Guinea Bissau PDF
Guinea Bissau PDF
Guinea Bissau PDF
Flag
Emblem
Motto:
"Unidade, Luta, Progresso" (Portuguese)
"Unity, Struggle, Progress"
Anthem:
Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada (Portuguese)
This is Our Beloved Homeland
0:00 / 0:00
Capital Bissau
and largest city 11°52′N 15°36′W
Official languages Portuguese
22.5% Balanta
14.7% Mandinka
9.1% Papel
8.3% Manjaca
3.5% Beafada
3.1% Mancanha
2.1% Bijagós
1.7% Felupe
1.4% Mansoanca
1% Balanta Mane
0.9% Nalu
0.5% Saracule
0.4% Sosso
Demonym(s) Bissau-Guinean[1]
• Water (%) 22.4
Population
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
Gini (2002) 35
medium
HDI (2018) 0.461[5]
low · 178th
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire.
Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some
rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised
as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the
name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with
Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since
independence, and only one elected president (José Mário Vaz) has successfully served a
full five-year term.
Only about 2% of the population speaks Portuguese, the official language, as a first
language, and 33% speak it as a second language. However, Creole is the national language
and also considered the language of unity. According to a 2012 study, 54% of the population
speak Creole as a first language and about 52% speak it as a second language.[6] The
remainder speak a variety of native African languages. There are diverse religions in Guinea-
Bissau with no one religion having a majority. In 2008, the CIA World Factbook estimated
that the population was about 40% Muslim, 22% Christian, 15% Animist, and 18%
unspecified or other.[7] The country's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest
in the world.
The sovereign state of Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union,
Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,
Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie, and the South Atlantic
Peace and Cooperation Zone, and was a member of the now-defunct Latin Union.
History
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this
kingdom persisted until the 18th century. Other parts of the territory in the current country
were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire.[8] Portuguese Guinea was known
as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans
to the western hemisphere.
Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise
Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de
la Fosse,[9] and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River
and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km
down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.[10]
For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore
island, at Bolama.[12] But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in
Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in
part of present South Senegal.
An armed rebellion, begun in 1956 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and
Cape Verde (PAIGC) under the leadership of Amílcar Cabral gradually consolidated its hold
on the then Portuguese Guinea.[13] Unlike guerrilla movements in other Portuguese colonies,
the PAIGC rapidly extended its military control over large portions of the territory, aided by
the jungle-like terrain, its easily reached borderlines with neighbouring allies, and large
quantities of arms from Cuba, China, the Soviet Union, and left-leaning African countries.[14]
Cuba also agreed to supply artillery experts, doctors, and technicians.[15] The PAIGC even
managed to acquire a significant anti-aircraft capability in order to defend itself against
aerial attack. By 1973, the PAIGC was in control of many parts of Guinea, although the
movement suffered a setback in January 1973 when Cabral was assassinated.[16]
Independence (1973)
Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President
of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean
soldiers who had fought alongside the Portuguese Army against the guerrillas. Some
escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations.[19] One of the massacres occurred in
the town of Bissorã. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated
29 November 1980) that many Guinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked
collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá.
The country was controlled by a revolutionary council until 1984. The first multi-party
elections were held in 1994. An army uprising in May 1998 led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil
War and the president's ousting in June 1999.[20] Elections were held again in 2000, and
Kumba Ialá was elected president.[21]
In September 2003, a military coup was conducted. The military arrested Ialá on the charge
of being "unable to solve the problems".[22] After being delayed several times, legislative
elections were held in March 2004. A mutiny of military factions in October 2004 resulted in
the death of the head of the armed forces and caused widespread unrest.
Vieira years
In June 2005, presidential elections were held for the first time since the coup that deposed
Ialá. Ialá returned as the candidate for the PRS, claiming to be the legitimate president of the
country, but the election was won by former president João Bernardo Vieira, deposed in the
1999 coup. Vieira beat Malam Bacai Sanhá in a run-off election. Sanhá initially refused to
concede, claiming that tampering and electoral fraud occurred in two constituencies
including the capital, Bissau.[23]
Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances
during campaigning", including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen,
foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized".[24]
Three years later, PAIGC won a strong parliamentary majority, with 67 of 100 seats, in the
parliamentary election held in November 2008.[25] In November 2008, President Vieira's
official residence was attacked by members of the armed forces, killing a guard but leaving
the president unharmed.[26]
On 2 March 2009, however, Vieira was assassinated by what preliminary reports indicated to
be a group of soldiers avenging the death of the head of joint chiefs of staff, General Batista
Tagme Na Wai, who had been killed in an explosion the day before.[27] Vieira's death did not
trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the
advocacy group Swisspeace.[28] Military leaders in the country pledged to respect the
constitutional order of succession. National Assembly Speaker Raimundo Pereira was
appointed as an interim president until a nationwide election on 28 June 2009.[29] It was
won by Malam Bacai Sanhá of the PAIGC, against Kumba Ialá as the presidential candidate
of the PRS.
On 9 January 2012, President Sanhá died of complications from diabetes, and Pereira was
again appointed as an interim president. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the
country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading
presidential candidate.[30] Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma,
assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with
opposition parties.[31][32]
Politics
Guinea-Bissau is a republic. In the past, the government had been highly centralized. Multi-
party governance was not established until mid-1991. The president is the head of state and
the prime minister is the head of government. Since 1974, no president had successfully
served a full five-year term, until recently when Jose Maria Vaz ended his 5-year term in
June 24, 2019.
The two main political parties are the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea
and Cape Verde) and the PRS (Party for Social Renewal). There are more than 20 minor
parties.[34]
Foreign relations
Guinea-Bissau follows a nonaligned foreign policy and seeks friendly and cooperative
relations with a wide variety of states and organisations.
Military
A 2008 estimate put the size of the Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces at around 4,000 personnel.
Administrative divisions
Guinea-Bissau is divided into eight
regions (regiões) and one autonomous
sector (sector autónomo). These, in
turn, are subdivided into 37 Sectors.
The regions are:
Bafatá
Biombo
Bissau[a]
Bolama
Cacheu
Gabu
Oio
Quinara
Tombali
a. Autonomous sector.
Geography
Guinea-Bissau is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with
the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is
south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W.
At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or
Belgium. It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). Its terrain is mostly
low coastal plains with swamps of the Guinean mangroves rising to the Guinean forest-
savanna mosaic in the east.[36] Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot,
dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the
mainland.[37]
Climate
Guinea-Bissau is warm all year round with mild temperature fluctuations; it averages 26.3 °C
(79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in), although this is
almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and
September/October. From December through April, the country experiences drought.[38]
Environmental problems
Economy
Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human
Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population
lives below the poverty line.[39] The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew
nuts, and ground nuts are its major exports.
Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was
signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural
reform program.[41] The key challenges for the country in the period ahead are to achieve
fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the economic climate for private
investment, and promote economic diversification. After the country became independent
from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution, the
rapid exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military, and political authorities resulted in
considerable damage to the country's economic infrastructure, social order, and standard of
living.
After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau
entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability.[42]
The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again
disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social
infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread poverty. Following the
parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is
trying to recover from the long period of instability, despite a still-fragile political situation.
Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau,
along with several neighbouring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe
for cocaine.[43] The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for
becoming a "narco-state".[44] The government and the military have done little to stop drug
trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'état.[45] The government of Guinea-Bissau
continues to be ravaged by illegal drug distribution, according to The Week magazine. [46]
Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in
Africa (OHADA).[47]
Society
Demographics
(Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1961 and 2003. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's population pyramid, 2005. In
2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15.[48]
Ethnic groups
Fula and the Mandinka-speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population
and are concentrated in the north and northeast;
Balanta and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions; and
Manjaco and Mancanha, who occupy the central and northern coastal areas.
Most of the remainder are mestiços of mixed Portuguese and African descent, including a
Cape Verdean minority.[50]
Major cities
Port of Bissau
Languages
Languages in Guinea-Bissau[49]
Languages percent
Creole 90.4%
Portuguese 27.1%
French 5.1%
English 2.9%
Spanish 0.5%
Russian 0.1%
Other 1.8%
Despite being a small country Guinea-Bissau has several ethnic groups which are very
distinct from each other, with their own cultures and languages. This is due to Guinea-
Bissau being a refugee and migration territory within Africa. Colonisation and
miscegenation brought Portuguese and the Portuguese creole, the Kriol or crioulo.[53]
The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each
ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%),
Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), and Nalu (0.1%), which form the ethnic African languages
spoken by the population.[53][55] Most Portuguese and Mestiços speakers also have one of
the African languages and Kriol as additional languages. Ethnic African languages are not
discouraged, in any situation, despite their lower prestige. These languages are the link
between individuals of the same ethnic background and daily used in villages, between
neighbours or friends, traditional and religious ceremonies, and also used in contact
between the urban and rural populations. However, none of these languages are dominant in
Guinea-Bissau.[53]
It should also be noted that French is taught as a foreign language in schools, because
Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations. Guinea-Bissau is a full member of
the Francophonie.[56]
Religion
Religion in Guinea-Bissau (Pew, 2010)[57][58]
Religion Percent
Islam 45%
Folk Religion 31%
Christianity 22.1%
Unaffiliated 1.9%
In 2010, a Pew Research survey found that Christianity is practiced by 62% of the country's
population, Islam by 38% and attributed 0% for both Traditional African Religions and
Unaffiliated [59]
According to another Pew report, concerning religious identity among Muslims, it was
determined that in Guinea-Bissau there is no prevailing sectarian identity. Under this same
category were other Sub-Saharan countries like Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Nigeria and
Cameroon. Other nations around the world claimed to be either predominantly Just Muslim,
Mix of Sunni and Shia, or predominantly Sunni (pg. 30).[60] This Pew research also stated
that countries in this specific study that declared to not have any clear dominant sectarian
identity were mostly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa.[61] Another Pew report, The Future
of World Religions, predicts that in 2050 Islam will become the dominant religion of Guinea-
Bissau.[62]
Many residents practice syncretic forms of Islamic and Christian faiths, combining their
practices with traditional African beliefs.[36][63] Muslims dominate the north and east, while
Christians dominate the south and coastal regions. The Roman Catholic Church claims
most of the Christian community.[64]
Health
Education
Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. Pre-school education for children between
three and six years of age is optional and in its early stages. There are five levels of
education: pre-school, elemental and complementary basic education, general and
complementary secondary education, general secondary education, technical and
professional teaching, and higher education (university and non-universities). Basic
education is under reform, and now forms a single cycle, comprising 6 years of education.
Secondary education is widely available and there are two cycles (7th to 9th classe and 10th
to 11th classe). Professional education in public institutions is nonoperational, however
private school offerings opened, including the Centro de Formação São João Bosco (since
2004) and the Centro de Formação Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (since 2011).[53]
Higher education is limited and most prefer to be educated abroad, with students preferring
to enroll in Portugal.[53] A number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous
Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine[65]
Child labor is very common.[66] The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. In 1998,
the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5%, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7%)
compared to females (40%).[66]
Conflicts
Usually, the many different ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, but when
conflicts do erupt, they tend to revolve around access to land.[68]
Culture
Carnival in Bissau
Media
Music
The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the
country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined
over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in
generally syncretist African countries.[69]
The cabasa is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau,[70] and is used in extremely
swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau
Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving
around current events and controversies.[71]
The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country,
although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's
folk music traditions.[72] Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions
include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations, and other rituals, as well as Balanta
brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos
Islands.[73]
Cuisine
Rice is a staple in the diet of residents near the coast and millet a staple in the interior.
Fruits and vegetables are commonly eaten along with cereal grains. The Portuguese
encouraged peanut production. Vigna subterranea (Bambara groundnut) and Macrotyloma
geocarpum (Hausa groundnut) are also grown. Black-eyed peas are also part of the diet.
Palm oil is harvested.
Common dishes include soups and stews. Common ingredients include yams, sweet
potato, cassava, onion, tomato, and plantain. Spices, peppers, and chilis are used in cooking,
including Aframomum melegueta seeds (Guinea pepper).
Film
Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala
(English: My Voice).[74] Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988)[75] was the first fiction
film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was
N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the
prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta,[76] which was
screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.[77] Gomes has
also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.[78]
Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Guinea-Bissau. The Guinea-Bissau national football
team is controlled by the Federação de Futebol da Guiné-Bissau. They are a member of the
Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA. Other football clubs include Desportivo
Quelele, FC Catacumba, FC Catacumba São Domingos, FC Cupelaoo Gabu, FC Djaraf, FC
Prabis, and FC Babaque.
See also
Outline of Guinea-Bissau
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February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved
22 June 2013.
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html .
Further reading
Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", In : Bulletin de
l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, N°1, Avril
1998. – pp. 53–60
Forrest, Joshua B., Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau (Ohio University
Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003)
Galli, Rosemary E, Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society, (Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987)
Lobban Jr., Richard Andrew and Mendy, Peter Karibe, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-
Bissau, third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997)
Vigh, Henrik, Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau, (Berghahn Books, 2006)
External links
Guinea-Bissau
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Guinea-Bissau at Curlie
Guinea-Bissau: Prime Minister’s fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa –
Portuguese American Journal