King Fahd University of Petroleum &

Minerals
Civil Engineering Department

CE 521
Behavior and design of
Concrete Structures
Second Semester 2019-2020 (191)
Dr. Muhammad Kalimur Rahman
 Long Columns
• Slender column
• Buckling load
• Moment magnifier
• Sway vs. Non-sway
• Moment magnifier design
(ACI 318-11)
• Effective buckling length
in non-sway frames
• Non-sway frame design
 Slender Column
• When end moments exit, the problem the
buckling deformation increases.
• Moment increase due to lateral deflection δ

M e = Pe
M c = P (e +  )

• Slenderness effect: Strength decrease shown in

Interaction Diagram (Load-moment curve)

• Slender column is defined as a column that has a

significant reduction in its axial-load capacity due
to moments resulting from lateral deflections of
the column
An eccentrically loaded,
pin-ended column
 Slender Column

Short column
interaction diagram
A Reduction in
axial capacity
Pn
B
Pe P

Load-max
moment curve

O Mn

❖ Liner radial line O–A is a plot of the end moment (Me) on the column (Constant ‘e’)
❖ Curved line O–B is the maximum moment at mid-height of the column (Mc)
❖ Failure occurs when the load–moment curve O–B for the point of maximum
moment intersects the interaction diagram for the cross section
❖ Due to deflections, axial-load capacity is reduced from A to B –Slenderness effect
 Buckling of Axially Loaded
Elastic Columns
❑ The differential equation for the column and the Eulers Solution is

n = 0,1, 2, 3,

EI = flexural rigidity of column cross section / = length of the column

n = number of half-sine waves in the deformed shape of the column
The lowest value of Pc will occur at n=1 and gives the Euler buckling load

n=0 n =1 n=2 n=3

 Buckling Load
❑ Euler’s Buckling Load for n=1
n =1

❑ The buckling load, depends on the end conditions of the column and the
effective length concept kL, where k=1/n

 2 EI End conditions K
Pc =
( kL)2 Pin-Pin 1.0
Pin-Fixed 0.7
❑ Restraints against end rotation and lateral Fixed-Fixed 0.5
translation have a major effect on the buckling Fixed-Free 2.0
load of axially loaded elastic columns
Effective lengths of idealized columns
 Slender Columns in Structures

Bank of Brazil building, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Each floor extends out
over the floor below it. (Photograph courtesy of J. G. MacGregor.)
 BEHAVIOR AND ANALYSIS OF
PIN-ENDED COLUMNS
❑ Lateral deflections of a slender column cause an increase
in the column moments
❑ Increased moments cause an increase in the deflections,
which in turn lead to an increase in the moments
❑ This makes the load–moment line O–B is nonlinear in
Interaction diagram
❑ This is second-order process, because it is described by a
second-order differential equation
❑ In a first-order analysis, the equations of equilibrium are
derived by assuming that the deflections have a negligible
effect on the internal forces in the members.
❑ In a second-order analysis, the equations of equilibrium
consider the deformed shape of the structure
❑ Methods have been derived to modify the results of a first-
order analysis to approximate the second-order effects
 BEHAVIOR AND ANALYSIS OF
PIN-ENDED COLUMNS

❑ Two different types of second-order moments act on the

columns in a frame
❑ The slenderness effects in pin-ended columns and in
nonsway frames result from P-δ effects,
❑P-Δ effects: These result from lateral deflections, of the
beam–column joints from their original locations. Moments
in sway frames result from these moments
 Material Failures and Stability
Failures

❑ The load–moment curve O–A is for a relatively short column

❑ O-B represents material failure which is expected in most practical columns in
braced frames.
❑ If a very slender column is loaded with increasing axial load, P, applied at a
constant end eccentricity, e, it may reach a deflection at which the value of the
approaches infinity or becomes negative and column becomes unstable.
❑ Stability failure occurs only with very slender braced columns or with slender
columns in sway frames.
Moment Magnifier for Pin-ended Columns
Symmetrically Loaded
❑ The pin-end column is loaded symmetrically by axial load P and moment Mo
❑ δo is the first-order deflection due to the end moment Mo , The first order
moment
❑ Under the axial load, P, the deflection is δa and the total deflection is (δo +δa )
– the second order deflection.
Effect of Unequal End Moments on the
Strength of a Slender Column
 Effect of Unequal End Moments on the
Strength of a Slender Column
Moment-magnifier design procedure, the unequal end moments is replaced
with a similar column subjected to equal moments of at both ends
Equivalent moment factor, Cm.

are the smaller and larger end moments

❑ For M1 and M2 causing single curvature

bending, M1/ M2 is positive.
❑ If double curvature M1/ M2 is negative.
❑ Applies only to hinged columns or columns in
braced frames, loaded with axial loads and
end moments
❑ For columns subjected to transverse loads
between their ends and concentrically loaded
columns Cm = 1.0 (no end moment)
❑ The term is not included in the equation for the
moment magnifier for unbraced (sway) frames.
 Sway versus non-sway frames
❑ In non-sway “braced” frames amplification moments can only happens
due to member deflection ()

Non-sway Frames

 Sidesway bracing
system

Member deflection
 Analysis of Non-sway Frames
❑ The coefficient Cm is used to represent the effect of end moments on the
maximum deflection along the element (only for non-sway frames)
❑ When there is transverse loading on
 M1 
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M    0 .4 the beam either of the following
 2  case applies

M1
= +ve M1 Cm = 1.00 Cm = 0.85
= −ve
M2 M2
 Analysis of Non-sway Frames
❑ Non-sway frames are those frames prevented from sidesway.
❑ End moments have an effect on non-sway frames that can be considered
by considering cm

M u =  ns M ns

Cm
 ns = 1
 Pu 
1 −  
 0.75 Pc 
 2 EI
Pc = - Pc is the critical load
(k L )2

- k for the axis of bending considered

- Cm is the equivalent moment factor
 Column Stiffness
❑ It is important to realize that the stiffness of the concrete column “EI”
is a a function of the applied load.

M   P 
EI =   =  
   
❑ EI plays an important role and the effect of creep can be significant

Creep buckling
Effect of creep

Pn Pn

Mn Mn
 Column Stiffness
❑ The two following equations were considered by ACI for counting the
critical load Pc

0.25 Ec I g + Es I se
EI = Equation 10-12 ACI
1 +  dns

0 .4 E c I g
EI = Equation 10-13 ACI
1 +  dns

dns is the coefficient representing creep effect

 Slenderness Effect
❑ ACI allows neglecting the slenderness effect of columns (dealing with
them as short columns if:

klu  M1 
 34 − 12  Equation 10-7 ACI
r  M2 

Here r is the radius of gyration

r = I g / Ag r can be taken as 0.3 h or o.25 D

❑ In a typical building, the moment ratio is 1.0 and therefore we can

conclude that
kLu
 6.6
h
This can lead to the common rule that h > 15 in for a floor height of 10 ft
Moment-magnifier design (ACI 318-08)

❑ STEP 1: Length of column  Unsupported length

❑ STEP 2: Effective length:

❑ STEP 3: Check if it is slender column

klu
 34 − 12M 1 / M 2 Slenderness effect is neglected
r
r = I g / Ag k is computed based on end conditions

❑ STEP 4: Minimum moment

M 2,min = Pu (0.6 + 0.03h) if M 2  M 2,min Then, Cm = 1

❑ STEP 5: Moment-magnifier equation

 Moment-magnifier design (ACI 318-08)
Cm
M c =  ns M 2  ns =  1.0
1 − Pu /(0.75Pc )

C m = 0.6 + 0.4 M 1 / M 2  0.4 M2: larger moment

Pc =  2 EI /( klu ) 2 EI = (0.4 Ec I g ) /(1 +  dns )

max imum factored axial dead load in the column
 dns =
total factored axial load in the column

❑ If Pu exceeds 0.75Pc then  ns will be negative, and the column

would be unstable, the column cross section must be enlarged.
❑ Further, if  ns exceeds 2.0, strong consideration should be given to
enlarging the column cross section,
Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)
Design a 20-ft-tall column to support an unfactored dead load of 90
kips and an unfactored live load of 75 kips. The loads act at an
eccentricity of 3 in. at the top and 2 in. at the bottom.
Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)

1. Compute the factored loads and moments M1 and M2

Moment at the top

Moment at the bottom

M2 is the larger end moment in the column M2 = 57 kip-ft and M1 = 38 kip-ft

M1/M2 ratio is taken to be positive, because the column is M1/M2 = 0.667

bent in single curvature
Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)

2. Estimate the column size

Assume ρg = 0.015,

12 in. x 12 in. column would be satisfactory

3. Check if the column is slender

Column is part of a nonsway frame

k = 1.0 because the column is pin ended r = 0.3h = 0.3 * 12 in. = 3.6 in

M1/M2 = 0.667

k/u/r = 66.7 > 26, the column is slender

12 in. x 12 in section is inadequate Select a 16-in.-by-16 in.-section

Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)
4. Check minimum eccentricity

0.6 + 0.03h = 1.08 in. Maximum end eccentricity exceeds 1.08 in

5. Compute EI

is the ratio of the factored sustained (dead) load to the total factored axial load
Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)

6. Compute the magnified moment

use a 16-in.-by-16-in. square section

Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)

7. Select the column reinforcement

From Column Interaction Charts

 Design of columns in Nonsway frames
❑ Columns in continuous frames with deformations restrained in two ways:

❑ (1) Frames are “nonsway” or “braced,” so the horizontal deflection of one

end of a column relative to the other end is prevented
❑ (2) The columns are attached to beams that restrain the rotations of the
ends of the column. Rotational restraints provided by the beams
needs to be accounted for the in the design.
Effect of rotational restraints provided by beams
Effect of End Restraints in Nonsway Frames

❑ In design, it is convenient to replace the restrained column with an

equivalent hinged end column of length li
❑ The distance b/w the points on the second order moment diagram where
the moments are equal to the end moments in the first-order diagram
❑ This equivalent hinged column is then designed for the axial load, P,and
the end moments M, from the first-order analysis.
❑ In buildings, columns are restrained by beams or footings which always
allow some rotation of the ends of the column
Effect of End Restraints in Nonsway Frames

The actual value of k for an elastic column is a function of the relative

stiffnesses of the beams and columns at each end of the column,
where is given by:
Effective Length Factor
Chart for Determining k Value
Design of columns in non-sway frames

• Effective length is difficult to compute. Simply, it is calculated based on

empirical assumption
• Relative stiffness,
=
 ( Ec I c / lc ) Column

 (E I b b / lb ) Beam

Perfect hinge Fixed end

beam
beam

 =  =0 column
column

❑ For columns ends at foundation, if fixed or hinge ends cannot be

confidently assumed, an approximate k based on bearing pressure can
be found (See Textbook page 565)
 Design of columns in non-sway frames
• Method 2: from monograph using  at two ends
values

0.7

0
Moment-magnifier design (ACI 318-08)

❑ STEP 1: Length of column  Unsupported length

❑ STEP 2: Effective length from Table or Nomograph

❑ STEP 3: Check if it is slender column

klu
 34 − 12M 1 / M 2 Slenderness effect is neglected
r
❑ STEP 4: Minimum moment
M 2,min = Pu (0.6 + 0.03h) if M 2  M 2,min Then, Cm = 1

❑ STEP 5: Moment-magnifier equation

Moment-magnifier design (ACI 318-08)

M c =  ns M 2 ACI 318: p133-137

Cm
 ns =  1.0
1 − Pu /(0.75Pc )
C m = 0.6 + 0.4 M 1 / M 2  0.4 M2: larger moment

Pc =  2 EI /( klu ) 2 From table or Monograph

EI = (0.4 Ec I g ) /(1 +  d )
max imum factored axial dead load in the column
d =
total factored axial dead load in the column
Design of columns in Nonsway frames
Example-2 Column in Nonsway frames
The columns CD and DE of a typical non side sway industrial frame
is to be designed. The frames are spaced 20 ft apart. The columns
rest on 4-ft-square footings. The soil bearing capacity is 4000 psf.
The concrete strength and yield stress of steel are 4000 psi and
60,000 psi respectively. A first-order elastic analysis of the frame
gave the forces and moments as shown in the table below.
Determine the factored loads
(a) Column CD:

The factored-moment diagram is shown in Fig. By definition (ACI Code), M2 is

always positive, and M1 is positive if the column is bent in single curvature.
Because column CD is bent in double curvature M1 is negative.

M2 = +94.4 kip-ft M1 = -38.0 kip-ft.

(b) Column DE
Make a preliminary selection of the column size

Because of the anticipated slenderness effects and because of the large

moments, we will take a larger column. Try columns 14 in x 14 in throughout
Are the columns slender?

From Table
Check whether the moments are less than the minimum.

ACI Code Section 10.10.6.5 requires that braced slender columns be designed
for a minimum eccentricity of (0.6 + 0.03h) in. For 14-in. columns, this is 1.02
in. Thus, column CD must be designed for a moment of at least

and column DE for a moment of at least 7.0 kip-ft.

Because the actual moments exceed these values, the columns shall be
designed for the actual moments.
Compute EI.
Because the reinforcement is not known at this stage of the design,
we can use Eq. without steel moment of inertia
Compute the effective-length factors

Two methods of estimating the effective length factors, k, can be used

where values for Ib and Ic can be taken as those given in ACI Code
Section 10.10.4.1. Thus, Ic = 0.70 Ig (col) and Ib = 0.35 Ig(beam).

For the beam section shown

ACI Code Section 8.12.2 gives the effective flange width as being equal to
one-fourth of the beam span, i.e., 90 in.
The value of k from nomograph is 0.63. The value of k from Table is 0.86.
The effective-length nomographs tend to underestimate the values of k for
beam columns in practical frames. Use k=0.86
 of 2 ft

lc = 22 ft= 264 in.,

From Nomograph and table k = 0.77

Compute the magnified moments
Select the column reinforcement

use a 14 in. x 14 in. column section with four No. 7 bars,

 Design of columns in non-sway frames

• The frames are considered non-sway if the horizontal deflection of one end
of a column relative to the other end is prevented, or at least restrained, by
walls or other bracing elements.

• The columns are attached to beams that restrain the rotations of the ends of
the column

• ACI also considers the frame to be non-sway of the stability index Q

 P u 0
Q=  0.05
Vu lc
 Unbraced Columns – Side Sway
❑ Two components of amplification moments can be observed in sway (unbraced)
frames:
❑ Moment due to member deflection  (similar to non-sway frames)
❑ Moment due to sidesway of the structure (deflection )
Sway Frames


Member deflection Member sidesway

 Design Procedure – Sway Columns

1. Calculate unfactored axial forces and moments for the columns in

the frame due to DL, LL and WL.
2. Calculate factored loads using as a minimum the following two load
combinations:
❖ LC I: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr (ACI 9-2) (largest total gravity load)
❖ LC II: 1.2D + 1.01L + 0.5Lr + 1.62W (ACI 9-4) (largest gravity load
and sidesway loads)
3. Determine the preliminary column size using the load combination
with the largest factored gravity loads

4. Determine if the frame is sway or non-sway.

 Slender Column – Design Procedure
The frame is a sway frame if

Pu = the total factored vertical load on a story

Vu = the factored horizontal shear on a story
Δo = the relative story deflection due to Vu
lc = the column height, measured from center-of-joint to center-of-joint
 Slender Column – Design Procedure
5. Determine if the column is slender
For non-sway frames, the column is slender if

k = the effective length factor.

lu = the unsupported length of the compression member in inches
r = the radius of gyration ≈ 0.3h for rectangular columns
M2 is the larger between M1 and M2
M1/M2 is positive if the column is in single curvature, and negative if the
column is in double curvature

k is calculated using the alignment chart in ACI calculating the rotational

restraints at the ends of the column.
k is a function of the rotational restraint at the column ends.

Column ends with large rotational restraint → small ψ →

small effective length factor.
 Slender Column – Design Procedure

lc and l are the lengths of the column and beam,

respectively, measured center-of-joint to center-of-joint.

For sway frames, the column is slender if

6. Calculate the factored moments (Mu) for each load combination.

For Non-sway frame

δns = moment magnification factor for frames braced against sidesway to

reflect effects of member curvature between ends of compression member
 Slender Column – Design Procedure

βd reflects the increased lateral deflections of a column due to creep

The min. M2 in the equation for Mc above = Pu(0.6 + 0.03h), 0.6 and h are
in inches
 Slender Column – Design Procedure
For sway frame

Mu = larger of the moments at the column ends, = max[ M1, M2 ]

where Mns = the factored moment due to loads that cause no appreciable
sidesway calculated by a first-order analysis

δsMs can be calculated according to ACI

 Slender Column – Design Procedure

The maximum moment occurs between the column ends if

If the max. moment occurs between the column ends, then

where δns is calculated following the procedure for columns in non-sway

frames

Check for instability under gravity loads alone

The moment magnifier (δs) must be < 2.5

 Slender Column – Design Procedure
The frame shown the elevation and main floor plan for a five-story building. The
building is clad with nonstructural precast panels. There are no structural walls or
other bracing. The floor beams in the north–south direction are all 18 in. wide with
an overall depth of 30 in. The floor slabs are 6 in. thick. Assume all the floors are
to be designed for a superimposed dead load of 20 psf plus a live load of 80 psf,
which includes a 20 psf partition loading. The roof is assumed to have similar-
sized structural members, carries a superimposed dead load of 25 psf, and has a
reduced live load Lr ,, of 30 psf. Design an interior and exterior column in the first-
story level for dead load, live load, and wind forces in the north–south direction.
Assume we are using “service-level” wind forces, so the appropriate load factor is
1.6. Use fc’ =4000 psi and fy = 60 ksi.
Slender Column – Design Example
 Slender Column – Design Example

Make a preliminary selection of the column sizes.

Based on the axial loads in the first-story columns for the gravity-load case
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr

ASCE/SEI 7 allows the floor live loads to be reduced as a function of the

influence area. For columns, the influence area is taken as four times the tributary
area. For a first-story exterior column in this example, the total tributary area is

For a first-story interior

column is equal to
approximately 0.40
 Slender Column – Design Example

For an exterior column

Preliminary size for the column section.

Try an section 18 in x 18 in to allow for both the probable slenderness

considerations and the increased moments carried by the exterior columns for the
gravity-load case.

For an interior column

 Slender Column – Design Example
Factored load combinations to be considered

Because this is a symmetrical building, the gravity loads will not cause appreciable
sidesway, and thus, the dead and live loads will only give rise to nonsway moments
The wind loads will cause sway moments
Load Case 1: Gravity Loads Only
Is the story being designed sway or nonsway?
ACI Code Section 10.10.5.2 defines a story in a frame as being nonsway if
 Slender Column – Design Example
Vus is not known. A value of 20 kips was selected for the lateral loading, Vus .
Member moments of inertia recommended in
ACI Code Section 10.10.4.1

We use the assumption that the gross moment of

inertia for the beam’s web (full depth) is approximately
equal to one-half of the moment of inertia for the full T-
beam section

The calculated value for Is 0.079 in Thus, the first story is clearly a sway story, and we
will need to calculate magnified moments to
complete the design of each column.
ACI Code Section 10.10.2.1
The Code section states that the secondary
moments shall not exceed 1.4 times the moments
determined from a first-order analysis.
Because this value is less than 1.4, this
sway story is considered to be stable.
 Slender Column – Design Example

Are the columns slender?

From ACI Code Section 10.10.1, a column in a sway frame is slender if

k, is not known at this stage, but it normally will not be taken as less than 1.2 in
a sway frame We can initially use k = 1.2

The slenderness ratio for a first-story interior column is

Based on this value, it is clear that all of the first-story columns are slender. If
this number had been closer to 22, a more accurate value would need to be
calculated for k.
 Slender Column – Design Example
Compute the factored axial loads and moments from a first-order frame analysis.
Axial Load and Moments for Load Case 1, Gravity Load

For the column end moments

due to live load, two loading
patterns were considered

The sign difference indicates that both columns are put into double curvature due the dead load.
 Slender Column – Design Example
The pattern in which all spans are loaded will maximize the end
moments in the exterior columns and develops a double curvature pattern in
those columns, which is similar to that for the dead-load case.
The end moments calculated for this loading pattern were multiplied by the live-
load reduction factor corresponding to the influence area for an exterior column
supporting a single floor (0.67)
The live-load pattern shown with alternate span loaded is used to find the
maximum end moments for the interior columns. This load pattern will put those
columns into a single curvature deformation pattern, which is more critical when
designing slender columns.
 Slender Column – Design Example
Find for the interior and exterior columns.

Calculation of EI values

For a total steel ratio equal to 0.015, and

for an 18-in. column
Slender Column – Design Example

For these values the magnified moments

are clearly less than 1.4 times the first
order moments, as required in ACI Code
Section 10.10.2.1
 Slender Column – Design Example
Check initial column sections for gravity-load case
Factored axial load and moment acting on the exterior column, the design
eccentricity is

using the interaction diagram

well below the provided area of

A lower longitudinal steel-reinforcement
ratio could be used
 Slender Column – Design Example
For the interior column, the design moments are very small, so the minimum
moment value given in ACI Code Section 10.10.6.5 will probably govern

This governs, but even for this moment, the value of e/h is very low
The interior axial-load capacity is governed by the value for

Select eight No. 8 longitudinal bars

Longitudinal reinforcement ratio

Longitudinal bars for the exterior column will be selected after investigating Load
Case 2.
 Slender Column – Design Example
Load Case 2: Gravity Plus Lateral (Wind) Loads
The unfactored axial loads and end moments due to lateral wind loads
were determined

Calculate magnified moments due to sway

ACI Code Section 10.10.7, will be used to define the larger factored end moment for design
of the columns in this sway story
The value of the sway-
moment magnifier

a new value for the stability index, Q, must

be calculated for the loads corresponding
to this load case
 Slender Column – Design Example
Using the lateral loads and the corresponding gravity loads, the value for the lateral
shear in the first story is

and the resulting lateral deflection in that story

Need the sum of the column axial loads in the first story corresponding to this load
case

These magnified moments are less than 1.4 times the first-order moments, as
required in ACI Code Section 10.10.2.1.
 Slender Column – Design Example
Check column sections for axial loads and moments of Load Case 2.
use the interaction diagrams. For the exterior column, the design eccentricity
for this load case is

This is less that the provided area of

The required area of longitudinal reinforcement is
The selection of eight No. 6 longitudinal bars
results in a total steel area

For the interior column, the design eccentricity for this load case is

with this value and

 Slender Column – Design Example
The nominal axial load versus moment-strength envelopes, reduced with the
appropriate phi factor for the exterior and interior columns sections selected to
satisfy Load Cases 1 and 2.

It is clear that the selected

column sections and
reinforcement are satisfactory

Load Case 3: Low Gravity

Load Plus Lateral Load
Columns under Biaxial Bending
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
Example 2
 References
• Materials in this chapter are covered

• Textbook, Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design: James K. Wight and

James. G. MacGregor (2009)
• Chapter 12.1, 12.2, 12.4

• Building code requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)

• Chapter 10.10, 10.11, 10.12, 10.13