To Study The Braking System

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Lab File: Automobile Engineering
Experiment No. : 03
Object : To study the Braking system of an Automobile
 Material Required: Dismantled Assembly of the
Braking system
Description :
Braking system: A brake system is designed to slow and
halt the motion of vehicle. To do this, various components

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within the brake system must convert vehicle's moving
energy into heat. This is done by using friction. Friction is
the resistance to movement exerted by two objects on
each other.
Need of a Braking System:
In an automobile vehicle braking system is needed
 To stop the moving vehicle.

 To de accelerate the moving vehicle.
 For stable parking of a vehicle either on a flat
surface or on a slope.
 As a precaution for accidents.
 To prevent the vehicle from any damage due
to road conditions.
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Principal of Braking system:
let us consider the principle behind the Braking system in

consecutive ways
1. Your foot pushes on the brake pedal.
2. As the pedal moves down, it pushes a class 2 lever (a
kind of simple machine), increasing your pushing force.
3. The lever pushes a piston into a narrow cylinder filled
with hydraulic brake fluid. As the piston moves into the
cylinder, it squeezes hydraulic fluid out of the end (like a
bicycle pump squeezes out air).
4. The brake fluid squirts down a long, thin pipe until it
reaches another cylinder at the wheel, which is much
wider.
5. When the fluid enters the cylinder, it pushes the
piston in the wider cylinder with greatly increased force.
6. The piston pushes the brake pad toward the brake
disc.
7. When the brake pad touches the brake disc, friction
between the two generates heat.
8. The friction slows down the outer wheel and tire,
stopping the car.
This shows the basic principle of a hydraulic braking
system; in practice, there's a little bit more to it. The brake
pedal actually operates four separate hydraulic lines

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running to all four wheels . Instead of a single cylinder,
there's usually one main cylinder (sometimes called the
master cylinder), operated by your foot and the brake
pedal, and then one secondary cylinder (or slave cylinder)
on each wheel. By making the main cylinder smaller than
the secondary cylinders, we can amplify the braking force
that the driver applies. Finally, for added safety, hydraulic
brakes typically have two separate hydraulic circuits in
case one of them fails.
Working of Braking system:
 A common misconception about brakes is that
brakes squeeze against a drum or disc, and the
the pressure of the squeezing action slows the
vehicle down. This is in fact a part the reason for
slowing down a vehicle.

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 Actually brakes use friction of brakes shoes and
drums to convert kinetic energy developed by the
vehicle into heat energy.
 When we apply brakes, the pads or shoe that
press against the brake drums or rotor convert
kinetic energy into thermal energy via friction.
 Thus, brakes are essentially a mechanism to
change energy types.
Types of Braking system: There are many of the types
based on different criteria but here we are discussing
about power Brake and mechanical Brake only.
Power Brake:
Power brakes are a system of hydraulics used to slow

down or stop most motor vehicles. It uses a combination
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of mechanical components to multiply the force applied to

the brake pedal by the driver into enough force to actuate
the brakes and stop a vehicle that can weigh several tons.
The brake pedal is connected to the vacuum
booster which is the first step of the force multiplication.
The booster passes the force to the master cylinder, which
applies a compressive force to a liquid (hydraulic or brake
fluid) and forces it through the brake lines to the brake
calipers. The liquid pushes the brake calipers, which in the
case of disc brakes, push against the brake rotor causing
friction that slows and eventually stops the rotation of the
vehicles wheels. In drum brakes, pistons push two shoes
against the brake drum accomplishing the same effect.
A constant vacuum is maintained in the brake booster by

the engine. When the brake pedal is depressed, a poppet
valve opens, and air rushes into a pressure chamber on
the driver's side of the booster. The pressure exerted by
this air against the vacuum pushes a piston, thus assisting
the pressure exerted by the driver on the pedal. The piston
in turn exerts pressure on the master cylinder, from which
brake fluid is forced to act on the brakes.
There are different types of power brake system designs

out there. For many years, the most common was the
vacuum assist, which uses the vacuum generated by a
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gasoline engine’s operation to move a diaphragm inside a

vacuum booster. By opening a valve on one side of the
booster when the brake pedal is pushed, on-rushing air
pushes the diaphragm against the vacuum, which in turn
moves a piston in your braking system’s master cylinder,
sending fluid to each wheel’s brake caliper. Take your foot
off of the brake, and the valve closes so that the vacuum
can push back against the diaphragm and release the fluid
pressure.
Mechanical braking system:
The mechanical braking system powers the hand brake or

emergency brake. It is the type of braking system in which
the brake force applied on the brake pedal is carried to the
final brake drum or disc rotor by the various mechanical
linkages like cylindrical rods, fulcrums, springs etc. In
order to stop the vehicle.
Mechanical brakes are assemblies consisting of

mechanical elements for the slowing or stopping of shafts
in equipment drives. They use levers or linkages to
transmit force from one point to another. Braking slows or
stops the movement of the coupled shafts. There are
several types of mechanical brakes. Band brakes, the
simplest brake configuration, have a metal band lined with
heat and wear resistant friction material. Drum brakes,
which are commonly used on automobile rear wheels,
work when shoes press against a spinning surface called
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a drum. Disc brakes are constructed of brake pads, a

caliper, and a rotor. During operation, the brake pads are
squeezed against the rotor. Cone brakes are made with a
cup and a cone, which is lined with heat and wear
resistant material. During actuation, the cone is pressed
against the mating cup surface.
Mechanical brakes were used in several old automobile

vehicles but they are archaic nowadays due to their less
effectiveness.
Application of Mechanical brakes: Cars like Ford Model Y

and bikes like Bajaj pulsar 180cc.

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[Last Name] 1

Lab File: Automobile Engineering

Object : To study the Braking system of an Automobile

 Material Required: Dismantled Assembly of the

Braking system: A brake system is designed to slow and

halt the motion of vehicle. To do this, various components

within the brake system must convert vehicle's moving

energy into heat. This is done by using friction. Friction is

the resistance to movement exerted by two objects on

Need of a Braking System:

In an automobile vehicle braking system is needed

 To stop the moving vehicle.

Principal of Braking system:

let us consider the principle behind the Braking system in

This shows the basic principle of a hydraulic braking

system; in practice, there's a little bit more to it. The brake

pedal actually operates four separate hydraulic lines

running to all four wheels . Instead of a single cylinder,

there's usually one main cylinder (sometimes called the

master cylinder), operated by your foot and the brake

pedal, and then one secondary cylinder (or slave cylinder)

on each wheel. By making the main cylinder smaller than

the secondary cylinders, we can amplify the braking force

that the driver applies. Finally, for added safety, hydraulic

brakes typically have two separate hydraulic circuits in

case one of them fails.

Working of Braking system:

 A common misconception about brakes is that

brakes squeeze against a drum or disc, and the

the pressure of the squeezing action slows the

vehicle down. This is in fact a part the reason for

slowing down a vehicle.

 Actually brakes use friction of brakes shoes and

drums to convert kinetic energy developed by the

vehicle into heat energy.

 When we apply brakes, the pads or shoe that

press against the brake drums or rotor convert

kinetic energy into thermal energy via friction.

 Thus, brakes are essentially a mechanism to

change energy types.

Types of Braking system: There are many of the types

based on different criteria but here we are discussing

about power Brake and mechanical Brake only.

Power brakes are a system of hydraulics used to slow

of mechanical components to multiply the force applied to

A constant vacuum is maintained in the brake booster by

There are different types of power brake system designs

gasoline engine’s operation to move a diaphragm inside a

Mechanical braking system:

The mechanical braking system powers the hand brake or

Mechanical brakes are assemblies consisting of

a drum. Disc brakes are constructed of brake pads, a

Mechanical brakes were used in several old automobile

Application of Mechanical brakes: Cars like Ford Model Y

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