‘fire during military operations and riot’.
191
Unit-9
Motor Insurance
Objectives:
 To understand the importance of Motor Insurance
 To understand the importance of Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 and its
related provisions
 To understand the application of important provisions of Motor Vehicle Act,
1988
Structure:
9.1. Liability without fault in certain cases
9.2. Provisions as to other right to claim compensation for death or
permanent disablement
9.3. Permanent disablement
9.4. Definitions
9.5. Necessary for insurance against third party
9.6. Requirement of policies and limits of liability
9.7. Rights of third parties against insurers on insolvency of the
insured
9.8. Settlement between insurers and insured persons
9.9. Transfer of Certificate of insurance
9.10. Scheme for payment of compensation in case of hit and run case
9.11. Summary
9.1 LIABILITY WITHOUT FAULT IN CERTAIN
CASES:
There is Liability to pay compensation in certain cases on the principle of no
fault- Section 140: (1) Where death or permanent disablement of any person has
resulted from an accident arising out of the use of a motor vehicle or motor
vehicles, the owner of the vehicle shall, or, as the case may be, the owners of
the vehicles shall,
jointly and severally, be liable to pay compensation in respect of such death
or disablement in accordance with the provisions of this section.
(2) The amount of compensation which shall be payable under sub-
section (1) in respect of the death of any person shall be a fixed sum of [fifty
thousand rupees] and the amount of compensation payable under that sub-
section in respect of the permanent disablement of any person shall be a
fixed sum of twenty-five thousand rupees].
(3) In any claim for compensation under sub-section (1), the claimant
shall not be required to plead and establish that the death or permanent
disablement in respect of which the claim has been made was due to any
wrongful act, neglect or default of the owner or owners of the vehicle or
vehicles concerned or of any other person.
(4) A claim for compensation under sub-section (1)
shall not be defeated by reason of any wrongful act, neglect or default of the
person in respect of whose death or permanent disablement the claim has
been made nor shall the quantum of compensation recoverable in respect
of such death or permanent disablement be reduced on the basis of the share
of such person in the responsibility for such death or permanent
disablement.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) regarding death or
bodily injury to any person, for which the owner of the vehicle is liable to
give compensation for relief, he is also liable to pay compensation under any
other law for the time being in
force: Provided that the amount of such compensation to be given
under any other law shall be reduced from the amount of compensation
payable under this section or under Section 163A.
9.2. Provisions as to other right to claim compensation

for death or permanent disablement:
Section 141: Provisions as to other right to claim compensation for

death or permanent disablement.- (1) The right to claim compensation under
Section 140 in respect of death or permanent disablement of any person shall
be in addition to [any other right, except the right to claim under the scheme
referred to in Section 163A (such other right hereafter] in this section
referred to as the right on the
principle of fault) to claim compensation in respect thereof under any
other provision of this Act or of any other law for the time being in
force].
(2) A claim for compensation under Section 140 in respect of death or
permanent disablement of any person shall be disposed of as expeditiously
as possible and where compensation is claimed in respect of such death or
permanent disablement under Section 140 and also in pursuance of any right
on the principle of fault, the claim for compensation under Section 140 shall
be disposed of as aforesaid in the first place.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-
section (1), where in respect of the death or permanent disablement of any
person, the person liable to pay compensation under Section 140 is also
liable to pay compensation in accordance with the right on the principle of
fault, the person so liable shall pay the first- mentioned
compensation and—
(a) if the amount of the first-mentioned compensation is less than the
amount of the second-mentioned compensation, he shall be liable to pay (in
addition to the first- mentioned compensation) only so much of the second-
mentioned compensation as is equal to the amount by which it exceeds the first
mentioned compensation;
(b) if the amount

of the first-mentioned compensation is equal to or more than the amount of
the second-mentioned compensation, he shall not be liable to pay the second-
mentioned compensation.
9.3. Permanent Disablement:
142. Permanent disablement.- For the purposes of this Chapter,

permanent disablement of a person shall be deemed to have resulted from an
accident of the nature referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 140 if such
person has suffered by reason of the accident, any injury or injuries
involving:—
(a) permanent privation of the sight of either eye or the hearing of
either ear, or privation of any member or joint; or
(b) destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any
member or joint;
or
(c) permanent disfiguration of the head or face.

143. Applicability of Chapter to certain claims under Act 8 of
1923.- The provisions of this Chapter shall also apply in relation to
any claim for compensation in respect of death or permanent disablement of
any person under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 resulting from an
accident of the nature referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 140 and for
this purpose, the said provisions shall, with necessary modifications, be
deemed to form part of that Act.
144 Overriding effect: The provisions of this Chapter shall have effect
notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act or of any
other law for the time being in force.
9.4. Definitions:
Section 145 of the Motor Insurance Act,
1987, Definitions:-
(a) “authorised insurer” means an insurer for the time being carrying on
general
insurance business in India under the General Insurance Business
(Nationalization) Act, 1972, and any Government insurance fund authorised to do
general insurance business under that Act;
(b) “certificate of insurance” means a certificate issued by an authorised

insurer in pursuance of sub-section (3) of Section 147 and includes a cover
note complying with such requirements as may be prescribed, and where more
than one certificate has been issued in connection with a policy, or where a
copy of certificate has been issued, all those certificates or that copy, as
the case may be;
(c) “liability”, wherever used in relation to the death of or bodily injury
to any
person, includes liability in respect thereof under Section 140;
(d) “policy of insurance” includes “certificate of insurance”;
(e) “property” includes goods carried in the motor vehicle, roads,
bridges, culverts, causeways, trees, posts and mile-stones;
(f) “reciprocating country” means any such country as may on the
basis of
reciprocity be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette to
be a reciprocating country for the purposes of this Chapter;
(g) “third party” includes the Government.
9.5. Necessity for insurance against third party:

_
146. Necessity for insurance against third party risk.- (1) No person shall
use, except as a passenger, or cause or allow any other person to use, a
motor vehicle in a public, unless there is in force in relation to the use of the
vehicle by that person or that other person, as the case may be, a policy of
insurance complying with the requirements of this Chapter:
Provided that in the case of a vehicle carrying, or meant to carry,

dangerous or hazardous goods, there shall also be a policy of insurance
under the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (6 of 1991).
Explanation.- A person driving a motor vehicle merely as a paid employee,

while there is in force in relation to the use of the vehicle no such policy as is
required by this sub-section, shall not be deemed to act in contravention of
the sub-section unless he knows or has reason to believe that there is no
such policy in force.
(2) Sub-section (1) shall not apply to any vehicle owned by

the Central Government or a State Government and used for
Government purposes unconnected with any commercial
enterprise.
(3) That appropriate Government may, by order, exempt from the

operation of sub- section (1) any vehicle owned by any of the following
authorities, namely:-
(a) the Central Government or a State Government, if the vehicle

is used for Government purposes connected with any commercial
enterprise;
(b) any local authority;
(c) any State Transport Undertaking:
Provided that no such order shall be made in relation to any such authority
unless a fund has been established and is maintained by that authority in
accordance with the rules made in that behalf under this Act for meeting any
liability arising out of the use of any vehicle of that authority which that
authority or any person in its employment may incur to third parties.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-section, “appropriate

Government” means the Central Government or a State Government, as the
case may be, and-
(i)in relation to any corporation or company owned by the Central

Government or any State Government, means the Central Government or that
State Government;
(ii)in relation to any corporation or company owned by the Central

Government and one or more State Governments, means the Central
Government;
(iii)in relation to any other State Transport Undertaking or any local

authority, means that Government which has control over that
undertaking or authority.
9.6. Requirement of policies and limits of liability:
147. Requirements of policies and limits of liability.- (1) In order to

comply with the requirements of this Chapter, a policy of insurance must be
a policy which-
(a) is issued by a person who is an authorised insurer; or
(b) insurer the person or classes of persons specified in the policy

to the extent specified in sub-section (2)-
(i)against any liability which may be incurred by him in respect of the death
of or bodily injury to any person, including owner of the goods or his
authorised
representative carried in the vehicle] or damage to any property of a third
party caused by or arising out of the use of the vehicle in a public
place;
(ii)against the death of or bodily injury to any passenger of a public

service vehicle caused by or arising out of the use of the vehicle in a
public place:
Provided that a policy shall not be required-
(i)to cover liability in respect of the death, arising out of and in the course of
his employment, of the employee of a person insured by the policy or in
respect of bodily injury sustained by such an employee arising out of and in
the course of his employment other than a liability arising under the
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 (8 of 1923) in respect of the death of, or
bodily injury to, any such employee-
(a) engaged in driving the vehicle, or

(b) if it is a public service vehicle engaged as conductor of the
vehicle or in examining tickets on the vehicle, or
(c) if it is a goods carriage, being carried in the vehicle, or
(ii)to cover any contractual liability.
Explanation.- For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the death
of or bodily injury to any person or damage to any property of a third
party shall be deemed to have been caused by or to have arisen out of, the
use of a vehicle in a public place notwithstanding that the person who is dead
or injured or the property which is damaged was not in a public place at the
time of the accident, if the act or omission which led to the accident
occurred in a public place.
(2) Subject to the proviso to sub-section (1), a policy of insurance

referred to in sub-section (1), shall cover any liability incurred in respect of
any accident, up to the following limits, namely:-
(a) save as provided in clause (b), the amount of liability incurred;
(b) in respect of damage to any property of a third party, a limit of

rupees six
thousand:
Provided that any policy of insurance issued with any limited liability and in
force, immediately before the commencement of this Act, shall continue to be
effective for a period of four months after such commencement or till the date
of expiry of such policy whichever is earlier.
(3) A policy shall be of no effect for the purposes of this Chapter

unless and until there is issued by the insurer in favor of the person by
whom the policy is effected a certificate of insurance in the prescribed form
and containing the prescribed particulars of any condition subject to which
the policy is issued and of any other prescribed matters; and different forms,
particulars and matters may be prescribed in different cases.
(4) Where a cover note issued by the insurer under the provisions of
this Chapter or the rules made there under is not followed by a policy of
insurance within the prescribed time, the insurer shall, within seven days of
the expiry of the period of the validity of the cover note, notify the fact to the
registering authority in whose records the vehicle to which the cover note
relates has been registered or to such other authority as the State
Government may prescribe.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in
force, an insurer issuing a policy of insurance under this section shall be
liable to indemnify the person or classes of persons specified in the policy in
respect of any liability which the policy purports to cover in the case of that
person or those classes of persons.
148. Validity of policies of insurance issued in reciprocating countries.-

Where, in pursuance of an arrangement between India and any reciprocating
country, the motor vehicle registered in the reciprocating country operates on
any route or within any area common to the two countries and there is in
force in relation to the use of the vehicle in the reciprocating country, a policy
of insurance complying with the requirements of the law of insurance in
force in that country, then, notwithstanding anything contained in Section
147 but subject to any rules which
may be made under Section 164, such policy of insurance shall be effective
throughout the route or area in respect of which, the arrangement has been
made, as if the policy of insurance had complied with the requirements of
this Chapter.
149. Duty of insurers to satisfy judgments and awards against persons

insured in respect of third party risks.- (1) If, after a certificate of insurance
has been issued under sub-section (3) of Section 147 in favor of the person
by whom a policy has been effected, judgment or award in respect of any
such liability as is required to be covered by a policy under clause (b) of sub-
section (1) of Section 147 (being a liability covered by the terms of the
policy) or under the provisions of Section 163A is obtained against any
person insured by the policy, then, notwithstanding that the insurer may be
entitled to avoid or cancel or may have avoided or cancelled the policy,
the insurer shall, subject to the provisions of this section, pay to the person
entitled to the benefit of the decree any sum not exceeding the sum assured
payable there under, as if he were the judgment debtor, in respect of the
liability, together with any amount payable in respect of costs and any sum
payable in respect of interest on that sum by virtue of any enactment relating
to interest on judgments.
(2) No sum shall be payable by an insurer under sub-section (1) in

respect of any judgment or award unless, before the commencement of the
proceedings in which the judgment of award is given the insurer had notice
through the Court or, as the case may be, the Claims Tribunal of the bringing
of the proceedings, or in respect of such judgment or award so long as
execution is stayed thereon pending an appeal; and an insurer to whom
notice of the bringing of any such proceedings is so given shall be entitled to
be made a party thereto and to defend the action on any of the following
grounds, namely:-
(a) that there has been a breach of a specified condition of the policy,
being one of the following conditions, namely:-
(i)a condition excluding the use of the vehicle-
(a) for hire or reward, where the vehicle is on the date of the contract
of insurance a vehicle not covered by a permit to ply for hire or reward,
or
(b) for organized racing and speed testing, or
(c) for a purpose not allowed by the permit under which the vehicle is
used, where the vehicle is a transport vehicle, or
(d) without side-car being attached where the vehicle is a motor cycle;
or
(ii)a condition excluding driving by a named person or persons or by any

person who is not duly licensed, or by any person who has been disqualified
for holding or obtaining a driving licence during the period of
disqualification; or
(iii)a condition excluding liability for injury caused or contributed to by

conditions of war, civil war, riot or civil commotion; or
(b) that the policy is void on the ground that it was obtained by the non-
disclosure of a material fact or by a representation of fact which was false in
some material particular.
(3) Where any such judgment as is referred to in sub-section (1) is

obtained from a Court in a reciprocating country and in the case of a foreign
judgment is, by virtue of the provisions of Section 13 of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) conclusive as to any matter adjudicated upon by
it, the insurer (being an insurer registered under the Insurance Act, 1938 (4
of 1938) and whether or not he is registered under the corresponding law of the
reciprocating country) shall be liable to the person entitled to the benefit of the
decree in the manner and to the extent specified in sub-section (1), as if
the judgment were given by a Court in India:
Provided that no sum shall be payable by the insurer in respect of any

such judgment unless, before the commencement of the proceedings in
which the judgment is given, the insurer had notice through the Court
concerned of the bringing of the proceedings and the insurer to whom notice
is so given is entitled under the corresponding law of the reciprocating
200
country, to be made a party to the proceedings and to defend the action on
grounds similar to those specified in sub- section (2).
201
(4) Where a certificate of insurance has been issued under sub-section
(3) of Section 147 to the person by whom a policy has been effected, so
much of the policy as purports to restrict the insurance of the persons
insured thereby by reference to any condition other than those in clause (b)
of sub-section (2) shall, as respects such liabilities as are required to be
covered by a policy under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 147, be
of no effect:
Provided that any sum paid by the insurer in or towards the discharge of
any liability of any person which is covered by the policy by virtue only of
this sub- section shall be recoverable by the insurer from that person.
(5) If the amount which an insurer becomes liable under this section
to pay in respect of a liability incurred by a person insured by a policy
exceeds the amount for which the insurer would apart from the provisions
of this section be liable under the policy in respect of that liability, the
insurer shall be entitled to recover the excess from that person.
(6) In this section the expression “material fact” and “material particular”
means, respectively a fact or particular of such a nature as to influence the
judgment of a prudent insurer in determining whether he will take the risk
and, if so, at what premium and on what conditions, and the expression
“liability covered by the terms of the policy” means a liability which is
covered by the policy or which would be so covered but for the fact that the
insurer is entitled to avoid or cancel or has avoided or cancelled the
policy.
(7) No insurer to whom the notice referred to in sub-section (2) or sub-

section (3) has been given shall be entitled to avoid his liability to any person
entitled to the benefit of any such judgment or award as is referred to in sub-
section (1) or in such judgment as is referred to in sub-section (3) otherwise
than in the manner provided for in sub-section (2) or in the corresponding law
of the reciprocating country, as the case may be.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this section, “Claims Tribunal” means a Claims
Tribunal constituted under Section 165 and “award” means an award made by that
Tribunal under Section 168.
9.7. Rights of third parties against insurers
on insolvency of the insured:
_
150: Rights of third parties against insurers on insolvency of the insured.- (1)
Where under any contract of insurance effected in accordance with the provisions
of this Chapter, a person is insured against liabilities which he may incur to
third parties, then-
(a) in the event of the person becoming insolvent or making a

composition or arrangement with his creditors, or
(b) where the insured person is a company, in the event of a winding-

up order being made or a resolution for a voluntary winding-up being passed
with respect to the company or of a receiver or manager of the company’s
business or undertaking being duly appointed, or of possession being taken by
or on behalf of the holders of any debentures secured by a floating charge of
any property comprised in or subject to the charge,
if, either before or after that event, any such liability is incurred by the
insured person, his rights against the insurer under the contract in respect
of the liability shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any
provision of law, be transferred to and vest in the third party to whom the
liability was so incurred.
(2) Where an order for the administration of the estate of a deceased debtor
is made according to the law of insolvency, then, if any debt provable in
insolvency is owing by the deceased in respect of a liability to a third party
against which he was insured under a contract of insurance in accordance
with the provisions of this Chapter, the deceased debtor’s rights against the
insurer in respect of that liability shall, notwithstanding anything to the
contrary in any provision of law, be transferred to and vest in the
person to whom the debt is owing.
(3) Any condition in a policy issued for the purposes of this Chapter
purporting either directly or indirectly to avoid the policy or to alter the
rights of the parties there under upon the happening to the insured person of
any of the events specified in clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-section (1) or upon
the making of an order for the administration of the estate of a deceased
debtor according to the law of insolvency shall be of no effect.
(4) Upon a transfer under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), the insurer
shall be under the same liability to the third party as he would have been
to the insured person, but-
(a) if the liability of the insurer to the insured person exceeds the
liability of the insured person to the third party, nothing in this Chapter shall
affect the rights of the insured person against the insurer in respect
of the excess, and
(b) if the liability of the insurer to the insured person is less than the
liability of the insured person to the third party, nothing in this Chapter shall
affect the rights of the third party against the insured person in respect
of the balance.
151. Duty to give information as to insurance.- No person against whom

a claim is made in respect of any liability referred to in clause (b) of
Section 147 shall on demand by or on behalf of the person making the
claim refuse to state whether or not he was insured in respect of that
liability by any policy issued under the provisions of this Chapter, or would
have been so insured if the insurer had not avoided or cancelled the policy,
nor shall he refuse, if he was or would have been so insured, to give such
particulars with respect to that policy as were specified in the certificate of
insurance issued in respect thereof.
(2) In the event of any person becoming insolvent or making a

composition or arrangement with his creditors or in the event of an order
being made for the administration of the estate of deceased person according
to the law of insolvency, or in the event of a winding up order being made
or a resolution for a voluntary winding-up being passed with respect to any
company or of a receiver or manager
of the company’s business or undertaking being duly appointed or of
possession being taken by or on behalf of the holders of any debentures
secured by a floating charge on any property comprised in or subject to the
charge, it shall be the duty of the insolvent debtor, personal representative of the
deceased debtor or company, as the case may be, or the official assignee or
receiver in insolvency, trustee, liquidator, receiver or manager, or person in
possession of the property to give at the request of any person claiming that
the insolvent debtor, deceased debtor or company is under such liability to
him as is covered by the provisions of this Chapter, such information as
may reasonably be required by him for the purpose of ascertaining whether
any rights have been transferred to and vested in him by Section 150, and for
the purpose of enforcing such rights, if any; and any such contract of
insurance as purports whether directly or indirectly to avoid the contract
or to alter the rights of the parties there under upon the giving of such
information in the events aforesaid, or otherwise to prohibit or prevent the
giving thereof in the said events, shall be of no effect.
(3) If, from the information given to any person in pursuance of sub-
section (2) or otherwise, he has reasonable ground for supporting that there
have or may have been transferred to him under this Chapter rights against any
particular insurer, that insurer shall be subject to the same duty as is imposed
by the said sub-section on the persons therein mentioned.
(4) The duty to give the information imposed by this section shall
include a duty to allow all contracts of insurance, receipts for premiums,
and other relevant documents in the possession or power of the person
or whom the duty is so imposed to be inspected and copies thereof to
be taken.
9.8. Settlement between insurers and insured persons:
152. Settlement between insurers and insured persons.- (1) No settlement

made by an insurer in respect of any claim which might be made by a third
party in respect of any liability of the nature referred to in clause (b) of sub-
section (1) of Section 147 shall be valid unless such third party is a
party to the settlement.
(2) Where a person who is insured under a policy issued for the purposes of
this Chapter has become insolvent, or where, if such insured person is a
company, a winding-up order has been made or a resolution for a voluntary
winding-up has been passed with respect to the company, no agreement made
between the insurer and the insured person after the liability has been incurred
to a third party and after the commencement of the insolvency or winding-up,
as the case may be, nor any waiver, assignment or other disposition made
by or payment made to the insured person after the commencement
aforesaid shall be effective to defeat the rights transferred to the third party
under this Chapter, but those rights shall be the same as if no such
agreement, waiver, assignment or disposition or payment has been made.
153. Saving in respect of Sections 150, 151 and 152.- (1) For the
purposes of Sections 150, 151 and 152 a reference to “liabilities to third
parties” in relation to a person insured under any policy of insurance shall not
include a reference to any liability of that person in the capacity of insurer
under some other policy of insurance.
(2) The provisions of Sections 150, 151 and 152 shall not apply where a
company is wound-up voluntarily merely for the purposes of
reconstruction or of an amalgamation with another company.
154. Insolvency of insured persons not to affect liability of insured or

claims by third parties.- Where a certificate of insurance has been issued to
the person by whom a policy has been effected, the happening in relation
to any person insured by the policy of any such event as is mentioned in
sub-section (1) or sub-section
(2) of Section 150 shall, notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter,
not affect any liability of that person of the nature referred to in clause (b)
of sub- section (1) of Section 147; but nothing in this section shall affect any
rights against the insurer conferred under the provisions of Sections 150, 151
and 152 on the person to whom the liability was incurred.
155. Effect of death on certain causes of action- Notwithstanding
anything
contained in Section 306 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925),
the death of a person in whose favour a certificate of insurance had been
issued, if it occurs after the happening of an event which has given rise to a
claim under the provisions of this Chapter, shall not be a bar to the survival
of any cause of action arising out of the said event against his estate
or against the insurer.
156. Effect of certificate of insurance.- When an insurer has issued a

certificate of insurance in respect of a contract of insurance between the insurer
and the insured person, then-
(a) if and so long as the policy described in the certificate has not been
issued by the insurer to the insured, the insurer shall, as between himself
and any other person except the insured, be deemed to have issued to the
insured person a policy of insurance conforming in all respects with the
description and particulars stated in such certificate; and
(b) if the insurer has issued to the insured the policy described in the
certificate, but the actual terms of the policy are less favourable to persons
claiming under or by virtue of the policy against the insurer either directly or
through the insured than the particulars of the policy as stated in the
certificate, the policy shall, as between the insurer and any other person
except the insured, be deemed to be in terms conforming in all respects
with the particulars stated in the said certificate.
9.9. Transfer of certificate of insurance:
157. Transfer of certificate of insurance.- (1) Where a person in whose

favour the certificate of insurance has been issued in accordance with the
provisions of this Chapter transfers to another person the ownership of the
motor vehicle in respect of which such insurance was taken together with
the policy of insurance relating thereto, the certificate of insurance and the
policy described in the certificate shall be deemed to have been transferred
in favour of the person to whom the motor vehicle is transferred with effect
from the date of its transfer.
Explanation.- For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that such deemed
transfer shall include transfer of rights and liabilities of the said certificate of
insurance and policy of insurance.
(2) The transferee shall apply within fourteen days from the date of transfer in
the prescribed from to the insurer for making necessary changes in regard to
the fact of transfer in the certificate of insurance and the policy described in
the certificate in his favour and the insurer shall make the necessary changes
in the certificate and the policy of insurance in regard to the transfer of
insurance.
158. Production of certain certificates, license and permit in certain

cases.- (1) Any person driving a motor vehicle in any public place shall, on
being so required by a police officer in uniform authorised in this behalf by
the State Government, produce-
(a) the certificate of insurance;
(b) the certificate of registration;
(c) the driving license; and
(d) in the case of a transport vehicle also the certificate of fitness

referred to in Section 56 and the permit,
relating to the use of the vehicle.
(2) If, where owing to the presence of a motor vehicle in a public place
an accident occurs involving death or bodily injury to another person, the
driver of the vehicle does not at the time produce the certificates, driving
license and permit referred to in sub-section (1) to a police officer, he shall
produce the said certificates, license and permit at the police station at which
he makes the report required by Section 134.
(3) No person shall be liable to conviction under sub-section (1) or sub-
section (2) by reason only of the failure to produce the certificate of
insurance if, within seven days from the date on which its production was
required under sub-section (1), or as the case may be, from the date of
occurrence of the accident, he produces the certificate at such police station
as may have been specified by him to the police officer who required its
production or, as the case may be, to the police officer at the site of the
accident or to the officer-in-charge of the police station at which he reported
the accident:
Provided that except to such extent and with such modifications as may
be prescribed, the provisions of this sub-section shall not apply to the
driver of a transport vehicle.
(4) The owner of a motor vehicle shall give such information as he

may be required by or on behalf of a police officer empowered in this behalf
by the State Government to give for the purpose of determining whether the
vehicle was or was not being driven in contravention of Section 146 and on
any occasion when the driver was required under this section to produce his
certificate of insurance.
(5) In this section, the expression “produce his certificate of insurance”

means produce for examination the relevant certificate of insurance or
such other evidence as may be prescribed that the vehicle was not
being driven in contravention of Section 146.
(6) As soon as any information regarding any accident involving death

or bodily injury to any person is recorded or report under this section is
completed by a police officer, the officer incharge of the police station shall
forward a copy of the same within thirty days from the date of recording of
information or, as the case may be, on completion of such report to the
Claims Tribunal having jurisdiction and a copy thereof to the concerned
insurer, and where a copy is made available to the owner, he shall also
within thirty days of receipt of such report, forward the same to such
Claims Tribunal and Insurer.
159. Production of certificate of insurance on application for authority to

use
vehicle.- A State Government may make rules requiring the owner of any
motor vehicle when applying whether by payment of a tax or otherwise for
authority to use the vehicle in a public place to produce such evidence as
may be prescribed by those rules to the effect that either-
(a) on the date when the authority to use the vehicle comes into
operation there will be in force the necessary policy of insurance in relation to
the use of the vehicle by the applicant or by other persons on his order
or with his permission, or
(b) the vehicle is a vehicle to which Section 146 does not apply.
160. Duty to furnish particulars of vehicle involved in accident.- A

registering authority or the officer-in-charge of a police station shall, if so
required by a person who alleges that he is entitled to claim compensation in
respect of an accident arising out of the use of a motor vehicle, or if so
required by an insurer against whom a claim has been made in respect
of any motor vehicle, furnish to that person or to that insurer, as the case
may be, on payment of the prescribed fee any information at the disposal of
the said authority or the said police officer relating to the identification marks
and other particulars of the vehicle and the name and address of the person
who was using the vehicle at the time of accident or was injured by it and the
property, if any, damaged in such form and within such time as the Central
Government may prescribe.
161. Special provisions as to compensation in case of hit and run motor

accident.- (for the purposes of this section, Section 162 and Section
163-
(a) “grievous hurt” shall have the same meaning as in the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860)
(b) “hit and run motor accident” means an accident arising out of the
use of a motor vehicle or motor vehicles the identify whereof cannot be
ascertained in spite of reasonable efforts for the purpose;
(c) “scheme” means the scheme framed under Section 163.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the General Insurance
Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972 (57 of 1972) or any other law for the
time being in force or any instrument having the force of law, the General
Insurance Corporation of India formed under Section 9 of the said Act and the
insurance companies for the time being carrying on general insurance
business in India shall provide for paying in accordance with the provisions of
this Act and the scheme, compensation in respect of the death of, or grievous
hurt to, persons resulting from hit and run motor accidents.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Act and the scheme, there
shall be paid as compensation-
(a) in respect of the death of any person resulting from a hit

and run motor accident, a fixed sum of twenty-five thousand
rupees;
(b) in respect of grievous hurt to any person resulting from a hit

and run motor accident, a fixed sum of twelve thousand and five
hundred rupees.
(4) The provisions of sub-section (1) of Section 166 shall apply for the
purpose of making applications for compensation under this section as they
apply for the purpose of making applications for compensation referred to in
that sub-section.
162. Refund in certain cases of compensation paid under Section 161.-

(1) The payment of compensation in respect of the death of, or grievous hurt
to, any person under Section 161 shall be subject to the condition that if
any compensation (hereafter in this sub-section referred to as the other
compensation) or other amount in lieu of or by way of satisfaction of a claim
for compensation is awarded or paid in respect of such death or grievous hurt
under any other provision of this Act or any other law or otherwise so much
of the other compensation or other amount aforesaid as is equal to the
210
compensation paid under Section 161 shall be refunded to the insurer.
(2) Before awarding compensation in respect of an accident involving the death of,
211
or bodily injury to, any person arising out of the use of a motor vehicle or
motor vehicles under any provision of this Act (other than Section 161) or
any other law, the Tribunal, Court or other authority awarding such
compensation shall verify as to whether in respect of such death or bodily
injury compensation has already been paid under Section 161 or an
application for payment of compensation is pending under that section, and
such Tribunal, Court or other authority shall,-
(a) if compensation has already been paid under Section 161, direct the
person liable to pay the compensation awarded by it to refund to the
insurer, so much thereof as is required to be refunded in accordance with
the provisions of sub- section (1)
(b) if an application for payment of compensation is pending under

Section 161 forward the particulars as to the compensation awarded by it
to the insurer;
Explanation.- For the purpose of this sub-section, an application for compensation

under Section 161 shall be deemed to be pending-
(i)if such application has been rejected, till the date of the rejection
of the application, and
(ii)in any other case, till the date of payment of compensation in pursuance
of the application.
9.10. Scheme for payment of compensation in case of
hit and run motor accidents:
_
163. Scheme for payment of compensation in case of hit and run motor
accidents.-
(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, make a scheme specifying, the manner in which the scheme shall be
administered by the General Insurance Corporation, the form, manner and
the time within which applications for compensation may be made, the
officers or authorities to whom such applications may be made, the
procedure to be followed by such officers or authorities for considering and
passing orders on such applications, and all other
matters connected with, or incidental to, the administration of the scheme and the
payment of compensation.
(2) A scheme made under sub-section (1) may provide that-
(a) a contravention of any provision thereof shall be punishable with

imprisonment for such term as may be specified but in no case exceeding
three months, or with fine which may extend to such amount as may be
specified but in no case exceeding five hundred rupees or with both;
(b) the powers, functions or duties conferred or imposed on any officer

or authority by such scheme may be delegated with the prior approval in
writing of the Central Government, by such officer or authority to any other
officer or authority’
(c) any provision of such scheme may operate with retrospective effect
from a date not earlier than the date of establishment of the Solatium Fund
under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (4 of 1939) as it stood immediately
before the commencement of this Act:
Provided that no such retrospective effect shall be given so as to

prejudicially affect the interests of any person who may be governed by
such provision.
163A. Special provisions as to payment of compensation on structured

formula basis.- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any
other law for the time being in force or instrument having the force of law,
the owner of the motor vehicle or the authorised insurer shall be liable to
pay in the case of death or permanent disablement due to accident arising
out of the use of motor vehicle, compensation, as indicated in the Second
Schedule, to the legal heirs or the victim, as the case may be.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-section, “permanent disability”

shall have the same meaning and extent as in the Workmen’s Compensation Act,
1923 (8 of 1923).
(2) In any claim for compensation under sub-section (1), the claimant
shall not be required to plead or establish that the death or permanent
disablement in respect of which the claim has been made was due to any
wrongful act or neglect or default of the owner of the vehicle or vehicles
concerned or of any other person.
(3) The Central Government may, keeping in view the cost of living by
notification in the Official Gazette, from time to time amend the
Second Schedule.
163B. Option to file claim in certain cases.- Where a person is entitled to

claim compensation under Section 140 and Section 163A, he shall file the
claim under either of the said sections and not under both.]
164. Power of Central Government to make rules.- (1) The Central

Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying into effect the
provisions of this Chapter, other than the matters specified in Section
159.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules
may provide for-
(a) the forms to be used for the purposes of this Chapter;
(b) the making of applications for and the issue of certificates of

insurance;
(c) the issue of duplicates to replace certificates of insurance lost,

destroyed or mutilated;
(d) the custody, production, cancellation and surrender of certificates of

insurance;
(e) the records to be maintained by insurers of policies of insurance

issued under this Chapter;
(f)the identification by certificates or otherwise of persons or vehicles exempted

from the provisions of this Chapter.
(g) the furnishing of information respecting policies of insurance by
insurers;
(h) adopting the provisions of this Chapter to vehicles brought into

India by persons making only a temporary stay therein or to vehicles
registered in a reciprocating country and operating on any route or within
any area in India by applying those provisions with prescribed
modifications;
(i)the form in which and the time limit within which the particulars referred
to in Section 160 may be furnished; and
(j)any other matter which is to be, or may be, prescribed.

165. Claims Tribunals.- (1) A State Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, constitute one or more Motor Accidents
Claims Tribunals (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as Claims Tribunal)
for such area as may be specified in the notification for the purpose of
adjudicating upon claims for compensation in respect of accidents
involving the death of, or bodily injury to, persons arising out of the use of
motor vehicles, or damages to any property of a third party so arising, or
both.
Explanation.- For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the

expression “claims for compensation in respect of accidents involving the
death of or bodily injury to persons arising out of the use of motor vehicles”
includes claims for compensation under Section 140 and Section
163A.
(2) A Claims Tribunal shall consist of such number of members

as the State Government may think fit to appoint and where it consists
of two or more members, one of them shall be appointed as the
Chairman thereof.
(3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a member
of a Claims Tribunal unless he-
(a) is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court, or

(b) is, or has been a District Judge, or
(c) is qualified for appointment as a High Court Judge or as a District
Judge.
(4) Where two or more Claims Tribunals are constituted for any area,
the State Government, may by general or special order, regulate the distribution
of business among them.
166. Application for compensation.- (1) An application for

compensation arising out of an accident of the nature specified in sub-section
(1) of Section 165 may be made-
(a) by the person who has sustained the injury; or

(b) by the owner of the property; or
(c) where death has resulted from the accident, by all or any
of the legal representatives of the deceased; or
(d) by any agent duly authorised by the person injured or all or any
of the legal representatives of the deceased, as the case may be:
Provided that where all the legal representatives of the deceased have not joined
in any such application for compensation, the application shall be made on
behalf of or for the benefit of all the legal representatives of the deceased
and the legal representatives who have not so joined, shall be impleaded as
respondents to the application.
(2) Every application under sub-section (1) shall be made, at the option of
the claimant, either to the Claims Tribunal having jurisdiction over the area
in which the accident occurred or to the Claims Tribunal within the local
limits of whose jurisdiction the claimant resides or carries on business or
within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the defendant resides, and shall
be in such form and contain such particulars as may be prescribed:
Provided that where no claim for compensation under Section 140 is made in
such application, the application shall contain a separate statement to that
effect immediately before the signature of the applicant.
(4) The Claims Tribunal shall treat any report of accidents forwarded to it
under sub-section (6) of Section 158 as an application for compensation
under this Act.
9.11. Summary:
There is no separate legislation is for Motor Insurance. The important Chapters and
legal provisions of Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 is relevant in motor
insurance. Particularly the award of compensation in case of partial
disablement, permanent disablement, and in hit and run cases is the unique
feature of Motor Insurance under the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988. The
applicability of important legal provisions and role of Motor Accident Claim
Tribunal is unique and due to this it is called special piece of social
legislation.

Pub. All.bad
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Co. Nag.
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
Pub. Jaipur
9.13. Check your progress:
A. Which of the following statement are true and false:
1.In case of an accident the owner of vehicles shall
jointly or severally liable to pay compensation.
2.Under Section 140 of the Motor Vehicle Act for claim,
the claimant shall not require to plead.
3.Section 147 is related to requirement of policies and limits
of
liability.
4.The policy is void on the ground that it was obtained by the
non-
disclosure of material facts.
5.Section 150is related to rights of third parties against
insurers on insolvency of the insured.
1......................is related to liability to pay compensation
in
certain cases on the principle of no fault liability.
2..........................is related to provisions as to other right
to
claim compensation for death or permanent disablement.
3.Certificate of insurance means a certificate issued by an
………………
4.Policy of insurance includes ……………………………
5.Third party includes the …………………….
9.14. Answer to check your progress:
A.
1.True
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.True
B.
1.Section 140
2.Section 141
3.Authorised insurer
4.Certificate of insurer
5.Government
Q.1. Discuss the permanent disablement.
Q.2. Explain the scheme for payment of compensation in hit and run
case.
Q.3. Why insurance against third party is necessary?
Q.4. Discuss the rights of third party against insurer.
Q.5. What is settlement procedure between insurer and insured person?
Unit-10 Miscellaneous Insurance
Objectives:
After going through this unit you should be able to understand:
 the various miscellaneous insurance policies.
 the specific cases of miscellaneous insurance.
Structure:
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Householder’s Comprehensive Insurance
10.3. Crop Insurance Policies
10.4. Livestock Insurance
10.5. Burglary Insurance
10.6. Personnel Accident Insurance
10.7. Fire Whether Manipulated: Effect
10.8. Fire in Militancy Operation
10.9. Fire during Riot
10.10. Loss by Strike covered under Fire Policy having endorsement of
Riot and Strike
10.11. Summary
10.13. Check your Progress
10.1. Introduction:
In addition to fire and Marine insurances, many other
types of insurance policies are popular in General Insurance business. In
recent year, a large number of non-traditional policies have also been
developed to provide more security to human life and property.
The description of all those types of miscellaneous
policies cannot be made here. Only the following types of policies are
described below.
1. Householder’s Comprehensive Insurance
2. Crop Insurance Policies.
3. Livestock Insurance policies.
4. Burglary Insurance Policies, and
5. Personal Accident Insurance policies.
10.2. HOUSEHOLDER'S COMPREHENSIVE
INSURANCE:
Damage by tree roots: Where tree roots extruded to the adjoining house from
the house of the assured and caused damage for which the assured had to
compensate, he was allowed to recover indemnity from his insurer under a
policy which covered the assured in respect of all sums of money which the
assured as occupier may be held legally liable in respect of claims made by
any person for damage to property causes by accident. The damage in
question was held to be an accidental damage. In Mills v. Smith(1963)
PAUL J. said:
"I would ask and seek to answer two questions. One: has
there been at any moment of time (or at particular moments of time)
some expected event (or event) which has (or have) led to damage? My
answer to that question is, Yes. It is true that foundation settle, that is tend to
drop a little at one of more points, and that settling may be gradual. In this
case, however, there has come a point of time when the movement has
overstepped the safety limit, if I may use that expression and a crack in the
concrete of in the brickwork at or near the south-east corner of the house has
started. This may have happened several times, that is, there many have been
more than one crack. In humans, the overstepping of movement may cause a
fracture or a hemorrhage. In a building, it may cause a fracture of the
concreter or of the brickwork. There is no accident until the overstepping
takes place. The second question is; what was the cause of the overstepping
of the safety limit? My answer is that the cause is the nuisance of the roots
the penetrating into the plaintiff's soil and draining away the moisture
necessary to keep the movement of the house from overstepping that safety
220
limit. In my judgment, these answers result in judgment in favor of the
defendant for a
221
declaration that the insurers are bound to indemnify him against any sums
which he may have to pay the plaintiff by reason of my judgment in the
action."
OCCUPIER:
To be an "occupier" is an essential condition of liability. It
is not a mere description of the person to whom liability attaches. In the case
Struge
v. Hachett (1962), A person was insured under a householder's
comprehensive policy which covered him in respect of "all sums to which
the assured (as occupier) ... may be held legally liable". he was the of
occupier of a flat in a manor house, and attempted to smoke out some bird's
nests in the caves outside the flat with the aid of a pole to which was attached
a burring paraffin soaked reg. A fire resulted, and the whole house burnt
down and the assured has to pay its owner £ 51,000 by way of damages.
He claimed an indemnity from the insurers.
It was held that he was entitled to an indemnity as he
was an occupier of the premises concerned, and these included the eaves outside
the flat. DIPOCK LJ. said:
"We are, therefore, of opinion that upon the facts as he
had found them the learned judge was wrong in law in holding that no
part of the decorative cornice was included in the premises demised to [the
assured]. In our view, all that part of it which was fixed to the eternal wall
at a level below the underside of the floor joists of the attic flat formed part of
the demised premises and were in the occupation of [the assured]. The
sparrow's nest in which the relevant fire started was against the cornice
below that level and within the wire fixed to and enclosing the cornice. The
fire which caused the damage started on and escaped from premises of
which he was occupier. It was started negligently and as such occupier he
was liable for damage caused by its escape, quite apart from his liability as
the actual person whose own negligent act started the fire."
Storm: The meaning of storm was explained in Oddy v Pheonix
Assurance Co. Ltd (1966):
"A bungalow was insured under a householder's
comprehensive policy. Amongst the risks insured against was loss by 'storm'
of
tempest'. A wall on adjoining land becomes subjected to pressure because of water
building up behind it over a long period. There was because of persistent
heavy rain in the area. The wall 'collapsed on the bungalow. The insured
claimed that the loss was caused by 'storm' or 'tempest'."
The action failed. The court said that the wall was
insufficient in design and collapsed from the pressure of water. No. violent
wind caused any part of in to fall. "storm" meant a violent wind. It did not
mean heavy persistent rain, and "tempest' meant a violent storm.
VEALE, J said; It is in all these circumstances
that I have to ask myself. "Has the plaintiff shown that the collapse occurred
because of storm or tempest of flood?" It is certainly not flood. "Tempest",
in my view, only means a severe storm. Therefore the operative word is
"storm". I must approach this question much as a jury would approach it.
"Storm" means Storm, and to me it connotes some sort of violent wind usually
accompanied by rain or hail or snow. Storm does not mean persistent bad
weather, nor does it mean heavy rain of persistent rain by itself. I do not think
that any violent wind caused any part of this wall to fall. It fell for the
reasons that I have stated, and finally, because of the build-up of pressure
from the percolation of water through the cracks. In those circumstances I can
only conclude that the plaintiff has not brought herself within the wording of
the policy and I think her claim must fail.
10.3. Crop Insurance policies:

India is basically an agricultural country and different
varieties of crops have been cultivated here. Cultivation of agricultural
and commercial crops have been faced with many problems, such
as:
1. Adverse climatic conditions causing draughts, floods,
untimely rains, storms, cold winds, fog, frequent changes in temperatures,
etc.
2. Pests and insects causing damages to crops.
3. Wild animals, etc.
The important agricultural cultivated in the country include:
1. Food Crops- wheat, jawar, millet, paddy, etc.
2. Plantation crops- coffee, tea, rubber, etc.
3. Fruits orchards- apples, oranges plantains, etc.
4. Commercial crops- cotton, jute, tobacco, groundnuts. etc.
The farming and agricultural activities have been involved
with various types of risks, such as (i) risks arising from the environment of
nature,
(ii) social risks, (iii) economic risks, and (iv) risks from agricultural
workers. Because of larger and extensive risks of loss; efforts have been
made in India since a long time in the past to introduce crop insurance.
Efforts towards Crops- Insurance India
Efforts have been continuously made in India since last
six decades to implement the crop insurance plan more successfully. Many
agricultural and institutions of farmers have been active in this
direction.
As the first time in 1939, the crops insurance (food
crops) plan was formulated by the Mysore Government. This effort was
followed by the erstwhile Baroda state also. In 1973, a compulsory crop
insurance scheme was developed in Dewas (M.P.). During this period, certain
committees were also set up by the government to assess the losses of crops
grown by farmers and to extend assistance to them. In 1946, a crop insurance
proposal was presented to the Government of Madras. The Agricultural
Research Institute of India had also developed a crop insurance plan for
certain selected corps for introducing it in selected divisions of Madras,
Bombay and Madhya Pradesh. Subsequently, in 1950, another crop
insurance scheme based on the U.S. model was prepared and presented to
the government by G.S. Priyolkar.
All these efforts in the field of crop insurance could
not be implemented successfully due to some other difficulties. It was then
felt that the state Government is the appropriate agency for introducing crop
insurance, but the state governments could not implement this plan due to the
economic crisis.
In the year 1950, the Central Government prepared a
'pilot Scheme' for implementation by the state governments. But none of the
state governments was prepared to implement it because of the inability to
undertake the financial liability. It was after the nationalization of General
insurance Business, special efforts have been made towards the implementation
of crop insurance plan. finally, during the period between 1974 and 1976,
the General Insurance Corporation implemented the crop insurance in food
crops (cotton, wheat and potatoes) in the states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamil-Nadu and west Bengal, However, due to the following
reasons, the food crop insurance plan had to be withdrawn later.
1. Problems relating to collection of premiums and
calculation of crops output.
2. Incurring of more expenses in management of the
scheme, than the premiums collected.
3. Introduction of scheme in limited number of crops.
4. Larger risks following large number of claims.
5. Inability of the state government to support the
plan.
6. Inadequate facility to minimize risks.
7. Dependency on large fertilizer companies.
8. Lack of coordination between the functioning units.
In 1978- 79, the General Insurance Corporation
introduced a "Pilot Crop Insurance Plan" and continued this plan till 1985-86
when this plan was withdrawn and in its place, a "comprehensive crop
Insurance Plan" has been introduced throughout the country.
Objects of Crop Insurance:
New methods of cultivation and high yielding crops
have been developed in country in the areas of food corps and commercial
corps. In spite of these developments, the Indian farmers still have to bear
heavy losses from
unfavorable climatic condition. Most of the agricultural based countries do not
have suitable means of resources to overcome such losses arising out of
failure of crops. The objectives of crop insurance are to indemnify the farmers
from the losses occurring due to the following causes.
(1) Climatic uncertainties like draughts, floods, heavy
storms and cyclones, etc.
(2) Diseases spread in crops and plants.
(3) Damages to corps from the spread of insects and
pests.
(4) Riots and strikes, etc.
Advantages of crop insurance:
The important advantages of crop insurance are:
(1) Provide security for agricultural production: The crop
insurance not only protects the of corps but also caution the farmers to keep
away the crop from diseases, by using pesticides.
(2) Provides rights to farmers: The crop insurance provides
indemnity against damage or losses to crop, which now becomes a right of
farmers.
(3) Certainty of payment: where the loss arises, the
insurance company bound to make the payment of claims, whereas the
government extends assistance to the farmers depending on the economic
conditions of farmers.
(4) Stability to agriculture economy: Crop insurance is a gift
to the agricultural economy, which helps substantive Production in the
agriculture sector.
(5) Strength to basic structure of agriculture: The crop
insurance provides strength to basic structure of agriculture since it gives
strength to irrigation schemes and water supply sources, conservation of
soils, forests etc.
(6) Increase in income : In the case of damages to crops,
the farmers cannot bear the expenses on cultivation and for paying rents and
taxes. But
crop insurance provides a regular income and extends support to
increase purchasing power of the farmers.
(7) Assistance to industries: Indirectly, the crop insurance is
a support to agriculture based industries. In the absence of crop insurance,
these industries would have been facing difficulty in getting the regular supply
of raw materials.
(8) Refund of agricultural credit : Crop insurance is an
important source of income to the farmers. This source of income will facilitate
in returning the loans and taxes to some extent.
(9) Acts as a coordinating agency of the government :
Crop insurance is a step forward to increase the agricultural production. It
acts as a coordinating agency of the government in the development of
agriculture in the country.
Plans of crops insurance:
The important plans of crop insurance are as follows :
(1) Pilot Crops Insurance plan : This plan was first
introduced by the General Insurance Corporation in 1978-79, and it was in
operation till 1984-85 and thereafter withdrawn.
(2) Comprehensive Crop Insurance Plan : This scheme was
implemented by the Central Government for the Kharif season of 1985 at the
national level after the withdrawal of Pilot Crop Insurance Plan. This scheme
is managed by the General Insurance Corporation on behalf of the
Central Government.
Objects: The objects of this scheme are :
To provide economic assistance to farmers in case of loss to crops by floods ,
draughts etc.
To re-determine the eligibility criteria for loans for the next crops, where
the farmers suffered losses ,
To extend assistance to the farmers for the cultivation of food crops, spices
and oil seeds.
Features of the scheme: The important features of this scheme are as
follows :
(1) Insured crops: Insurance cover is provided for the cultivation of
rice, wheat, millet, oil seeds and spices.
(2) Security to farmers: Crop insurance is provided to all the
farmers who obtain credit from cooperative credit societies, commercial banks and
regional rural banks for the purpose of increasing agricultural
production.
(3) Crop insurance made essential for obtaining credit: Where
the agricultural credit is available for increasing production, it was made
essential for the farmers to get their crops insured while receiving credit from
the above stated financial institutions.
(4) Partnership in sharing risk: The risk involved in crop
insurance is borne by the central and state governments in the proportion
of 2:1 but the expenses towards the management of the scheme are equally
distributed by the Central Government and General Insurance
Corporation.
(5) Creation of 'insurance fund: The central government has created a
fund called 'Insurance Fund' for the crop insurance plan. Similarly, such a
fund was created by every state government.
(6) Premium: The premium rates are very less. The present rates are
as follows :
In the case of wheat, paddy and millet, sun equal to 2 percent of the sum
insured. In the case of oil seeds and spices, sum equals to 1 percent of the
sum insured.
(7) Assistance towards premium: 50 percent of the premium is
provide to small
and marginal farmers by the government towards economic assistance. This
expenditure is met out the by the central and state governments equally.
(8) Minimum production: Under the scheme, the minimum
agricultural production shall be equivalent to 80 percent of the average
production of preceding five years.
(9) Extension of the scheme: This scheme at present is operative in 15
states and 2 centrally ruled territories of the country.
(10) State Level 'Crop Insurance cell' : In order for effective
implementation and better coordination between state governments and
related institutions the General Insurance Corporation has set up a state level
'Crop Insurance Cell' at every state capital.
(11) The functions of Central Insurance Fund:
To collect the crop insurance premiums of the policies being issued and from
financial institutions and make Settlement of claims immediately,
Giving all technical guidance and supervision of the state
funds. Collection and dissemination of statistical
information,
To motivate the state government for needful marketing and publicity
matters,
To establish coordination between crop insurance and agriculture
development programs.
(12) Role of the State Governments: The role of state
governments in the crop insurance scheme is as under:
(a) To delegate power to State Crop Insurance Fund to act
as co- insurer for all the crop insurance policies issued in the state.
(b) To extend 25 per cent assistance to all insured small and
marginal farmers against insurance premiums.
(c) To provide managerial assistance in respect of
making available information relating to agricultural production and
publication of such information etc.
(13) Monitoring and Feed back: The crop insurance scheme
monitored from time to time and evaluated its progress every year. The
Agricultural Ministry prepares its reports.
Progress of comprehensive Crop Insurance plan;
In the beginning (1985-86) the plan was implemented by
16 states and has benefited 26 lakh farmers. A total of 8391 lakh claims were
settled. The policy amount collected was a tune of Rs.54.2 crore. This
plan has been progressing continuously as is evident from the latest
progress report available for 1994-95. During the year 1994-95, the government
has received from the farmers a total premium of Rs. 166.66 crore against a
total claim of Rs.963.42 crore. As per the report of ministry of Agriculture,
since 1985 to 1995, a total of 414.41 lakh farmers have been benefited
by insuring for a total a 719.84 lakh Hectare agriculture land to a total sum
of Rs.10,004 crore. Against a total of Rs.166.66 crore collected from the
farmers towards premiums, claims have been paid for Rs.
963.62 crore At present this scheme is operating in 19 states and 4 Centrally
ruled territories in the country.
10.4. Livestock Insurance:

The importance of livestock insurance is increasing gradually in India since
the nationalization of General insurance. Some insurance companies at the
private sector made efforts to introduce livestock insurance in the country, but
due to increasing number of claims than the premiums this program could
not be succeeded.
In 1974, after the nationalization of General insurance
business in India livestock insurance scheme was introduced at the national
level. During this year itself nearly 30 thousand livestock insurance were
made. Under the live stock insurance, the insurance of cows, oxes, buffaloes,
camels, horses, dogs etc can be made. The main object of this insurance is to
provide economic assistance to farmers in the case of death or accident
of these animals.
The premium rates, conditions of insurance, and
restrictions relating to livestock insurance between insurance companies
necessitated the general insurance company to start 'Market Contract' for the
livestock insurance.
The purpose was to bring uniformity in the premium rates, condition and other
restrictions in the field of livestock insurance. The ' market contract' was
introduced from April 1, 1976 under which all the subsidiary companies of the
GIC, have developed practicable plans of livestock insurance, by
following uniform insurance standards by following uniform premium rates,
condition and other prohibitions between the subsidiary companies.
Main elements of 'Market Contract:
(1) Contract: All the subsidiary companies have to follow the
premium rates, conditions of insurance and the restriction determined by the
contract between them.
(2) Setting up of a Central livestock Committee: A Central
livestock committee consisting of General Insurance Corporation and its four
subsidiary companies have been set up to ensure the effective operation of
market contract.
(3) Age limits for insurance: Different age limits has been
accepted for different categories of animals to be insured.
(4) Insurance Cover: Under the livestock policy, the insured
shall be identified for the reasons of death, involving accident, surgical
operation, riot and strikes. Insurance cover is also provided for permanent
disability of the animals, by paying little more rate of premium.
(5) Risks not covered by the policy: The following risks are
not covered by the policy and, therefore, the insurance company shall not
liable to indemnity:
Death of animal arising out of war and allied risks, strikes, riot
and civil connotation, Slaughter of the animals without prior consent of the
insurers , fire, lightening seagoing transit, surgical operators and
breeding.
(6) Sum insurable and valuation: The market value of the
animal shall be determined from time to time keeping in view of the
category of the animal and the area.
230
(7) Premium Rates: The premium rates shall differ at 6 per
cent gross rate to a minimum of 2.25 per cent per annum.
(8) Exception from premium: Payment of premium is
exemted to the livestock which is under the assistance of the integrated Rural
Development Programme.
(9) Minimum Premium: The minimum premium for a cow is
Rs. 25 per annum and ox Rs. 20.
(10) Medical examination by medical practitioner: Medical
examination of the cattle is necessary by approved medical practitioner.
(11) Identification Mark: Providing with identification mark
made for the cattle insured is very important.
(12) Duration of policy: The livestock insurance is usually
made for a year only. The indemnity principle is applicable in every
policy.
(13) Conditions attached with livestock policy: The conditions
regarding utmost good faith., medical fitness, efforts by the insured to
minimize the loss as a man of ordinary prudence and the payment of claim by
the insurer, etc. are stated in the policy.
Insurance plan for livestock assisted under Integrated Rural Development
Programme.
The aim of integrated Rural Development programme
(IRDP) is to uplift the small and marginal farmers, landless labourers, rural
artisans scheduled tribes and castes, as economically backward people and
to make available the source of employment to them. Under the IRDP,
purchases of cow, camels, ox, sheep and goats, buffaloes etc. are made provide
them to poor families. The cattle so purchased are covered by the following three
special insurance plans; such as:
Insurance of milk giving cattle. (This plan was started from
1977). Insurance of special breed cabs. (This plan was started
from 1980).
Insurance of oxen used for agricultural purposes.
10.5. Burglary insurance:
Burglary insurance was developed to provide security against
theft, dacoit, and house breaking etc. to business enterprises. Bank dacoit,
theft of valuable property from the shops, break of locks of business
enterprises and houses, etc. are the part and parcel of city life in modern
days.
Characteristics of Burglary insurance:
(1) It is a part of property insurance.
(2) It is indemnity insurance.
(3) It is a non-tariff insurance that means the tariff is not uniform in
all the policies. The tariff (premium rate) is determined keeping in view of
various factors that will differ in individual cases.
(4) The claim can be paid in the form of cash, repairing of the
property, replacement, etc.
(5) The principle of utmost good faith has much
importance.
(6) It also covers by the principle of subrogation and
contribution.
(7) Burglary insurance can be:
(a) Burglary insurance (Business premises), and
(b) Burglary insurance (Private dwellings).
Proposal From:
The proposal form is different in the case of Burglary
insurance for business premises and for private dwellings. The information to
be furnished in both, are uniform, namely:
(1) Name and address of the proposer.
(2) Business or occupation of the proposer.
(3) Location of the premises.
(4) Type of construction.
(5) Proposed sum to be insured.
(6) History of the past insurance, if any, and its
claim.
(7) Full details of present burglary insurance proposal.
Under-writing considerations in Burglary Insurance:
A number of considerations are there before the insurer,
before the proposal of burglary insurance is accepted, which can be divided
into three categories.
(1) General factors.
(2) Report of inspection of risks.
(3) Security checking
(1) General Factors: The factors include nature of
insured property, surroundings of the insured property, usual thorough-
fare in the building, history of any previous insurance of the same
building etc.
(2) Report of inspection of risks: Burglary insurance is not
accepted unless the property is properly surveyed and a favorable report
is presented to the insurer.
(3) Security Checking: Security checking is essential before
the proposal is accepted by the insurer: The risks factors are studied
thoroughly in this checking.
Burglary Insurance policies:
The major burglary insurance policies are as below:
1. Burglary (Business premises) policy.
2. Burglary (Private residence) policy
3. Jewellery and valuable insurance policy.
4. All risks policy.
5. Baggage insurance policy.
1. Burglary and House breaking policy (Business
premises):
This policy extends security against the risks and losses if
forcible entry of house breaking. It is indemnity insurance; the claim is paid to
the extent of sum insured. Unless expressly stated by the insured, certain
risks are not covered by the policy, such as, damage to the property while
executing any legal activity, the risks that can be covered by fire insurance or
motor insurance policy, risks relating to war perils, earth-quakes, etc.
These are certain special conditions under which the
insurer is not liable to indemnity the losses. The circumstances include:
(1) Where the building is kept aloof for 7 days and nights.
(2) Where some major alterations have been made in the
building, which increases the risks.
(3) Where the insured property is taken out from the building
The policy can be fully valued policy, (non-declaration policy
or
stock declaration policy) and 'First loss' burglary insurance.
Procedure of claim: The following procedure is followed for
settlement of claim under this type of policy.
A notice of loss within 7 days to the insurance
(2) Inspection of the books of accounts by the insurer with
the help of chartered accountant or professional valuers as soon as the notice
of loss in recovered by him.
(3) Valuation of the stock by comparing the policy and claim.
(4) An enquiry about the financial position of the insured,
with regard to his financial position, business, value of the goods lost by
burglary etc.
(5) In addition to the books of accounts, other documents such
as vouchers, invoices and certificates are demanded from the
insured.
(6) The insurer then satisfies himself by considering the
following facts:
(a) Whether the property lost was the same that all the
proof relating to valuation of the property.
(b) Whether the company has received all the proof relating
to valuation of the property.
(c) Whether the claim is within the policy limit, etc.
If satisfied with all these facts, the claim is paid to the
insured.
2. Burglary (Private residence) Insurance Policy: The
subject- matter to be covered under this policy includes furniture, general
household goods, personal articles, jewelleary and other valuables.
All these things can be insured at their total cost. In the
case of jewellery and other valuables, the limit is one-third of the total
policy. By paying excess premium, this can be exceeded.
The following things are not covered by burglary
insurance:
(1) Deeds, bill of exchange, promissory notes, cheques,
securities, Stamp duties, medals and like articles.
(2) Jewellery which have been wearing on the body or which
is in the process of making,.
(3) Other items which have been excluded from burglary
(business premises) policy:
3. Jewellery and valuable insurance policy: All the
restrictions and limitations applied to Burglary (private residence) Insurance policy
are equally applicable to this policy. This policy provides security against theft.
But the jewellery; which is in the process of making of which is wearing
on the human body shall not be covered by this policy.
4. All Risks Insurance Policy: The policy also covers
the risks of theft and house breaking. Decision is taken for "Accepted Value
Principle" of the insured value of the policy, for the payment of claims. But the
valuation is done with the help of professional valuers.
5. Baggage Insurance Policy: This policy covers all
the valuable materials in transit, except the jewellery and other valuables.
This policy provides security against losses happening during the course of transit
by accident, fire or theft, or damages. The security under this policy is
entitled within the territory of India only. However, by paying additional rate
of premium, the scope of the policy can be extended throughout the world.
10.6. Personal Accident Insurance:

Personal accident insurance is the insurance designed to
replace a substantial part of earned income lost by disability to a person
caused the loss due to death, leading to the accidental injury.
Nature of personal accident insurance
1. It is a category of different type of insurance.
2. It is a policy designed for an individual or a group of
persons.
3. It is a part of the non-traditional insurance.
4. It is a supplement to life insurance, since it indemnifies
the loss in case of injury leading to death.
5. It is tariff insurance under which the rate indemnity or
every type of accident and physical inability has been determined. From
January, 1977, personal accident insurance was brought under tariff
insurance.
6. It is an insurance based on the principle of utmost good
faith.
7. Strictly speaking, it is not a contract of indemnity. Firstly,
the physical or life indemnity cannot be indemnified in terms of money, since
the life is an invaluable asset.
Secondly, the policy under personal insurance is issued
as a benefit policy. This means that a specified amount of claim is paid to the
insured on happening of an event, without considering the actual monetary
loss. This predetermined amount usually can be more than the actual
monetary loss. It does not mean that the insurer is not aware of this fact; he
will see that the principle of indemnity is fully observed.
8. The principles of subrogation and contribution do not
apply to personal accident insurance. This means that an insured can get any
number of accident policies and are benefited.
Types of personal accident insurance:
Some Important types of policies are as below:
1. Janta individual types of policy.
2. Third party/ passenger/ driver accident policy.
3. Accidental policy issued by aviation department.
4. Group insurance personal accident policy for school children.
5. Rural personal accident policy.
6. Personal accident family package policy.
7. Medical (Hospital and house) treatment policy.
Classification of risks:
The amended rules in regard to personal accident policy have
been implemented from April 1, 1994. According to this direction, the personal
accident risks are classified into four categories.
1. Risk Group I: It includes accountants, doctors, advocates,
artisans, Consultant, engineers, teachers, bankers’ administrative officers and
others form professional field.
2. Risk group II: It includes architects, contractors,
superintendent engineers, veterinary doctors, vehicle drivers, and others from the
same trade, but not doing any manual work.
3. Risk group III: All such persons, excluding the risk group
IV, engaged in physical labour, such as garage and motor mechanics,
machine operators, driver's of trucks, or other heavy vehicles, sportsmen and
athletics' carpenters and others engaged in this type of risks.
4. Risk group IV: Person engaged in underground mines,
and armory, persons engaged in electricity generation, circus, horse race
hunters, mountaineers, winter sports, ice hockey, hand gliding, polo-players,
and other belonging to such field.
The insurance cover provides for all over the world.
Insurance cover/benefits in personal accident policy:
1. In case of death Full sum assured
2. Permanent Disablement (damages Full sum
assured to both hands/legs, or both eyes,
or one eye and one leg)
3. In the case of damages to one 50 per cent of
the sum assured
hand/leg or one eye
4. Other kind of permanent 100 percent
Disablement in addition to damages
happened by injury
5. Temporary or total disablement Paid on weekly basis and
benefits current rate is I per cent
of the
sum assured per week
6. Temporary or partial disablement Paid on weekly basis
and the
benefits current rate is 3 percent of
the sum assured per
week
Benefit (5) and (6) are together payable for a maximum of 104
weeks. Premium rates on below one year policy
Where a personal accident policy is issued for less than one year
period the following rates are applicable:
- Upto one month - ¼ of yearly rate
- Upto three months - ½ yearly rate
- Upto six months - ¼ yearly rate
- Above one year - yearly rate
Age limit:
The minimum age limit is five years of age at the time
of
entry and the maximum 70 years. However, the insurance company has the
power to grant exemption from minimum and maximum age limits keeping in
view the standard of the case, provided higher rate of premium is paid. In
the case of "Family Package Cover" policy the minimum age limit of children
can be 5 years and the maximum 25 years.
Assured sum ordinarily for a person the sum assured shall not be more than
the sum equivalent to his 72 months’ salary or income received from
occupations. For exceeding this limit, the prior approval of the head of
regional office of the insurer is required.
Extension of Insurance cover:
In order for expansion of insurance cover to meet the
expenses on medical treatment either by 25 percent of the claim money or by
10 percent of the sum insured (which even is less) and an additional 10
percent more of the original premium is required to be paid to the insurer.
Exclusion from claims:
The death, injury or disablement occurred due to the following
are not indemnified by the insurer.
While on the duties or services of defense services of the country.
Injury occasioned by or contributed to by venereal diseases or pregnancy.
Consciously committing injury, or efforts to commit suicide.
Injury sustained under the influence of wine or intoxicants.
Medical and surgical treatment (which are not covered by the
policy). Injury by atomic energy materials.
Air travel for the purpose of any trade or technical operation or as an air
crew except in a licensed air craft.
Any action taken by the appropriate authority against the violation of legal
provisions done with the object of committing a criminal act.
Other special benefits:
The following types of special benefits are given in the case
of personal accident insurance without paying any additional rate of premium.
These are:
The expenses to be made for bringing the dead body to home of the insured
in case of death: 2 percent of the insured sum or of Rs.2500.00
whichever is less
240
Cumulative bonus: Every year when the policy is renewed, 5 percent of the
insured value is incurred which can be upto 50 percent of insured value
Educational grants: In case of death or permanent disablement of the insured the
following educational grants are sanctioned:
Dependant single child below the age of 25 years Grants upto 10 percent of
the insured sum subject to a limit of Rs. 5000
Dependent children (More than one) below the age of 25 years: 10 per cent
of the sum assured or Rs.10000 whichever is less.
The minimum premium payable in the case of adult person is
Rs. 30 and in the case of group accidental policy the minimum is Rs.100
Family package cover:
The family package cover in the personal accident policy is as under
:
Miscellaneous Insurance
1. In the case the insured and Upto full sum
assured his/her spouse are earning
members.
2. In case the spouse of insured 50 per cent of the total sum
assured or
is not an earning member. 1.00 lakh whichever is less
3. Children from 5 to 25 years of 25 per cent of total sum
assured to
Age. every child or Rs. 50000 whichever is
less.
10.11. Summary:
The important miscellaneous insurance is the sign of growth of insurance
sector with reference to General Insurance. The House Insurance
Comprehensive Insurance Policies, Crop Insurance, Live Stock Insurance,
Burglary Insurance, Personal Accident Insurance Policies and other important
miscellaneous insurance policies discussed at length. General insurance
principles and specific insurance principles are also simultaneously
applicable on these insurance cover.

Pub. All.bad
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Co. Nag
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
10.13. Check your Progress:

A. Which of the following statement are true or false?
1.To be an “occupier” is an essential condition of liability.
2.Indian farmers still have to bear heavy losses from
unfavorable climatic conditions.
3.The importance of live stock insurance is increasing gradually in
India.
4. Burglary insurance was developed to provide security against
theft, decoity, house breaking etc.
5.Personal accident insurance is the insurance designed to replace
a substantial part of earned income lost by disability or accident.
B. Fill in the Blank:
1. The meaning of storm was explained in ……………………….
2..........................................India is basically an
country
3.As the first time in 1939, the crop insurance plan was
formulated by ………………………………….
4. The crop insurance provides …………….against damages or
losses to crop.
5.The aim of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
is
to.................the small and marginal formers.

A.
1.True
2.True
3.True
4. True 5. True
B.
1.Oddy v Phenix Assurance Co. Ltd.
2.Agriculture
3.Mysore Government
4. Indemnity 5. Uplift
Q.1. Discuss in detail about Comprehensive Insurance Policies.
Q.2. Discuss the Crop Insurance and its features.
Q.3. Discuss the Live Stock Insurance.
Q.4. Discuss Burglary Insurance.
Q.5. Discuss the Personal Insurance.
Unit-11
Insurance Regulatory Development
Authority Act, 1999
Objectives:
 Understand the importance of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
Act, 1999
 Understand the relevant legal provisions related to establishment of the Authority
 Understand the application of Act, 1999 to monitor and regulate
insurance business in India
Structure:
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Establishment and incorporation of Authority
11.3. Removal from office
11.4. Duties, power and functions of the Authority
11.5. Power of Central Government to issue directions
11.6. Furnishing of returns to Central Government
11.7. Power to make rules
11.8. Establishment of Insurance Regulatory Advisory Committee
11.9. Power to make regulations
11.10. Important Amendments in Corresponding Acts
11.10.1. Amendments in Insurance Act, 1938
11.10.2. Amendments in LIC Act, 1956
11.10.3. Amendments in General Insurance
Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972
11.11. Summary
11.1. Introduction:
In April, 1993, the Government set-up a high powered committee headed by Shri
R.N. Malhotra, former Governor, Reserve Bank of India, to examine the
structure of the insurance industry and recommend changes to make it more
efficient and competitive keeping in view the structural changes in other part of
the financial system of the country. The Committee which submitted its report
on the 7th January, 1994 felt that the insurance regulatory apparatus should be
activated even in the present set up of the nationalized insurance sector and
recommended, interalia, the establishment of a strong and effective Insurance
Regulatory Authority in the form of a statutory autonomous body on the lines
of Securities and Exchange Board of India.
.The recommendations of the Committee were discussed at different forums
including the Consultative Committee of the Parliament attached to the
Ministry of Finance, Managements of the LIC and GIC and its subsidiaries
companies, trade unions, Chambers of Commerce and consumer interest
groups. The recommendation to set up an autonomous Insurance
Regulatory Authority found wide support. In view of the general support
received, the then Government decided to bring a legislation to establish an
independent Regulatory Authority for the insurance industry.
An Act to provide for the establishment of an authority to protect the interests
of holders of insurance policies, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of
the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto and further to amend the Insurance Act, 1938, the Life Insurance
Corporation Act, 1956 and the General Insurance Business
(Nationalisation) Act, 1972.
11.2. Establishment and incorporation of Authority

(Section 3 of the Act):
(1) With effect from such date as the Central Government may,
by notification, appoint, there shall be established, for the purposes of this
Act, an Authority to be called “the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority”.
(2) The Authority shall be a body corporate by the name aforesaid
have perpetual secession and a common seal with power, subject to the
provisions of this Act, to acquire, hold and dispose of property, both movable,
and to contract and shall, by the said name, sue or be sued.
(3) The head office of the Authority shall be at such place as the
Central Government may decide from time to time.
(4) The Authority may establish offices at other places in India.
Composition of Authority S.4 – The authority shall consist of the
following members, namely:-
a) A Chairperson;
b) Not more than five whole time members;
c) Not more than four part-time members,
to be appointed by the Central Government from amongst
person of ability, integrity and standing who have knowledge or experience in
life insurance, general insurance, actuarial science, finance, economics, law,
accountancy, administration or any other discipline which would, in the
opinion of the Central Government, be useful to the Authority:
Provided that the Central Government shall, while appointing the
Chairperson and the whole-time members, ensure that at least one person each is
a person having knowledge or experience in life insurance, general insurance
or actuarial science, respectively.
Tenure of office of Chairperson and other members S.5 – (1) The
Chairperson and every other whole-time member shall hold office for a term
of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office and shall be
eligible for reappointment:
Provided that no person shall hold office as a Chairperson after he was
attained the age of Sixty-five years:
Provided further that no person shall hold office as a whole-time member after
he has attained the age of Sixty-two years.
(2) A part-time member shall hold office for a term not exceeding
five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
(3) Not withstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), a
member may –
a) Relinquish his office by giving in writing to the Central
Government notice or not less than three months; or
b) Be removed from his office in accordance with the
provisions of section - 6.
11.3. Removal from office (Section 6)

(1) The Central Government may remove from office any member, who
–
a) is, or at any time has been, adjudged as an insolvent; or
b) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a
member; or
c) has been convicted of any offence which in the opinion of
the Central Government, involves moral turpitude; or
d) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to
affect prejudicially his functions as a member, or
e) has so abused his position as to render his continuation in office
detrimental to the public interest.
(2) No such members shall be removed under clause (d) or clause
(e) of sub-section (1) unless he has been given a reasonable opportunity of being
heard in the matter.
Salary and allowances of Chairperson and members S.7 –
(1) The salary and allowances payable to, and other terms and
conditions of service of, the members other than part-time members shall be
such as may be prescribed.
(2) The part-time member’s shall receive such allowances as may
be prescribed.
(3) The salary, allowances and other conditions of service of a
member shall not be varied to his disadvantage after appointment.
Bar on future employment of member S.8 – The Chairperson and the
whole- time members shall not, for a period of two years from the date on
which they cease to hold office as such, except with the previous
approval of the Central Government, accept –
a) Any employment either under the Central Government or under
any State Government; or
b) Any appointment in any company in the insurance sector.
Administrative of Authority S.9 – The Chairperson shall have the powers of
general superintendence and direction in respect of all administrative matters of the
Authority.
Meetings of Authority S.10 –
(1) The Authority shall meet at such times and places and shall
observe such rules and procedures in regard to transaction of business at its
meetings (including quorum at such meetings) as may be determined by
regulation.
(2) The Chairperson, or if for any reason he is unable to attend
a meeting of the Authority, any other member chosen by the members
present from amongst themselves at the meeting shall preside at the
meeting.
(3) All questions which come up before any meeting of the Authority
shall be decided by a majority of votes by the members present and voting,
and in the event of an equality of votes, the Chairperson, or in his absence,
the person presiding shall have a second or casting vote.
(4) The Authority may make regulations for the transaction of
business at its meetings.
11.4. Duties, powers and functions of Authority
(Section14)
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and any other law for the
time being in force, the Authority shall have the duty to regulate, promote and
ensure orderly growth of the insurance business and Re-insurance
business.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in
sub-section (1), the powers and functions of the Authority shall include:-
a) Issue to the applicant a certificate of registration, renew, modify,
withdraw suspend or cancel such registration;
b) Protection of the interests of the policy-holders in
matters concerning as signing of policy, nomination by policy-holders,
insurable interest, settlement of insurance claim, surrender value of policy and
other terms and conditions of contracts of insurance;
c) Specifying requisite qualifications, code of conduct and practical
training for intermediary or insurance intermediaries and agents;
d) Specifying the code of conduct for surveyors and loss
assessors;
e) Promoting efficiency in the conduct of insurance business;
f) Promoting and regulating professional organizations connected with
the insurance and Re-insurance business;
g) Levying fees and other charges for carrying out the purposes of
this Act;
h) Calling for information from, undertaking inspection of,
conducting enquiries and investigations including audit of the insurers,
intermediaries, insurance, intermediaries and other organizations connected
with the insurance business;
i) Control and regulation of the rates, advantages, terms and conditions
that may be offered by insurers in respect of general insurance business not
so controlled and regulated by the Tariff Advisory Committee under section
64U of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938);
250
j) Specifying the form and manner in which books of accounts
shall be maintained and statement of accounts shall be rendered by insurers
and other insurance intermediaries;
k) Regulation investment of funds by insurance companies;
l) Regulating maintenance of margin of solvency;
m) Adjudication of disputes between insurers and intermediaries of
insurance intermediaries;
n) Supervising the functioning of the Tariff Advisory Committee;
o) Specifying the percentage of premium income of the insurer
to finance schemes for promoting and regulating professional organizations
referred to in clause (f);
p) Specifying the percentage of life insurance business and
general insurance business to be undertaken by the insurer in the rural or
social sector; and
q) Exercising such other powers as may be prescribed.
11.5. Power of Central Government to issue
direction:
( Section 18): (1) Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions of this Act,
the Authority shall, in exercise of its powers or the performance of its
functions under this Act, be bound by such directions on questions of
policy, other than those relating to technical and administrative matters, as
the Central Government may give in writing to it from time to time;
Provided that the Authority shall, as far as practicable, be given an
opportunity to express its views before any direction is given under
this sub-section.
(2) The decision of the Central Government, whether a question is
one of the policies or not, shall be final.
1.3.11 Power to Central Government to supersede Authority S.19 –
(1) If, at any time the Central Government is of the opinion –
a) That on account of circumstances beyond the control of the
Authority, it is unable to discharge the functions or perform the duties
imposed on it by or under the provisions of this Act; or
b) That the Authority has persistently defaulted in complying with
any direction given by the Central Government under this Act or in the
discharge of the functions or performance of the duties imposed on it by or
under the provisions of this Act and as a result of such default the financial
position of the Authority or the administration of the Authority has
suffered; or
c) That circumstances exist to which render it necessary in the
public interest so to do.
The Central Government may, by notification and for reasons to be specified
therein, supersede the Authority for such period, not exceeding six months,
as may be specified in the notification and appoint a person to be the
Controller of Insurance under Section 2B of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of
1938), if not already done;
Provided that before issuing any such notification, the Central Government
shall give a reasonable opportunity to the Authority to make representations
against the proposed supersession and shall consider the representations, if
any, of the Authority.
(2) Upon the publication of a notification under sub-section (1)
superseding the Authority -
a) The Chairperson and other members shall, as from the date of
super session, vacate their offices as such;
b) All the powers, functions and duties which may, by or under
the provisions of this Act, be exercised or discharged by or on behalf of the
Authority shall until the Authority is reconstituted under sub-section (3) be
exercised and discharged by the Controller of Insurance; and
c) All properties owned or controlled by the Authority shall, until the
Authority is reconstituted under sub-section (3), vest in the Central
Government.
(3) On or before the expiration of the period of super session
specified in the notification issued under sub-section (1), the Central
Government shall reconstitute the Authority by a fresh appointment of its
Chairperson and other members and in such case any person who had
vacated his office under clause (a) of sub-section (2) shall not be deemed
to be disqualified for reappointment.
(4) The Central Government shall cause a copy of the
notification issued under sub-section (1) and a full report of any action taken
under this section and the circumstances leading to such action to be laid
before each House of Parliament at the earliest.
11.6. Furnishing of returns, etc., to Central

Government:
(Section 20)
(1) The Authority shall furnish to the Central Government at such
time and in such form and manner as may be prescribed, or as the Central
Government may direct to furnish such returns, statements and other
particulars in regard to any proposed or existing programme for the
promotion and development of the insurance industry as the Central
Government may direct to furnish such returns, statements and other
particulars in regard to any proposed or existing programme for the
promotion and development of the insurance industry as the Central
Government may, from time to time, require.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the
Authority shall, within nine months after the close of each financial year,
submit to the Central Government a report giving a true and full account
of its activities including the activities for promotion and development of the
insurance business during the previous financial year.
(3) Copies of the reports received under sub-section (2) shall be
laid, as soon as may be after they are received, before each House of
Parliament.
Chairperson, members, officers and other employees of Authority to be
public servants S.21 –The Chairperson, members, officers and other
employees of the Authority shall be deemed, when acting or purporting to act
in pursuance of any of the provision of this Act, to be public servants within
the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
Protection of action taken in good faith S.22 – No suit, prosecution or
other legal proceedings shall lie against the Central Government or any officer
of the Central Government or any member, officer or other employee of
the Authority for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done
under this Act or the rules or regulations made hereunder:
Delegation of Power S.23 –
(1) The Authority may, be general or special order in writing,
delegate to the Chairperson or any other members or officer of the Authority
subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order such of its
powers and functions under this Act as it may deem necessary.
(2) The Authority may, be a general or special order in writing,
also form committees of the members and delegate to them the powers and
functions of the Authority as may be specified by the regulations.
11.7. Power to make regulations:

(Section 24)
(1) The Central Government may, by notification, make rules
for carrying out the provisions of the Act.
foregoing power, such rules may provide for all or any of the following
matters, namely:-
a) The salary and allowances payable to and other terms and
conditions of service of, the members other than part-time members under
sub-section (1) of section – 7;
b) The allowances to be paid to the part-time members under sub-
section (2) of section 7;
c) Such other powers that may be exercised by the Authority under
clause (q) of sub-section (2) of section 14;
d) The form of annual statement of accounts to be maintained by
the Authority under sub-section (1) of section 17;
e) The form and the manner in which and the time within which
returns and statements and particulars are to be furnished to be Central
Government under sub-section (1) of section 20;
f) The matters under sub-section (5) of section 25 on which
the Insurance Advisory Committee shall advice the Authority.
g) Any other matter which is required to be, or may be, prescribed,
or in respect of which provision is to be or may be made by rules.
11.8. Establishment of Insurance Advisory
Committee:
(Section 25):
(1) The Authority may, by notification, establish with effect from
such date as it may specify in such notification, a Committee to be known
as the Insurance Advisory Committee.
(2) The Insurance Advisory Committee shall consist of not more
than twenty-five members excluding ex officio members to represent the
interests of commerce, industry, transport, agriculture, consumer fora,
surveyors, agents, intermediaries, organizations engaged in safety and loss
prevention, research bodies and employees’ association in the
insurance sector.
(3) The Chairperson and the members of the Authority shall be the
ex officio chairperson and ex officio members of the Insurance Advisory
Committee.
(4) The objects of the Insurance Advisory Committee shall be to
advise the Authority on matters relating to the making of the regulations under
section 26.
(5) Without Prejudice to the provisions on sub-section (4) the
Insurance Advisory Committee may advise the Authority on such other
matters as may be prescribed.
11.9. Power to make regulations:

(Section 26):
(1) The authority may, in consultation with the Insurance
Advisory Committee. by notification make regulations consistent with the Act
and the rules made hereunder to carry out the purposes of this Act.
(2) In particulars, and without prejudice to the generality of the
foregoing power, such regulation may provide for all or any of the
following matters, namely:-
a) The times and places of meetings of the Authority and the
procedure to be followed at such meetings including the quorum necessary
for the transaction of business under sub-section (1) of section 10;
b) The transactions of business at its meetings under sub-sections
of business at its meetings under sub-section (4) of section 10;
c) The terms and other conditions of service of officers and
other employees of the Authority under sub-section (2) of section 12;
d) The powers and functions which may be delegated to
Committees of the members under sub-section (2) of section 23;
e) Any other matter which is required to be, or may be, specify
by regulations or in respect of which provisions is to be or may be
made by regulations.
Rules and regulations to be laid before Parliament S.27 – Every rule and
every regulation made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it
is made,
before each House of Parliament, while it is in session for a total period of
thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more
successive session, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately
following the session or the successive session aforesaid, both that the rule
or regulation should not be made, the rule or regulation shall there after have
effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so,
however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without
prejudice to the validity or anything previously done under that rule or
regulation.
Application of other laws not barred S.28 – The provision of this Act shall
be in addition to, and not in derogation of the provisions of any other law
for the time being in force.
Power of remove difficulties S.29 –
(1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this
Act, the Central Government may, by order published in the official Gazette,
make such provisions not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act as may
appear to be necessary for removing the difficulty:
Provided that no order shall be made under this section after the expiry
of two years from the appointed day.
(2) Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as
may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament
11.10. Important Amendments in corresponding
Acts:
11.10.1. Important Amendments in Insurance Act,
1938:
1.In the Act, except in clause (5-B) of Section 2 and Section 2-
B, for “Controller” wherever it occurs, substitute “Authority” and such
consequential changes as the rules of grammar may require shall also
be made.
2.For Section 6, substitute the following:
“6. Requirement as to capital: No insurer carrying on
the business of life insurance, general insurance or re-insurance in India on
or after the commencement of the IRDA Act, 1999, shall be registered
unless he has-
(i) A paid-up equity capital of rupees one hundred crores, in case
of a person carrying on the business of life insurance or general
insurance; or
(ii) A paid up equity capital of rupees two hundred crores, in case of
a person carrying on exclusively the business as are insurer;
3.For Section 33, substitute the following:
“33.Power of investigation and inspection by Authority:
1. The Authority may, at any time by order in writing, direct any
person specified in order to investigate the affairs of any insurer and to report
to the Authority on any investigation made by such Investigating
Authority (IA).
2. The IA may at any time and shall on being directed so to do
by the Authority, cause an inspection to be made one or more of his
officers of any insurer and his books of account; and IA shall supply to the
insurer a Copy of his report on such inspection.
3. It shall be the duty of every manager, managing director or other
officer of the insurer to provide all books of accounts, registers, and other
documents in his custody.
4. Any IA may examine on oath.
5. The IA shall report to the Authority on any inspection made.
6. On receipt of any report the Authority may, after giving such
opportunity to the insurer to make a representation in connection with the
report as in the opinion of the Authority, seems reasonable by order in
writing,
a. Require the insurer, to take such action in respect of any
matter arising out of the report as the Authority may think it; or
b. Cancel the registration of the insurer; or
c. Direct any person to apply to the court for the winding up of
the insurer.
4. Section 42, (a) for sub-section (1), substitute the following:-
“(1) The Authority or an officer authorised by it in this behalf shall, in the
manner determined by the regulations made by it and on payment of the fee
determined by the regulations, which shall not be more than two hundred and
fifty rupees, issue to any person making an application in the manner
determined by the regulations, a license to act as an insurance agent for
the purpose of soliciting or procuring insurance business.
5.After Section 42-C, insert the following:
“42-D. Issue of license to intermediary or insurance intermediary: (1) The
Authority or an officer authorised by it in this behalf shall, in the
manner determined by the regulations made by the Authority, and on
payment of the fees determined by the regulations made by the Authority,
issue to any person making an application in the manner determined by the
regulations, and not suffering from any of the disqualifications herein
mentioned, a license to act as an intermediary or an insurance
intermediary under this Act.”
6.For section 102 to 105, substitute the following:
Section 102: Penalty for default in complying with or act
in contravention of this Act, if any person, who is required under this Act, or
rules or regulations made there under,
a. To furnish any document, statement, account, return or report to
the Authority, fails to furnish the same;
b. To comply with the directions, fails to comply with such
directions;
c. To maintain solvency margin, fails to maintain such
solvency margin;
d. To comply with the directions on the insurance treaties, fails
to comply with such directions o the insurance treaties, he shall be liable to a
penalty not exceeding five Lakh rupees for each such failure and punishable
with fine.
Section 103: Policy for carrying on insurance business in contravention of
Section 3, 7 and 98: If a person makes a statement, or furnishes any
document, statement, account, return or report which is false and which he
either knows or believes to be false or does not belief to be true.
Section 104: Penalty for false statement in document: If a person fails to
comply with the provisions of Section 27 or Section 27-A or Section 27-B or
Section 27-D, he shall be liable to penalty not exceeding five Lakh rupees for
each such failure.
Section 105: Wrongfully obtaining or withholding property: If any director,
manager or managing director or other officer or employee of an insurer
wrongfully obtains possessions of any property or wrongfully applies to
any purpose of the Act, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding two Lakh
rupees for each such failure.
11.10.2. Amendments in LIC Act, 1956: Amendments
to the Life Insurance Act, 1956 (31 of 1956):
1.In the Act, for “Controller” wherever it occurs,
substitute
“Authority”
2. After Section 30, insert the following:-
“30-A. Exclusive privilege of Corporation to cease:-
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the exclusive privilege of
carrying on life insurance business in India by the Corporation shall cease on
and from the commencement of the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority Act, 1999 and the Corporation shall, thereafter, carry on life insurance
business in India in accordance with the provisions of the Insurance
Act, 1938.”
11.10.3. Amendments in General Insurance
Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972: Amendment to the General
Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972 after section 24, inserts
the following:
“24-A.Exclusive privilege of Corporation and acquiring
companies to cease:- Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the
exclusive privilege of the Corporation and acquiring companies of carrying on
general insurance business in India shall cease on and from the
260
commencement of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act,
1999 and the Corporation and the acquiring companies shall, thereafter, carry on
general insurance business in India accordance with the provisions of the
Insurance Act, 1938.”
261
11.11. Summary:
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority is playing a very
important role in orderly growth of insurance sector in India through proper
regulations and monitoring. The relevant provisions of the IRDA Act giving
very wide powers to IRDA in this regard to investigate in case of non
compliance of the rules and regulations issued by the IRDA or Central
Government in particular.

Pub. All.bad
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
 Srinivasan,M.N., Principles of Insurance Law (2006), Wadhwa &
Co. Nagpu
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
A. Which of the following statements are true and
false:
1.In April, 1993, the Government set-up a high powered
committee headed by Shri R.N. Malhotra.
2.The Authority shall consist of not more than five whole
time
members.
3.Section 19 is related to power of Central Government to
supersede the Authority.
4.Power to make rules defined under Section 24.
5.A paid-up equity capital of rupees one hundred crores is
required in case of life insurance or general insurance.
1. An Authority to protect the interest of policy holders to
regulate, and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry.
2.The Chairman and other part time members of the Authority
shall hold office for a term of ……….
3. ……………… is related to removal of the members and
Chairman.
4. The bar on future employment of members is up to
………………..
5.Duties, power and functions of the Authority is defined under
…………….of the IRDA Act, 1999.
11.14. Answer to check your Progress:
A. 1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True 5. True
B. 1. to monitor
2. five
Years
3.Section 6
4. Two Years 5. Section 5
Q.1. Discuss the power of Central Government to issue directions to the
Authority.
Q.2. Discuss the duties, powers and functions of the Authority.
Q.3. Discuss the composition, tenure and removal clause under the
IRDA Act, 1999.
Q.4. What is the power to make rule of Central Government?
Q.5. Discuss the establishment of Insurance Advisory Committee.
Unit-12
Insurance Ombudsman
Objectives:
 Understand the importance of the Insurance Ombudsman;
 Understand the role of Insurance Ombudsman in settlement of the cases
between insured and insurer;
 Understand the concept of consumer and its relationship particularly in case
of disputes.
Structure:
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Appointment of Insurance Ombudsman
12.3. Territorial Jurisdiction of Ombudsman
12.4. Power of Insurance Ombudsman
12.5. Procedure of Redressal of Public Grievances
12.6. Manner of Complaint
12.7. Power of Insurance Ombudsman
12.8. Insurance business and consumer Law
12.9. Insurance Ombudsman-Structure in existence in India-Practical
aspect
12.10. Grievance Redressal Cell of IRDA
12.11. Summary
12.1. Introduction:
The History of the Ombudsman: The First Ombudsman
In 1697, when he was only 15 years old, Charles XII became King of Sweden.
For the next 17 years, however, Charles was out of the country fighting wars,
mostly
against Russia. During this time, because he was away from the country,
Charles signed a law creating an office called the King’s Highest
Ombudsman. The job of the King’s Highest Ombudsman was to make sure
that while the king was away the government workers, judges, and the
military were acting properly and following the rules the King had left for
them. When the wars were over and the King returned to Sweden, the office
of the ombudsman disappeared for several decades, but it was not
forgotten.
The word 'ombudsman' comes from Sweden which in 1809 established the position
of Justlie ombudsman to oversee government administration. The title loosely
translates as 'citizen's defender' or 'representative of the people'. Since 1809, it has
been adopted in many parts of the world, in both government and private
industry (eg. banking and insurance) settings. However, the role has changed
considerably and nowadays the Ombudsman functions in Sweden and
elsewhere do not generally involve acting on behalf of complainants in the
way that an advocate or lawyer would do. Nor does the Ombudsman
represent the agency being complained about. Rather, an Ombudsman acts
in an impartial and independent way1.
About a hundred years later, in 1809, Sweden had a different king but it was
still fighting wars with Russia. The war was not going very well for
Sweden. In fact, the king had been taken prisoner by the Russian army.
Without a King to make final decisions and settle disputes, the Swedish
Parliament brought back the idea of the ombudsman. The ombudsman who was
appointed in 1809 was responsible to Parliament and his job was to protect
the rights of citizens against unfair or oppressive decisions of the
bureaucracy. His name was Lars Augustin Mannerheim.
The appointment of this parliamentary ombudsman in Sweden in 1809 is
generally regarded as the birth date of the modern ombudsman. Most of
the public or parliamentary ombudsmen around the world are modeled on
what happened in Sweden in 1809. A common definition that is accepted
today says that a public or parliamentary ombudsman is “a public official
appointed by the legislature to
1
http://www.ombudsman.wa.gov.au/About_Us/History.htm
receive and investigate citizen complaints against administrative acts of
government”.
The Ombudsman in Saskatchewan:
Canadian provinces began to create ombudsman offices in the late

1960s. Saskatchewan passed a law creating the office of the ombudsman
and then appointed Saskatchewan’s first Ombudsman in 1973.
The Ombudsman in Saskatchewan is called an Independent Officer of

the Legislative Assembly. This means that the Ombudsman is not part of
the government. The Ombudsman is separate and apart from the
government. The Ombudsman is appointed for a five year term and may be
appointed for no more than two terms.
There have been six ombudsmen in Saskatchewan since the first one
was appointed in 1973. The current Ombudsman is Mary McFadyen2.
Development in India: The Malhotra Committee also recommended setting
up of the institution of ombudsman with a view to reduce litigation and to
protect the consumer’s interest in the backdrop of the insurance sector.
The Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred on it by the
Insurance Act, 1938 by notification. The institution of Insurance
Ombudsman was created by a Government of India Notification dated 11th
November, 1998 with the purpose of quick disposal of the grievances of the
insured customers and to mitigate their problems involved in redressal of
those grievances. This institution is of great importance and relevance for the
protection of interests of policy holders and also in building their confidence in
the system. The institution has helped to generate and sustain the faith and
confidence amongst the consumers and insurers.
12.2. Appointment of Ombudsman:

Rule 6 provides that governing body shall appoint one or more persons
as Ombudsman. The governing body of insurance council issues
266
orders of
2
www.ombudsman.sk.ca/info/the-history-of-the-ombudsman
266
appointment of the insurance Ombudsman on the recommendations of the
committee comprising of:
(i)Chairman, IRDA;
(ii)Chairman, LIC;
(iii)Chairman, GIC ; and
(iv) A representative of the Central Government.
Insurance council comprises of members of the Life Insurance council and
general insurance council formed under Section 40 C of the Insurance Act,
1938. The governing body of insurance council consists of representatives of
insurance companies.
Ombudsman is drawn from Insurance Industry, Civil Services and Judicial
Services.
Terms of office: An insurance Ombudsman is appointed for a term of three
years or till the incumbent attains the age of sixty five years, whichever is
earlier. Re- appointment is not permitted.
12.3. Territorial Jurisdiction of Ombudsman:

he governing body has appointed twelve Ombudsmen across the country allotting
them different geographical areas as their areas of jurisdiction. The
Ombudsman may hold sitting at various places within their area of
jurisdiction in order to expedite disposal of complaints. The offices of the twelve
insurance Ombudsman’s are located at,
(1) Bhopal;
(2) Bhubaneswar;
(3) Cochin;
(4) Guwahati;
267
(5) Chandigarh;
(6) New Delhi;
(7) Chennai;
(8) Kolkata;
(9) Ahmadabad;
(10) Lucknow;
(11) Mumbai;
(12) Hyderabad.
The Ombudsman has a secretarial staff provided to him by the insurance
council to assist him in discharging his duties. The total expenses on
Ombudsman and his staff are incurred by the insurance companies who are
members of the insurance council in such proportion as may be
decided by the governing body.
12.4. Power of Insurance Ombudsman: Insurance Ombudsman has two
types of functions to perform (1) conciliation, (2) Award making. The
insurance Ombudsman is empowered to receive and consider complaints in
respect of personal lines of insurance from any person who has any
grievance against an insurer. The complaint may relate to any grievance
against the insurer i.e. (a) any partial or total repudiation of claims by the
insurance companies, (b) dispute with regard to premium paid or payable in
terms of the policy, (c) dispute on the legal construction of the policy wordings
in case such dispute relates to claims; (d) delay in settlement of claims and
(e) non-issuance of any insurance document to customers after receipt
of premium.
Ombudsman's powers are restricted to insurance contracts of value not exceeding
Rs. 20 lakhs. The insurance companies are required to honour the awards
passed by an Insurance Ombudsman within three months.
The Ombudsman shall act as counsellor or mediators in matters which are
within his terms of reference and, if requested to do so in writing by mutual
agreement by
the insured person and insurance company. The Ombudsman’s decision whether
the complaint is fit and proper being considered by it or not, shall be final.
12.5. Procedure of Redressal of Public Grievances:
Complaints- When and who can present a Complaint: (i) The
complainants first make a written representations to the insurer and if
the insurer had:
(a) Rejected the claim of the complainants, or
(b) The complainant had not received any reply within one month
after receipt of the complaint by the insurer.
(ii) The complainant may himself or through his legal heirs make a
complaint in writing to the Ombudsman within whose jurisdiction the
branch or office of the insurer complained against, is located.
12.6. Manner of Complaint:
(Rule 13)
(i)Any person who has a grievance against an insurer may himself or
through his legal heir make a complaint in writing to the Insurance
Ombudsman within his jurisdiction the branch or the office of the
insurer is located.
(ii)The complainant shall be in writing duly signed by the complainants or
through his legal heirs and shall state clearly the name and address of the
complainant, the name of the office or branch of the insurer against which the
complaint is made, the fact giving rise to the complaint supported by
documents, the nature and extent of loss caused to the complainant and the
relief from the Insurance Ombudsman.
(iii)No complaint to the Insurance Ombudsman shall be made unless-
(a) The complainant had before making a complaint to the
ombudsman made a written representation to the insurer named in the
complaint and either the insurer had rejected the complaint or the
complainant had not received any reply within a period of one month
after the insurer concerned received his
representation or the complainant is not satisfied with the reply given to him
by the insurer.
(b) The complaint is made not later than one year of after the
insurer had rejected the representation or sent his final reply on the
representation of the complainant, and
(c) The complaint is not on the same subject-matter, for which
any proceedings before any court or consumer forum, or arbitrators is
pending or so were earlier.
12.7. Award (Rule 16) and Recommendations:

The ombudsman shall pass an award within a period of three months from
the receipt of the complaint. The awards are binding upon the insurance
companies. If the policy holder is not satisfied with the award of the
Ombudsman he can approach other venues like Consumer Forums and
Courts of law for redressal of his grievances. As per the policy-holder's protection
regulations, every insurer shall inform the policy holder along with the policy
document in respect of the insurance Ombudsman in whose jurisdiction his
office falls for the purpose of grievances redressal arising if any subsequently.
Steady increase in number of complaints received by various Ombudsman
shows that the policy-holders are reposing their confidence in the
institution of Insurance Ombudsman.
When a complaint is settled through the mediation of the Ombudsman, he
shall make the recommendations which he thinks fair in the circumstances of
the case. Such a recommendation shall be made not later than one month
and copies of the same sent to complainant and the insurance company
concerned. If the complainant accepts recommendations, he will send a
communication in writing within 15 days of the date of receipt accepting
the settlement. Rule 16 is specifically talk about the Award made by the
Insurance Ombudsman in following way:
(1) Where the complaint is not settled by the mutual agreement

under Rule 15, the Insurance Ombudsman shall pass an award which he
thinks fit in the facts and circumstances of a claim.
270
(2) An award shall be in writing and shall state the amount awarded
to the complainant.
(3) The Ombudsman shall pass an award within a period of
three months from the receipt of the complaint.
(4) A copy of the award shall be sent to the complainant and the
insurer named in the complaint.
(5) The complainant shall furnish to the insurer within the period of
one month from the date of receipt of the award a letter of acceptance that
the award is in full and final settlement of his claim.
(6) The insurer shall comply with the award within the 15 days of
the receipt of the acceptance letter under sub-rule (5) and it shall
intimate the compliance to the Ombudsman.
(7) Under Rule 18, if the Ombudsman deems fit, he may award
an exgratia payment.
It should be noted that under Rule 17, where the complainant does not
intimate the acceptance under sub rule (5) of Rule 16, the award may not be
implemented by the insurance company.
12.8. Insurance Business and Consumer Law:
It is important to note that the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is one of
the benevolent social legislation intended to protect the interest of consumers
at large from exploitation by the Service Providers like- Insurance Companies,
Banks, etc. The ultimate aim and purpose of the Act is to provide cheap,
simple and speedy redressal to the consumers. But the big question is this
who is consumer? (R.N. Chaudhry: Consumer Protection Law) The term
‘consumer’ has been defined under Section 2(1) (d) of the Act as:
“Consumer” means any person who-
(i) Buy any goods for consideration which has been paid or
promised or partly paid and partly promised; or under any system of deferred
payment and includes any user of goods....
(ii) Hires and avails any service for consideration which has been
paid or promised and includes any beneficiary of such services other than
who hires
or avails of service for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid and
partly promised or under any system of deferred payment when such services are
availed or with the approval of the first mentioned person but does not include
a person who avails of such services for any commercial purpose.
For the purpose of the Act ‘consumer’ has been classified as “consumer of
goods”, i.e., buyer of goods and Hire of services. Contract of insurance under
Indian Law are contingent contract though based on the principle of indemnity
while English law regards it contract of indemnity except life insurance.
Providing insurance is service and not selling of good. Thus policy holder
is consumer of services.
Beneficiary of Group Insurance is Consumer-In Vikas Verkhedkar v. Narmada
Electronics (P) Ltd. [II (1997) CPJ 3 (NC)], complainant was one of the
employee of the Narmada Electronics Ltd. This concern was covered by the
Group Insurance of the respondent. He met with an accident and lodged a
claim but he was not paid in full. It was held that the complainant was
beneficiary under the policy of insurance of the group insurance. It was
covered by the definition of ‘consumer’ as defined in Section 2(1) (d) (i) of the
Consumer Protection Act. Then the question arises as to what is ‘Service’?
Service has been defined under Section 2(1) (o) as: “Service” means service
of any description which is made available to potential users and includes but
is not limited to, the provisions of facilities in connection with banking,
financing, insurance, transport, processing, supply of electrical or other
energy, boarding or lodging or both, housing, construction, entertainment,
amusement or the previewing of news or other information, but does not
include rendering of services free of charge or under a contract of
personal service.
The above definition specifically includes “insurance” within its scope, what is
more required is that such service must be provided for consideration and not
free of charge. Whatever insured paid as premium by which services of the
insurer is bought and an insurer renders service to the consumer. Thus, it is
obvious that a policy holder is a consumer. Thus it is obvious that a policy
holder is consumer. So, all the insurance whether life or general are within
the purview of Consumer Protection Act.
The other thing which is required is that there must be ‘consumer dispute’.
Section 2(1) (e) of the Act defines it as:
“a dispute where the person against whom a complaint has
been made denies or disputes the allegations contained in the complaint. The
complaint is made as to deficiency in service.
The term ‘deficiency’ has been defined under Section 2(1) (g) as:
“any fault imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the
quality, nature and manner of performance which is required to be maintained
by or under any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to be
performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or otherwise in relation
to any service.”
It is to be borne in mind that to be serviced under the purview of the
Consumer Protection Act. It is necessary that it should not be given (a) free
of charge; and (b) under a contract of service. Here both do not apply a
contract of service because insured pays premium for availing insurance
service of the insurer and contract of insurance is contract for service and
contract of service. While considering ‘Contract of Service’ and ‘Contract
for Service’ the Supreme Court in the case of Indian Medical Association v.
V.P. Shantha [AIR 1996 Sc 550] has explained between the two, as –
“Contract for Service”- “Contract of service implies a contract where by one
party undertakes to render service, e.g., professional or technical services to
or for another in the performance of which he is not subject to detail
direction and contract but exercises professional or technical skill and uses
his own knowledge and decisions” (R.N.P. Chaudhry: Consumer
Protection).
“Contract for Service”- Contract of relationship implies a relationship of a
master and servant and involves the order to obey in the works to be
performed and as to its made and manner of performance. Contract of
service is out of the purview of this Act. Contract of insurance does not create
a relation of master and servant between their insurer and insured. It is purely
contract of service. Thus contract of insurance is very well within the domain
of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The term ‘service’ under section
2(1) (o) includes insurance. It may be life or
general which may be respectively conducted by LIC and GIC. Since
their business is service, so they are amenable before consumer for a. Policy
holders and beneficiaries under the policy are consumers within the meaning
of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
In R.M. LIC v. B.Reddy [1991(2) CPJ 144], it has held that Insurance Services
are ‘service’ within the provisions of Section 2(1) (o) of the Act and
consequently within the jurisdiction of Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Thus
delay in payment of insurance amount or delay in settlement of claims or faulty
determination of claims or non-payment or unreasonable grounds or any other
deficiency on the part of the company may amount to deficiency in service
within the meaning of the Act.
In Hotel Southern Pvt. Ltd. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. [(1995) III CPJ 54
NC], the appellants paid insurance premium by cheque for insurance of a car.
The cheque was dishonoured for insufficiency of funds. The insurance policy
was void ab initio. Non-payment of claim by the insurer did not amount to
deficiency in service.
The Supreme Court in United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Manubhai D. Gajera
[AIR 2009 SC 446], has observed:
“Keeping in view of the role played by the Insurance
Companies, it is essential that the Regulatory Authority must lay down clear
guidelines by way of regulations or otherwise. No doubt the regulations would
be applicable to all the players in the field of duties and functions of the
Regulatory Authority, however to see that the service provider must render
their services keeping in view the nature thereof. It will be appropriate for the
Central Government or the General Insurance Companies also issue
require circulars.”
Consumer and Insurance Ombudsman: For providing protection to
Indian consumers against malpractices and gullible brokers who are out to
fleece the customers by raking in quick profits, IRDA has appointed
Ombudsman in 12 cities across India to specifically deal with Insurance
Grievances and speedy disposal of such cases. In case if a policyholder is
dissatisfied by the outcome or the decision taken by the Insurance Company,
such an individual has the liberty to approach the Insurance Ombudsman as a
last resort after exhausting various options. Each
Ombudsman has been empowered to redress customer grievances in respect
of insurance contracts on personal lines where the insured amount is less than Rs.
20 lakhs, in accordance with the Ombudsman Scheme.
12.9. Insurance Ombudsman-Structure in Existence in

India:
CONTACT DETAILS JURISDICTION
AHMEDABAD
Office of the Insurance Ombudsman,
2nd floor, Ambica House,
Near C.U. Shah College, State of Gujarat and Union
5, Navyug Colony, Ashram Territories of Dadra &
Road, Ahmedabad – 380 014 Nagar Haveli and Daman
Tel.:-079-27546150/139 and Diu.
Fax:-079-27546142
Email:-ins.omb@rediffmail.com
BHOPAL
Sh.Raj Kumar Srivastava
Janak Vihar Complex,
States of Madhya Pradesh and
2nd Floor, 6, Malviya Nagar, Opp.
Chattisgarh.
Airtel, Bhopal – 462 011.
Tel.:- 0755-2769200/201/202
Fax:- 0755-2769203
Email:-bimalokpalbhopal@gmail.com
BHUBANESHWAR
Shri B.N. Mishra State of Orissa.
62, Forest park,
Bhubneshwar – 751 009.
Tel.:- 0674-2596461/2596455
Fax:- 0674-2596429
Email:-ioobbsr@dataone.in
CHANDIGARH
Sh.Manik B.Sonawane
States of Punjab, Haryana,
S.C.O. No. 101, 102 & 103, 2nd
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Floor, Batra Building, Sector 17 –
Kashmir and Union territory
D, Chandigarh – 160 017.
of Chandigarh.
Tel.:- 0172-2706196/5861/6468
Fax:- 0172-2708274
Email:-ombchd@yahoo.co.in
CHENNAI
Sh. Virander Kumar
Fatima Akhtar Court, State of Tamil Nadu and
4th Floor, 453 (old 312), Anna Union Territories -
Salai, Teynampet, Pondicherry Town and
CHENNAI – 600 018. Karaikal (which are part of
Tel.:- 044-24333678/664/668 Union Territory of
Fax:- 044-24333664 Pondicherry).
Email:-
chennaiinsuranceombudsman@gmail.com
DELHI
Ms. Sandhya Baliga
Office of the Insurance Ombudsman, States of Delhi and
2/2 A, Universal Insurance Rajasthan.
Building, Asaf Ali Road,
New Delhi – 110 002.
Tel.:- 011-23239611/7539/7532
Fax:- 011-23230858
Email:-iobdelraj@rediffmail.com
GUWAHATI
’Jeevan Nivesh’, 5th Floor, States of Assam,
Nr. Panbazar over bridge, S.S. Road, Meghalaya, Manipur,
Guwahati – 781001(ASSAM). Mizoram, Arunachal
Tel.:- 0361-2132204/2131307/2132205 Pradesh, Nagaland and
Fax:- 0361-2732937 Tripura.
Email:- ombudsmanghy@rediffmail.com
HYDERABAD
Sh. G.Rajeswara Rao
6-2-46, 1st floor, "Moin Court" States of Andhra Pradesh,
Lane Opp. Saleem Function Palace, Karnataka and Union
A. C. Guards, Lakdi-Ka- Territory of Yanam - a part
Pool, Hyderabad - 500 of the Union Territory of
004. Pondicherry.
Tel.:- 040-23325325/23312122
Fax:- 040-23376599
Email:-insombudhyd@gmail.com
KOCHI
P.K. Vijayakumar
State of Kerala and Union
2nd Floor, CC 27 / 2603, Pulinat
Territory of (a) Lakshadweep
Bldg., Opp. Cochin Shipyard, M.
(b) Mahe-a part of Union
G. Road, Ernakulam - 682 015.
Territory of Pondicherry.
Tel.:- 0484-2358734/759/9338
Fax:- 0484-2359336
Email:- iokochi@asianetindia.com
KOLKATA
Shri K.B. Saha
States of West Bengal,
Hindustan Bldg. Annexe, 4, C.R.
Bihar, Sikkim, Jharkhand
Avenue, 4th Floor, KOLKATA - 700
and Union Territories of
072.
Andaman and Nicobar
TEL : 033-22124346/22124339
Islands.
Fax : 033-22124341
Email:-
insombudsmankolkata@gmail.com
LUCKNOW
Shri N.P. Bhagat
6th Floor, Jeevan Bhawan,
Phase-II, Nawal Kishore Road, States of Uttar Pradesh and
Hazratganj, Uttaranchal.
Lucknow-226 001.
Tel.:- 0522-2201188/31330/1
Fax:- 0522-2231310
Email:-insombudsman@rediffmail.com
MUMBAI
Sh.A.K.Dasgupta
3rd Floor, Jeevan Seva Annexe,
States of Maharashtra and
S. V. Road, Santacruz
Goa.
(W), Mumbai - 400 054.
Tel.:- 022-26106928/360/6552/6960
Fax:- 022-26106052
Email:- ombudsmanmumbai@gmail.com
12.10. Grievance Redressal Cell of IRDA:

_
The Grievance Redressal Cell of the IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority) looks into the relevant and valid complaints lodged by
the policyholders. The complaints against Life and Non-life (General)
insurance companies are handled separately. The Grievance Redressal Cell
plays a facilitative role by taking up complaints or customer grievances with
the respective insurers.
Policyholders who have complaints or grievances against a particular

insurance company or a TPA (Third Party Administrator) are required to first
approach the Grievance Cell / Customer Complaint Cell of the concerned
insurance company. If the complainant does not receive any response from the
insurance company within a reasonable period of time or are dissatisfied with
the response of the Insurance company, such customers may approach the
Grievance Cell of the IRDA for resolving their grievances.
Only insurance cases pertaining to delay in delivering opinion on insurance cases

or non-responsive attitude regarding matters relating to Insurance policies
and claims are taken up by the Grievance Redressal Cell for speedy
disposition of cases.
As claims/policy contracts in dispute require adjudication and the IRDA does

not carry out any adjudication process, the policyholders are advised to
approach the available quasi-judicial or judicial channels, i.e., the Insurance
Ombudsman, Consumer forum or the Civil courts for registering such
complaints Only relevant and valid complaints from the insured individuals or
policyholders themselves or the claimants are entertained by Grievance
Redressal Cell. The Cell shall not entertain complaints or grievances written
on behalf of policyholders by advocates or agents or any third parties. In
case, if the complaints or grievances are being sent through e-mail,
complainants are requested to submit complete details of the complaint in the
prescribed format as specified in the complaint registration form. If the
complaint sent via email does not adhere or prescribe to the specified
parameters, the Grievance Redressal Cell will not be in a position to
register or entertain such a complaint.
Registration of Complaints
Policyholders who desire or wish to register complaints with the IRDA

are requested to use the registration form put on the
websites:
a) www.irdaindia.org
b) www.irda.gov.in
Contact information:
Complaints against Non-life (General) Insurance Companies:

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA),
Parishrama Bhawanam,
5-9-58/B,
Basheerbagh,
Hyderabad - 500004
Tel: (040) 23240034
e-mail ids: nonlifecomplaints@irda.gov.in
Complaints against Life Insurance Companies:

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA),
Parishrama Bhawanam,
5-9-58/B, Basheerbagh,
Hyderabad - 500004
Tel: (040) 66820964/66789768 Extension: 251
e-mail id: lifecomplaints@irda.gov.in
12.11. Summary:
Insurance being the institutions of financial importance in every part of the
280
world, the resolution of the complaints relating to their conduct is also an
essential attribute of consumer satisfaction. Therefore the ombudsman or
the officer for
281
dealing with consumer complaints regarding the Insurance has been appointed by
an authority in various nations. The Ombudsman scheme is a boon and a
very important channel for redressal of grievances by the general public
against insurance companies and insurance services.

Book Pub.All.bad
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Co., Nagp
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
Pub., Jaipur

A. Which of the following statements are true or false:
1.The word ‘ombudsman’ comes from Sweden.
2.Ombudsman acts in an impartial and independent way.
3.Ombudsman is drawn from Insurance Industry, Civil Services and
Judicial Services.
4.The 12 offices of the Insurance Ombudsman are located in
India.
5.Rule 18 is related to manner of complaint.
1. The appointment of Parliamentary Ombudsman in Sweden
in 1809 is generally regarded as the birth date of
…………………………
2.The ……………………….Committee also recommends
setting up of the institution of Ombudsman.
3..................provides that governing body shall appoint
one or
more persons as Ombudsman.
4.An Insurance Ombudsman is appointed for a term of three years.
5. Insurance Ombudsman has two types of functions to perform
(1) ………….; and (2)…………………..

A.
1.True
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.False
B.
1.Modern Ombudsman
2.Malhotra
3.Rule 6
4.Three years
5.Conciliation and Award Making
Q.1. What is the procedure to appoint Insurance Ombudsman?
Q.2.Discuss in detail the territorial jurisdiction and powers of Insurance
Ombudsman.
Q.3. What is the procedure of Redressal of Public Grievances?
Q.4. What is Grievance Redressal Cell of the IRDA?
Q. Explain the manner of complaint to be filed before the Insurance Ombudsman.
Unit-13
Social Security and Insurance
Objectives:
After going through this unit you should be able to understand:
 the meaning of Social Security,
 the importance of Social Security,
 the various government social security schemes,
 the legislative provisions for Social Security in India.
Structure:
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Social Security, Insurance and International Responses
13.3. Social Security, Insurance and Legislative Responses in India
13.4. Social Security, Insurance and Administrative Endeavors’
13.5. Various Social Security Schemes Sponsored by Central
Government
13.6. Social Security Insurance Scheme in India Implemented
Through LIC of India
13.7. Significance from Social Point of View
13.8. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
13.9. Duty of owner to take out insurance policies
13.10. Award of Relief
13.11. Summary
13.15. Terminal Question
13.1. Introduction:
The word ‘social security’ was first used by Bismark in eighteen eighties
in Germany, could get its official recognition and was authoritatively used in
the
U.S.A. in the 1935 for the first time. According to an American Committee of
Experts, social security is, “security for employment, security in the availability
of employment, security of reasonable standard of working conditions,
security of some income while unemployed, security of retirement income, of
recreation of self improvement of medical and ill health or death.” The first
systematic attempt to define social security as “the security that society
furnishes through appropriate organisations against certain risk to which its
members are exposed.” The Social Reform Act, 1933 of the Social
Democratic Government in Denmark codified, simplified and extended previous
social insurance and assistance legislation. The Social Security Act,1935,
passed by the Roosevelt Administration in the U.S.A. was the first official use
of the term ‘social security’, though the provisions of the Act were very limited.
The term ‘social security’ originated in the United States and spread
throughout the world. The Labour Government’s Social Security Act, 1938 in
New Zealand provided the most comprehensive interpretation of social
security at that time.
The ILO defines ‘social insurance’ as a scheme that
provides benefits for persons of small earnings granted as of right in
amounts which combine the contributive effort of the insured with subsidies
from the employer and the State. The social Insurance protects persons of small
earnings. Historically, it provided protection to industrial workers in the first
instance. Social security insurance is ‘social’ because it involves the collective
efforts of the beneficiaries, their employers, if any, and the State. It is purely
insurance because the beneficiary has to pay contribution before he/her is
entitled to receive benefits. Thus, the benefits are not paid gratis, they are
systematically financed. Since the scheme is subsidized, a device is evolved
to exclude the cases which do not deserve any subsidy from the state. Hence
almost all social security schemes set a limit of income beyond which the
protection is not available. In addition to this social security insurance is a
compulsory measure. The person falling within the defined limit of the insured
population cannot be refused to get insurance. This is done because if the
scheme is made optional, the really poor would fall from the mesh as they will
be the least willing to pay the contribution. Social insurance schemes often
provide that those earning below a specified limit will be exempt from any
contribution and the employer or the State will bear the total cost of the
premium required to provide social security insurance cover.
Social security insurance has developed to provide economic security to the
weaker sections of the society who are unable to pay the premium for
adequate insurance. Pension plans, disability benefits, unemployment
benefits, sickness insurance, and industrial security insurance are the various
types of the social security insurance. Most of the nations of this world, in
one or the other forms, claims as a welfare and socialistic states and have
instituted certain measures for welfare and upliftment of the weaker sections
of their respective societies- whether socially, financially or physically?
The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India has specifically provided
entries in List-I (Entry-47) and List-III (Entry-23 and 24) which deal with social
security cover to the people of the country. The Directive Principles of State
Policy under the Constitution of India in its Article 38, Article 39(f), Article
41, Article 42, Article 43, and Article 47directly imposes an obligation and
corresponding duty on the State to provide the social security cover for the
different vulnerable groups of the country within their resources. Even though,
these are not enforceable through court of law in case the government is not
fulfilling the desires of the people of the country under Article 32 and 226 of
the constitution of India. But the Apex Court in India through wide
interpretation said that the Directive Principles of State Policy have been
held to supplement fundamental rights in achieving a welfare and socialistic
state. Even the legislative entries may (within the limit of total federal scheme)
be given a wide interpretation for effecting Directive Principles of State Policy.
Constitutional provisions (apart from fundamental rights) may be construed in the
light of the Directive Principles. The attempts of the government is
appreciated by the Supreme Court of India, either it is through different social
security schemes or important legislative measures for achieving the
objectives of the welfare, socialistic and democratic state. The Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947, Fatal Accident Act, 1855, Workmen Compensation Act,
1923, etc., are some of the efforts to provide the social security cover
through social legislations. The Industrial Disputes Act,1947 is one which is
enacted as a ‘social security measure’ in order to ensure welfare of labour
and it falls within one or other of entries 22, 23, and 24 in List-III of the
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Efforts have been also made at the International level for providing social
security insurance to vulnerable sections of the country. ILO Convention No.
102 has
however not been ratified by India. The nine benefits are laid down in the
ILO Convention No.102 of 1952 namely, sickness benefit, maternity
benefit, employment injury benefit, old age benefit, invalidity benefit, survivors
benefit, unemployment benefit and family benefit. However, India has
ratified some Conventions of the ILO including Workmen’s Compensation
(Occupational Disease)- (No. 18 and revised Convention No. 42 of 1934);
Equality of Treatment (Accident Compensation)- No. 19 of 1925; and Equality
of Treatment (Social Security)- No. 1 and 8 of 1962. No doubt that the
Government of India has accepted the international commitments that arises
from the ratification of the International Covenant of Social, Economic and
Cultural Rights of the United Nations. This Covenant, inter alia, recognizes
the right of everyone to social security including social insurance.
13.2. Social Security, Insurance and
International Responses:
The right to social security is recognized as a human right and establishes the
right to social security assistance for those unable to work due to sickness,
disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment and old age. Social
security systems provided for the states consist of social insurance programs,
which provide earned benefits for workers and their families by employment
contributions, and/or social assistance programs which provide non-contributory
benefits designed to provide minimum levels of social security unable to access
social insurance. The right to social security is interrelated and
interdependent with other economic, social, and cultural rights, in particular
the right to an adequate standard of living, including the right to food and the
right to housing, the right to work, the right to protection of family.
Also social security gets recognition in several international instruments as a
novel tool to provide assistance to weaker sections as well as vulnerable
group of the society. Specifically Article22 and 25 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,1948, Article 9 and 10(2) of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 23(1) of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,1966, Article 5(e)(iv) of the
International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,1966, Article 101( c ) of
the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women,1967,
Article 11(1)(e) of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women,1979, Article 26(1) of the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child,1989,General Comment No. 19
(2007) on the Right to Social Security, etc., are few important international
instruments giving space and recognition to the social security as a measure
to achieve the objectives of the welfare, socialistic and democratic state.
As far as the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (UNCRPD) which stands ratified by India is concerned,
Article 28 contains provisions for adequate standard of living and social
protection. Similarly Article 25(e) of the UNCRPD deals with healthcare and is
significant because it contains provisions relating to non-discrimination in the
area of life and health insurance. Persons with disabilities, though non-
medically higher risk cases, are denied Insurance Policies on some pretext or
the other and with a specific provision in the UNCRPD requiring Member
States to prohibit discrimination in this regard, it will become necessary for
the government to take steps in that direction.
13.3. Social Security, Insurance and Legislative
Responses in India:
In the era of liberalization, globalization and privatization, the Indian economy
is now convincingly mature conception. However within this conception,
the liberalization of insurance sector is relatively notion. Regarding
development of legislative framework in India up to the end of nineteenth
century, the insurance was in its inception stage. Usually the Indian
Companies Act, 1883 was applicable in business concern, banking and
insurance companies but inadequate for the purpose. Therefore, two Acts
were passed in 1912, namely, Provident Insurance Societies Act of 1912 and
Indian Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912. These two enactments were
governing only life insurance. There was no control on general insurance
since such business was not so developed. These Acts were replaced with a
very comprehensive Act, namely, Insurance Act, 1938. This Act was
amended from time to time even at the time of enactment of a very
important
legislation, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999,
comprehensively. The Indian Insurance Industry is now governed by the Insurance
Act,1938, LIC Act,1956, The General Business Insurance Act,1972 and IRDA
Act,1999. IRDA exercises the supervisory control over insurance sector and these
powers flow from Insurance Act, 1938 as well as from IRDA Act, 1999.
IRDA Act,1999 states that “Subject to the provisions of this Act and any other
law for the time being in force, the Authority shall have the duty to regulate,
promote and ensure orderly growth of insurance business and reinsurance
business.”No doubt regulatory and supervisory powers of the authority are
wide and pervasive and also regulate the mandatory compliance of the insurance
companies regarding social security insurance.
A. Social Security, Insurance and IRDA Act, 1999: The IRDA
Act stipulates that funds of policy-holders should be retained within the
country besides essential exposure to rural and social sector, which will be
predetermined by the authority. The Act, which already incorporated through
amendment in the Insurance Act, 1938 that includes giving priority to
health insurance, rural, infrastructure, and social insurance sector. Also
penalty of Rs. 5 to 25 Lakhs on insurer that fails to fulfill social sector
obligations including cancellation of registration of the insurance company.
Now it is pretty clear from the discussion made so far that the social security
has turn out to be one of the central goals of insurance business in the
country. The section 32B and 32C are fixing the liability of the insurer towards
rural, social sector, unorganised sector, and backward classes. The specific
penalty for failure to comply with section 32B and 32C fixed under section
105B and 105C respectively. It is very stringent in nature, section 105Btalks
about penalty not exceeding 5 lakhs for each failure and shall be
punishable with imprisonment may extend three years or with fine for each
failure. Under section 105C if an insurer fails to comply of 32C, penalty not
exceeding 25 lakhs for each failure and in the case of subsequent and
continuing failure, the registration granted to such insurer under section 3
shall be cancelled.
For the proper and effective implementation and compliance of the above said
provisions central government enacted the specific regulations. In exercise of
the powers conferred by section 32C read with section 32B of the Insurance
Act,1938, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority in
consultation with the
Insurance Advisory Committee, mark the Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority ( Obligations of Insurers to Rural or Social Sector) Regulation,2000.
Under these regulation the ‘Rural Sector’, ‘Social Sector’, ‘Unorganised
Sector’, and ‘Economically Vulnerable or Backward Classes’ defines in the
interest of the welfare of the classes. Also imposes a mandatory obligation to
fulfill the objectives of the amendments made in the Insurance Act and
Regulations, 2000.
B. Social Security, Insurance and the Workmen’s Compensation
Act, 1923: It is well settled that the Act is a piece of social security and
welfare legislation. The intention of the legislature was to make the employer
an insurer of the workman responsible against the loss caused by the injuries
or death, which ought to have happened, while the workmen was
engaged in his work.
C. Social Security, Insurance and the Employee’s Insurance Act,
1948: The introduction of a social security scheme of health insurance
for industrial workers immediately after the independence shows the intention
and commitment of the Central Government towards to provide the protection
to this section of the society. The social security health insurance scheme
envisaged is one of compulsory state insurance providing for certain
benefits in the event of sickness, maternity and employment injury to
workmen employed in or in connection with the work in factories other than
seasonal factories. Section 38 of the Act mandates that all the employees of
the factories or establishments shall be insured. The initial and vital
endeavour should be to identify the beneficiaries or the employees for
insurance. The Central Government and state government made specific rules for
the proper implementation and remedial measures to the insured persons
under this Act namely- Employees State Insurance (Central Rules), 1950 and
Employees Insurance Court formed under M.P. Employees Insurance Court
Rules, 1953 under section 74 of the Act, 1950. Employees State
Insurance Corporation is not a contractual insurer but a statutory one
regarding liability to pay contribution is mandatory to provide complete social
security cover under the Act.
Employee’s State Insurance Scheme of India, is multidimensional social
security system tailored to provide socio-economic protection to worker
290
population and their dependents covered under the scheme. Beside full
medical care for self and dependents, that is admissible from day one to
insurable employment, the insured
291
persons are also entitled to a variety of cash benefits in times of physical
distress due to sickness, temporary or permanent disablement, etc., resulting
in loss of earning capacity, the confinement in respect of insured women,
dependants of insured persons who die in industrial accidents or because of
employment injury or occupational hazard are entitled to monthly pension called
the dependent benefit. It is noteworthy that the Employees State Insurance
Act, 1948, being welfare legislation, the Court’s should give liberal
interpretation to its provisions which are beneficial to the employees.
D. Social Security, Insurance and The Employee’s Provident Fund
and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952: An Act to provide for the
institution of provident funds, pension funds and deposit-linked insurance
funds for employees in factories and other establishments. Section 6C is
inserted through an Amendment Act,1976 (w.e.f. 01-08-1976) and the
Central Government frame a deposit-linked insurance scheme for the purpose of
providing life insurance benefit to the employees of any establishment or class
of establishments to which this Act applies. The employer shall be liable to
deposit in proportionate of the wages of employees a specific sum in the
Deposit-Linked Insurance Fund.
E. Social Security, Insurance and the Personal Injuries

(Compensation Insurance) Act, 1963: This is an Act to impose on an
employer a liability to pay compensation to the workmen sustaining personal
injuries and to provide for employer liability to provide for the insurance.
The provision of compulsory insurance is in section 9 of the Act of 1963.
F. Social Security, Insurance and the Payment of Gratuity Act,
1972: The provision of compulsory insurance through section 4A was inserted
through an amendment in the year 1987. This section provides for
the responsibility and liability of the employer for make payments towards the
gratuity from the Life Insurance Corporation of India Act, 1956 or any other
prescribed insurer.
G. Social Security, Insurance and Motor Vehicle Act, 1988. The
third party liability insurance is ‘mandatory’ under section 146 of Motor Vehicle
Act, 1988 and provides complete security to the ‘third Party’ in case of
accident. There is a provision regarding immediate relief is under section 140
on the basis of
‘No Fault Liability’ and a specific scheme of compensation in case of
death or bodily injury to the third person in case of accident. This is really a
special piece of social legislation and which is aimed towards providing
complete justice to the parties even in case of hit and run cases where the
identity of the person is unknown.
H. Social Security, Insurance and the Public Liability Act,
1991:
This is an Act to provide public liability insurance for the purpose of
providing immediate relief to the persons affected by accident occurring while
handling any hazardous substance. The section 4 of this Act imposes a
liability on the owner to take out compulsory insurance policies before handling
hazardous substances and get it renewed within the period of its validity. Sub-
section (2B), (2C) and (2D) of section 4 of the Act speaks of liability and
duties of an insurer. Sub-section (3) of section 4 deals with exemption of any
owner from taking out insurance in certain circumstances.
I. Social Security, Insurance and the Unorganised Worker’s Social
Security Act, 2008: This is an Act to provide for the social security and
welfare of unorganised workers and for other matters connected therewith. It is
estimated that the workers in the unorganised sector constitute more than
ninety four percent of the total employment in the country. On the account of
their unorganised nature, these workers do not get adequate social- security.
Specifically under section 3 of this Act, the Central Government is authorized
to frame welfare schemes and the schemes included in the Schedule-I of this
Act shall be deemed to be the welfare schemes.
J. Social Security, Insurance and the Person with Disability
Act,
2008: Chapter XIII of this Act is titled Social Security and covers section 66 to
68 that recognizes the rights of disabled persons to rehabilitation, insurance
schemes, alternative security schemes and unemployment allowance. Section
67 of this Act imposes a liability on Central Government or State
Government to frame an insurance scheme for the benefit of its
employees with disability.
K. Social Security, Insurance and Civil Liability for Nuclear
Damage Act, 2010: The new Act places responsibility for any nuclear
accident with the operator and limits total liability to 450 million US $ or
such higher amount that the Central Government may specify by notification.
Operator liability is capped at 1500 Cr. (about US $ 330 million) or such
higher amount that the
Central Government may notify, beyond which the Central Government is
liable. The liability up to the specific limit can be arranged by creating a fund
of Rs. 1500 Crore by the Nuclear Industry in India with the Central
Government addressing anything over this level. A better alternative would to
make arrangements in the forms of the Insurance up to limits as provided by
the law as is the global practice and on the line of the Public Liability
Insurance Act, 1991 as discussed above.
L. Social Security and National Charter for Children: The
commitment No. 4 of the National Charter for Children providing a social
security to the children and shows the commitment of the democratic
government in this regard.
13.4. Social Security, Insurance and Administrative
Endeavors:
The Former Union Labour and Employment Minister Shri Mallikarjun Kharge
has informed the Rajyasabha that recognizing the need to provide social
security to unorganised workers, the Government has enacted the
Unorganised Worker’s Social Security,2008. National Security Board was set up
on dated 18-08-2009 and it has since held five meetings (up to 31st March,
2012) recommending extension of coverage of social security schemes
Like- JanshreeBimaYojna, RashtriyaSwasthyaBimaYojna, Old Age
Pension to certain category of unorganised workers. Similar Social Security
Board shall be constituted at the State level also. As per available information,
States of Karnataka, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, A.P., and Assam have
constituted State Social Security Board and framed rules under the
Unorganised Worker’s Social Security Act, 2008. State of Gujarat, Orissa,
Kerala, and Tripura have framed rules only. State of Tamil Nadu has,
however, informed that there is no requirement of constitution of State Social
Security Board in the State as it is already implementing various welfare
schemes for organized sectors.
There is a separate Ministry for Labour and Employment for the effective
implementation of the various social security schemes and also a Social
Security Division under this Ministry. The main functions of this social security
division are as follows:
(1) Matters concerning framing of social security policy especially
for the organized sector of workers;
(2) Administration of the Employees State Insurance Act,1948;
(3) Administration of the Employees Provident Funds and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 and the three schemes framed there
under namely: (i) The Employee’s Provident Fund Scheme, 1952; (ii) The
Employee’s Pension Scheme, 1995; (iii) The Employees Deposit Linked
Insurance Scheme,1976;
(4) Administration of the Workmen’s Compensation Act,1961;
(5) Administration of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961;
(6) Administration of the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972.
There is different Social Security Insurance Schemes/Plans financially supported
by Central Government/ State Government (with special reference to
M.P. Government) either launched by LIC/GIC are as follows:
13.5. VARIOUS SOCIAL SECURITY
INSURANCE SCHEME (FINANCIALLY SUPPRTED )
SPONSORED BY CENTRAL GOVERNMENT:
A. The RashtriyaSwasthyaBimaYojna: This scheme was launched on
1.10.2007 to provide smart card cashless health insurance cover of Rs.
30,000/- to BPL (Below Poverty Line; a unit of five) in the organised sector.
More than 2.79 Crore BPL families have been covered as on
29.02.2012.
B. AamAdmiBimaYojna(AABY): The Government of India has
launched this scheme to provide insurance against death and disability to
landless rural households. More than 1.98 Crore lives have been covered
under the Aam AdmiBimaYojna as on 29.02.2012.
C. Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS):
This scheme launched by the Central Government for the person living below
poverty line and above the age of 60 years is eligible for old age pension of
Rs. 200/- per month. For the person above the age of 80 years the amount of
pension has been raised to 500/- per month. More than 1.90 Crore
beneficiaries have been covered under IGNOAPS as on 29.02.2012.
D. RashtriyaMahilaKalyanBimaYojna: This policy has been
designed to provide relief to the family members of insured women in case of
their death or disablement arising due to all kinds of accident and/or
disablement arising out of problems incidental to women only.
E. Amartya ShikshaYojna Insurance Policy: This policy offered by
the General Insurance Company secures the education of dependent
children. If the insured parent/legal guardian shall sustain any bodily injury
resulting solely and directly from accident, caused by external violent and
visible means and such injury shall within twelve calendar months of its
occurrence be the sole and direct cause of his/her death or permanent total
disablement, the insurer shall indemnify the insured student, in respect of all
covered expenses to be incurred from the date of occurrence of such
accident till the expiry date of policy or completion of the duration
covered.
F. JanshreeBimaYojna: The object of this scheme is to provide
insurance protection to the rural and urban poor below the poverty line or
marginally above it. 50% of the premium is subsidized from the Social
Security Fund maintained by the LIC and the remaining 50% is
contributed by members/nodal agency/state government. Persons aged
between 18 and 59 years are covered for an amount of Rs. 30,000/- each
under this scheme. In case of death or total disability (including loss of 2
eyes/2 limits of use) due to accident, a sum of Rs. 75,000/- and in case of
partial disablement disability (loss of 1 eye/1 limit of 1 use) due to accident, a
sum of Rs. 37,500/- is payable to the nominee/beneficiary.
G. Group Insurance Scheme for Economically Weaker Section:
Under this scheme 50% of the premium is subsidized out of the social
security fund of Rs. 100 Crores set-up as per the Budget provisions of 1988-
89. The insurance cover is Rs. 5,000 payable on death of the member. In the
case of accident death Rs. 25,000 is paid. Initially under the scheme, Rickshaw-
puller, Weavers, Hamals etc. were covered.
13.6. Social Security Insurance Scheme in
India Implemented Through LIC of India:
Social Security Group Insurance Scheme: A Social Security Fund (SSF) was set
up in 1988-89 for providing social security through Group Insurance Scheme
to the
weaker and vulnerable sections of the society. The SSF is administered by
LIC for meeting insurance requirements of the segment. People
belonging to 24 occupational groups/areas have been covered under the
scheme.
Janashree Bima Yojana: The Janashree Bima Yojana was launched on 10 August
2000. The Scheme has replaced Social Security Group Insurance Scheme (SSGIS)
and Rural Group Life Insurance Scheme (RGLIS).The Scheme provides for
an insurance cover of Rs.20,000 on natural death. On death/total permanent
disability due to accident, the benefit is Rs.50,000 increased to Rs.75,000
w.e.f. 15 August 2006. On partial permanent disability due to accident, the
benefit is Rs.25,000 increased to Rs.37,500 w.e.f 15 August 2006. The
premium for the scheme is Rs.200 per member. 50 per cent premium under
the scheme will be met out of Social Security Fund. The balance premium is
to be borne by the member and/or Nodal Agency. As on 31 March 2006 about
39.87 lakh have been covered. The balance in Social Security Fund as
on 31 March 2006 is Rs.808 crore.
Krishi Shramik Samajik Suraksha Yojana:The multi-benefit scheme for the
agricultural workers, commenced on 1 July 2001, provides life insurance
protection, periodical lump sum survival benefit and pension to those who
were between the ages of 18-50 years. Minimum membership of the
group at commencement should be 20. Gram Panchayat was to act as nodal
agency and with the help of NGO/SHG or any other agency, would identify
the agricultural workers.As on 31 March 2006, 29,074 agricultural workers
have been covered. Sale of new policies discontinued from December 2003.
No new lives are to be added even under existing schemes at the time of
renewal.
Shiksha Sahayog Yojana:The scheme was launched on 31 December 2001, with
the object to lessen the burden of parents in meeting the educational
expenses of their children. It provides scholarships to students of parents
living below or marginally above poverty line and who are covered under
Janashree Bima Yojana and are studying in 9th to 12th standard (including ITI
courses) A scholarship amount of Rs.300 per quarter per child is paid for a
maximum period of four years and for maximum two children of a member
covered under Janashree Bima
Yojana. No premium is charged for this benefit. As on 31st March 2006,
scholarships were disbursed to 3, 20,253 beneficiaries.
13.7. Significance from Social Point of View:

Insurance is a social device which removes various social problems like-
unemployment, crime, dissolution of family and many other social problems.
J. Royce observes, “Insurance is a combination of private-public interest.” It
gives more attention towards social welfare, economy, offering and public interests.
The social significance of insurance briefly described as follows:
1. Economic Security: Insurance provides economic security
and better family life. It secures the family from sudden illness, death or
accident of the bread earning member of the family. Insurance is the key for
the well being and prosperity.
2. Promotes Education: Insurance facilitates and encourages
for education in the society. Insurance policies support education to the
children. It also extends scholarship for poor students in addition to extension
of loan facility for education.
3. Provides employment: Insurance companies create
additional employment opportunities to the people.
4.Distribution of Risks: Insurance distributes the risks of a
person among a large number of people. George Rejda writes “Insurance
distributes the burden of loss of a person among the shoulders of
entire society.”
5.Awareness towards health: Insurance creates in the society
for maintenance of good health. Insurance companies have started health
improvement throughout the world, by distributing useful material for health
education. It also provide for free medical checkup at the proposed stage of
the policy, which will help in identifying any disease in a person, and advice
him to take medical care.
6. Contribution towards the development of utility services:
Insurance contributes towards the development of public utility services like
water
supply, electricity, housing, public works, etc. The LIC and four subsidiaries of
GIC extent credit to the development of these utility services.
7.Improves standard of living of the people: Insurance is a way
of earning and saving. Insurance companies provide employment to large number
of the people in the country with good income by way of salaries and
commission. On the other hand one can get himself relieved from economic
worries by insuring against risks. All these increase the living standard
of the people.
8. Provides Social Security: Insurance is an important device of
social security. It contributes towards social welfare activities of the
government, especially to schedule castes, schedule tribes, physically
handicapped persons etc.
Insurance is a means of implementing social security measures
to poor and backward sections of the society. The government of India has
introduced through the LIC and GIC various schemes like- accident insurance
plan, group insurance plans etc. for social security object.
13.8. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991:
This is a glaring example of Social Legislation and of Social Security. This is
an Act to provide for public liability insurance for the purpose of providing
immediate relief to the person affected by accident occurring while handling
any hazardous substance and the matters connected herewith or
incidental thereto.
Liability to give relief in certain cases on principle of no fault
liability (Section 3): (1) where death or injury to any person (Other than a
workman) or damage to any property has resulted from an accident, the
owner shall be liable to give such relief as is specified in the Schedule for
such death, injury or damage. (2) In any claim for relief under sub-section (1),
the claimant shall not be required to plead and establish that the death, injury
or damage in respect of which the claim has been made was due to any
wrongful act, neglect or default of any person.
13.9. Duty of owner to take out insurance policies:
(Section 4 of the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991)-(1) Every owner shall
take out, before he start handling any hazardous substances one or more
insurance policies providing for contracts of insurance whereby he is insured
against liability to give relief under sub-section (1) of Section 3,
Provided that any owner handling any hazardous substance immediately before the
commencement of this Act shall take out such insurance policy or policies as
soon as may be and in any case within a period of one year from such
commencement.
(2) Every owner shall get the insurance policy, referred to in sub-section
(1), renewed from time to time before the expiry of the period of validity
thereof so that the insurance policies may remain in force throughout the
period during which handling is continued.
(2A) no insurance policy taken out or renewed by an owner shall be for an
amount less than the amount of the paid-up capital of the undertaking
handling any hazardous substance and owned or controlled by that owner,
and more than the amount, not exceeding fifty crores rupees as may be
prescribed.
(2B) the liability of the insurer under one insurance policy shall not exceed the
amount specified in the terms of the contract of insurance in that insurance
policy.
(2C) Every insurer shall also, together with the amount of premium, pay to the
insurer, for being credited to the Relief Fund established under section 7A,
such further amount, not exceeding the sum equivalent to the amount of
premium, as may be prescribed.
Application for claim for relief: (Section 6)- (1) An application
for relief may be made-
(a) By the person who has sustained the injury;
(b) By the owner of the property to which the damage has been caused;
(c) Where death has resulted from the accident, by all or any of the
legal representatives of the deceased;
(d) By any agent duly authorised by such person or owner of
such property or all or any of the legal representatives of the deceased, as
the case may be;
13.10. Award of Relief:
(Section 7) (1) On receipt of an application under sub-section (1) of Section
6, the Collector shall, after giving notice of the application n to the owner
and after giving notice of the application to the owner and after giving the
parties an opportunity of being heard, hold an enquiry into the claim or, each
of the claims, and may make an award determining the amount of relief which
appears to him to be just and specifying the person or persons to whom such
amount relief shall be paid.
Section 7(5):- The Collector shall have all the powers of the
Civil Court for the purpose of taking evidence on oath and enforcing the
attendance of witnesses and of compelling the discovery and production of
documents and material objects and for such other purposes as may be
prescribed; and the Collector shall be deemed to be a Civil Court for all the
purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXVI of the Code of Civil Procedure,
1973.
Section 7(6):- Where the insurer or the owner against whom the
award is made under sub-section (1) fails to deposit the amount of such
award within the period specified under sub-section (3), such amount shall be
recoverable from the owner, or as the case may be, the insurer as arrears of
land revenue or of public demand.
Section 7(7):- A claim for relief in respect of death of, or
injury to, any person or damage to any property shall be disposed of as
expeditiously as possible and every endevour shall be made dispose of such
claim within three months of the receipt of the application for relief under sub-
section (1) of section 6.
Section 7A:- Establishment of Environment Relief Fund: (1) The
Central Government may, be notification, establish a fund to be known as the
Environment Relief Fund. (2) The Relief Fund shall be utilized for paying,
in accordance with the provisions of this Act and the scheme made under sub-
section (3), relief under the award made by the Controller under
Section 7.
300
Section 10: Power of entry and inspection:- Any person
authorized by the Central Government in this behalf shall have a right to
enter, at all
301
reasonable times with such assistance as he considers necessary, any place,
premises or vehicle, where hazardous substance is handled for the purpose
of determining whether any provisions of this Act is being or has been
complied with and such owner is bound to render all assistance to
such person.
Section 11: Power to search and seizure: (1) If a person,
authorized by the Central Government in this behalf, has reason to believe
that handling of any hazardous substances is taking place in any place,
premises or vehicle, in contravention of sub-section (1) of Section 4, he may
enter into and search such place, premises or vehicle for such handling of
hazardous substances.
13.11. Summary:
The Central Government and State Government are different point of
time launching the social welfare insurance schemes in the larger
interest of the laborers, backward class, and different vulnerable groups. The
specific areas are main focus of the international community. The legislative
responses in India also talked about this. The Public Liability Insurance Act,
1991 is a glaring example of social piece of legislation.

Pub. All.bad
Butterworths
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
& Co. Nagp
Agency, Allahabad
Company, Lucknow
Company, Lucknow
Pub, Jaipur

A. Which of the following statements are true or false?
1.The word ‘social security’ was first used by Bismark.
2.The Social Security Act, 1935 passed by the Roosevelt Administration in
the U.S.A.
3.The right to social security is recognized as human rights.
4.Employee’s State Insurance Scheme of India, is multidimensional social security
system tailored to promote socio-economic protection to worker population.
5.The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna is social welfare scheme.
B. Fill in the Blank:
1. The word ‘social security’ was authoritatively used in the USA in
the Year……………………
2..........Entries in List-I (Entry-47) and List-III (Entry- 23
and 24) which deal with cover to the people of the country.
3.The ………………………………………..are fixing the liability
of the insurer towards rural, social sector, unorganised sector and backward
classes.
4.The provisions of compulsory insurance is in........................of
the Social Security, Insurance and Personal Injuries (Compensation) Act, 1963.
5. The Public Liability Insurance Act is of the
year…………………..
13.14. Answer to Check Your

Progress: A.
1.True
2.True
3.True
4.True
5.True
B.
1. 1935
2.Social Security
3.Section 32B and 32C
4.Section
9 5. 1991
13.15. Terminal Question:
Q.1. Discuss the social security, insurance and international responses.
Q.2. Write a note on social security, insurance and legislative responses in
India.
Q.3. Write a note on social security, insurance and administrative
endeavors.
Q.4. Explain social security insurance scheme.
Q.5. Write a note on Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.

CBIL02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CBIL02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CBIL02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CBIL – 02

Insurance Laws in India

Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University,

Insurance Laws in India

Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University,

Unit 2: General Principles of Insurance Law 23

Unit 4: The Insurance Act-I 62

Unit 6: Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 104

Unit 8: Fire Insurance 163

Unit 10: Miscellaneous Insurance 211

Unit 11: Insurance Regulatory Development Authority Act, 1999 245

Unit 13: Social Security and Insurance 284-304

 Essentials of Insurance Contract

1.2. History of Insurance:

1.2.1. Ancient Era: Basically insurance is an age old

1.3. Pre Nationalization /Post Independence Era of the

1.4. Nationalization of the Insurance Business in India:

1.5 History of Insurance Legislation in India:

1.6. Liberalization of Indian Insurance:

1.8. Nature or Characteristics of Insurance:

1.12. Some Useful Books:

 Ivamy, Case Book on Insurance Law (1984), Butterworths

 Srinivasan, M.N., Principles of Insurance Law (2006), Wadhwa

 Singh, Avtar, Law of Insurance (2008), Eastern Book

1.13. Check your Progress:

2.3. Legal consideration:

2.4. Competent to make contract

Misrepresentation: Misrepresentation means and includes:

2.6 Legal object

2.9. Discharge of Insurance Contract:

2.10. Discharge at Death:

2.12. Some Useful Books:

 Ivamy, Case Book on Insurance Law (1984), Butterworths

 Srinivasan, M.N., Principles of Insurance Law (2006), Wadhwa

2.13. Check Your Progress:

 Uberrima fides or Principle of Utmost Good Faith;

 To avoid the contract by either

 To sue for damages as well, if concealment or fraudulent misrepresentation

3.3 Principle of Insurable Interest:

Merits of the principle of indemnity – The principle of indemnity offers

3.7. Principle of Contribution

Same Risk Same Different insurance

In New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v/s Krishna Kumar [(1994) 1

(9) "Insurer" means-

(b) any body corporate [not being a person specified in sub-clause

(c) any person who in India has a standing contract with

(12) "Manager" and "officer" have the meanings assigned to those

4.3. Requirement as to Capital:

5.5 Powers and Duties of Administrator:

5.13. Check Your Progress:

5.14. Answer to Check Your Progress:

6.2. Definition of Life Insurance:

6.3.1Conditions and Privileges Relating to Risk – The conditions

6.3.2. Conditions and privileges Relating to Premium -

6.3.3. Conditions and Privileges Relating to continuance of Policy

6.3.4. Condition and Privileges to Lapsed Policies

2. Forfeiture of Policies – According to the Insurance Act, 1938, a policy

6.6. When proposal shall be deemed accepted?

6.7. Legal status of Nominee: