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How does a refrigerator work?

Index Key: ENG030

Author: pi
Subject: Refrigerators
Text: How does a refrigerator work?

Response #: 1 of 1
Author: dipper
Text: Most common refrigerators have four major parts to its
refrigeration system -- a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator. In the evaporator section, a refrigerant (up until very recently
it has been "DuPont's Freon (TM)-12", or dichlorodifluoromethane) is
vaporized, and heat is
absorbed through the inside walls of the refrigerator, making it cold inside.
DuPont's Freon (TM)-12 boils at -6.6 C (about 20 F) when pressurized at
35.7 pounds per
square inch, so evaporator temperature is maintained at or near that
temperature if the refrigerator is working properly. In the next stage, an
electric motor runs a small piston or Wankel compressor (some new
compressors
are vane type) and the DuPont's Freon (TM)-12 is pressurized. That raises
the temperature
of the DuPont's Freon (TM)-12. The resulting super-- heated, high-pressure
gas (it is
still a gas at this point) is then condensed to a liquid in an air-cooled
condenser. On most refrigerators, the compressor is on the bottom and the
condenser coils are on the rear of the refrigerator. From the condenser, the
liquid DuPont's Freon (TM)-12 flows through an expansion valve, in which
its pressure and
temperature are reduced the conditions that are maintained in the evaporator.
The whole process operated continuously, by transferring heat from the
Evaporator section (inside the refrigerator, to the condenser section (outside
the refrigerator), by pumping the DuPont's Freon (TM)-12 continuously
through the system
described above. When the desired temperature is reached, the pump stops
and
so does the heat transfer. Freezers and air conditioners work exactly the
same way. The difference is mostly in their compressor capacities and
differing pressures. For example, to maintain -20 F (-29 C), as with a frozen
food freezer, DuPont's Freon (TM)-12 must maintain a pressure of 15.3
pounds per square inch
in the evaporator section. Because of the concerns regarding
chlorofluorocarbons in the past several years, new refrigerators do not use
DuPont's Freon (TM)-12 any more. In fact, in years gone by (I will show
my age here),
refrigerators used Ammonia as a refrigerant! New materials to replace
DuPont's Freon (TM)-
12 have been developed, and are currently being developed. Now to totally
confuse you, there are some refrigerators that use the absorption system of
heat transfer. These refrigerators are operated usually by natural or LP gas.
In these refrigerators a strong solution of ammonia in water is heated by a
gas flame in a container called a generator, and the ammonia is driven off as
a vapor. The ammonia vapor then goes into a condenser, where it is
changed to
its liquid state. The ammonia then flows into the evaporator, just like a
conventional system. But, instead of the gas being brought into a
compressor
after leaving the evaporator, the ammonia gas is reabsorbed in the partially
cooled, weak solution returning from the generator, making it a strong
ammonia
solution, again. This process happens in another small container called, you
guessed it, the absorber. From there this concentrated solution flows back to
the generator to complete the cycle. This is the type of refrigerator that is
seen most often in campers and RV's.
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Lathe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Not to be confused with Lath, a thin piece of wood.
For other uses, see Lathe (disambiguation).

A metalworking lathe from 1911 showing component parts.

a = bed, b = carriage (with cross-slide and toolpost), c = headstock, d = back
gear (other geartrain nearby below drives leadscrew), e = cone pulley for
belt drive from an external power source, f = faceplate mounted on spindle, g =
tailstock. h = leadscrew.
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January
2010)
A lathe (pronounced /ˈleɪð/) is a machine tool which spins a block of
material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling,
drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create
an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.

Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and

glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design
being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can
also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw
threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids
of incredible complexity. The material can be held in place by either one or
two centers, at least one of which can be moved horizontally to
accommodate varying material lengths. Other workholding methods include
clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a
faceplate, using clamps or dogs.

Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick

holders, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical instruments
(especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts and camshafts.

Contents

[hide]
 1 History
 2 Description
o 2.1 Parts
o 2.2 Accessories
o 2.3 Modes of use
o 2.4 Varieties
 3 Major categories
o 3.1 Woodworking lathes
o 3.2 Metalworking lathes
o 3.3 Cue lathes
o 3.4 Glassworking lathes
o 3.5 Metal spinning lathes
o 3.6 Ornamental turning lathes
o 3.7 Reducing lathe
o 3.8 Rotary lathes
o 3.9 Watchmaker's lathes
 4 Gallery
 o 4.1 Examples of lathes
o 4.2 Examples of work produced from a lathe
 5 See also
 6 References
 7 Further reading

 8 External links

[edit] History

The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to the Egyptians and known and
used in Assyria, Greece, the Roman and Byzantine Empires.

A turned wood bowl with natural edges

The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BC when the Egyptians first
developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work piece
with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. The
Romans improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow.
Early bow lathes were also developed and used in Germany, France and
Britain. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, freeing
both the craftsman's hands to hold the woodturning tools. The pedal was
usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling. The system
today is called the "spring pole" lathe (see Polelathe). Spring pole lathes
were in common use into the early 20th century. A two-person lathe, called a
"great lathe", allowed a piece to turn continuously (like today's power
lathes). A master would cut the wood while an apprentice turned the crank.[1]

During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water

wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting,
allowing faster and easier work. The design of lathes diverged between
woodworking and metalworking to a greater extent than in previous
centuries. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker,
more rigid parts. The application of leadscrews, slide rests, and gearing
produced commercially practical screw-cutting lathes. Between the late 19th
and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line
shafting as the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms
were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical
control (NC), which often was coupled with computers to yield
computerized numerical control (CNC). Today manually controlled and
CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries.

[edit] Description

[edit] Parts

Parts of a wood lathe

A lathe may or may not have a stand (or legs), which sits on the floor and
elevates the lathe bed to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on a
workbench or table, and do not have a stand.

Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam
(although some CNC lathes have a vertical beam for a bed to ensure that
swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). A notable exception is the Hegner
VB36 Master Bowlturner, a woodturning lathe designed for turning large
bowls, which in its basic configuration is little more than a very large floor-
standing headstock.

At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe)
is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings.
Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the
bed, called the spindle. Spindles are often hollow, and have exterior threads
and/or an interior Morse taper on the "inboard" (i.e., facing to the right /
towards the bed) by which workholding accessories may be mounted to the
spindle. Spindles may also have exterior threads and/or an interior taper at
their "outboard" (i.e., facing away from the bed) end, and/or may have a
handwheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles
are powered, and impart motion to the workpiece.

The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by
a belt drive to a power source. In some modern lathes this power source is
an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the
headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand.

In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts
to convert the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of
speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley,
to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in
net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to
that of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic
rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.

The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as

the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed, by
undoing a locking nut, sliding it to the required area, and then relocking it.
The tailstock contains a barrel which does not rotate, but can slide in and out
parallel to the axis of the bed, and directly in line with the headstock spindle.
The barrel is hollow, and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of
various type of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel
centre, which is used to support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold
drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are
possible.[2]

Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron)

topped with a cross-slide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed,
and can be cranked at right angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is a
toolpost, which holds a cutting tool which removes material from the
workpiece. There may or may not be a leadscrew, which moves the cross-
slide along the bed.

Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather
have banjos, which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position
of a banjo can be adjusted by hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending
vertically from the banjo is a toolpost, at the top of which is a horizontal
toolrest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and
levered into the workpiece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends
vertically from the tool rest, and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may
be levered into the workpiece.

[edit] Accessories

Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the
internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the
external threads on the spindle (two things which almost never happen), an
accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle.

A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a faceplate, a large flat disk that

mounts to the spindle. Alternatively faceplate dogs may be used to secure
the work to the faceplate.

A workpiece may be clamped in a three- or four-jaw chuck, which mounts

directly to the spindle or mounted on a mandrel.

In precision work (and in some classes of repetition work), cylindrical

workpieces are invariably held in a collet inserted into the spindle and
secured either by a drawbar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle.
Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces.
In precision toolmaking work such collets are usually of the draw in variety,
where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves slightly back into the
headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length variety is
preferered as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move
as the collet is tightened, so the workpiece can be set in the lathe to a fixed
position and it will not move on tightening the collet.

A soft workpiece (wooden) may be pinched between centers by using a spur

drive at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it.
Live center (top) Dead center (bottom)

A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with
the centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The
included angle is 60 degrees. Traditionally a hard dead center is used
together with suitable lubricant in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In
modern practice the dead center is frequently replaced by a live center or
(revolving center) as it turns freely with the workpiece usually on ball
bearings, reducing the frictional heat, which is especially important at high
RPM. When clear facing work that must be supported on both ends but
cannot be accommodated with a steady rest, a half dead center, also known
as a notch center, can be used. A lathe carrier or lathe dog may also be
employed when turning between two centers.

In woodturning, one subtype of a live center is a cup center, which is a cone

of metal surrounded by an annular ring of metal that decreases the chances
of the workpiece splitting.

A circular metal plate with even spaced holes around the periphery, mounted
to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle a
precise number of degrees, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated
auxiliary operations done to the workpiece.

[edit] Modes of use

When a workpiece is fixed between the headstock and the tailstock, it is said
to be "between centers". When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is
more stable, and more force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a
right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break
loose.

When a workpiece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work
is said to be "face work". When a workpiece is supported in this manner,
less force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the
axis of rotation, lest the workpiece rip free. Thus, most work must be done
axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but gently.

When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then

remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric
turning" or "multi axis turning". The result is that various cross sections of
the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is
not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various
types of chair legs.

[edit] Varieties

The smallest lathes are "jewelers lathes" or "watchmaker lathes", which are
small enough that they may be held in one hand. The workpieces machined
on a jeweler's lathes are metal, jeweler's lathes can be used with hand-held
"graver" tools or with compound rests that attach to the lathe bed. Graver
tools are generally supported by a T-rest, not fixed to a cross slide or
compound rest. The work is usually held in a collet. Common spindle bore
sizes are 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm. The term W/W refers to the
Webster/Whitcomb collet and lathe, invented by the American Watch Tool
Company of Waltham, Massachusetts. Most lathes commonly referred to as
watchmakers lathes are of this design. In 1909, the American Watch Tool
company introduced the Magnus type collet (a 10-mm body size collet)
using a lathe of the same basic design, the Webster/Whitcomb Magnus.
(F.W.Derbyshire, Inc. retains the trade names Webster/Whitcomb and
Magnus and still produces these collets.) Two bed patterns are common: the
WW (Webster Whitcomb) bed, a truncated triangular prism (found only on 8
and 10 mm watchmakers' lathes); and the continental D-style bar bed (used
on both 6 mm and 8 mm lathes by firms such as Lorch and Star). Other bed
designs have been used, such a triangular prism on some Boley 6.5 mm
lathes, and a V-edged bed on IME's 8 mm lathes.

Smaller metalworking lathes that are larger than jewelers' lathes and can sit
on a bench or table, but offer such features as tool holders and a screw-
cutting gear train are called hobby lathes, and larger versions, "bench
lathes". Even larger lathes offering similar features for producing or
modifying individual parts are called "engine lathes". Lathes of these types
do not have additional integral features for repetitive production, but rather
are used for individual part production or modification as the primary role.
Lathes of this size that are designed for mass manufacture, but not offering
the versatile screw-cutting capabilities of the engine or bench lathe, are
referred to as "second operation" lathes.

Lathes with a very large spindle bore and a chuck on both ends of the
spindle are called "oil field lathes".

Fully automatic mechanical lathes, employing cams and gear trains for
controlled movement, are called screw machines.

Lathes that are controlled by a computer are CNC lathes.

Lathes with the spindle mounted in a vertical configuration, instead of

horizontal configuration, are called vertical lathes or vertical boring
machines. They are used where very large diameters must be turned, and the
workpiece (comparatively) is not very long.

A lathe with a cylindrical tailstock that can rotate around a vertical axis, so
as to present different tools towards the headstock (and the workpiece) are
turret lathes.

A lathe equipped with indexing plates, profile cutters, spiral or helical

guides, etc., so as to enable ornamental turning is an ornamental lathe.

Various combinations are possible: for example, a vertical lathe have CNC
as well (such as a CNC VTL).

Lathes can be combined with other machine tools, such as a drill press or
vertical milling machine. These are usually referred to as combination
lathes.

[edit] Major categories

[edit] Woodworking lathes

A modern woodworking lathe.

Woodworking lathes are the oldest variety. All other varieties are descended
from these simple lathes. An adjustable horizontal metal rail - the tool rest -
between the material and the operator accommodates the positioning of
shaping tools, which are usually hand-held. With wood, it is common
practice to press and slide sandpaper against the still-spinning object after
shaping to smooth the surface made with the metal shaping tools.

There are also woodworking lathes for making bowls and plates, which have
no horizontal metal rail, as the bowl or plate needs only to be held by one
side from a metal face plate. Without this rail, there is very little restriction
to the width of the piece being turned. Further detail can be found on the
woodturning page.

[edit] Metalworking lathes

A metalworking lathe
Main article: Lathe (metal)

In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a

hardened cutting tool, which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting,
either a toolpost or a turret, which is then moved against the workpiece using
handwheels and/or computer controlled motors. These (cutting) tools come
in a wide range of sizes and shapes depending upon their application. Some
common styles are diamond, round, square and triangular.

The toolpost is operated by leadscrews that can accurately position the tool
in a variety of planes. The toolpost may be driven manually or automatically
to produce the roughing and finishing cuts required to turn the workpiece to
the desired shape and dimensions, or for cutting threads, worm gears, etc.
Cutting fluid may also be pumped to the cutting site to provide cooling,
lubrication and clearing of swarf from the workpiece. Some lathes may be
operated under control of a computer for mass production of parts (see
"Computer Numerical Control").
Manually controlled metalworking lathes are commonly provided with a
variable ratio gear train to drive the main leadscrew. This enables different
thread pitches to be cut. On some older lathes or more affordable new lathes,
the gear trains are changed by swapping gears with various numbers of teeth
onto or off of the shafts, while more modern or expensive manually
controlled lathes have a quick change box to provide commonly used ratios
by the operation of a lever. CNC lathes use computers and servomechanisms
to regulate the rates of movement.

On manually controlled lathes, the thread pitches that can be cut are, in some
ways, determined by the pitch of the leadscrew: A lathe with a metric
leadscrew will readily cut metric threads (including BA), while one with an
imperial leadscrew will readily cut imperial unit based threads such as BSW
or UTS (UNF,UNC). This limitation is not insurmountable, because a 127-
tooth gear, called a transposing gear, is used to translate between metric and
inch thread pitches. However, this is optional equipment that many lathe
owners do not own. It is also a larger changewheel than the others, and on
some lathes may be larger than the changewheel mounting banjo is capable
of mounting.

The workpiece may be supported between a pair of points called centres, or

it may be bolted to a faceplate or held in a chuck. A chuck has movable jaws
that can grip the workpiece securely.

There are some effects on material properties when using a metalworking

lathe. There are few chemical or physical effects, but there are many
mechanical effects, which include residual stress, microcracks,
workhardening, and tempering in hardened materials.

[edit] Cue lathes

Cue lathes function similar to turning and spinning lathes allowing for a
perfectly radially-symmetrical cut for billiard cues. They can also be used to
refinish cues that have been worn over the years.

[edit] Glassworking lathes

Glassworking lathes are similar in design to other lathes, but differ markedly
in how the workpiece is modified. Glassworking lathes slowly rotate a
hollow glass vessel over a fixed or variable temperature flame. The source of
the flame may be either hand-held, or mounted to a banjo/cross slide that can
be moved along the lathe bed. The flame serves to soften the glass being
worked, so that the glass in a specific area of the workpiece becomes
malleable, and subject to forming either by inflation ("glassblowing"), or by
deformation with a heat resistant tool. Such lathes usually have two
headstocks with chucks holding the work, arranged so that they both rotate
together in unison. Air can be introduced through the headstock chuck
spindle for glassblowing. The tools to deform the glass and tubes to blow
(inflate) the glass are usually handheld.

In diamond turning, a computer-controlled lathe with a diamond-tipped tool

is used to make precision optical surfaces in glass or other optical materials.
Unlike conventional optical grinding, complex aspheric surfaces can be
machined easily. Instead of the dovetailed ways used on the tool slide of a
metal turning lathe, the ways typically float on air bearings and the position
of the tool is measured by optical interferometry to achieve the necessary
standard of precision for optical work. The finished work piece usually
requires a small amount subsequent polishing by conventional techniques to
achieve a finished surface suitably smooth for use in a lens, but the rough
grinding time is significantly reduced for complex lenses.

[edit] Metal spinning lathes

Main article: metal spinning

In metal spinning, a disk of sheet metal is held perpendicularly to the main

axis of the lathe, and tools with polished tips (spoons) are hand held, but
levered by hand against fixed posts, to develop large amounts of
torque/pressure that deform the spinning sheet of metal.

Metal spinning lathes are almost as simple as woodturning lathes (and, at

this point, lathes being used for metal spinning almost always are
woodworking lathes). Typically, metal spinning lathes require a user-
supplied rotationally symmetric mandrel, usually made of wood, which
serves as a template onto which the workpiece is moulded (non-symmetric
shapes can be done, but it is a very advanced technique). For example, if you
want to make a sheet metal bowl, you need a solid chunk of wood in the
shape of the bowl; if you want to make a vase, you need a solid template of a
vase, etc.

Given the advent of high speed, high pressure, industrial die forming, metal
spinning is less common now than it once was, but still a valuable technique
for producing one-off prototypes or small batches where die forming would
be uneconomical.

[edit] Ornamental turning lathes

The ornamental turning lathe was developed around the same time as the
industrial screwcutting lathe in the nineteenth century. It was used not for
making practical objects, but for decorative work - ornamental turning. By
using accessories such as the horizontal and vertical cutting frames,
eccentric chuck and elliptical chuck, solids of extraordinary complexity may
be produced by various generative procedures.

A special purpose lathe, the Rose engine lathe is also used for ornamental
turning, in particular for engine turning, typically in precious metals, for
example to decorate pocket watch cases. As well as a wide range of
accessories, these lathes usually have complex dividing arrangements to
allow the exact rotation of the mandrel. Cutting is usually carried out by
rotating cutters, rather than directly by the rotation of the work itself.
Because of the difficulty of polishing such work, the materials turned, such
as wood or ivory, are usually quite soft, and the cutter has to be
exceptionally sharp. The finest ornamental lathes are generally considered to
be those made by Holtzapffel around the turn of the 19th century.

[edit] Reducing lathe

Many types of lathes can be equipped with accessory components to allow

them to reproduce an item: the original item is mounted on one spindle, the
blank is mounted on another, and as both turn in synchronized manner, one
end of an arm "reads" the original and the other end of the arm "carves" the
duplicate.

A reducing lathe is a specialized lathe that is designed with this feature, and
which incorporates a mechanism similar to a pantograph, so that when the
"reading" end of the arm reads a detail that measures one inch (for example),
the cutting end of the arm creates an analogous detail that is (for example)
one quarter of an inch (a 4:1 reduction, although given appropriate
machinery and appropriate settings, any reduction ratio is possible).

Reducing lathes are used in coin-making, where a plaster original (or an

epoxy master made from the plaster original, or a copper shelled master
made from the plaster original, etc.) is duplicated and reduced on the
reducing lathe, generating a master die.

[edit] Rotary lathes

A lathe in which softwood, like spruce or pine, or hardwood, like birch, logs
are turned against a very sharp blade and peeled off in one continuous or
semi-continuous roll. Invented by Immanuel Nobel (father of the more
famous Alfred Nobel). The first such lathes were set up in the United States
in the mid-19th century. The product is called wood veneer and it is used for
finishing chipboard objects and making plywood.

[edit] Watchmaker's lathes

Watchmaker's lathe

Watchmakers lathes are delicate but precise metalworking lathes, usually

without provision for screwcutting, and are still used by horologists for work
such as the turning of balance shafts. A handheld tool called a graver is often
used in preference to a slide mounted tool. The original watchmaker's turns
was a simple dead-centre lathe with a moveable rest and two loose
headstocks. The workpiece would be rotated by a bow, typically of
horsehair, wrapped around it.

[edit] Gallery

[edit] Examples of lathes

 Belt-driven metalworking lathe in
Small metalworking Large old lathe
the machine shop at Hagley
lathe
Museum

[edit] Examples of work produced from a lathe

Turned chess pieces

Lathe exercise

[edit] See also

 Arbor support
 Diamond turning
 Metal spinning
 Milling machine
 Segmented turning
 Woodturning

[edit] References

1. ^ History of Lathes
2. ^ http://www.inthewoodshop.org/methods/trlathe.shtml

[edit] Further reading

 Raffan, Richard (2001). Turning Wood With Richard Raffan. Taunton.

ISBN 1-56158-417-7.
 Holzapffel, Charles (1843-1897). Turning and Mechanical
Manipulation Volume V.
  Sparey, Lawrence (1947). The Amateur's Lathe. Special Interest
Model Books. ISBN 0-85242-288-1.
 Marlow, Frank (2008). Machine Shop Essentials: Q & A. Metal Arts
Press. ISBN 978-0-9759963-3-1.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lathes

 Historical lathe archive
 Medieval and Renaissance lathes
 The history of the lathe
 Early Wood-Working
 Spring pole lathe
 Introduction to Metal Spinning on Manual and Automatic CNC
Lathes
 On ye art and mystery of Turning
 South Bend diagrams and description of the 9 inch Workshop Lathes.
 Modern Machine Shop Practice a historic Victorian text describing lathe
design, construction and use in 1880s.

[show]
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Metalworking
[hide]
 
Machining & computing

2.5D · CAD · CAE · CAM · CNC · G-code ·

CNC, CAD, and CAM
Numerical control · Stewart platform

Die head · Drill · Drill bit · Drill bit shank ·

Drill bit sizes · Drill and tap size chart ·
Drilling and threading
Drilling · Jig borer · Pin chuck · Screw thread ·
Tap and die · Tap wrench

Grinding and lapping Abrasive · Angle grinder · Bench grinder ·

Coated abrasives · Cylindrical grinder ·
Diamond plate · Flick grinder · Dresser ·
 Grinding · Grinding machine · Grinding
wheel · Jig grinder · Lapping · Sanding · Spark
test · Surface grinder · Tool and cutter grinder ·
Whetstone

Electrical discharge machining · Electro

chemical machining · Endmill · Engraving ·
Machining and
Hobbing machine · Lathe · Machine tool ·
milling
Machining · Milling cutter · Milling machine ·
Planer · Pantograph · Shaper

Angle plate · Chuck · Collet · Jig · Fixture ·

Indexing head · Lathe center · Machine taper ·
Machine tooling
Magnetic base · Mandrel · Rotary table ·
Wiggler

Chatter · Cutting fluid · Cutting speed · Swarf ·

Terminology
Tolerance · Tramp oil
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Types of tools

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe"

Categories: Lathes
Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2010
| All articles needing additional references

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