11(A) Explain the powers of inspectors as per the factories act 1948

THE INSPECTI0N STAFF

The Factories Act empowers the State Government to appoint Inspectors, Chief Inspectors of
Factories, Additional Chief Inspectors, Joint Chief Inspectors and Deputy Chief Inspectors. Every District
Magistrate is an Inspector for his district. No person can act as an Inspector if .he is or becomes directly
or indirectly interested in a factory or in any process or business carried on therein or in any patent or
machinery connected therewith. .
Powers of Inspectors.
Section 9 provides that subject to any rules made in this behalf, an Inspector may exercise the
following powers within the local limits for which he is appointed :
(a) enter, with such assistants, being persons in the service of the Government or any local or other
public authority, as
he thinks fit, and place which is used, or which he has reason to believe is used, as a. factory ;
(b) make examination of the premises, plant and machinery;
(c) require the production of any prescribed register and any other document relating to the factory, and
take on the spot or otherwise statements of any person which he may consider necessary for carrying
out the purposes of the Act; and .(d) exercise such other powers as may be prescribed for carry-
ing out the purposes of this Act.
No person shall be compelled under this section to answer any question or give any evidence
tending to incriminate himself.
Under Section 91, an Inspector may take a sample of any substance, used or intended to be used
in a factory, for the purpose of finding out whether the substance is injurious and if the factory is
violating any of the provisions of the Act.
Obstructing an Inspector. Whoever wilfully obstructs an Inspector in the exercise of any power
conferred on him by or under this Act, or fails to produce on demand by an Inspector any registers Of
other documents in his custody kept in pursuance of this Act or of any ru.!es made thereunder, or
conceals or prevents any worker in a factory from appearing before, or being examined by, an Inspector,
shall be punishable ~with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three months or with fine
which may extend to Rs. 300 or with both.-Sec. 95. .
The onus is on the prosecution to show that a person has obstructed an inspector.
Duties of Inspector. It is the duty of factory inspectors to enforce the provisions of the Factories
Act and other industrial laws. For this purpose they inspect factories periodically. If any rule is violated
they take steps like prosecuting the guilty persons etc.
CERTIFYING SURGEONS
Section 10 provides that the State Government may appoint qualified medical practitioners to .be
certifying surgeons for the purposes of the Act for specified local areas or for specified factories or class
of factories.
No person can be a certifying surgeon for a factory or industry in which he is interested .directly or
indirectly.-Sec. 10(3).
The State Government may by order in writing and subject to specified conditions, exempt any
person or class of persons from the provisions of this sub-section in respect of any factory or class or
description of factories.

Duties. The certifying surgeon has the following duties under the Act and the rules framed under it.
 1. The examination and certification .of young persons.
2. The examination of persons engaged in factories in dangerous
occupations or processes. .
3. Medical supervision of factories in cases where such supervision had been prescribed owing to
the dangerous nature of the work carried on or for any other reason, viz.,
(i) cases of illness have occurred which it is reasonable to believe are due to the nature of the
manufacturing process carried on,. or other conditions of work prevailing therein;
(ii) by reason of any change in the manufacturing process carried on or in the substances used therein
there is a likelihood of injury to the health of workers employed in that manufacturing process ;
(iii) young persons are, or about to be employed in any work which is likely to cause injury to their
health.

11(B) Discuss the salient features of the factories act with reference to welfare of workers.

Summary of the provisions of the Factories Act regarding the welfare of workers are stated below :
1.. Washing. In every factory adequate and suitable facilities for washing shall be provided and
maintained. They shatI be conveniently accessible and shall be kept clean. There must be separate
provisions for male and female workers.-Sec. 42.
2. Storing and drying. The State Government may make rules requiring the provision of suitable facilities
for storing and drying clothing.-Sec. 43.
3. Sitting. Sitting facilities must be provided for workers who have to work in a standing position. so
that they may take rest when possible. When work can be done in a sitting position efficiently the Chief
Inspector may direct the provision of sitting arrangements. Sec. 44.
4. First aid. Every factory must provide first aid boxes or cupboard. They must contain the prescribed
materials and they must be in charge of persons trained in first aid treatment. Factories em ploying more
than 500 persons must maintain an ambulance roam containing the prescribed equipment and in charge
of the prescribed medical and nursing staff-Sec. 45.
5. Canteens. Where more than 250 workers are employed. the state Government may require the
opening of canteen or canteens for workers. Rules may be framed regarding the food served. its
management etc.,..-Sec. 46.
6. Shelters. In every factory where more than 150 workers are employed there must be provided
adequate and suitable shelters or rest. rooms and a lunch room (with drinking water supply) where
workers may eat meals brought by them. Such rooms must be sufficiently lighted and ventilated and
must be maintained in a cool and clean condition~. The standards may be fixed by the State
Government. -Sec. 47,
7. Creches. In every factory where more than 30 women a employed, a room shall be provided for
the use of the children (below 6 years) of such women. The room shall be adequate size. well lighted and
ventilated, maintained in a clean and sanitary condition and shall be in charge of a woman trained in the
care of children and infants. The standards shall be laid down by the State Government.Sec. 48.
8. Welfare officers. Welfare officers must be appointed in every factory where 500 or more workers
are employed. The State Government may prescribe the duties, qualifications etc. of such officers. Sec.
49.
9.. Rules. The State Government may make rules regarding the welfare of workers.-Sec. 50.

12 (a) Discuss the general power of the central government as per the environment protection act,
1986.

1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government, shall have the power to take all such
measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of
the environment and preventing controlling and abating environmental pollution.

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), such
measures may include measures with respect to all or any of the following matters, namely:--

(i) co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers and other authorities--

(a) under this Act, or the rules made thereunder, or

(b) under any other law for the time being in force which is relatable to the objects of this Act;

(ii) planning and execution of a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control and abatement of
environmental pollution;

(iii) laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects;

(iv) laying down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources
whatsoever:

Provided that different standards for emission or discharge may be laid down under this clause from
different sources having regard to the quality or composition of the emission or discharge of
environmental pollutants from such sources;

(v) restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations
or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards;

(vi) laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause
environmental pollution and remedial measures for such accidents;

(vii) laying down procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances;

(viii) examination of such manufacturing processes, materials and substances as are likely to cause
environmental pollution;

(ix) carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmental
pollution;

(x) inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other processes,
materials or substances and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities, officers or persons as
it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental
pollution;

(xi) establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions
entrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act;
(xii) collection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmental
pollution;

(xiii) preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to the prevention, control and abatement of
environmental pollution;

(xiv) such other matters as the Central Government deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of
securing the effective implementation of the provisions of this Act.

(3) The Central Government may, if it considers it necessary or expedient so to do for the purpose of this
Act, by order, published in the Official Gazette, constitute an authority or authorities by such name or
names as may be specified in the order for the purpose of exercising and performing such of the powers
and functions (including the power to issue directions under section 5) of the Central Government under
this Act and for taking measures with respect to such of the matters referred to in sub-section (2) as may
be mentioned in the order and subject to the supervision and control of the Central Government and
the provisions of such order, such authority or authorities may exercise and powers or perform the
functions or take the measures so mentioned in the order as if such authority or authorities had been
empowered by this Act to exercise those powers or perform those functions or take such measures.
12 (b) Discuss the salient features of the water act. 1974.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is an appropriate step for the management of
water pollution; the maintenance or restoration of wholesomeness of water; the establishment, with a
view to carrying out the purposes aforementioned, of Boards for the prevention and control of water
pollution; conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for
matters connected therewith

The Act deals with a particular type of pollution and presents an integrated approach to tackle the
problem. It is an important legislative measure which has been enacted to implement the decision taken
in the United Nation’s Conference on Human Environment held in June 1972 at Stockholm.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 has 64 Sections and has been divided into
eight chapters relating to i) Preliminary, ii) Central and State Boards for the Prevention and Control of
Water Pollution, iii) Joint Boards, iv) Powers and Functions of Boards, v) Prevention and Control of Water
Pollution, vi) Funds, Accounts and Audit, vii) Penalties and Procedures, and viii) Miscellaneous.

The Act provides for the creation of the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control
Boards. It authorises the establishment of the Joint Boards. The main function of the Central Board,
under Section 16(1) of the Act, is to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in the States. Section 16(2)
provides certain functions in the nature of advice, planning, co-ordination, publications, education and
programmes for preventing, controlling and abating water pollution.

The State Boards (under Section 17) of the Act are expected not only to plan comprehensive
programmes for the prevention and control of water pollution in the State but also to inspect sewage or
trade effluents, works and plants for their treatment, to lay down standards for such effluents, their
treatment and for the quality of receiving waters, and to make orders for waste disposal and the like.

Under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, power to give “directions” is conferred
on
 -The Central Government (which can give directions to the Central Boards),
- The Central Board (which can give directions to the State Boards),
- The State Government (which can give directions to State Boards).
- In case of conflict between directions given by the Central Government, that matter shall be   referred
to the Central Government for decision. If the Central Board’s directions are not   complied with by the
- State Board, the Central Board can order the former to perform the   functions of the latter for a
specified period.

The Act provides that the State Government in consultation with the State Board is empowered to
declare any area or areas within the jurisdiction of the concerned State as “Water Pollution Prevention
and Control Area”.

13 (a) Discuss the general responsibility of the occupier as per the MSIHC rules, 1989.

(1) these rules shall apply to, -

(a) an industrial activity in which a hazardous chemical, which satisfies any of the criteria
laid down in Part I of Schedule 1 1[or listed] in Column 2 of Part II of this Schedule is, or
may be, involved; and

2
[(b) isolated storage of a hazardous chemical listed in Schedule 2 in a quantity equal to or
more than the threshold quantity specified in Column 3, thereof.]

(2) An occupier who has control of an industrial activity in terms of sub-rule (1) shall provide
evidence to show that he has, -

(a) identified the major accident hazards; and

(b) taken adequate steps to -

(i) prevent such major accidents and to limit their consequences to persons
and the environment;

provide to the persons working on the site with the information, training and equipment including
antidotes necessary to ensure their safety.
13 (b) Describe the various factors to be considered in the preparation of on and off site emergency
plans.

ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

1. Assessment of the size and nature of the events foreseen and the probability of their occurrence:
2. Formulation of the plan and liaison with outside authorities, including the emergency services: 3.
Procedures: (i) Raising the alarm (ii) Communications both within and outside the works:
4. Appointment of key personnel and their duties and responsibilities: (i) Works incident controller (ii)
Works main controller
1

2
5. Emergency control centre
6. Action on site;
7. Action off site.

OFF SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

Is an-integral part of any major hazard control system.
Based on those accidents, which could affect people and the environment outside the works.
Based on those events which are most likely to occur.
A good off-site emergency plan has the flexibility in its application to emergencies other than those
specifically included in the formation of the plan.

Main elements of On-site Emergency plans

Leadership and Administration.
Role and Responsibilities of Key Personnel.
Emergency action.
Light and Power.
Source of energy control.
Protective and rescue equipment.
Communication.
Medical care.
Mutual Aid.
Public relation.
Protection of vital records.
Training.
Periodical revision of plan.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS - IMPORTANT POINTS

EMERGENCY PLANS are not static documents. They need updating.

Must be constructed within the framework of available or obtainable resources.
Must represent all interest groups.
Must be supported by the community to assure their success.

14 (a) Describe the importance and advantages of workmen’s compensation Act.1923.

The Objective:
To provide for the payment of compensation to the workmen for injury or accident.
This Act is one of the earliest Acts having come into force from 1st July, 1924.   It extends to whole of
India.
The salient features the Act in brief are as under.
Employer's Liability for Compensation:
a)  A workman is entitled to get compensation from his employer if he is injured while on duty
and during the course of his employment with his employer.
b)  If a workman dies due to the accident while of duty and during the course of his employment withhis
employer, his dependents are entitled to receive the amount of compensation from his employer.
c)  Occupational diseases:  If a workman contacts occupational diseases enlisted in Schedule III of this 
Act, while on duty and during the course of his employment with his employer, the said disease  shall be
deemed to be an injury by accident.  The workman or if dead, his dependents are entitledtoreceive the
amount of compensation from his employer.
d)  Amount of Compensation:
(1) Temporary Disablement:
Where the disablement is temporary i.e. workman not being able to attend to duty for more than 3 days
on account of injury is entitle to get compensation at the rate of a half monthly payment of the sum
equivalent to twenty five percent of monthly wages of the workman.  E.G. if workman's wages are
Rs.500/- per month he will receive Rs.125/- for a fortnight i.e. 15 days or Rs. 8.33 p. per day and so on
depending on his wages.  If the disablement continues for more than 28 days therefrom days to be
counted from the date of injury.
(2)  Permanent total disablement:
The permanent total disablement is listed in Schedule I of the Act.  Where the disablement is permanent
and total the amount of compensation will be equivalent of fifty percent of the monthly wages of the
injured workman multiplied by the relevant factor or an amount of twenty four thousand rupees  
(Rs. 24,000/-) whichever is more.
(3) Death:
Where death results from an injury an amount equal to forty percent of the monthly wages of the
deceased workman multiplied by the relevant factor or an amount of twenty thousand rupees 
(Rs. 20,000/-) whichever is more.

Recovery of Compensation:
1.  If the employer fails to pay the compensation to a workman of fails to deposit the amount of
compensation with the commissioner for Workmen's Compensation, or the Labour Court concerned,
them the injured workman, either himself or through his representative, should send a notice of his
claim or his employer mentioning therein the time, date, place and nature of accident, wage rate of the
workman and the amount of compensation.  In case of death of a workman , any of his dependents or
his/her representative can send such notice with detailed information.  A copy of the same should be
sent to the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation or the Labour Court concerned.
2.  If the employer fails to settle the claim, the workman himself or any of the dependents of the
deceased workman should file the application before the concerned court having jurisdiction to
entertain the claim.  This has to be done in form 'F' by the injured workman and in form 'G' by the
dependent of the daceased workman.
3.  The court fee is @ Rs.1/- per every Rs. 500/- or less amount of claim and paise 50 for claim of half
monthly wages for temporary disablement.
4.  Amount payable under this Act cannot be assigned or charged or be liable to attachment or be
passed to any person other than the workman by operation of law nor shall any claim be set-off against
the same.  Only the amount which is paid towards half monthly wages during the period of disablement
can be deducted from the amount of final settlement of claim.
5.  The Court has power to award interest on the amount of compensation, cost and penalty.
6.  If the employer fails to pay or deposit the amount of compensation awarded by the Court or
admitted by the employer, them on application by the workman to the concerned court for recovery of
the same, the court shall write to the collector and the same will be recovered as arrears of Land
Revenue.
Contracting:
1) Where any person (referred to as the principal) in the course of or for the purpose of his trade or
business, contracts with any other person (referred to as the contractor) for execution by or under the
contractor of the whole or any part of any work which is ordinarily part of the trade or business of the
principal, the principal shall be liable to pay to any workman employed in the execution of the work the
compensation which he would have been liable to pay if that workman had been immediately employed
by him.  And where compensation is claimed from the principal, this Act shall apply as if references to
the principal were substituted for references to the employer except that the amount of compensation
shall be calculated with reference to the wages of the workman under the employer by whom he is
immediately employed.
2)  The workman is at liberty to recover compensation either from the contractor or the principal.
Transfer of Assets:
The Act specifies that compensation is the first charge on assets transferred by employer.
Limitation for Filing Claim:
The application for recovery of claim should be filed within two years from the date of accident. 
However, the Court has power to condone the delay in filing an application.
Commissioners:
Commissioners under the Act are appointed by the Government.  They carry certain powers relating to
recording of evidence, registering of agreements etc.
Appeals:
Workman's appeal against the order of the Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation or by the
Presiding Officer of the Labour Court concerned lies to the High Court.
Where an employer makes an appeal, the Commissioner may and if so desired by the High Court, shall,
pending the decision of the appeal, withhold payment of any sum in deposit with him.
The Commissioner may recover as arrears of land revenue, any amount payable by any person under
this Act, whether under an agreement for the payment of compensation or otherwise, and the
Commissioner shall be deemed to be a public officer within the meaning of the Revenue Recovery Act,
1980.

14 (b) Discuss the various aspects of the explosive act 1983.

Class 1 – Gunpowder Class  

“Gunpowder” means gunpowder ordinarily so called.  

Class 2 – Nitrate Mixture Class

“Nitrate-mixture” means any preparation, other than gunpowder which is formed by the mechanical
mixture of a nitrate with any form of carbon or with any carbonaceous substance not possessed of
explosives properties, whether Sulphur be or be not added to such preparation, and whether such
preparation be or be not mechanically mixed with any other non-explosive substance, and includes any
explosive containing a perchlorate and not being a chlorate-mixture, fulminate or nitro-compound as
defined in this Schedule.

Class 3- Nitro-compound Class

 “Nitro-compound” means any chemical compound which is possessed of explosive properties or is
capable of combining with metals to  from an explosive compound, and is produced by the chemical
action of nitric acid (whether mixed or not, with sulphuric acid), or of a nitrate mixed with sulphuric acid,
upon any carbonaceous substance, whether such compound is mechanically mixed with other
substances or not.  
The Nitro-compounds further divided into two divisions namely Division 1 and Division 2.  
Division 1, comprising any chemical compound or mechanically mixed preparation which consists, either
wholly or partly, of nitro-glycerine or some other liquied nitro-compound that is such explosives as
Ballistite, Blasting Gelatine, Cordite, Dynamite, Gelatine Dynamite, Gelignite, etc.  
Division 2 comprising any nitro-compound, which is not comprised in Division 1 that is explosives such as
Ammonal, E.C. Sporting Powder, gun-cotton, Picric Acid, Smokeless Dimond, Trinitro-toluol (T.N.T.)_ etc.

Class 4—Chlorate mixture Class  

“Chlorate-mixture” means any explosive containing a chlorate.  
Chlorate-mixture class has 2 divisions namely Division 1 and Division 2.  
Division 1, comprising any chlorate preparation which consists partly of nitro-glycerine or of some other
liquid nitro-compound.  
Division 2, comprising any chlorate mixture which is not comprised in Division 1.
 
Class 5 –Fulminate Class  
“Fulminate” means any chemical compound or mechanical mixture whatever, which from its great
susceptibility to detonation, is suitable for employment in percussion-caps or any other appliances for
developing detonation, or which, from its extreme sensibility to explosion, and from its great instability
(that is to say, readiness to undergo decomposition from very slight exciting causes), is specially
dangerous.  
The Fulminate class consists of two divisions namely division 1 and division 2.  
Division 1 comprising such compounds as the Fulminate of sliver and of mercury, and preparations of
those substances such as are used in percussion caps, and any preparation consisting of a mixture of
chlorate with phosphorus, or certain descriptions of compounds of phosphorous, with or without the
addition of carbonaceous matter, and any preparation consisting of a mixture of a chlorate with sulphur
or with sulphuret, with or without carbonaceous matter.  
Division 2 comprises such substances as the chloride and the Iodide of Nitrogen, Fulminating Gold and
Silver, Diazobenol and the Nitrate of Diazobenzol, Lead Azide and Tetrazine.  

Class 6—Ammunition Class  

“Ammunition” means an explosive of any of the foregoing classes when the same is enclosed in any case
or contrivance, or is otherwise adapted or prepared so as to form: (a) a cartridge or charge for small
arms, cannon or any other weapon, or (b) a safety or other fuse for blasting or for shells, or (c) a tube for
firing explosive, or (d) a percussion cap, detonator, fog signal, shell, torpedo, war rocket or any other
contrivance other than a firework.  
The ammunition class has three divisions, namely Division 1, Division 2 and Division 3.  
Division 1 comprises exclusively of (I) Safety cartridges (ii) Safety fuses for blasting (iii) Railway for signal
and (iv) Percussion caps.
Division 2 comprises any ammunition which does not contain its own means of ignition and is not
included in Division 1, such as cartridges for small arms other than safety cartridge, cartridges and
charges for cannon shells and torpedoes containing any explosives, tubes for firing explosives, and war
rocket, which do not contain their own means of ignition.  
Division 3 comprises any ammunition which contains its own means of ignition and is not included in
Division 1, such as detonators, fuses for blasting which are not safety fuses, tubes for firing explosives,
containing their own means of ignition.  

Class 7—Fireworks Class  

Fireworks Class has four divisions, namely, Division 1, Division 2, Division 3, and Division 4.  
Division 1 comprises fireworks composition that is to say, any chemical compound or mechanically
mixed preparation of an explosive of inflammable nature, which is used for the purpose of making
manufactured firework, and is not an explosive of classes 1,2,3,4,5 & 6, any star and any coloured fire
composition:  
Provided that a substantially constructed hermetically closed metal case, containing not more than 500
gms of coloured fire composition of such a nature, as not to be liable to spontaneous ignition shall be
deemed to be “a manufactured firework” and not a “firework composition”.  
Division 2 fireworks comprises manufactured fireworks i.e. to say any explosive of class 1,2,3,4 or 6 and
any fireworks composition when such explosive or composition is enclosed in any case or contrivance or
other articles specially adapted, for the production of pyrotechnic effect for pyrotechnic signal or sound
signals.  
Division 2 fireworks comprises 3 sub-divisions, namely, Sub-division 1, Sub-division 2 and Sub-division 3.
Sub-division 1 of Division 2 fireworks comprises low hazard fireworks which, in the opinion of Chief
Controller  are relatively innocuous in themselves and are not liable to explode violently or all at once
e.g. sparklers [ chinese crackers, serpents, etc.]20    
Sub-division 2 of Division 2 of fireworks comprises high hazard fireworks which, in the opinion of Chief
Controller, present a special hazard to a person e.g. rockets, shells, maroons, wheels, barrages,
fountains, illumination pieces, distress signals etc.  
Sub-division 3 of Division 2 fireworks comprises such fireworks, which are assembled at site purely for
the purpose of display.  
Division 3 comprises any explosive contrivance required for the manufacture of manufactured fireworks
e.g. quick match fuse etc.  
Division 4 comprises manufactured fireworks for use of Armed Forces of the Union.  

15 (a) List out the advantages of an effective OHSAS management system.

Environment, health safety management system consist of integrated ISO 14001 and OHSAS
18001 standards. The EHSMS is central to strategy for developing a safe and environmentally sustainable
business. It forms our approach to managing potential environmental and occupational health and
safety impacts from ISO and covers design, development, manufacturing, distribution, and sales and
service operations. By implementing integrated management system as per iso 14001 and ohsas 18001
standard, companies reduce their environmental impact and risk of occupational safety and health.
Employees performance can be improve by creating risk free organization which helps in reducing cost
of production. It is essential that environment, occupational safety and health issues are involved within
an organization's day-to-day activities and that they are an integral part of their overall management
system by implementing HSE manual. 

During implementing ISO 14001, an initial review or gap analysis of the organization's processes and
products is recommended, to assist in identifying all elements of of ISO 14001 standards and the current
operation and if possible future operations that may interact with the environment termed
environmental aspects. ISO 14001 was developed primarily to assist companies in reducing their
environmental impact, but in addition to an improvement in environmental standards and performance
by utilizing the ISO 14001 standard. And by implementing OHSAS 18001 systems, organization get
improves safety management of health and safety risk, get competitive advantages via demonstration of
commitment to health and safety improve performance and reduce cost. It is essential that occupational
safety and health issues are involved within an organization's day-to-day activities and that they are an
integral part of their overall management system. 

Implementation of proper Health, Safety and Environment Management System as per

requirement of ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 standards improves business, often having a positive effect
on investment, sales growth, competitive advantage, preparation of HSE manual, adequately planning,
environment management, employee motivation. HSE guidelines provide a comprehensive model for
environment, health and safety management systems that can make any company competitive. Among
the wide advantages of the HSE standard some of as follows: 

Creates a more efficient, effective operation.

Increases customer satisfaction and retention.
Reduces third party audits.
Reduce risk of accidents and incidents.
Improves employee motivation, awareness, and morale.
Promotes international trade.
Increases profit.
Reduces waste and increases productivity.
It is intended to help an organization to control Environment, health and safety risks. It was
developed in response to widespread demand for a recognized standard against to certify and assess the
ISO 14001 and OHSA system.
15 (b) Explain the basic principles and methodology followed in the ISO 14000.

ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help

organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e.,
cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other
environmentally oriented requirements; and (c) continually improve in the above.

ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 quality management in that both pertain to the process of how a
product is produced, rather than to the product itself. As with ISO 9000, certification is performed by
third-party organizations rather than being awarded by ISO directly. The ISO 19011 audit standard
applies when auditing for both 9000 and 14000 compliance at once.

The requirements of ISO 14001 are an integral part of the European Union's Eco-Management and Audit
Scheme (EMAS). EMAS's structure and material requirements are more demanding, mainly concerning
performance improvement, legal compliance, and reporting duties.

Plan: establish objectives and processes required

Prior to implementing ISO 14001, an initial review or gap analysis of the organization's processes and
products is recommended, to assist in identifying all elements of the current operation and, if possible,
future operations, that may interact with the environment, termed "environmental aspects" (Martin
1998). Environmental aspects can include both direct, such as those used during manufacturing, and
indirect, such as raw materials (Martin 1998). This review assists the organization in establishing their
environmental objectives, goals, and targets, which should ideally be measurable; helps with the
development of control and management procedures and processes; and serves to highlight any
relevant legal requirement, which can then be built into the policy (Standards Australia/Standards New
Zealand 2004).

Do: implement the processes

During this stage, the organization identifies the resources required and works out those members of
the organization responsible for the EMS' implementation and control (Martin 1998). This includes
establishing procedures and processes, although only one documented procedure is specified related to
operational control. Other procedures are required to foster better management control over elements
such as documentation control, emergency preparedness and response, and the education of
employees, to ensure that they can competently implement the necessary processes and record results
(Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004). Communication and participation across all levels of
the organization, especially top management, is a vital part of the implementation phase, with the
effectiveness of the EMS being dependent on active involvement from all employees.

Check: measure and monitor the processes and report results

During the "check" stage, performance is monitored and periodically measured to ensure that the
organization's environmental targets and objectives are being met (Martin 1998). In addition, internal
audits are conducted at planned intervals to ascertain whether the EMS meets the user's expectations
and whether the processes and procedures are being adequately maintained and monitored (Standards
Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004).

Act: take action to improve performance of EMS based on results

After the checking stage, a management review is conducted to ensure that the objectives of the EMS
are being met, the extent to which they are being met, and that communications are being
appropriately managed; and to evaluate changing circumstances, such as legal requirements, in order to
make recommendations for further improvement of the system (Standards Australia/Standards New
Zealand 2004). These recommendations are incorporated through continual improvement: plans are
renewed or new plans are made, and the EMS moves forward.

Continual Improvement Process (CI)

ISO 14001 encourages a company to continually improve its environmental performance. Apart from the
obvious – the reduction in actual and possible negative environmental impacts – this is achieved in three
ways:

 Expansion: More and more business areas get covered by the implemented EMS.
 Enrichment: More and more activities, products, processes, emissions, resources, etc. get
 managed by the implemented EMS.
 Upgrading: An improvement of the structural and organizational framework of the EMS, as well
as an accumulation of know-how in dealing with business-environmental issues.

Overall, the CI concept expects the organization to gradually move away from merely operational
environmental measures towards a strategic approach on how to deal with environmental challenges.