Skylab Illustrated Chronology, 1962-1973

MHR 9
A&PS-M S-H
May 1,1973
SKYLAB ILLUSTRATED CHRONOLOGY
1962 - 1973
BY
David S. Akens
HISTORICAL STAFF
Management Services Orrice
GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AM) SPACE ADMINISTRATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1962-1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
iii
INTROD UCT ION
Skylab is America’s frrst experimenta) space station. Dwarfing previous manned spacecraft,
this huge cluster of hardware includes roomy living quarters and laboratories equipped with
complex scientific equipment for three astronauts.
Schedules call for three separate three-man crews to visit Skylab, living and iorking there
for periods up to 56 days. In Skylab’s unusual environment, high above earth’s atmosphere
in the weightlessness and vacuum of space, they then undertake the most intensive space
research yet defined. Here they look up to study the sun, look down to observe the earth,
and look inward to evaluate man’s ability to work successfully in zero-gravity for long
periods. No laboratory on earth can provide the answers to questions asked in the Skylab
experiments.
At an altitude of 435 kilometers (270 statute miles) Skylab is programmed to speed around
the earth in an easterly direction in an orbit at a 50-degree angle from the equator’s plane.
Its path reaihes 5551 kilometers (3450 miles) north and south of the equator, crisscrossing
most of the earth’s surface except for the Arctic and Antarctic. Moving at 8 kilometers ( 5
miles) per second, it completes an orbit in 93 minutes. Its sensitive instruments are capable
of observing and recording millions of bits of data about earth’s land, sea, and air; about the
sun; and about the condition of the crew members themselves.
The Skylab flight program begins with liftoff of the unmanned workshop from the Kennedy
Space Center on a two-stage Saturn V vehicle. Skylab then maneuvers into its planned
attitude, points toward the sun, swings its solar observatory 90 degrees from the vertical
launch position to operation position, and pressurizes its quarters with an oxygen-nitrogen
environment to make ready for the arrival of the astronauts. One day after the Saturn V
launch a Saturn 1B boosts an Apollo spacecraft and the first three-man crew into a low earth
orbit. Using the spacecraft’s service propulsion system, the astronauts climb to the Skylab’s
altitude, dock, and enter. After 28 days they reenter their spacecraft and return to earth for
a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. About 60 days after the first crew’s return, another
Saturn IB starts a second crew on a visit to Skylab, this time for 56 days. And 30 days after
the second crew’s return to a Pacific recovery area, a third crew lifts off for another %day
flight. Recovery of the third crew is in the Pacific Ocean. ,
Skylab is the most ambitious project in space to date. The chronology within this book
attempts in some small measure todocument those major events that led to such a major
space feat. This chronology covers NASA-wide events in general and some MSFC events in
greater detail.
Appreciation is expressed to personnel of the MSFC Skylab Program Office as well as to the
publications personnel of Hayes Corporation who have been unusually helpful in
preparation of this Skylab Chronology.
V
1962 - 1965
1
November 1962 - December 1965
1962 AUGUST 25: A Technical Working Group was
established at MSFC for the S-IVB Conceptual
design study under the cochairmanship of J.
NOVEMBER: The first documented report to Laue and W. Thompson (R-P&VE-AB) [ 5 1 .
suggest use of an S-IVB stage as a laboratory in
space was published by Douglas Aircraft SEPTEMBER 10: The Apollo Extension
Company. Meanwhile, at MSFC similar ideas System was formally redesignated Apollo
were generating, though not yet to the extent Applications [ 6 ] .
of being published as a report [ 1f .
OCTOBER 20: MSFC and MSC held their first
coordination meeting on the S-IVB Workshop
1965 and the related A N experiment activities. One
of the major requests from this meeting was a
requirement for the S-IVB/Apollo CSM
M A R C H : MSFC program analysts and Workshop concept t o handle an artificial
developers were beginning to use the terms gravity experiment. MSFC, with support from
“spent stage” and “wet workshop” in reference DAC and Langley, was going to create these
to the possiblity of taking fuel from an S-IVB design concepts. Langley had already
stage in space and then using the stage as a completed considerable effort on the MORL
laboratory [ 21. and their supporting technology programs in
this area [ 7 J . I
AUGUST 6: Dr. George E. Mueller, Associate
Administrator for Manned Space Flight, NASA DECEMBER 1: Dr. George Mueller gave
Headquarters, announced the establishment at MSFC the go-ahead for the Orbital Workshop.
Headquarters of an Apollo Applications MSFC was directed to present a Program
Program Office. Being effective with this Development Plan at the Management Council
an n o u n cement, the Apollo Applications Meeting to be held on December 21 and 22.
Program came into existence, replacing the old Dr. Mueller desired that the Workshop be
Apollo Extension Systems Program [ 3 ] . flown on SA-209. In addition to the plan,
MSFC was also requested t o present the work
that had been done in execution of the plan.
AUGUST 20: As a part of MSFC’s activities Furthermore, it was decided that the Workshop
relative to the Apollo Extension System would be a project of MSFC with Mr. William
Program, a concept was identified which Ferguson in charge [ 81’.
showed potential for a comprehensive
accomplishment of experiments associated DECEMBER 23: In a memo to the Gemini
with the earth orbital phase of the program. Project Manager at MSC, MSFC solicited their
This concept, the S-IVB Orbital Workshop, assistance, as well as that of McDonnell
involves an “in-orbit” conversion of a spent Aircraft, in determining the feasibiIity of using
S-IVB stage to a shelter suitable for habitation Gemini subsystems on the Airlock splice
and utilization by man. A four-month experiment. During the course of the
conceptual design study was initiated to D e c e m b e r OMSF Management Council
further defiie this concept and its potential. Meeting, Dr. Mueller directed that McDonnell
Both MSC and Douglas Aircraft were to Aircraft appraise the applicability of the
participate in this study [ 4 J . Gemini hardware for this purpose 191.
3
1966
5
January - March 1966
1966 included two phases: (1) Phase 1 -
short-duration (nominal 14 days) orbital
missions using unmodified Apollo 3lock I1
JANUARY 1: MSFC Director Wernher von hardware, and ( 2 ) Phase I1 -
Braun named Dr. J.C. McCall to organize and <xtended-duration missions (up to 45 days)
manage the Experiments and Applications using Apollo Block 111 hardware with new or
Office, which would manage MSFC’s portion modified subsystems. According to the ML-4
of the Apollo Applications Program I 101. schedule, activity on Phase I was stopped and
activity on Phase I1 would be directed toward
FEBRUARY 25: To summarize prior the S-IVB/SSESM, the forerunner of the
agreements and discussions, a TWX was sent by workshop. The SSESM would be mounted on
NASA Headquarters to MSFC and MSC the forward end of the S-IVB stage and would
delineating responsibilities. MSFC was given provide docking and an airlock passageway into
the overall system design and integration the S-IVB hydrogen tank. Planning called for
responsibility for the S-IVB Workshop. The the Command and Service Module (CSM)t o be
design objective was for a 30day flight launched with the SIVB/SSESM on a single
capability, with a lower limit of 14 days. MSC Saturn IB vehicle. Most experiments at this
Gemini Program Office had contractual and time were biomedical, and would be carried
detail design responsibility for the Airlock and performed in the Command Module (CM).
Module, which would utilize Gemini The astronauts would enter the passivated
Components wherever feasible [ 1 I 1. S-IVR spent stage through the SSESM. No crew
quarters were to be set up in the S-IVB, and,
MARCH 23: The Apollo Extension Systems therefore, basic activity would amount to
had been proposed as a program to utilize familiarization with zero-g locomotion in a
Apollo Saturn capabilities and hardware to fly controlled and enclosed environment [ 121.
future missions and thereby to minimize the
initial development cost of new systems.
Subsequently,. the name of the project was
changed t o Apollo Applications. NASA’s first
“officially released” schedule in the Apollo
Applications Program (AAP) was Schedule
ML-4,released by NASA on March 23, 1966.
This schedule called for 26 Saturn IB launches
and 19 Saturn V launches. Involved in the
launches would be three S-IVB/Spent Stage
Experiment Support Modules (SSESM), three
Saturn V Workshops, and four Apollo
Telescope Mounts (ATM’S).This schedule also
included five lunar missions and two
synchronous orbit missions. According to this
ML-4 schedule, the first S-IVB/SSESM would
be launched in April 1958. Early groundrules
established at the time of the ML-4 schedule
called for noninterference with the basic
Apollo Lunar Landing Program, minimum
modification of Apollo hardware, and
compatibility with Apollo launch vehicles. EARLY SIMPLIFIED ATM CONCEPT USING
Prior to the ML-4 schedule, the program plans APOLLO CSM
7
May - July 1966
EARLY CM/ATM CONCEPT USING APOLLO

APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT HARDWARE
M A Y 23: The Manned Space Flight

E xperiments Board approved Experiment J U L Y 3: Thc MSFC‘ S a t u r n / A p o l l o
S027. Galactic X-Ray Mapping, for assignment Applications Program Office fornialized the
to the Apollo Applications Program [ 1 3 1 . following appointments [ 17 1 :
MAY 27: NASA announced selection of two Stanley R. Reiriartz. Ikputy Manager
aerospace companies for negotiation of parallel
I -year study contracts covering integration of llilniar W. Haenisch, Assistanr Manager
e x p e r i m e n t s a n d experiments support
equipment for manned Apollo Applications. Jack C . Swearingen, Manager, Program
Fach contract was estimated at 1 million Control Office
dollars. The two firms selected werz the
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company and the Rein Ise, Manager. Apollo Tclescopc
Martin Company [ 141 . Mount Project
JUNE 6: Douglas Aircraft Corporation was Jack H. Waite, Manager, Mission
authorized to cut holes in the LH2 tank and Planning and Experiments f’roject (now
perform other modifications on the S-IVB Experiment Devclopment and Payload
(210) Stage in preparation for the S-lVB/Spent Evalu at ion Project)
Stage in preparation for the S-IVB/Spent Stage
Experiment Support Module [ 15 1 .
JULY 18: Effective this date, Dr. George E.
JUNE 2 7 : T h e establishment of the Mueller assigned OMSF management
Saturn/Apollo Applications Program Oftice at responsibility for development of the S-IVB
MSFC under the direction of Mr. Leland F. Workshop and the Spent Stagc Experiment
Belew was officially approved by the NASA Support Module (SSESM) t o the Director,
Administrator [ 1 6 I . Saturn/Apollo Applications [ 181 .
8
July - September 1966
JULY 25: MSFC presented the Orbital Engineering, Harvard College Observatory,
Workshop as an experiment to the MSFEB. High Altitude Observatory, and the Naval
The result of this presentation was that it was Research Laboratory. These contracts had
approved by Dr. Mueller and was to be flown originated during 1964 and 1965 1241.
on AS-209 [ 191.
SEPTEMBER 19: The Manned Space Flight
JULY 25: T h e Manned Space Flight Experiment Board approved the following
Experiment Board approved the following changes to the list of corollary experiments for
changes tc the Est r?f rnm!!zy experiments for the Apollo Applications Program [251.
the Apollo Applications Program. Experiments Experiments added were as follows:
added were SO09 (Nuclear Emulsion), M402
(Orbital Workshop), and .TO1 8 (Precision M469 S T - 1 2 4 R e m o v a l and
Optical Tracking) [ 201. Disassembly
JULY 26: OMSF was assigned full M492 Tube Joining in Space
responsibility for the conduct of Apollo and
Apollo Applications missions. The assignment M493 Electron Beam Welding
included funding approved integral experiment
hardware, providing the required Apollo and M466 Suits and Lunar Hardware
Sa t u r n systems, integrating the various
experiments with these systems, and planning M479 Zero Gravity Flammability
and executing the missions. Two OMSF
Centers were assigned the following M484 Orbital Workshop Artificial
responsibilities: MSFC - the Apollo Telescope “G”
Mount; MSC - the Apollo Lunar Surface
E x p e r i m e n t Package, l u n a r science M486 Astronaut EVA Equipment
experiments, life support systems, and earth
(surface) resources experiments [ 2 1 1 . M487 Habitability/Crew Quarters
AUGUST 14: The MSFC Saturn/ApoUo M488 High Pressure Gas Expulsion
Applications Program Office announced the
appointment of George B. Hardy as Manager, M489 Heat Exchanger Service
Program Engineering and Integration Project
t221- M050 Metabolic Activities
AUGUST 19: NASA selected the McDonnell M05 1 , C a r d i o v a s c u l a r F u n c t i o n

Aircraft Corporation for negotiations on a Assessment
fixed-price contract to produce an airlock for
an experiment in which astronauts would enter M052 Bone and Muscle Changes
the empty hydrogen tank of a spent Uprated
Saturn I second stage. Estimated cost of the DO1 8 Integrated Maintenance
work was 9 million dollars [ 23 1.
DO1 9 S u i t Donning and Sleep
Evaluation
SEPTEMBER 6: Four ATM experiment
contracts were transferred to MSFC from DO20 Alternate Restraints Evaluation
GSFC for management since MSFC had been
given t h e ATM assignment. The four DO2 1 E x p a n d a b l e Airlock
experiments were with American Science and Technology
9
September - December 1966
DO22 E x p a n d a b l e Structures for NOVEMBER 30: Charles W. Mathews, MSC
Recovery Gemini Program Manager, was named Director
of Saturn-Apollo Applications in the NASA
OCTOBER 3: John A. Chambers was assigned Headquarters Office of Manned Space Flight
as Manager, Test, Reliability, Quality WI.
Assurance, and Safety Office in the MSFC
Saturn/Apollo Applications Program Office DECEMBER 5: With Schedule ML-SB, issued
[261- by NASA, the cluster concept entered the AAP
design following studies completed a short time
OCTOBER 31: Configuration and mission earlier. The ML-SB schedule called for 22
studies were conducted during the months of Saturn IB and 15 Saturn V launches. Included
September and October toward fulfilling the in the launch of the 22 Saturn IB’s would be
following goals: an operating set of. modules two Saturn 1B’s launched approximately a day
suitable for reuse and resupply in 1969; at least apart, one Saturn IB manned and the other one
one 3-man, 28day mission; at least one 3-man, unmanned. Among the Saturn flights scheduled
56day mission; and the maximum amount of in ML-5B would be flights utilizing two Saturn
solar observations possible [271. V Workshops and four I,M/ATM missions.
Lunar missions were also included in this
NOVEMBER 21: The Manned Space Flight schedule. The ML-5B cluster concept was
Experiment Board approved the following considered to consist of a workshop to be
changes to the list of corollary experiments for launched following a manned vehicle launch,
the Apollo Applications Program [28]. and, 6 months later, a LM/ATM launch
Expenments added were as follows: following another manned mission. The
LM/ATM would rendezvous and dock to the
M053 Human Vestibular Function cluster. According to the ML-SB schedule, the
first workshop launch would be in June 1968.
M055 Time & Motion Study The S-IVB/SSESM had been a comparatively
simple mission, requiring no rendezvous and
TO1 7 Meteoroid Impact & Erosion docking and no habitation equipment, but the
ML-SB schedule reflected the sophisticated
TO20 Jet Shoes ha bitable Orbital Workshop and cluster
concept, a much more complex program. The
TO2 1 Meteoroid Velocity o n e major similarity between the old
S-IVB/SSESM concept and the cluster concept
TO22 Heat Pipe was that both utilized the propulsive S-IVB
stage to put the payload into orbit prior to
SO17 X-Ray Astronomy passivation and pressurization of the hydrogen
tank in orbit. But, this new concept provided
so19 W Stellar Astronomy for the major step of making the Saturn-IVB
habitable by passivating and pressurizing the
so20 W/X-Ray Solar Photography hydrogen tank in orbit for a workshop
environment that later would be called the
SO63 U V Airglow Horizon “wet” workshop. A two-gas atmosphere of
Photography o x y g e n a n d n i t r o g e n replaced t h e
S-IVB/SSESM one-gas oxygen system. and a
SO65 Multiband Terrain Photography shirt-sleeve environment was incorporated. The
10
December 1966
first. Orbital Workshop (OWS) envisioned
would consist of crew quarters in the S-IVB
hydrogen tank (two floors and walls installed
on the ground) to be modified by the stage
contractor, Douglas Aircraft, and managed by
MSFC; an airlock module (AM), previously
called a Spent Stage Experiment Support
Module, attached to the OWS, to be built by
McDonnell Aircraft and managed by MSC; and
a multiple docking adapter (MDA) to be
developed containing five docking ports which
would permit up to five modules .to be docked
to the workshop at any one time. The MDA /t;' 'i
would also be utilized for storage of most OWS
a s t r o n a u t h a b i t a b i l i t y equipment and
experiments from launch to orbit [30].
EARLY CLUSTER CONCEPT

WITH TETHERED ATM
SKETCHED BY DR. GEORGE MUELLER
AUGUST 19,1966, DURING
MEETING AT MSFC
AIRLOCK MODULE
DECEMBER 16: A contract with Bendix

Corporation was 'awarded by MSFC for
development of a Control Moment Gyro to
controI the attitude of the ATM in orbit [3 11. MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER
I1
December 1966
COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE. S-IVB ORBITAL WORKSHOP

TRANSFERRING LUNAR
MODULE/APOLLO TELESCOPE
MOUNT TO CLUSTER
WET WORKSHOP CLUSTER WITH ATM,

CSM, AND LUNAR MAPPING AND QUALIFICATION OF LM&SS IN
SURVEY SYSTEM MODULE DOCKED EARTH ORBIT
12
1967
13
1967 MARCH 12: NASA agreed to fly four DoD
experiments on Apollo Applications missions
to support the Air Force’s Manned Orbiting
JANUARY 26: George E. Mueller, in a Laboratory. Experiments selected were: study
briefing at NASA Headquarters, said that plans of an inflatable elastic airlock; use of alternate
were to form an “embryonic space station” in restraints to determine standard workshop
1968-1969 by clustering four AA payloads technique in weightlessness; evaluation of suit
launched with Uprated Saturn I boosters. The donning and sleep stations; and integration of
f i t mission would be the launch of a manned multipurpose equipment maintenance [351.
spazcr:,.aft, fc!!cl;/& cJeye:d days !ater *by
launch of a spend S-IVBstage converted into a MARCH 15: The Naval Research Laboratory
workshop. After the two spacecraft had awarded a subcontract to Ball Brothers
docked, the crew would enter the workshop Corporation for the production ,of the ATM
through an airlock. They would prepare the .
NRL experiments. Prior subcontract had been
workshop for storage and return to earth in let with Ball for production of the High
their spacecraft 28 days later. In three to six Altitude Observatory experiment on January
months, a second manned capsule would be I 1, 1965, and for Harvard College Observatory
launched on a 56-day mission to deliver a Experiment on December 27,1966 f361.
resupply module to the workshop and
rendezvous with an unmanned ATM, the M A R C H 20: MSFC. a w a r d e d Bendix
fourth and last launch of the series. The cluster C o r p o r a t i o n a 7.4-million-dollar,
would be joined with multiple docking cost-plus-award-fee contract for development
launched on S-IVB workshop. Emphasizing the and production of ATM pointing control
importance of manning the ATM, Dr. Mueller system (PCS). Bendix would produce three
said: “...if there is one thing the scientific units by August. The ATM system would
community is agreed on it is that when you permit Apollo astronauts to point a telescope
want to have a major telescope instrument in to selected regions of the sun during a period
space it needs to be manned ...” [32]. of maximum solar flare activities beginning in
late 1968. American Optical Company, under a
FEBRUARY 6: The Manned Space Flight 740,460-dollar contract, would build a
. Experiment Board approved the following dynamic simulator for use in developing the
changes to the iist of corollary experiments for PCS 1371.
the Apollo Applications Program. The two
e x p e r i m e n t s a d d e d were M018 MARCH 20: The Manned Space Flight
(Vectorcardiogram) and M423 (Hydrostatic Experiment Board approved the following
Gas Bearing) 1331. changes to the list of corollary experiments for
the Apollo Applications Program. Experiment
MARCH 2: NASA announced MSFC would SO16 (Trapped Particles Asymmetry) was
design and build in-house a multiple docking added to the pmgmm [381.
adapter (MDA) for use in an AA payload
cluster scheduled for launch in 196869. MARCH 24: NASA decided to add two solar
P r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n s called for a array wings to its Apollo Applications Program
10-foot-diameter, 1 5-foot-long cylinder Orbital Workshop. The solar array wings on the
surrounded by five 3dinch-diame ter tunnels OWS would be 180 deg apart and run the
with docking collars and sealing hatches for length of the OWS. This addition was deemed
orbital docking [34]. necessary because of the increased electrical
15
March - July 1967
power requirements resulting from habitation APR IL 28: Douglas Aircraft Corporation
of the workshop. Until this change in merged with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
requirement, the CSM had been considered the and became known as McDonnell Douglas
primary power source for the cluster except for Corporation 1401.
the Apollo Telescope Mount which would still
have its own solar arrays and power system MAY 24: NASA realigned its Apollo and AAP
WI. launch schedules as a result of the accident in
early 1967. This new AAP schedule ML-6
called for 25 Saturn IB and 14 Saturn V
launches. Major hard ware involved in these
launches would be two workshops flown on
Saturn IB vehicles, two Saturn V Workshops.
and three ATM’s. Also planned were nine lunar
missions and one MARS mission called
Voyager. According to this new May 24, 1967,
schedule the first launch of a workshop would
bein Januaryof1969 1413.
JUNE 26: T h e Manned Space Flight
Experiment Board approved the following
changes to the list of corollary experiments for
the Apollo Applications Program. TO23
(Surface Adsorbed Materials) and MS08 (EVA
Hardware Evaluation) were added and M 4 6 6
CLUSTER WITH SOLAR ARRAY WINGS (Suits and Lunar Hardware) and M 4 8 6
ADDED TO WORKSHOP (Astronaut EVA Equipment) were deleted
[421.
JULY 17: T h e Manned Space Flight
the Apollo Applications Program [43]. The
following experiments were added :
TO1 3 CrewlVehicle Disturbance

M0.56 N o n - G r a v i m e t r i c Mass
Measurement
M0.58 Human Mass Measurement

Device
TOO3 In-Fligh t Kephelometer
EARLY 1967 STUDY CONFIGURATION OF M509 A s t r o n a u t Maneuvering

TETHERED LM/ATM Equipment
16
SO05 Synoptic Terrain Photography
SO06 Synoptic Weather Photography

SO28 Dim Light Photography
JULY 26: NASA awarded The Boeing

Company a $2.275-million, cost-plus-fixed-fee
contract for procurement of long-lead-time
materials for two additional Saturn V launch
vehicles. The contract, which would expire
January 1, 1968, was the first Saturn V
procurement in support of AA program [44].
JULY 26: NASA selected Martin Marietta

C o r p o r a t i o n t o negotiate a 27-month,
$ 2 SZmillion, cost-pf&ncentive-award fee
c o n t r a c t f o r payload integration of INTERIOR OF ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SHOWING COMMON FLOOR
e x p e r i m e n t s a n d e x p e r i m e n t support
equipment on AA spacecraft. Tasks would be
performed at NASA’s three manned spaceflight SEPTEMBER 1: MSFC returned a McDonnell
centers: (1) MSFC work would involve the Douglas-built S-IVB orbital workshop mockup
Orbital Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount to the contractor’s Space Systems Center in
(ATM); (2) MSC work, the meteorological and H u n t i n g t o n Beach, California, for
earth resources payloads; and (3) KSC work, incorporation of a number of design changes.
the test integration planning and support for Following modification, the mockup would
launch operations. Selection of contractor represent the S-IVB stage as a manned space
followed competitive definition phase in which laboratory designed for use in the AAP. The
Martin Marietta Corporation and Lockheed design changes included relocation of a floor
Missiles & Space Company studied AA payload separating two sections of the stage’s LH2
i n t e g r a t i o n under parallel, $2-million, tank, addition of a ceiling and other fixtures,
fixed-price contracts [451. and relocation of some of the experiment
stations 1471.
JULY 28: NASA decided to incorporate the
Workshop’s two floors into one common SEPTEMBER 18: The Manned Space Flight
grated floor in the OWS crew quarters to save Experiment Board approved the following
weight. This concept required the crew changes to the list of corollary experiments for
quarters t o be on one side of the floor and a the Apollo Applications Program. Experiments
large open area on the opposite side of the SO5 1 (Daytime Sodium Cloud) and M415
floor, permitting experiment Inter-Vehicular (Thermal Control Coatings) were added and
Activity (IVA) in the hydrogen tank dome Experiments M484 (Orbital Workshop
[MI. Artificial “G”), M488 (High Pressure Gas
17
September - November 1967
E x p u l s i o n ) , and DO18 (Integrated OCTOBER 26: An active cooling system
Maintenance) were deleted 1481. {fluid chculation) was incorporated into the
ATM thermal system to meet temperature
SEPTEMBER: Jeffery T. Hamilton was control reciuirements [ 5 1] .
assigned as the Acting MSFC Representative at
Manned Spacecraft Center as announced by Dr. NOVEMBER 9: NASA achieved a critical
Wernher yon Braun, Director, MSFC,in a letter point in the Apollo Program with the Apollo 4
to Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director, MSC. In flight (AS-Sol), an “all-up” launch from LC-39
addition to his duties of MSFC Representative, at KSC at 7:OO a.m., EST. The flight, termed
Hamilton also served as SaturnfApollo “perfect,” demonstrated that the spacecraft,
Applications Representative [49 J . heat shield, and lunar rocket met program
requirements [521:
OCTOBER 3: NASA published its kAf)
schedule ML-7, a schedule that reflected NOVEMBER 13: A NASA Resident .
current budgetary restraints. This schedule Management Office was established at Martin
reflected the reduced A M lunar activity t o Marietta Corporation, Denver Division, to aid
four missions and Saturn V Workshop activity in the management of the payload integration
calling for only 17 Saturn IB and seven Saturn c o n t r a c t ( N A S 8 - 2 1 0 0 4 ) a n d Apollo
V launches. During this program of 24 Saturn Applications Program (AAP). W.E. Davidson
launches, there would be two Workshops was appointed the joint MSFC/MSC Resident
launched on Saturn IB vehicles, one Saturn V Manager, reporting organizationally to L.F.
Workshop, and three ATM’s. Launch of the Belew, MSFC f 53 1.
first Workshop was scheduled for March 1970
[Sol. NOVEMBER 20: The Manned Space Flight
the Apollo Applications Program IS41.
Experiment TO22 (Heat Pipe) was deleted and
the following experiments were added :
TO25 Cor o n ograpfi Contamination

Measurements
TO27 ATM Contamination

Measurements
SO73 Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light
SO39 Day-Night Camera System
SO43 IR Temperature Sounding
SO49 IR Interferometer Spectrometer
SO50 I R Temperature Profile

Radiometer
M P NO. 2 LAUNCH CONFIGURATION SO75 Elec-Scan Microwave
(CUTAWAY SHOWING MDA) Radiometer
18
November 1967
S 100 Metric Camera and behavioral considerations and systems
development; scientific investigations in earth
SI 01 Multiband Photography orbit based on solar astronomy, earth
observations, a n d stellar astronomy;
S102 Du a ]-Channel Scanner-Imager applications in earth orbit based on
m e t e o r o l o g y , e a r t h resources, a n d
SI 03 Short Wavelength Spectrometer, communications; a n d extended lunar
exploration. “The activities involved in [ A M ]
S104 M i c r o w a v e Temperature represent major steps in the utilization of our
Sounder --
a p .a b
*.b
d “n I
\..A.Y.V.UC.V..
nt.3 t;nn 2nd gppli~atl~ns.In
particular, increased knowledge on the
DO17 Solid E l e c t r o l y t e Carbon effective integration of men into the total
Dioxide Reduction system should accomplish much in determining
the character, systems configurations. and
operational approach in future programs. The
NOVEMBER 27: NASA’s Apollo Appiications ability to capitalize on the large investments
Program Director, Charles W. Mathews, listed already made in the Apollo Program affords
basic objectives for AAP: Long-duration space the opportunity to carry on this work in
flights of men and systems based on unique [ A N ] in an efficient and economical manner”
capabilities of man, habitability, biomedical [551*
19
1968
21
January -April 1968
1968 JANUARY 25: The Post Apollo Advisory
C o m m i t t e e , authorized by the NASA
Administrator t o evaluate and make
JANUARY 9: A contract was awarded by recommendations on post-Apollo space
MSFC to Perkin Elmer for the ATM H-Alpha activities, held a meeting at MSFC. The
telescopes [561. committee, headed by Dr. Floyd Thompson,
Special Assistant to the Administrator, held
JANUARY 9: NASA budgetary restraints three additional meetings - February 15,
wqi-iire? an additional cut in AAP launches, as 1968. a t MSC; March 12, 1968, at
refiected in the AAP “Launch Readiness and Headquarters; and March 25 I% 26, 1968, at
Delivery Schedule ML-13A” released by KSC. The report (dated July 20, 1968) by this
NASA. The reduced program called for 12 committee .confirmed the basic objectives of
Saturn IB and 3 Saturn V launches, including the Apollo Applications Program and played a
one Workshop launched on a Saturn II3 vehicle, deciding role in its later evolution [ 591 .
and the program also called for one Saturn V
Workshop and one ATM. Two lunar missions JANUARY: William C. Houston was assigned
were planned. Launch of the first Workshop a s M S F C P r o g r a m Representative,
would be in April 1970. This schedule provided Saturn/Apollo Applications Program Office,
for a 15-month break in Saturn V production with duty station at KSC (601 .
with zero funding in FY 1969 [ 57 1.
FEBRUARY 15: Twenty NASA astronauts
visited MSFC for an orientation tour and
briefing concerning the Apollo Ap.pfications
Program (AAP), especially the Orbital
Workshop [61 I .
MARCH 18: The Manned Space Flight

M113 (Blood VoIume/Red Cell Life Span) was
added and Experiments SO16 (Trapped
Particles A s y m m e t r y ) , SO69 (X-Ray
Astronomy, which was formerly SOl”7. and
M469 (St-124 Removal and Disassembly) were
deleted [621 .
APRIL 16: Charles W. Mathews, Director of
NASA Apollo Applications Program, told the
National Space Club in Washington, D.C.,that
NASA’s manned space plan, beyond first
AAP NO. 4 LAUNCH CONFIGURATION Apolio landing, “...contemplates a balanced
activity of lunar exploration and extension of
man’s capabilities in-earth orbit.” The Program
J A N U A R Y 16: NASA awarded a letter had been designed for flexibility so activities
contract t o Martin Marietta for the payload could be conducted in harmony with available
integration effort on the Apollo Applications resources. “We are also prepared to move
Program [SS]. forward at an increased pace when it is
23
April - June 19638
desirable and possible to do so.” Both civil ModulelMDA Project, S a t u r n / A p o l l o
benefits and national security implications of Applications Program Office, MSFC 1681.
space program warranted continued strong
support. Contingency planning would leave Harold H. Stevenson was assigned as Resident
more room for budgetary or goal changes, thus Manager of the Airlock Module Resident
placating critics in Congress who claimed Management Office, St. Louis, Missouri. The
NASA had not provided them with sufficient Resident Management Office was an extension
flexibility [631. of the MSFC to provide on-site technical
direction to the contractor involved in the
MAY 1: Mr. Harold T. Luskin was appointed Satum/Apollo Applications Program MSFC
Director, Apollo Applications, in the Office of contracts 1691,
Manned Space Flight. Mr. Luskin came to
NASA in March of 1968 as Deputy Associate JUNE 4: NASA released it’s AAP, “Launch
Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Readiness and Delivery Schedule ML-14A.”
Technical [641. This new schedule decreased the number of
Saturn flights to 1 1 Saturn IB flights and one
MAY 9: The agreement to use the Saturn Saturn V flight. It called for three Workshops.
Automatic Checkout Equipment (ACE) at KSC One of the Workshops would be launched by ;z
for pre-launch checkout of the ATM was Saturn 1B atid another would serve as a backup.
included in a letter from Dr. Wernher von The third Workshop would be launched by a
Braun t o Dr. Kurt Debus [651. Saturn V, Schedule ML-14A also included one
ATM. Launch of the first Workshop would be‘
MAY 20: NASA increased the capability of in November 1970. Lunar missions were no
the Skylab Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA) longer planned in the AAP [701.
to provide for crew habitation and to perform
certain biomedical experiments in the event the
Orbital Workshop could not be made habitable
upon reaching orbit [ 661.
MAY 23: A M directive No. 5 defined the

requirements and responsibilities to initiate the
actions required for the execution of the
AAP-31AAP-4 mission. The purposes of the
mission were to: increase man’s knowledge of
the sun’s characteristics through solar
astronomy conducted in space: evaluate the
performance characteristics of a manned solar
astronomy system in order to develop
advanced solar and stellar observation systems:
demonstrate feasibility of reactivating a
workshop left unattended in earth orbit for
several months and reusing it as a base of
operations for conducting various experiments
[67].
MAY: Floyd M. Drummond was assigned as

Manager and Wayne Patterson assigned as
C h i e f , Engineering Branch, Airlock AAP MANNED LAUNCH CONFIGURATION
24
June - September 1968
JUNE 8: NASA successfully launched two
Aerobee 150 sounding rockets from WSMR.
The first rocket carried Naval Research
Laboratory and University of Maryland
payload to a 179-kilometer (1 1 1.3-mile)
altitude to flight-test flight design verification
u n i t ( F D V U ) o f h i g h resolution
spectroheliograph planned for use on Apollo
Te!esw=p:: Mcunt-A. Semnd rocket carried
American Science and Engineering, Inc.,
payload to 151-kilometer (93.7-mile) altitude
to obtain high resolution X-ray pictures of
active region of sun during solar flare and
general X-ray emission of solar corona. Rocket
and instrumentation performed satisfactorily,
but payload of first rocket failed to separate,
preventing functioning of parachute recovery
system [71].
AUGUST 30: Following receipt of NASA

direction to limit Saturn V production to
vehicle 515, MSFC completed studies and
began terminating production of engine
hardware for the Apollo and AAP programs.
The termination action involved 27 H-1
engines, eight F-1 engines, and three 5-2
engines [ 731.
AUGUST: Robert D. Groeneveld was assighed

as MSFC ATM Project Representative, Ball
Brothers Corporation, Boulder, Colorado [741.
SEPTEMBER 4: Dr. von Braun performed a

full-pressure suit test in the Saturn I Workshop
mockup emersed in the Neutral Buoyancy
Tank. He reported that the upgraded seals used
in the aft dome penetration sealing study were DR. VON BRAUN SUITING UP FOR FULL
“very good.” Dr. von Braun recommended PRESSURE SUIT TEST IN MSFC
additional handholds and tether points 1751. NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SIMULATOR
25
September - December 1968
O C T O B E R 9: NASA released its AAP.
“Launch Readiness and Delivery Schedule
ML-15,’’ which slipped the first launch of a
Workshop into August 1971. This new
schedule called for eight Saturn 1B’s but nu
Saturn V launches. According to this schedule,
there would be one Workshop launched on a
Saturn IR, one backup Workshop; no Saturn V
Workshop scheduled; and one ATM with a
backup [ 781.
OCTOBER: A pioneering concept in the

substitution of the “dry” for the “wet”
Workshop program was the B-Zero project
being studied a t MSFC. B-Zero (meaning least
sophisticated) was proposed as a standby S-IVH
stage stripped of‘ existing hardware and on
substitute standby as needed for a “wet” S-IVB
stage [79].
DR. VON BRAUN REMOVING ANTIVORTEX
SCREEN IN AFT DOME AREA OF NOVEMBER 4: The Manned Space Flight
WORKSHOP NEUTRAL BUOYANCY Experiment Board approved the following
SIMULATOR changes to the list of corollary experiments for
SO28 (Dim Light Photography) was deleted
[801.
SEPTEMBER 16: The Manned Space Flight DECEMBER 16: MSFC received a letter of
Experiment Board approved the following authority from MSC (Dr. R. Gilruth) to
changes to the list of corollary experiments for proceed with the development and fabrication
the Apollo Applications Program. Experimen t of certain AAP biomedical experiments f o r
MS07 (Gravity Substitute Workbench) was MSC [ 8 1 ] .
added and Experiment DO1 7 (Solid Electrolyte
Carbon Dioxide Reduction) was deleted [761. D E C E M B E R 1 8 : NASA announced the
appointment of William C. Schneider. Apollo
S E P T E M B E R 18: NASA assigned the Mission Director. as Director of the Apollo
management responsibility to MSFC for the Applications Program. He succeeded Harold T.
Airlock Module and the modified Lunar Luskin, who died November 25, 1968 [821.
Module Ascent Stage. MSC formerly managed
these AAP activities. NASA officials explained DECEMBER: At MSFC Porter Dunlap and
that this reassignment was made for the Marvis Sanders were assigned as Manager and
purpose of establishing a satisfactory balance Deputy Manager, respectively, Ground Support
between Apollo and AAP and to place a design Equi p m e n t P r o j e et, S a t u r n / A p o l l o
integration under a single NASA center [ 77 1. Applications Program Office I83 1 .
26
1969
27
1969 Systems Engineering effort and the ATM
controls and display console on the Apollo
Applications Program. T h e estimated
JANUARY 6: The Manned Space Flight cost-plus-fixed-fee contract was 98,200,000
Experiment Board approved the following dollars 1871.
t h e Apollo Applications Program. Two JANUARY: At MSFC William K. Simmons,
Experiments were added: M 132 (Neurological Jr., and Elmer L. Field were assigned as
Experiment-EEG) and M512 (Materials Manager and Deputy Manager, respectively,
Processing in Space), which was a consolidation O r b i t a l Workshop Project (now Saturn
of M492 (Tube Joining in Space) and M493 Workshop Project), Saturn/Apollo Appfications
(Electron Beam Welding). Experiments SO65 Program Office [88] .
(Multiband Terrain Photography) and M489
(Heat Exchanger Service) were deleted [ 841. FEBRUARY 12: An Aerobee 150 sounding
rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried
JANUARY 15: The underwater test program Naval Research Laboratory payload to a
that was begun at MSFC’s Neutral Buoyancy 187.9-kilometer (1 16.8-mile) altitude to record
Simulator several years earlier was providing photographically 18 EUV spectra of solar
information essential for design of first U.S. photosphere, chromosphere and corona, using
space station, NASA reported. Technicians, SPARCS and flightdesign verification unit of
design engineers, and professional divers in high-resolution spectrograph planned for
spacesuits and scuba gear were conducting ATM-A and ATM-B. Rocket and instruments
tasks similar to those necessary to activate performed satisfactorily [ 891 . .
space orbiting workshop. The tasks were
performed in a 1.4-milliongal water tank MARCH 4: A few days before Apollo 9
containing mockups of AAP cluster elements astronauts McDivitt, Schweikart, and Scott
(Saturn I Workshop, lunar module ascent stage, prepared to splashdown in the Pacific, other
Apollo Telescope Mount solar observatory, and astronauts were splashing down at MSFC.
Airlock and Multiple Docking Adapter), Three astronauts from the Manned Spacecraft
s i m u l a t i n g weightlessness o f space. C e n t e r , who were involved in Apollo
Weightlessness was impossible t o duplicate on Applications Space Exploration. worked inside
earth for longer than a fraction of a minute. the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator at MSFC. The
Conclusions from tests would be reflected in three were Dr. Edward G. Gibson, Lt.
the Workshop’s final design, with decision Commander Joseph Kerwin (a medical doctor),
expected m May 1969 [ 8 5 ] . Lt. Commander Paul J. Weitz. Inside the large
water tank the astronauts were able to
JANUARY 20: Dr. von Braun invited Dr. maneuver inside and around a full-scale replica
Gilruth of MSC t o send MSC representatives to of an Apollo Telescope Mount and Saturn I
attend a long-life hardware symposium at Workshop. The MSFC swims occurred during
MSFC on March 17-19, 1969. Dr. von Braun the week of March 5 [go].
stated that he “would like to encourage strong
participation from personnel at MSC who are
concerned with longduration missions such as MARCH 7: T h e Manned Space Flight
the AAP-2/4 and future Space Stations. Such a Experiment Board approved the following
meeting should benefit both our centers” f861. changes to the list of corollary experiments for
JANUARY 30: A letter contract between DO24 (Thermal Control Coatings) was added
MSFC and Martin Marietta Company was and Experiment TO23 (Surface Adsorbed
definitized for the Payload Integr-ion and Materials) was deleted [91I .
Preceding page -blank

29
March - May 1969
MARCH 27: MSFC announced a $7,384,543
modification to its contract with Chrysler
Corporation Space Division fox assembly of
two boosters for Saturn IB rockets 213 and
214 for use in Apollo Applications Program
[921.
APRIL 8: NASA released its AAP, “Launch

Readiness and Delivery Schedule Il.iL- 1 6 .” This
new schedule called for the sanie number of
Saturn IB and Saturn V launches as ML-I 5 , but
moved the launch of the first Workshop 3
months to November 197 I [931.
APRIL 18: MSFC announced that it had
issued RFP’s for assistance in producing 320
completed solar “arrays” to convert solar
energy into electrical power to operate the
Saturn I Workshop. A preproposal conference
was scheduled at MSFC on May 1 [941.
ATM SOLAR ARRAY DEVELOPMENT

WING DEPLOYED
APRIL 29: in a subject area related to

orbiting space laboratories some 250 scientists
and engineers from universities, government,
and industry attended a workshop on optical
telescope technology at MSFC April 29
through May 1 , 1969. The purpose of the
workshop was the exchange of technical
information related to the design of future
space telescopes and identification of the
research and technology efforts needed to
support future missions. NASA’s Office of
Advanced Kesearch and Technology (OART)
a n d its Office of Space Science and
Applications (OSSA) sponsored the Workshop.
Speakers discussed the use of space telescopes
and the instrumen tation necessary for selecting
astronomy tasks [ 9 5 1 .
WORKSHOP SOLAR ARRAY WING MAY 2: NASA unloaded an eight-ton airlock

BEING DEPLOYED at MSFC for g o u n d testing to qualify it as part
May - July 1969
of an orbiting space station. The airlock was Corporation’s Space Division for vehicle
part of the Apollo Applications Program systems engineering and integration on Saturn
cluster to be launched in the mid-1970’s. IB vehicles scheduled for NASA ApoUo
NASA flew the 6S-inch-diameter, 17-foot Applications Program flights. Work begun on
cylindrical unit from McDonnell Douglas January 1, 1969, would extend through March
Corporation’s St. Louis plant ta be joined to 31,1970 (981.
the Multiple Docking Adapter. It would
provide an interconnecting passageway MAY 18: Responding to a question on NBC’s
between the S-IVB rocket stage and the T V program “Meet the Press,” N A S A
Multiple Docking Adapter in flight, condition Administrator Dr. Thomas 0.Paine said that
e n v i r o n m e n t a l gases, and provide use o f the Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL)
i n s t r 11 m e n t a t i o n , d a t a manage men t , and of NASA’s orbital workshop were “two
intercommunication, and other services [ 96 J . very different projects.” NASA’s was a “longer
range program aimed at a very substantial
facility which would be really a university
campus type research station in orbit.” MOL
was a “program that is well advanced, and is
designed to find o u t t h e military applications
of space [99 1.”
JUNE 10: The Department of Defense
announced that it had canceled the Manned
Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program initiated
in 1965 t o advance the development of both
manned and unmanned defense-oriented space
equipment and to ascertain the full extent of
man’s utility in space for defense purposes.
Following this action certain items in the MOL
program were placed on a stop-work status for
2 weeks to enable NASA to examine them for
possible interest. The items included a food
a n d d i e t development project, a suit
development and technology project, an
environmental control and life support system,
a water purification system, and a waste
AIRLOCK TEST ARTICLE ON management system [ 1001.
PRODUCTION LINE
JUNE 23: Following termination of the Air
M A Y 5: T h e Manned Space Flight Force MOL program, NASA requested the
Experiment Board approved the following transfer of the following MOL projects to
changes to the list of corollary experiments for NASA: the food and diet development
the Apollo Applications Program. Experiment contract with Whirlpool and the space suit
S 149 (Particle Collection) was added and development contract with Hamilton-Standard
E x p e r i m e n t SO27 (ATM Contamination [lo11 .
Measurements) was changed to SI SO j971.
J U L Y 7: The Manned Space Flight
MAY 16: MSFC awarded a 4,620,310-dollar Experiment Board approved the following
c o n t r a c t modification t o Chrysler changes to the list of corollary experiments for
31
July 1969
the Apollo Applications Program. Experiments Saturn IB second stage as the 1971 Workshop
M112 (Man’s Immunity in Vitro Aspects) and to provide an environment in which man could
M I 14 (Red Blood Cell Metabolism) were added live and work for extended periods in space
f 1021. and to study man’s physiological and
psychological responses and capabilities in
JULY 18: NASA Administrator Dr. Thomas space. As a result of the Apollo Program
0. Paine approved the change from the “wet success the Saturn V hardware from that
workshop” concept t o the “dry workshop” program would be available for this revised
concept for the Orbital Workshop by signing a plan [104].
Project Approvai Document change request.
Dr. Paine’s approval of the “dry workshop”
concept followed a May 27, 1969, Apollo
Applications Program review presentation to
DELETE EXPERIMENT STORAGE
t h e administrator concerning the “dry KUlTlPLL O X K I N C ADAPTCR 8
ADD APOUO T[lfSCOQEM W N T COFiTROLS
8
workshop” alternative [ 1031. AND RISPVIYS
A IHLKK MODULE ADDTOTALMISSION ATMOSPHERIC GAS

JULY 22: NASA announced plans to launch 8
STORAGE
the Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount 9 MLm SCIEk7lfIC AIRLOCK
8 SHROUD CWFICURATIWJ CHANCED
I ADD APOLLO TEESCOPE MWN DEPLOYMBT
MLCPANISM
ORSITAL WORKSHOP 8 SUBSTITME COLG GAS ATlIlUDE COHROL

SYSTEM FOR OLD GAS S Y S W I
I PREINSTAX AU. EQUIP%?, EXPENDABLES.
A W wEiliM&xs
t ADD S C I W I F I C A I R L K K
LUMR MODULE ASCEM STAG€ I OELETEO
SIGN I f ICANT W ET-TO-DRY

WORKSHOP CHANGES
WET WORKSHOP DETAIL
together in 1972, using the first two stages of

the Saturn V in place of the Saturn I Wet
Workshop. The Workshop would be outfitted
on the ground and would arrive in a 235-mile
c i r c u l a r orbit equipped for immediate
occupancy by astronauts and with the ATM
attached. Program objectives would remain the
same as when NASA intended to use the SATURN V WORKSHOP
32
e*!
PAYLOAD SHROUD .
JULY 23: The contract with Grumman

Aircraft Corporation for the modification of a
LM ascent stage for use with the ATM was
terminated. The LM ascent stage was no longer ATM EXPERIMENT CANISTER
needed when it was decided t o put the
workshop with the ATM attached in orbit with
the Saturn V vehicle [ 105 1.
AUGUST 8: MSFC modified a contract with
JULY: At MSFC Donald R. Bowden was the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company
assigned as Chief, Engineering Branch, Saturn for continued work on two airlock modules.
Workshop Project, Satum/Apollo Applications tests, and checkout of the modules, systems,
Program Office, as announced by William K. documentation, and logistics support: Cost was
Simmons, Project Manager [ 1061 . estimated at 87,450,000 dollars, and the work
would be performed primarily at the
A U G U S T 1: NASA awarded a McDonnell Douglas Eastern Division in St.
1 , I 70,000-dollar contract to the Martin Louis but also would involve some effort at the
Marietta Corporation, Orlando, Florida, for three manned space flight centers: MSFC,KSC,
certain flight hardware to be used in the Apollo and'MSC. One airlock was already undergoing
Applications Program. The assignment, which tests at MSFC [ 1081.
was expected to take 18 months for
completion, called for fabrication, testing, and AUGUST 8: The cluster caution and warning
delivery of 15 Saturn V Workshop rate gyro and fire detection system for the OWS was
processors, a module test set, and the retrofit increased by the addition of an emergency
of 22 Apollo Telescope Mount gyro processors. wanring system [ 1091,
The gyros would provide precise attitude
control o f the Workshop cluster including the AUGUST 8: A letter contract between MSFC
Apollo Telescopes Mount. Work under the and the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
c o n t r a c t would be performed at the Company was definitized to provide for two
contractor's facility in Orlando [ 1071. Saturn V Workshops. The first one was
33
August 1969
scheduled for launch into low earth orbit in launched by a Saturn IB rocket, would
1972. The second Workshop would initially rendezvous in orbit with the Workshop. The
Serve as a backup. The Workshop would be a astronaut crew would live in the Workshop and
converted S-IVB stage in which astronauts conduct a variety of solar experiments with the
could live and work for periods up to 8 weeks. ATM equipment for 28 days. Later revisits Of
T h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t of t h i s upto56dayswereplanned[llll.
cost -p I u s-fixed-feelaward-fee con tract was
97,340,000 dollars. The contract would run
through July 1972, and work would be
performed at the.McDonnel1 Douglas Western
Division at Huntington Beach, California [ 1 101 .
ATM MOCKUP AT MSFC
CSM DOCKING TO CLUSTER IN ORBIT AUGUST 13: NASA released its AM

ML-17.” According to this new schedule there
AUGUST 12: Plans were finalized for an would be seven Saturn IB and two Saturn V
Apollo Telescope Mount Extravehicular launches with two dry Workshops flown on
Activity (EVA) Review to be conducted Saturn V vehicles, and two ATM’s planned.
August 19-21 at MSFC. More than 100 The first Workshop launch would be in July of
engineers and scientists would be expected to 1972 [ 1121.
attend the review. Participants expected
included astronauts, ATM experiment principal
investigators, and representatives from NASA AUGUST: At MSFC Rein Ise, Apollo
Headquarters. Manned Spacecraft Center, and Telescape Mount Project Manager, formalized
Kennedy Space Center. The topic to be the following appointments 1.1 131 :
discussed would be an approach to EVA for
ATM film retrieval. A full-scale ATM mockup C h a r l e s H . Chambers. Chief,
would be used for the review. The ATM, or Engineering Branch
manned solar observatory, would be one of the
major Apollo Applications Program elements J a m e s M. Igou, Chief, Control
being developed by MSFC.The ATM, launched Equipment Branch
in conjunction with the Saturn V Workshop,
would be orbited in 1972 by a Saturn V launch William C . Keathley, Chief,
ve hicle. A three-rnan Apollo spacecraft, Experiments Branch
34
___-
September - October 1969

SEPTEMBER 9:As the modifications required and lunar exploration. Apollo Applications
to convert to the Saturn V Workshop were program would “...study the earth through the
being developed, the decision was made to use o f a six-lens multispectral camera
make the ATM’s attitude control system installation. On Apollo 9 some of the
responsible for the cluster attitude control rudimentary work was done using four lenses.
[114]. Fifty percent more kinds of information will
be brought back by the crews of Apollo
Applications. Because almost everything on
earth has a different reflective quality, as
u x u t e u w w i i ~2 q y i a t u s c . 01 z
r):n+ir nt:....
C F i ~ ~ ~ ~ % i t ,
results from this photographic exploration can
be expected to yield rich rewards. Many of the
earth sciences look to this kind of information
f o r answers to previously . unanswerable
questions. Hydrologists are interested in
discovering not only the depth, but also the
temperature of the waters of the world, and
these conditions can be ascertained from space.
Warm water attracts certain species of fish, so
fishermen are also interested in these
experiments” [ I 161.
OCTOBER 7: MSFC signed a new contract

with the General Electric Company’s Apdlo
Systems Division in Huntsville, Alabama, for
w o r k in connection with the Apollo
ATM CANISTER CUT A p p l i c a t i o n s Program. Under t h e
10,75 1,OOO-dollar contract, GE would provide
electrical support equipment for the Apollo
SEPTEMBER 24: The Manned Space Flight Telescope Mount and launch systems for the
Experiment Board approved the following Saturn V Workshop multipIe docking adapter
changes t o the list of corollary experiments for and airlock. The contract called for the work
the Apollo Applications Program. Experiments to be performed at Huntsville, Alabama, at the
DO1 9 (Suit Donning and Sleep Evaluation), Manned Spacecraft Center in Houstori, Texas,
DO20 (Alternate Restraints Evaluation), and at Daytona Beach, Florida, and at the
DO22 (Expandable Structures for Recovery) NASA-Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Work
were deleted [ 1151. on the project was to be completed by June
30,1972 11171.
O C T O B E R 5-11: T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Astronautical Federation (IAF) held its 20th OCTOBER 15: The wardroom concept
Congress in the Mar de1 Plata, Argentina. Dr. (combining a crew eating and recreation area)
G e o r g e E. Mueller, NASA Associate was approved, a n d t h e DOD sleep
Administrator for Manned Space Flight, gave compartment experiment assigned to the
Invited Lecture October 6 on Apollo program, Saturn I Workshop was deleted to allow
space benefits, Apollo Applications program, additional space for the wardroom [ 1 181.
35
October - November 1969
OCTOBER 31: NASA decided to add
television cameras for interior coverage of the
Saturn Workshop [ 1 191.
NOVEMBER 3: NASA decided to change the

launch inclination of the Saturn Workshop to
SO degrees f 1201.
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
FI FTY-DEGR EE INCLINATION COVE RAGE
NOVEMBER 7: The decision was made to

add a teleprinter in the airlock module of the
OWS to permit the astronauts to fihve printed
instructions furnished to them during mission
operations [ 121 1 .
NOVEMBER 20: MSFC announced that an

CREW QUARTERS LAYOUT 8-million-dollar letter contract had hecn
negotiated between N A S A and the McDonnt.11
D o u g las Corporation, Huntington Beach,
California, for two sets of structural
components for the third stage (S-IVB) of the
Saturn V launch vehicle for use in fabrication
of the Saturn V manned orbital Workshop. The
work wduld be coniyleted by January 1972.
The structural components would he produced
at the Huntington Beach, California, plant
11221.
NOVEMBER: At MSFC Charles L. Wood was

assigned as Manager, Program Control Office.
Saturn/Apollo Applications Program Office,
upon Jack Swearingen's reassignment to
Director's Office, Science & Engineering
WORKSHOP CREW QUARTERS [123].
36
Decem ber 1969
DECEMBER 2-4: T h e Cluster Systems SO39 Day-Night Camera System
Review was cnnducted at MSFC.Review teams
c o n s i s t i n g of representatives from S043' IR Temperature Sounding
Headquarters, MSFC, MSC, KSC, prime
c o n t r a c t or 6, and e x periment Principle so49 IR Interferometer Spectrometer
Investigators reviewed such areas as mission
requirements, attitude control, thermal/ECS, so50 1R Temperature Profile
instrumen tation a n d communications, Radiometer
structures, electrical, and crew systems [ 1241.
,Sn51 Daytime Sodium Cloud
OECEMBER 4: During the Cluster Systems
Review December 24, 1969, NASA decided so75 E 1e c - S c a n Microwave
for better reliability of the cluster electrical Radiometer
power to parallel the ATM electrical power
with the rest of the cluster through the airlock SI00 Metric Camera
module [ 125 I .
SI 01 Multiband Photography
DECEMBER 8: The Manned Space Flight
Experiment Board approved the following SI02 Dual Channel Scanner-Imager
the Apollo Applications Program. Experiment S103 Short Wavelength Spectrometer
S190 (Multispectral Photographic Facility) was
added f 1261. The following experiments were SI 04 M i c r o w a v e Temperature
deleted : ' Sounder
SO69 X-Ray Astronomy M423 Hydrostatic Gas Bearing
37
1970
39
January - February 1970
1970 FEBRUARY 12: The House Committee on
Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on
NASA Oversight released its “Manned Space
JANUARY 2: MSFC shipped the test version Flight: Present and Future” report. One of the
of the Saturn V vehicle’s third stage to the conclusions drawn by this staff study was that
McDonnell Douglas plant at Huntington Beach, after 1974 the U.S. would have no capability
California, for modification. The S-IVB stage for lifting manned payloads over 60,000
went from MSFC to the West Coast aboard the pounds into space and would have only three
Super Gr;ppy aircraft. The stage, fcmer!y vehic!es that mn!d !if+ 60 jOOO pounds payload
identified as the S-1VB 500 F or facilities stage. unless Saturn V production was resumed or a
would be converted into a Saturn V Workshop substitute was developed. Also, the U.S.would
“dynamics test article.” Once the modification have no longduration manned earth-orbital
would be completed, the stage would be used capability after 1973 without extension of the
in the Apollo Applications Program’s dynamics orbital workshop program or initiation of
and acoustics testing activity. The stage was development of the Space Station ( 1291.
formerly a part of the Saturn V facilities
vehicle used to check out manufacturing, FEBRUARY 20: NASA Headquarters
testing, and launching facilities early in the announced a change of the program name from
Apollo/Saturn V Program. MSFC received the Apollo Applications Program to Skylab
stage from KSC about January 1969 t 1271. Program. The Skyfab Program would be
designed to make maximum use of the existing
space hardware developed for the Apollo
lunar-landing series. Included in the cluster of
components making up the Skylab would be
the Workshop, airlock, a multiple docking
adapter, and an Apollo Telescope Mount [ 1301.
WORKSHOP DYNAMIC TEST ARTICLE

AT MDAC-WD
JANUARY 23: NASA released the AAP

ML-I 8,” which moved the scheduled AAP-I
launch date to November 1.5, 1972, but with a
target launch date of July 15, 1972 SKY LAB PAY LOAD LAUNCH
[ 1281. CON F IG U RAT ION
-”
Preceding page blank

41
March 1970
Resources Experiment for the Skylab Program
[1321.
Experiments added:
SI 9 1 Infrared Spectrome er
S 192 10-Band Multispec ral Scanner
S193 Microwave Scatterometer,

Altimeter. and Radiometer
Experiments deleted:
SO05 Synoptic Terrain Photography

SKYLAB CLUSTER
SO06 Synoptic Weather Photography
MARCH 31: Representatives of three NASA
Centers gathered in Huntsville to start a 4-day
tour of Skylab government and contractor
facilities. Those on the tour from MSC
i n c l u d e d D r . Robert R. Cilruth, Dr.
Christopher C. Kraft, Kenneth S. Kleinknecht,
Clifford E. Charlesworth, Dr. Maxime E. Faget,
Sigurd A. Sjoberg, Dr. Donald K. Slayton,
George Abbey, Robert F. Thompson, Dr. C.A.
Berry, Euguene F. Kranz, and Cadwell
Johnson. On the tour from KSC was General
Thomas W. Morgan, and from MSFC were Dr.
Eberhard Rees. Ed Mohlere, Lee B. James.
Ludie Richard, Dr. F.A. Speer, Dr. Walter
EARTH OBSERVATION STUDIES
Haeussermann, Karl L. Heimburg, Brooks
Moore, Leland F. Belew, and Jack Lee. At the
MARCH 1: Dr.Wernher von Braun left MSFC Marshall Center, the group viewed Skylab work
t o become NASA’s Deputy Associate in several laboratories. In the afternoon they
Administrator for planning in Washington, D.C. departed for a 3 d a y tour of contractor
Dr. Eberhard Rees, who had served as Deputy facilities. Companies visited were McDonnell
Director, Technical, since 1963, became Douglas Astronautics Company, St. Louis,
director of the Marshall Center [ 131 1 . Missouri, Martin-Marietta Corporation, Denver,
Colorado, and North American Rockwell
M A R C H 9: T h e Manned Space Flight Corporation and McDonnell Douglas in the
Experiment Board approved changes to Earth Los Angeles area. The group also visited the
42
March - May 1970
NASA-Flight Research Center at Edwards, MAY 15: MSFC announced that NASA had
California [133]. decided to launch Saturn IB and Saturn V
vehicles scheduled for the 1972-1973 Skylab
MARCH: Overton S. Tyson was assigned as Program from Launch Complex 39 at Cape
MSFC Resident Manager, NASA Resident Kennedy. The decision to conduct Saturn IB
Man age m e n t Office, SaturnlApollo launches at LC-39, rather than Complex 34,
Applications Program Office, located at the Cape K e n n e d y , was reached after a
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corporation comprehensive study of the capabilities and
at Huntington Beach, California. Clifford L. costs of both locations, according to Skylab
Flora was assigned as Deputy Resident Manager Program officials. Normally, only Saturn V's
(1341. would be launched from LC-39 [ 13 5 1 .
ASSEMBLY OF ATM RACKS AT MSFC
SKYLAB SATURN I S LAUNCH

CONFIGURATION
MDA TEST ARTICLE IN FABRICATION

AT MSFC SKY LAB ACTIVATION AND OPERATION
43
May - June 1970
MAY 26: The ATM Critical Design Review
(CDR) was completed with the CDR Board
meeting a t MSFC. This review gave final
approval to the ATM design [ 1361.
MATING OF AIRLOCK AND MOA TEST

ARTICLES FOR STATIC STRUCTURAL
TEST AT MSFC
J U N E 1 1 : T h e Manned ‘Space Flight

the Skylab Program [1393.
Experiments Added
S 183 UV Panorama
APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT (ATM)
M i 33 Sleep Monitoring
MAY 26: The airlock module static structural
qualification testing was completed at MSFC Experiments deleted:
with the successful completion of the
125-percent liftoff loads test. The airlock TO17 Meteoroid Impact and Erosion
structural test article used for this test was later
modified to become the dynamic test article TO? 1 Meteoroid Velocity
used in the payload assembly vibroacoustic test
at MSC [ 1371. J U N E 18: MSFC awarded ;1 contract
modification to Martin-Marietta Corporation
JUNE 3: The ATM Thermal Systems Unit was for work on the Skylab Program. The
delivered from MSFC to MSC.It was subjected 13,460,726-doIlar contract was for continuing
to the temperature and vacuum extremes of a work on the Skylab’s multiple docking adapter.
space environment in the MSC thermal vacuum a n d t h e w o r k was being done by
chamber as part of the qualification program oi Mart in -Marietta’s Denver facility. This
the ATM [138J. nloditication covered design, developinen t.
44
June -July 1970
JUNE 29-30: NASA held a “Skylab and
Beyond” press briefing and tour of production
facilities at MSFC. William C. Schneider,
Skylab Program Director, said that the project
was “in the very critical phase of firming up
our designs.” Three missions were planned for
the 8-month lifetime of the 48-foot-long
workshop [ 1411 .
JUNE: The appointment of Thomas I+‘. Kyan

as Deputy Manager, Program Control Office,
Skylab Program Office. was formalized at
MSFC [ 1421.
FINAL ASSEMBLY OF THE ATM THERMAL

SYSTEMS UNIT AT MSFC
fabrication, assembly, integration, and testing

of the multiple docking adapter equipment.
MSFC made the basic docking adapter
structure. At the time of this contract
modification, Martin was the prime contractor
to MSFC for the Skylab Program payload
integration [ f401.
SKYLAB PROGRAM
J U L Y 2: In a letter, NASA Associate

Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dale
D. Myers, wrote Dr. Rees requesting
participation in a review of the Apollo and
Skylab Programs. He wrote that the review
would be a follow-up to the report of the
Apoilo 13 Review Board which included
recommendation No. 9 that, in essence, called
for a reassessment of all Apollo spacecraft
subsystems, and the engineering organizations
responsible for them at MSFC and its prime
contractors. Mr. Myers added that the scope O f
the coverage under the recommendation had
been expatided to include all elements of
MDA DYNAMIC TEST ARTICLE BEING Apollo (spacecraft, launch vehicle. and GSE) as
LOWERED ONTO FACTORY TRAILER well as Skylab. It would be a major review,
45
Ju ly 1970
followed by other reviews, with more than 100 contract modifkcation totaled 38,979.000
MSFC personnel participating directly in doilars. The airlock module being developed at
various stages of the reviews f 1431. the St. Louis facility was a 55-foot-diameter
circular tunnel attached to tlie top of the
JULY 7: Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Workshop. It would provide the major work
Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning. area and support equipment required to
and eisht othcr NASA Headquarterc officials activate and operate the Workshop and would
began attending a series o f meetings at MSFC also form a passagcway for the astronauts to
to discuss the Skylab, the IIigh Energy inove from the ,4pollo command module and
Astronomy Observatory (HEAO). and futttrc rnultiple docking adapter in to the Workshop.
scientific space projects. Although a new arid The airlock could also be depressurized and
relatively small project as of this date. the sealed off for exit into space outside the
HEAO signified a type of' payload that could vehicle [ 147 .
become one of the major scientific experinieri ts
in early phases of the Shuttle flight program
[ 1441.
JULY 8: MSFC modified an existing contract

with Martin Marietta Corporation, Denver.
Colorado, for additional work on the Skylah
Program. The 1,863,000dollar contract
m o d i f i c a t i o n covered d e v c l o p m e n t .
implementation, and operation of a change
integration and configuration control system
for the Skylab Program. The Marshall Center
directed the Skylab Program. At the tinie of
this annoiincement. Martin was the Skylab
Payload integration contractor for MSFC. This
a c t i o n brought the contract total to
104,946,600 dollars [ 145 I .
AIRLOCK MODULE (AM1
JULY 17: MSFC issued a C'ontract Cliange
O r d e r t o MeDonnell Ilouglas Aircraft JULY 27: Approximately 175 representatives
Corporation, Western Division (MI.)AC'-W) of government and industry participated in a
changing the food managenleiit concept from a Skylab airlock/multipie docking adapter crew
soft to a canned food package, which provides station review in St. Louis, Missouri. Thc
for additional food storage. Modification to the week-long review occurred at the McDonnell
wardroom table for nloutlting a new serving Douglas Astronautics Company. Topics
tray, wliicft provides heated cavities for Ilea tine discussed included sroragc areas, equjpment,
the food. was also included in the change and crew operation. Astronauts attending the
11461. review conducted "walkthroughs" of airlock
and multiple docking adapter mookups. The
J U L Y 23: MSFC niodified an existing airlock and multiple docking adapter would be
contract with McDonncll Douglas Astronautics major elements of the Skylab cluster that
Company for additional work on tlie Skylab would include a large solar observatory and
airlock. Under the contract, McJIonnell crew quarters for long stays in space.
Douglas' Eastern Division at St. Louis, McDonnell Douglas was developing the airlock.
Missouri. was building t w o Skylab airlock The multiple docking adapter structure was
modules. oiie for flight snd one for spare. The being built by MSFC'. and Martin Marietta.
46
July 1970
AIRLOCK FLIGHT UNIT IN FABRICATION AIRLOCK MOCKUP PRIOR TO CREW

AND ASSEMBLY STATION REVIEW
Denver Division, was integrating equipment

and experiments. MSFC was directing the
Skylab development 11481.
MDA MOCKUP PRIOR TO CREW STATION AIRLOCK MODULE INTERIOR DURING

REVIEW CREW STATION REVIEW
47
August 1970
AUGUST 12-14: Lee B. James, charged with scheduled as the final technical review before
responsibility for the Apollo 13 review at approval would be given for manufacturing
MSFC, felt that the review had benefits beyond flight hardware. Skylab officials from MSFC,
the recommendations of the Apollo 13 Review MSC, KSC, and NASA Headquarters attended.
Board: “1 think a bigger purpose of the overall The MSFC delegation was headed by F.M.
review was we found out in the Apollo Dtummond. hlanager of the Airlock/MI>A
Program that occasionally the entire program Project, and Myrl Sanders, Deputy Manager.
needs to be shaken down by the very top Martin-Marietta was the Skylab payload
management in an overall review.. .that had integration contractor for the Marshall Center.
seldom happened in Skylab, and this Apollo 13 While MSFC was building the multiple docking
review gave an occasion to really spend some a d a p t e r external structure, Martin was
time from this one point of view t o go through integrating the experiments. Other contractors
the entire Skylab program, and to really check included t h e Bendix Corporatiotl and
it in the end from the top management point McDonnell Douglas Corporation, builder of the
of view. We get a lot of good out of these airlock and the Workshop f 1SO].
things; they turn up different things if there
isn’t any other way to d o this. . . I would watch
for occasions such as this t o give the program
an end-to-end review, and have a good orderly
review just for the good of the program I1491 .”
MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER (MDA)
AUGUST 28: A group of MSFC engineers

successfully completed a week-long testing of
S k y 1 a b program hardware in simulated
AIRLOCK/MDA MOCKUPS DURING weightlessness aboard a USAF KC-135
CREW STATION REVIEW fourengine-je t research aircraft. Tests included
apera tion of flight-con figuration doors for f3m
c a s s e t t e c o m p a r t m e n t s , retrieval and
AUGUST 24: More than 150 representatives replacement of film cassette’s, and evaluation of
of NASA and industry conducted a week-long handrails and foot restrsints. The KC-135 was
Skylab review at the Martin-Marietta facility in flown in parabolas, with 30 seconds of
Denver, Colorado. Skylab officials were weightlessness acllieved on each parabola in a
conducting a critical design review of the technique that most nearly duplicated zero-g
Skylab’s multiple docking adapter. This was [1511.
48
,
August - September 1970
the July 15, 1972, target date scheduled under
the earlier ML-18schedule [ 152J .
SEPTEMBER 3: MSFC awarded the Ball

Brothers Research Corporation, Boulder,
Colorado, a 195,000-dollar space agency
contract to study a solar telescope for possible
inclusion in a manned solar observatory on a
future flight opportvnity. At the time of this
contract award, NASA’s first manned solar
observatory (Apollo Telescope Mount) was
scheduled for launch in 1972 as an element of
the Skylab cluster. The space agency had asked
Bail Brothers to define requirements for a
26-inch solar telescope as a major new
experiment to be included in a foliow-on
ATM CENTER WORK STATION FILM observatory [ 1531 ,
CASSETTE REPLACEMENT IN ZERO G
ATMOSPHERIC ABSORFTION OF SOLAR

EMISSIONS
AIRLOCK ZERO-GSIMULATION IN
KC-135 AIRCRAFT
AUGUST 31: NASA published its “Skylab

Launch Readiness and Delivery Schedule
ML-19,” which moved the scheduled Skylab
launch date to November 1, 1972, but dropped ATM EXPERIMENTS
49
September 1970
SEPTEMBER 8: MSFC announced that the
flight design of the Saturn Workshop, a part of
the Skylab program, would be accepted in a
series of important reviews scheduled for the
next few weeks at MSFC in Huntsville and at
Huntington Beach, California. Government
engineers, astronauts, and industry
representatives would determine if changes
were necessary before the final approvaf would
be given for completing the flight Workshop
currently scheduled for launch into earth orbit
in 1972. First in the review series would be an
astronaut procedures review on September ORBITAL WORKSHOP (OWS)
9-10 at MSFC. Astronauts would study many
proposed Workshop procedures in a mockup. A station review followed a critical design review
critical design review would be conducted conducted September 14-1 8 at the McDonnell
September 14-1 8 at the McDonnell Douglas Douglas Astronautics Company facility at
Astronautics Company facility at Huntington Huntington Beach. California. At the time of
Beach, California. McDonnell Douglas was t h i s review. M c D o n n e l l Douglas was
manufacturing the Workshop for the space manufacturing the workshop for the space
agency. More than 200 government and agency. Results of the critical design and crew
industry representatives were expected to station reviews would be considered in a
participate in the critical design review. A Workshop Critical Review Board meeting
Workshop crew station review would be held October 2 at Huntington Beach, California.
September 21-24 at MSFC.Astronaut crewmen Results of these reviews would be used to
would walk through many of the Skylab tasks determine if changes were necessary before the
in this review. final approval was given for completing the
flight workshop currently scheduled for launch
Results of the reviews would be considered in a into earth orbit in 1972 f 1551.
Workshop Critical Review Board meeting
October 2 at Huntington Beach, with Leland
Belew, Manager of the Skylab Program Office,
presiding. Many of the same participants would
have taken part in a preliminary review of the
results September 28-29 at Huntington, Beach,
with William K. Simmons, Jr., Manager of the
Workshop project under Belew, acting as
chairman [ 1541.
SEPTEMBER 21 : A Saturn workshop crew

station review began at MSFC as a part of the
Skylab Program. A group of nine astronauts
headed by Richard Truly participatitd in the
week-long review conducted in a mockup at
MSFC. Government and industry engineers
monitored the astronaut crewmen’s progress
and commented as they “walked through”
many of the workshop tasks. Mkdical ASTRONAUTS OVERMYER AND
experiments scheduled for the Skylab flight SCHWEICKART IN OWS WARDROOM
were reviewed during the week. This crew DURING CREW STATION REVIEW
50
jllla I f i
COSMONAUTS SEVASTYANOV AND

NIKOLAYEV WITH INTERPRETER
BARSKY BEING BRIEFED BY DR. REES,
MR. BELEW, AND MR. HARDY IN
WORKSHOP MOCKUP
ASTRONAUT OVERMYER ON ERGOMETER

IN OWS CREW QUARTERS DURING
CREW STATION REVIEW
SEPTEMBER 25: MSFC modified an existing

contract with Martin Marietta Corporation for
work on the Skylab Program. Under this
contract change, which covered Apollo
Telescope Mount support at MSC and MSFC,
Martin Marietta wouid receive $1,895,300.
This was a cost-plusaward-fee type contmt
(1561.
OCTOBER 5: The Manned Space Flight

Experiment Board approved the folldwing
the Skylab Program. Experiments S194
(L-Band Radiometer) and TO02 (Manual
Navigation Sightings) were added. Experiment
M508 (Human Mass Measurement Device) was
deleted [ 1 57 1.
0 C T O B E R 21; Russian Cosmonauts COSMONAUT SEVASTYANOV AT AIRLOCK

Sevastyanov and Nikolayev were briefed on t h e EVA WORK STATION IN NEUTRAL
Skylab mission during a tour Qf MSFC [ 1581. BUOYANCY FACILITY AT MSFC
51
OCTOBER 26-27: US.-U.S.S.R. talks on the
possibilities for compatible rendezvous and
docking arrangements in space were held in
Moscow between the NASA delegation headed
by MSC Director, Dr. Robert R.Cilruth, and a
Soviet Academy of Sciences team headed by
Academician Georgy I. Petrov. During the
exchange of basic information on docking
systems, NASA officials described Gemini and
Apollo techniques, procedures, and docking
adaptors and the Skylab project. The Soviet
team described plans for a future system
similar to Apollo’s, with a tunnel between the
spacecraft to accommodate docking apparatus.
Agreement was reached that 12 scientific
technical elements required further joint study,
including guidance systems for rendezvous,
docking hardware, coordinate systems, and
reference markings [ 1591.
N O V E M B E R 17: Two Skylab Program SKYLAB-ATM FILM RETRIEVAL

reviews were underway at MSFC. An
extravehicular activity (EVA) critical design
review was being held at the Skylab mockup
area and the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator.
Charles W. Mathews, Deputy Associate
Administrator, Office of Manned Space Flight,
NASA Headquarters, was chairman of a Skylab
S u b s y s t e m s Review Team meeting on
November 17. The EVA review, which started
on November 16, included astronaut
performances under normal earth gravity in the
Saturn Workshop mockup and simulated
weightlessness in the Neutral Buoyancy
Simulator. Ten astronauts from the Manned
Spacecraft C e n t e r , headed by Russel
Schweickart, participated in the review
activities on November 16. The review lasted a
week.
T h e Skylab Subsystems Review Team meeting

opened on November 17 with an inspection of
the Skylab mockup area. Chairman Mathews
and the team members also toured simulation
facilities in Astrionics and Manufacturing
Engineering Laboratories and viewed Apollo
Telescope Mount hardware being assembled in
the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory.
The review team ended its activities on
November 19 [ 1601. NEUTRAL BUOYANCY DURING EVA.CDR
52
November - December 1970
NOVEMBER 18: The flight model of the
Skylab multiple docking adapter was flown
from MSFC to Martin Marietta Corporation
Space Center in Denver, Colorado, aboard the
Super Guppy aircraft. It would be outfitted
with controls and display panels for solar
astronomy and earth resource experiments,
storage vaults for experiment film, and a
t h r u s t - a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system. When
completelv equipped, the adapter would be
mated with the Skylab airlock flight version at
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company in
St. Louis, Missouri, and the unit would
perform simulated mission ic the altitude
chamber 11611.
AIRLOCK, MDA, AND ATM MOCKUPS

USED DURING EVA CDR
MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE AT MSFC PRIOR

TO DELIVERY TO MMC
ATM SUN END WORK STATION MOCKUP DECEMBER 2: MSFC announced that a
USED DURING EVA CDR Saturn Workshop would be shipped on
53
December 1970
December 4 from the McDonnell Douglas
Astronautics Company facility at Huntington
Beach, California. to MSC in Houston, Texas,
for extensive ground tests. This Workshop was
a ground test version of one which would be
used in the Skylab Program to accommodate
teams of three astronauts for stays up to S!)
days in earth orbit. Called a “dynamic test
article,” the Workshop model would undergo a
series of tests at MSC to verify its bending and
vibration characteristics. McDonnefl Douglas
teclinicians loaded the Workshop aboard sthe
“Point Barrow” for shipment to the Michoud
Assembly Facility in New Orleans. Louisiana.
The Point Barrow was scheduled to arrive in
New Orleans on December 17. The Workshop
would be loaded aboard a NASA barge at
Michoud for shipment o n December 30 to
Houston. It was scheduled to arrive at the
Houston port on January 5. MSFC was
directing the Workshop development program
I1621.
WORKSHOP DYNAMIC TEST ARTICLE IN

VIBRATION TEST AT MSC
DECEMBER 18-31: As NASA neared the end

of 1970, there was much activity relative to the
moment of Saturn stages. A few days before
Chirstmas, two Saturn V tlight stages (S-11-15
and S-IVB-5 13) were enroute to KSC, and a
Saturn Workshop test model would soon
complete its journey to MSC in Houston.
WORKSHOP DTA ON TRANSPORTER BEING
MSFC had shipped both the vehicles. On
LOADED ON USNS POINT BARROW December 18, 1970. the ship Point Barrow
reached the Michoud Assembly Facility in New
Orleans from California carrying the Saturn
DECEMBER 16: The Manned Space Flight Workshop and the S-IVB-5 12. The Workshop
Experiment Board approved the following was unloaded for later shipment to MSC while
changes to the list of corollary experiments for the S-11-15, which had been brought from MTF
t h e Skylab Program. Experiment M507 the previous day, was loaded aboard the Point
(Gravity Substitute Workbench) was deleted Barrow for the remainder of the trip to KSC.
[163]. The ship would reach KSC on December 20
54
December 1970
where the two stages would be stored until D E C E M B E R 22: MSFC announced that
needed for flight missions. highlights of 1970 at MSFC included: Launch
of an Apollo/Saturn V vehicle (AS-5081,
The Workshop vehicle, destined for MSC, renaming the space agency’s embryonic Space
known as the “dynamic test article,” would Station project to Skylab, continuing work on
leave Michoud December 31 aboard the MSFC the Space Shuttle and Space Station, doing
barge “Orion.” It would be unloaded at a early planning on the unmanned astronomy
NASA dock at Clear Lake, near MSC, the first satellite (HEAO),and Dr. Eberhard Rees being
s w h hardware to move to the Houston center named MSFC director. These and other
in this manner, which was to arrive on January highlights combined to make the tirst year of
5, 1971. The Workshop model would undergo the decade an eventful one at NASA’s largest
a series of tests at MSC t o verify its bending field center [ 1661.
and vibration characteristics. Another Saturn V
stage (S-11-13) was taken from a test stand on D E C E M B E R 23: As assessment of the
December 18 at MTF. The stage would be feasibility of providing crew rescue capability
prepared during the following two weeks for for Skylab was conducted by the three MSF
shipment to KSC. It was scheduled to be centers during 1970. This culminated in a
loaded aboard the barge “Poseidon” on
December 30 at MTF. The barge would leave
Michoud on December 31 for the trip to KSC
1641.
SKYLAB CREW RESCUE COMMAND

MODULE
PAY LOAD SHROUD SEPARATION TEST AT
PLUM BROOK Headquarters decision to provide a limited
capability based on failure of CSM return
capability while docked to the Saturn
DECEMBER 20: The Payload Shroud full-size Workshop. The rescue vehicle for the first two
test article weighing 26,000 pounds was tested Skylab missions will be the next Skylab vehicle
at the Lewis Research Center’s Plum Brook in-flow at KSC. Upon receipt of a rescue call,
Facility. The shroud separated into four the in-flow CSM would be prepared for launch
sections using the same method as the flight after some minor modifications to permit a
unit would use in space. Large nets were used two-man crew going up and a five-man crew
.
to catch the four sections [ 165 J returning [ 1671.
55
1971
57
January - February 1971
1971 development, operations and data andysis.
MSC participated in these reviews to ensure
crew and mission operations requirements were
JANUARY 1: A Saturn V second stage (S-11) met. Among the significant items in this review
left MTF and stopped briefly at Michoud were: an update of the Martin Marietta
Assembly Facility before proceeding aboard Corporation facilities proposed to support
the barge “Poseidon” for KSC where it was Skylab was presented; the solar data from
scheduled for anival on January 5. The S-11-13 ground observatories required to support
would be stored at the KSC Vehicle Assembly mission operations were described by National
Building until readied for launch. This stage Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
would be a part of the two-stage Saturn V (NOAA) personnel and their recommendations
(vehicle 513) that would launch the Skylab were agreed to by the ATM PI’S with the
into earth orbit in late 1372 [ 1681. stipulation that additional data were needed;
and the ATM fiim study reported areas to be
’JANUARY 15: A group of potential Skylab worked such as temperature control and
crew members were taking a special course in radiation protection for film f 171] .
solar physics designed to provide them with a
background which would enable them to JANUARY 29: The first low-level acoustic
efficiently operate the Apollo telescope mount. run, designed to check out all systems and
The course was divided into extensive reviews instrumentation on the Orbital Workshop, was
of the introduction to solar phenomena, the successfully completed as scheduled. Acoustic
quiet sun, the active sun, and flares and testing was scheduled to continue after a data
explosive phenomena. Studies of the sun in real review [ 1721.
time were made possible by utilizing closed
circuit TV to bring pictures from MSC‘s solar FEBRUARY 8: A high-level advisory group
telescope to the classroom [ 1691. responsible for guiding NASA in all aspects of
mission safety opened a twoday meeting at
JANUARY 19: NASA announced that it was MSFC. The Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel,
requesting proposals from potential U.S. and which was appointed by the NASA
foreign experimenters for investigations of data Administrator, was headed by Dr. Charles D.
to be acquired from earth resources experiment Hanington, President, Douglas United Nuclear,
package (EREP) to fly on manned Skylab Incorporated, Richland, Washington. At MSFC
spacecraft in late 1972. Data could be used to the group discussed safety aspects of.the lunar
appraise value and direct applications of space roving vehicle, the Skylab cluster of spacecraft,
o b se r v a t i o n s in agriculture , geography, and the proposed reusable space vehicle (space
forestry, geology, hydrology, oceanography, shuttie) E 1731.
and cartography. Objectives of EREP were to
extend use of sensors; use man to observe, FEBRUARY 10: The Kennedy Space Center
discriminate, and select study areas; and awarded a $9 17 900 contract to the Holloway
provide early source of unique research data Corporation of Titusville, Florida, to construct
for analysis [ 1701. a launcher-pedestal that would be used during
t h e upcoming Skylab Program. The
J A N U A R Y 26: An ATM Experiments 127-foot-tall pedestal would be adapted to an
Principal Investigator (PI) meeting was existing Launcher-Umbilical Tower so that
conducted at Boulder, Colorado, on January manned Saturn IB space vehicles could be
26 and 27. This was one of a series of meetings launched from facilities now supporting the
between MSFC, the ATM developer, and the larger Saturn V rockets. The Holioway
scientists who proposed the six solar Corporation contracted to construct the
astronomy experiments, to insure total launcher-pedestal in 180 days after receiving its
a g r e e m e n t on e x p e r i m e n t objectives, Notice to Proceed I 1741.
59
February -March 1971
F E B R U A R Y 23: MSFC granted to the per year will have declined from 26 in 1966 to
International Business Machines Corpora tion a 8. After the Skylab missions in 1973, we face
contract modification for the manufacture of at least four years in which there will be no
instrument units .(IU) for Saturn launch United States manned flight.”
vehicles. Valued at 14.407.743 dollars, the
rnodjfjcation would extend IBM’s delivery “Five years ago there were over 390 000
schedule for IU’s through December 31, 1973, people in industry employed on NASA work.
to be conipatible with the extended Apollo and By the end of FY 1971 that figure will be
Skylab Program launch schedules. IBM was about 108 000. The decline will continue for a
under NASA contract to build 27 IU’s for few more months, but we expect it ta start
Saturn vehicles: 12 Saturn IB’s and I 5 Saturn increasing by the middle of FY 1972. with the
V’s. Ten of the Saturn 1B units and 12 Saturn end-of-the-year total being about equal to that
V units had been completed. All work was at the beginning.” U.S. was “running a serious
being done at the company’s facilities in risk of losing too much of the aerospace
Huntsville, Alabama. The original IU contract capability that is an essential ingredient of our
had been granted to IBM in March 1965 for the long term national strength and security”
fabrication, assembly, checkout, and delivery f 1761.
of the 27 units and related support functions
[ 1751. MARCH 10: MSFC modified a contract with
Chrysler Corporation to authorize additional
work in the Saturn IS program. Chrysler was
the prime contractor for the first stage of the
Saturn IB, which it assembled at the Michoud
Assembly Facility in New Orleans. Under the
current 29,i 36,622-dollar modification, the
company would maintain nine Saturn 1R
boosters in storage. Three of the nine vehicles
were for the Skylab program and would bc
launched in 1973. Those three, plus a fourth
that would serve as a backup. would be
maintained and modificd as necessary under
terms of this con tract. Prelaunch checkout of
the Skylab vehicles would also be accomplished
under this modification. The period of
performance was from January 1, 1971, to
INSTRUMENT UNIT (IU) August 15, 1973. Six of the vehicles were
located a t the Michoud Facility. and the other
MARCH 1: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA three were at MSFC in Huntsville [ 1771.
Administrator, presented the NASA FY 1972
budget request to House Committee on Science M A R C H 1 1 : Orbital Workshop (OWS)
and Astronautics: FY 1972 projects - vibration test objectives, test articie status, test
including Apollo 15 and 16. two Manner facility preparations status, and test schedules
spacecraft, first ERTS satellite, and continuing were reviewed by MSFC and MSC during a test
work toward future flights of Apollo 17, readiness review for the Skylab OWS vibration
Skylab, earth resources and ATS satellites, and test at MSC on March 1 1 . The Test readiness
Viking probes -- represented “the fulfilment of review board concluded, upon resolution of
enterprises of the 1960’s, the tailing off to one test constraint, that the initial run could
completion of work in progress for many years. proceed as scheduled for March 19, 1971
By 1974 the number of NASA space launches 1781.
60
March -April 1971
MARCH 15: Workmen began the setup of the reviewing each compartment's storage areas
A m ' structural rack and payload shroud and running through deactivation procedures.
section for the ATM simulated flight loads test Astronauts participating included Alan Bean,
to occur in mid-1971 at MSFC [ 1791. Charies Conrad, Joseph Kerwin, Paul Weitz,
Walter Cunningham, Gerald Carr, Russell
Schweickart, William Lenoir, and Richard
Truly [1311.
CREW COMPARTMENT STOWAGE REVIEW

BENCH CHECK COMPONENT LAYOUT
SETUP FOR ATM SIMULATED FLIGHT

LOAD§ TEST (ATM VIBRATION UNIT
IS IN BACKGROUND)
APRIL 1 & 2: The Skylab Subsystems Review

Team, chaired by Charles W. Mathews, held a
2 4 a y meeting at KSC to review the action
items status which resulted froln the November
17-19, 1970, review of Skylab subsystems.
Action items reviewed included such areas as
t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n program, testing,
contamination, safety, single-point failures,
protection of flight systems with limiting
devices on GSE, cluster control and ATM
pointing, and extreme temperature effects on
components [ 1801.
APRlL 12: Space engineers and astronauts

studied Skylab Workshop stowage facilities at a ASTRONAUTS SAMPLING FOOD 1N WARD
review a t MSFC. Astronauts taking part ROOM DURING WORKSHOP CREW
performed workshop activation procedures, COMPARTMENT STOWAGE REVIEW
61
April -May 1971
APRl t 13: NASA published “Skylab Launch MAY 6 : A Critical Design Review (CDR)of
Readiness and Delivery Schedule ML-20,” the EVA film transfer boom was conducted at
which moved the scheduled Skylab launch date Fairchild-Hiller on May 6. The projected
from November 1, 1972, to April 30, 1973 payload was 85 pounds, an increase of 15
rial. pounds since the Preliminary Design Review
(PDR). There were no significant action items
APRIL 15: Proposed Skylab rescue mission uncovered by the review, nor were any
profile requirements were: the tra.jjectory schedule problems identified [ 1863 .
planning for a rescue mission would be the
same as the nominal Skylab mission;norninal
mission duration from launch to recovery MAY 19: Space agency executives directing
would be limited to 5 days; the orbital the Skylab Program began participating in the
assembly would maneuver to provide Skylab Senior Management Tour at Martin
acquisition light support for the rescue Marietta Corporation on May 18. Skylab
Command and Service Module (CSM); the executives saw work underway at Martin
rescue CSM would be capable of rendezvous Marietta before moving on to visit West Coast
without VHF ranging; landing and reccrvery contractors. The group then toured North
would be planned for the primary landing area; American Rockwell at Downey and McDonnell
transfer of the crew from the MDA to the CSM Douglas Astronautics Company facilities at
would be in shirtsleeves (no extravehicular Huntington Beach. A second half of the tour
activity); the KSC rescue launch response times scheduled for May 25-26 would see Skyidb
would vary from 10 to 45% days depending on executives visiting McDonnell Douglas facilities
the transpired time into the normal checkout in St. Louis in the morning, then in the
flow [ 1831. afternoon they would visit MSFC, and then
visit KSC on May 26. A similar Skylab
M A Y 3: Approval has been given by managers’ tour had been held last year.
Headquarters of a Skylab external TV system. Executives taking part in all or a part of the
The system involves the use of the Experiment tour included Charles W. Mathews, Deputy
TO27 photometer extendable boom to extend Associate Administrator for Manned SDace
a television camera and motorized lens system Flight; William C, Schneider, Director Skylab
through either of the scientific airlocks in the Program, NASA Headquarters; Dr. Eberhard
Workshop. The previously baselined Skylab Rees, MSFC Director; Dr. William R. Lucas.
color teievision system consists of an Apollo MSFC Deputy Director, Technical; Leland F.
television camera and strategically located Belew, MSFC’s Skylab Program Manager; Dr.
television i n p u t stations that permits Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director; Miles Ross, KSC
observation of experiments and crew activity. Deputy Director; Raymond L. Clark, KSC
1t provides virtually unlimited internal Director of Technical Support; Christopher
coverage. The addition of the camera on the Kraft, Jr., MSC Deputy Director; Kenneth S.
E x p e r i m e n t TO27 b o o m will permit Kleinknecht, Manager of the Skylab Program at
observations of targets of scientific interest; MSC; and Astronauts Alan L. Bean and Charles
earth, EVA operations, and operations of Conrad of MSC.
various spacecraft assemblies [ 1841.
Also participating from industry were Walter F.
M A Y 3: The Manned Space Flight Burke, President and Chief Operating Officer
Experiment Board approved the following of McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company;
changes to the list of corollary experiments for Dr. Ben G. Bromberg. Vice President and
t h e Skylab Progwm. Experiment DO21 General Manager, and Raymond A. Pepping,
(Expandable Airlock Technology) was deleted Vice Resident and General Manager of the
[1851. Skylab Program, both of MDAC Eastern
62
May 1971
Division; Fred J. Sanders, Program Manager,
Skylab Orbital Workshop, MDAC Western
Division; and George Jeffs, Vice President
Space Division, and Joseph P. McNamard,
President Space Division, both of North
American Rockwell Corporation [ 187I .
WORKSHOP FLIGHT UNIT IN ASSEMBLY

AT MDAC-WD
MOA FLIGHT UNIT IN ASSEMBLY AT MMC
{DEVELOPMENT UNIT IN BACKGROUND)
MAY 25: A plan was initiated whereby PI’S

for Skylab experiments would be enabled to
view ApoUo 15, 16, or 17 mission operations.
This would enable key Skylab personnel to
obtain necessary exposure to MSC operational
procedures prior to the initiation of the
mission operations phase of the Skylab
Program Office [ 1881.
MAY: At MSFC Mr. Waite, Manager
E x p e r i m e n t Development and Payload
Evaluation Project, Skylab Program Office,
announced the appointment of Henry B. AIRLOCK FLIGHT UNIT IN ASSEMBLY
Floyd, I11 as his Deputy [ 1891. AT MDAC-ED
63
June 1971
ATM PROTOTYPE CONTROLS AND DISPL.AY

DURING CHECKOUT AT MSFC
JUNE 3: A Skylab Workshop test unit arrived

at MSFC aboard the NASA barge “Orion.” I t
FINAL’ASSEMBLy
OF PRoTOTYPE calne from MSC where it had been through
AT MSFC vibration and acoustic testing. This test unit
was a ground test version of the Workshop
which would be used in the Skylab Program t o
accommodate teams of three astronauts for
stays up to 56 doys in earth orbit. While at
MSFC the Workshop, called a “dyrtamic test
article,’‘ was modified for extensive static
structural testing. It was placed in MSFC’s huge
dynamic test tower for the test series. A
2-month test program was scheduled to start
about November 1. Soon after arrival at MSFC,
the Workshop was moved to the Product
Engineering and Process Technology
hboratory. There it was outfitted with test
instrumentation and a simulated meteoroid
shield. Technicians also did some minor rework
on thc inside of the stage. The Astronautics
Lahoratory at MSFC also conducted tests on
the Workshop model. Loads placed on the
vehicle simulated the forces which the main
structural elements of the Workshop would
ATM FLIGHT EXPERIMENT NRL-A IN encounter prior to launch and during launch
CHECKOUT AT MSFC and orbital flight [ 1901 .
64
June 1971
ATM VIBRATION UNIT IN VIBRATION

TEST AT MSFC
INSTALLATION OF WORKSHOP TEST

ARTICLE INTO THE DYNAMIC JUNE 21: Four MSFC engineers took part in
TEST TOWER AT MSFC discussions with Russian counterparts regarding
the possibility of developing compatible space
JUNE 7: In a step toward building orbital docking equipment. The meeting between U.S.
space stations, the Soviet Union’s manned space agency officials and about 20 Russian
Soyuz 1 1 linked up with the space laboratory officials occurred at the Manned Spacecraft
Salute launched 7 weeks earlier, and three Center, Houston, Texas. Attending from MSFC
cosmonauts went aboard. The two craft were George Hardy of the Skylab Program
together formed a vehicle 60 feet long, 12 feet Office, Joe Cremin of the Aero-Astrodynamics
in diameter, and weighed 25 tons. Portending Laboratory, Melvin Brooks of the Astronautics
an era of orbiting space stations in which Laboratory, and Robert G. Eudy of the
MSFC hoped to play a major role, the Russian Astrionics Laboratory. Hardy had been in a
news agency declared that “A Soviet manned group of five Americans who initiated these
orbital scientific station is functioning.” The discussions in Moscow last October [ 1931.
linkup climaxed a chase through space lasting
more than 25 hours. Soyuz 11 streaked into JUNE 23: NASA announced receipt of more
orbit the morning of June 6 and began than 600 proposals from potential domestic
pursuing Salute, launched April 19. Aboard and international users of data expected from
Soyuz 11 were three cosmonauts: Viktor ERTS and Earth Resources Experiment
Patsayev, Vladimir Volkov, and Lt. Col. George Package to be carried on Skylab. It was the
Dobrovolsky [ 19 11 . greatest number of proposals for experiments
ever received by NASA in response to
JUNE 17: Vibration testing was successfully announcement of opportunity for analysis of
completed on the ATM vibration unit at spacederived data. ERTS-A would be launched
MSFC. Following vibration testing the unit was in spring 1972 and ERTS-B in 1973. First
prepared for shipment to MSC where it was Skylab carrying EREP would be launched in
used in the payload assembly vibroacoustic test 1973. Proposals in response to February
[ 1921. invitation had come from more than 550
65
June -July 1971
domestic and 80 international sources. They NASA expressed condolences over the death of
were being evaluated by nine panels of more the three cosmonauts and speculated that it
t h a n 100 scientific experts in various must have been machine failure rather than
disciplines [ 194). human failure that caused the accident. Dr.
Low indicated that a failure in the
JUNE 25: Authority to proceed on the ATM environmental control system was one of the
CaIibration Rocket Program was given to prime suspects. He stated that it was very
determine the amount of degradation of the unlikely that this problem in the Soviet’s
Harvard College Observatory and the Naval spacecraft would cause a delay in NASA’s
Research Laboratory experiments data during Shuttle or Skylab programs [ 1961.
the Skylab mission. Degradation due t o
decrease in mirror reflectivity, changes in JULY 8 and 9: The final Skylab Subsystem
photographic film sensitivity, gamma and Review was conducted in Washingtort, D.C.
background fogging, aging of filters and These reviews, started on November 17, 1970.
gratings cduld cause misinterpretation of the were an in-depth look at the Skylab
solar data. To improve the data evaluation, Subsystems by NASA top management. NASA
sounding rockets were proposed to launch Headquarters set the requirement for these as a
instruments similar in concept to those in the result of the Apollo 13 Accident Review Board
ATM during the mission after calibration to a recommendation to ensure that the Skylab
known light source. These instruments would Mission had adequate satety and reliability in
be pointed to some of the same solar areas at its development. Mr. Charles W. Mathews was
which the ATM was pointed and the returned chairman of the team. All formal action items
data would be compared to the ATM data from the previous reviews were closed out in
[ 1951. the fmal meeting [ 1971.
JUNE 30: Russia’s worst space tragedy t o JULY 16: NASA approved the award to the
date brought quick reassurance from NASA the Boeing Company of a contract modification
NASA’s Skylab and Space Shuttle programs for systems engineering and integration work
should not be affected. The tragedy occurred on the Saturn V launch vehicle. The
as the three Soyuz 11 cosmonauts died on June modification was valued at 29,773,858 dollars
30, 197 1, as their spaceship brought them back and would extend Boeing’s integration work
to earth from the world’s first manned orbital through December 31, 1972. The basic
space laboratory and a record of nearly 24 days contract began in September 1964. Included in
in space. An official announcement said the the modification was work on requirements for
t h r e e s p a c e m e n ( L t . Colonel Gedrgy Saturn V vehicles that would launch the
Dobrovolsky , Flight Engineer Vladislav remaining Apoilo lunar exploration missions
Volkov, and Test Engineer Viktor Patsayev) (Apollo 15, 16, and 17) and the Skylab
completed their flight program the day before Program’s Saturn workshop. Boeing’s systems
and communicated with ground control on engineering and integration work at the time of
their way down. Soyuz 11 made a smooth this modification award included requirements
landing where it was supposed to, the and docurnen tation for presettings for onboard
announcement said, but the rescue crew that computers that determined launch events,
opened the hatch found the men dead. .The propellant loadings for all three vehicle stages,
announcement published by Tass, the official vehicle structural integrity, expected heating
Soviet news agency, said the cause of the environments, range safety, tracking and
deaths was being investigated. It gave no communication data, and post-flight
indication what that might be. In a NASA news reconstruction of launch data. Boeing was also
conference called on this same date by Dr. MSFC’s contractor for manufacture and testing
George M. Low at 1:30 p.m., Huntsville time, of the fmt (SIC)stage of the Saturn V [ 1981.
66
JULY 20: The selection of the Centrifugal MSC during a test readiness review meeting
Separator Urine Collection S y s t e m , held at MSC. The board ruled that the test
manufactured b y H a m i l t o n Standard operations could proceed as planned [2003.
Company, was made by MSFC and approved
by NASA Headquarters in lieu of the Two Bag AUGUST 1 1 : An in-residence Orbital
System, manufactured by Fairchild Hiller Workshop task ieam was established at
Company. The selection was made primarily MDAC-W (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
for its ability t o meet the required 2-percent Company-Western Division) by MSFC. The
volume measurement accuracy and less storage team’s purpose was to provide timely
area required for bags i1991. programmatic and technical interface with and
response to the contractor in matters relating
to hardware design, development, qualification,
manufacturing and checkout. W.K. Simmons,
Jr., MSFC Orbital Workshop Project Manager,
was appointed leader of the team whose
members represented the various MSFC
technical disciplines. Due to the significant
number of MSC operational and hardware
interfaces with the Workshop, MSC assigned
James Shows and Richard Truly as members of
the team I201 1.
SEPTEMBER 8: The ATM Prototype was

delivered to M S C aboard the Super Guppy
aircraft. At MSC, the prototype was scheduled
for extensive thermal vacuum chamber testing
[ 2023.
STACKING OF SKYLAB PAYLOAD

ASSEMBLY AT MSC FOR
ACOUSTIC TESTiNG
JULY 29: Skyiab payload assembly acoustic

test requirements, test article status and
discrepancies, facility preparations status, and ATM PROTOTYPE IN CHECKOUT AT MSFC
safety assessment were reviewed by MSFC and PRIOR TO SHIPMENT TO MSC
67
ATM PROTOTYPE IN THE THERMAL

VACUUM CHAMBER AT MSC
S E P T E M B E R 1 5 : T h e MDA Crew
Compartment Stowage Review was held
September 13-15. 1971, at MMC Denver,
utilizing the one-g trainer. Eight crewmen
participated, including newly promoted
Admiral Alan Shepard of Apollo 14 fame
[203].
SEPTEMBER 23: One of the primary PAYLOAD SHROUD FLIGHT UNIT IN

concerns of the Skylab program was one of FINAL ASSEMBLY AT MDAC-WD
weight control. A weight control limit of
196 000 pounds was established in order to
maintain vehicle attitude control. To insure OCTOBER 1: The AM Crew Compartment
program visibility of the weight growth Stowage Review was held from September 29
situation, a series of monthly telecon meetings to October 1 , 197 1, at the McDonnell Douglas
was initiated in December 1970 with the facility at St. Louis, Missouri. Several crewmen
Skylab Program Office, MSC, and MSFC attended this review 12061.
participating. As a result, reasonable control
weights were established, weight reporting OCTOBER 4: The Manned Space Flight
procedures were streamlined, and the maturity Experiment Board approved the following
of weight data significantly improved [ 2041. changes to the Iist of corollary experiments for
the Skylab Program. The following experiments
SEPTEMBER 24: NASA accepted the Skylab were added [ 2071 :
payload shroud (nosecone) from the
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company. M5 16 Crew Activities/Maitltenance
This shroud, 60 feet long with a 22-foot
diameter, weighed almost 26,000 pounds and M55 I Metals Melting
was the first major piece of Skylab hardware to
be delivered to NASA [2051. M552 Exothermic Brazing
68
October 1971
M553 Sphere Forming of 40 feet deep and 75 feet wide, ,which
simulated t h e weightlessness of space
M554 Composite Casting environment [210].
M555 GaAs Crystal Growth

Earth Terrain Camera
OCTOBER 8: The MDA one% trainer amved

at MSC. Installation began immediately for use
in the astronaut m w training 12081.
ATM 1-G TRAINER LOADING ON BARGE AT

MSFC FOR SHIPMENT TO MSC
SKYLABIMDA NASA TRAINER - INTERIOR

VIEW
OCTOBER 11: Training mockups of two

Skylab spacecraft components (the Orbital
Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount)
arrived a t MSC aboard the NASA barge Orion
from MSFC. The shipment also included the
multiple docking adapter exterior shell and
portion of the airlock module mockup.
Trainers and hardware would be used by MSC
for training prospective Skylab crewmen for WORKSHOP 1-C TRAINER DELIVERED TO
OCTOBER 15: NASA announced that Skylab

astronauts would begin extravehicular training
in pressurized suits in the MSFC Neutral OCTOBER 18: The AM one-g trainer arrived
Buoyancy Space Simulator later in 1971. at MSC on a contingent of six trucks, the first
Mockups of the Skylab space laboratory arriving on October 14 and the last arri\+ng
modules had been submerged in a water tank October 18, 1971 [211].
69
OCTOBER 19: The Saturn IB first stage for NOVEMBER 15: in a letter to Dr. Rees,
the first manned Skylab launch vehicle was MSFC Center Director, Mr. Dale Myers,
removed from the environmentally controlled Associate Administrator for Manned Space
enclosure at Michoud Assembly Facility after a Flight, announced the formation of an MSF
3-year hibernation. This booster, one of nine Task Team to conduct a “Mid-Term” Review
IB stages stored there in December 1968, of the Skylab Program. The stated objectives
would begin a IO-month refurbishment were to assess the validity of the Skylab
program in preparation for Spring of 1973 Program Plan in terms of scope of work
launch [212]. planned and its relation to schedules and
resources, to validate the run-out cost with a
NOVEMBER 2: Dr. Fletcher, NASA new and bottoms-up estimate of resources
Administrator, approved the Skylab Student required to completion, and to make
Project, a joint effort between NASA and the management and technical recommendations as
National Science Teachers Association to required. The Task Team was scheduled t o
stimulate interest in science and technology by complete its work before Christmas of 1971
directly involving students in space research. In with a report to the Management Council at
this project, experiments proposed by students the January meeting [ 215 1.
would be conducted by the astronauts on -
board Skylab in the course of the three N 0V E M B E R 17: MSFC announced that
planned missions. MSFC was directed by the Skylab flight hardware manufacturing was
Skylab Program Director to perform the nearing cornple t i o n . Post-manufacturing
development and integration efforts and to be checkout would soon begin at industrial and
the NASA interface with the students. Upon G o v e r n m e n t installations. Major Skylab
selection, MSFC would design and fabrjcite the spacecraft components as of ,the date of this
experiments 1213 ] . announcement included the Workshop, Apollo
Telescope Mount solar observatory, airlock
hlOVEMBER 11: NASA added an astronaut module, and the multiple docking adapter
shower into the Workshop crew quarters [216].
[2141.
ASTRONAUT SHOWER WORKSHOP INSTALLATION INTO WORKSHOP FLIGHT

MOCKUP UNIT PRIOR TO START OF CHECKOUT
70
November 1971
FINAL ASSEMBLY OF ATM FLIGHT UNIT
FINAL ASSEMBLY OF MDA FLIGHT UNIT
NOVEMBER 26: MSFC awarded the Chrysler

Corporation's Space Division a contract
modification for additional work on Saturn IB
launch vehicle booster stages. The contract
extension was valued at 5,804,216 dollars, and
the work would run through January 3 1, 1974.
The additional work involved refurbishment of
four S-IB booster stages that would be used in
the Skylab Program in 1973. The fourth
vehicle (SA-209) would be assigned to Skylab
as a backup. All four stages had been in storage
for several years and would have to be
refurbished. The rriajor portion of the work
would involve the removing of these stages
from storage, preparing them for delivery to
KSC, and providing launch support to them
throughout the Skylab launch readiness period,
which would end in early 1974. Most of the
work would be done at Michoud in New
Orleans, and some work would be done at
Huntsville [217].
FINAL ASSEMBLY OF AIRLOCK MODULE NOVEMBER 29: MSFC amended a contract

FLIGHT UNIT with the General Electric Company for support
71
November - December 1971
of the Saturn Program to allow modifications D E C E M B E R 9: T h e MDA Crew
in support of the Skylab Program. The contract Campartment Fit and Function Test was held
change was valued at 3,967,894 dollars and at MMC December 7-9, 1971. Skylab crewmen
would be completed by April 1, 1972. The participated [2201.
basic contract was for engineering and logistics
support by General Electric of Saturn launch
vehicle ground support equipment at KSC and
for opcrations of a systems development DECEMBER 13: The Manned Space Flight
facility (a “breadboard” simulator) at MSFC Experiment Board approved the following
and was scheduled to be completed by changes to the list of corollary experiments for
December 31, 1973. The new work detailed t h e Skylab Program. Experiment TO18
the manufacture and delivery of modificrttion (Precision Optical Tracking) was deleted
kits for the reconfiguration of ground support 1221 1.
equipment at KSC’s Launch Complex 39’ to
provide a Saturn IB launch capability to
support Skylab [2181.
DECEMBER 15: The prototype of the Skylab
NOVEMBER 30: Dr. Rees was so impressed Apollo Telescope Mount (ATkl) came back to
by a speech that NASA Administrator Dr. MSFC from MSC. The ATM protot)ipe arrived
Fletcher made before the National Space Club aboard the Super Guppy aircraft. At MSFC,
in Washington on November 18. 1971 , that he the ATM was placed in a clean room in tlie
sent the following memorandum to all key Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory,
MSFC officials: “Your attention is invited to where it would undergo systems checkout.
the enclosure, an address by Dr. Fletcher to tlie Following the Quality Laboratory checkout,
National Space Club. This address entitled, the prototype would undergo vibration testing
‘The NASA Space Program Today - and in the Astronautics Laboratory, and then
Tommorrow,’ is an excellent work, dealing would hc refurbished and serve as a backup for
clearly and concisely with matters pertaining to the flight model. While at MSC, the ATM
the Shuttle. In defining the current status and prototype. which was assernbled at MSFC, was
in announcing plans for the future, the subjected t o space conditions in a large
document stabilizes the NASA course in clear chamber used for testing the Apollo spacecraft
and unmistakable terms. The address is of great [2221.
interest and value to everyone at Marshall.
Accordingly, I ask that you give it the widest
possible distribution within your office or
directorate .” DECEMBER 15: An inter-Center agreement
was approved between the Manned Spacecraft
In the address cited by Dr. Kees in his Center and Marshall Space Flight Center
memorandum. one of the points made by Dr. detailing the responsibilities of the two Centers
Fletcher was that in the immediate future, for Skylab flight crew training in the Neutral
NASA’s space efforts should center in space Buoyancy Simulator at MSFC. The agreement
around the earth, and that with programs such was approved by Kenneth S . Kleinknecht for
as Skylab and the Space Shuttle, NASA would the Manned Spacecraft Center and by Leland
have an ideal opportunity to bring space F. Belew for the Marshall Space Flight Center
dividends back to earth [ 2191, [ 2231.
72
,
December 1971
DECEMBER 17: MSFC announced that it

had accepted the flight multiple docking
adapter for Skylab at the Martin Marietta
Corporation facility in Denver, Colorado. Five
days later. the flight MDA went from Denver
to the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
Company facility in St. Louis, Missouri, aboard
the Super Guppy aircraft 12241. .
PREPARATION OF MDA FLIGHT UNIT FOR

SHIPMENT TO MDAC-ED
73
. X_....._L_I., . ,, .,...., . ... ... .... . ~ ~ ".,, . .
, , ... ,,__ ... . ........
January 1972
1972 JANUARY 19: Skylab crew press conference,
with prime and backup crewmen, was held at
MSC. Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., said
JANUARY 11: During the MSF management preparations were on schedule for April 1973
council meeting held on January 1 1-1 2, two of launch. Contractor checkouts and tests of
the major council agreements were: to retain hardware were expected to be completed for
the currently planned Skylab launch readiness delivery to KSC in7uly. Skylab would carry
date of April 30, 1973; and to assign no more some 20 000 pieces of stowage equipment on
experiment or other effort requiring changes to board to provide fife support for 9 men for 140
hardware, flight plans, or training 1225 1 . days. “So it all goes up at one time, and we’ve
got a great deal of work to do, not only to
J A N U A R Y 18: Approval was given by learn how to operate this vehicle but also all
Headquarters for the addition of a video tape the experiments in it. It became apparent that
recorder to the Skylab TV System, after a we could not be 100 percent cross-trained as
presentation on the subject t o Mr. Myers and we had been in Apollo, so we’ve ...defined some
Mr. Schneider at MSFC. The addition of the areas for each guy to become expert in ... That
recorder will provide increased flexibility and allowed us to balance out the training hours.
the capability for more TV coverage. Playback Right now...we have some 2000 training hours
of the recorder will be controlled by the per man defined. We’ve been working on the
ground [2261. basic training for the past year...[ and] our
training hardware ...[ is] going t o be available to
J A N U A R Y 18: MSFC assigned Wayne u s f o r training ...a b o u t February 1.”
Patterson as the AM/MDA integrated test Commander would have overall responsibility
manager on site at MDAC-E with additional for mission and would be CSM expert. Science
MSFC personnel representing various technical pilot would be expert in all medical equipment
disciplines as required and resident office and in ATM and its associated hardware. Pilot
personnel to support the AM/MDA flight would be expert in Orbital Workshop systems
hardware integrated testing. He was responsible and electrical systems. Remaining experiments
for coordination of all interfaces between MSC, would be divided among crew members
MSFC, KSC, MMC, and MDAC-E relative to according to availability and choice [ 2291.
the tests. This included scheduling of all
planned a n d unplanned manufacturing,
retrofit, modification, and repair on the
Airlock and MDA [ 227).
JANUARY 18: NASA annobxed the names

of the Skylab astronaut prime and backup
crews. For Skylab Mission I , astronauts named
were Charles Conrad, Jr., Joseph Kerwin, and
Paul Weitz, for Mission 2, astronauts named
were Alan Bean, Owen Garriott, and Jack
Lousma, and for Mission 3, astronauts named
were Gerald Carr, Edward Gibson, and William
Pogue. Backup astronauts for Mission 1 would
he Russell Schweickart, Story Musgrave, and
Bruce McCandless: backup astronauts for
Missions 2 and 3 would be Vance Brand,
William Lenoir, and Don Lind [ 2281. SKYLAB PRIME CREWS
”-

77
January - Febri a r y 1472
JANUARY 28: The ATM flight unit was
delivered to the Quality Laboratory to begin
post-manufacturingcheckout E2301.
ASTRONAUT MUSGRAVE AT ATM SUN

END WORK STATION
ATM FLIGHT UNIT IN QUAL LAB PRIOR

TO ENTERING CHECKOUT STATION
F E 8 R UA R Y 9: Formal astronaut crew

training began in neutral buoyancy at MSFC.
Astronauts Pete Conrad, Joseph Kerwin. Rusty
Schweickart, and Story Musgrave performed ASTRONAUT SCHWEJCKART AT FAS
EVA exercises in the neutral buoyancy tank WORK STATION DEPLOYING BOOM
[2311. WITH FILM MAGAZINE ATTACHED
78
February 1972
FEBRUARY 11: NASA awarded a contraci with delivery of the remainder in sight, and
modification t o t h e Martin Marietta operating of Skylab in orbit will begin before
Corporation to cover additional work relative the end of the coming Fiscal Year.”
to Skylab Program Payload Integration, the
multiple docking adapter, and the ATM C&D Skylab offered “an Earth observation
console. This modification required the capability never before available’’ to U.S.
contractor to provide additional ground manned spacecraft. During an 8-month
support equipment for horizontal checkout of mission, Skylab would fly over entire U.S.
the MDA [2321. except Alaska, over much of Europe, ail of
Africa, Australia. China. and almost all of
FEBRUARY 18: Vibration testing began on South America - covering 75 percent of
the ATM prototype at MSFC. After vibration earth’s surface and passing over each point
testing, the prototype was scheduled for every five days. By the end of 1971, 388
disassembly and refurbishment to become the investigations requiring Skylab data had been
backup ATM flight unit [ 2331. submitted, 249 U.S.and 39 foreign. Of these,
164 had been identified for further study.
Skylab was “first manned space flight program
designed specifically to carry activities and
equipment explicitly aimed at improving man’s
life on earth. It will contribute significantly to
the increase of knowledge of pure science and
is also a primitive space station, a forerunner of
permanent space stations of the future.”
Earth-oriented sensors would test technology
for synoptic surveys of many environmental
and ecological factors and give preliminary data
for management of ecological systems. Solar
and astronomical observations and other
science experiments would expand knowledge
of solar system, universe, and nearearth space.
Biomedical experiments would inform how
man’s well-being and ability to function were
affected by living in space [234 1 .
FEBRUARY 24: Deployment tests of Skylab

Workshop meteoroid shield were underway at
Marshall Space Flight Center. The meteoroid
shield, a thin sheet of aluminum wrapped
around outer wall, would protect Skylab
crewmen from micrometeoroids and ensure
comfortable temperature in space [2351.
ATM PROTOTYPE ON SHAKER TABLE
IN PREPARATION FOR VIBRATION TEST FEBRUARY 28: A review of the Skylab
program was made in December 1972 by a
Skylab program midterm task team. Among
FEBRUARY 22: Skylab Program Director the findings of the task team were: Although
William C. Schneider outlined the program’s there is Iittle margin left in the schedule for
progress: “Manufacture is largely complete, contingencies. there were no known reasons
test and checkout are progressing satisfactorily, why the launch date bf April 30, 1973, could
delivery of certain components has occurred not be met; planned resources were sufficient
79
February - March 1972
--
to support the program on the established
schedule ; a comprehensive and systematic
program of reviews, tests, and analyses were
performed to produce high confidence in
technical performance with reliability and
safety; a greater number of formal detailed
program level plans and intercen ter agreements
were required in Skylab than in earlier
programs because of complexities of technical
organizational interfaces; limitations on travel
funds created problems; there was some
concern regarding the EREP where costs
exceeded the original plan; technical problems
remained; and PI’S had not been selected
[ 2361.
MARCH 5: The airlock and MDA flight units

were hardmated at MDAC-ED. These units
would remain mated through checkout,
delivery to KSC, launch, and throughout the
mission [237l.
MOA FLIGHT UNIT A f MDAC-EO PRIOR TO
MATING WITH THE AIRLOCK FLIGHT UNIT
AIRLOCK MODULE FLIGHT UNIT PRIOR MATING OF AIRLOCK AND MOA FLIGHT
TO MATING WITH MDA FLIGHT UNIT UNITS AT MDAC-ED
80
~ ~~ ~~
.... . ... . .. ... ... ....... . ..... .... ........ . .
March - May 1972

MARCH 27: More than 87,946 application
forms for participation in the Skylab Student
Project had been requested of the National
Science Teachers Association, which was
managing the activity for NASA. NASA
e s t i m a t e d t h a t approximately 50,000
applicants were requesting these forms. From
this number, NASA received 3409 proposals.
The Skylab Student Project was designed to
stimulate interest in science and technology by
directly involving U.S. school students in
grades 9 through 12. Entries consisted of
proposals by students ot groups of students for SKYLAB STUDENT EXPERIMENT PROJECT
experiments, demonstrations, or activities to be LOCATION OF 25 NATIONAL WINNERS
performed by astronauts during Skylab
missions in 1973 [2381.
APRIL 30: MSFC announced that it had
APRIL 3: The first major delivery of Skylab designed and built a compact shower assembly
ground support equipment to KSC was for use on Skylab earth-orbital missions
accomplished when the Saturn Workshop beginning in 1973. The shower would remain
integra tion electrical support equipment stored on the floor when not in use. Astronauts
arrived [239]. would step inside the ring on the floor and
raise fireproof beta cloth curtain on a hoop and
attach it to the ceiling. The flexible hose with a
push-button shower nozzle could spray 2.8
Iiters (3 quarts) of water from a personal
hygiene tank during each bath. Used water
would be vacuumed from shower enclosure
into a disposable bag and deposited in the
waste tank [ 241 ] .
MAY 1: MSFC announced completion of the

largest solar-cell-array system for electric power
ever devised for spacecraft. Two arrays, with
almost 236 square meters (2540 square feet) of
surface area, would use ,sunlight to power
electrical systems of Orbital Workshop, Apollo
Telescope Mount, and other major components
of Skylab cluster scheduled for launch in 1973.
Each array could provide 10 500 watts of
power - more than twice average level needed
for three-bedroom house - at 328'K (130OF)
DELIVERY OF SWS ELECTRICAL SUPPORT during 58- to 69-minute portion of each
EQUIPMENT TO KSC 94-minute orbit [242].
APRl L 6: NASA announced the 25 national MAY 8: NASA officials met with 25 national
winners in the Skylab Student Experiment winners in the Skylab Student project
Project [2401. competition at Marshall Space Flight Center to
81
May 1971
discuss design of student’s space experiments American and a Soviet spacecraft and a
and demonstrations. During the visit students coordinated effort to explore and share
toured MSFC laboratories and Alabama Space information on space. The agreement was
and Rocket Center [ 2431 . formally signed May 24, 1972, in Moscow
[247).
MAY 11: The ATM Crew Compartment Fit
and Function (C2F2) was conducted at MSFC.
Skylab astronauts participated in this review in
which ATM flight cameras and film cassettes
were checked against their mission interfaces.
[2441.
M A Y 17: Skylab Orbital Configuration
Vibration Modal Survey test requirements,
facility overview, automatic modal tuning and
analysis system status, test article status, data
processing and handling, shaker installation,
and miscellaneous items were reviewed by the
test readiness board at MSC. It was concluded NASA’s FIRST 1973 SKYLAB FLIGHT WAS
that all mandatory test preparations and plans ON THE HORIZON AS THE U.S. AND
were complete and the test could proceed as U.S.S.R. SIGN THEIR HISTORIC
scheduled [ 2451. MAY 24,1972, SPACE AGREEMENT
IN MOSCOW
MAY 19: Skylab statistics were released by
NASA. Spacecraft, to be launched by two-stage M A Y 2 4 - 2 6 : T h e W o r k s h o p Crew
Saturn V rocket in spring 1973, would contain Compartment Fit and Function Test (C2F2)
370 cubic meters (13 000 cubic feet) of was conducted at MDAC-WD.Two astsonaut
working and living space. More than 13 000 crews participated in the rcview which
individual ‘items weighing a total of 5000 consisted of reviewing the Workshop flight
kilograms ( 1 1 000 pounds) for longduration article and the approximately 8000 stowage
space mission would be stowed, including 91 0 items and their respective stowage locations
.
kilograms (2000 pounds) of food, more than [2481.
2700 kilograms (6000 pounds) of water, 60
changes of astronaut jackets, shirts and 1
trousers, 210 pairs of shorts, 30 constant-wear
garments, 15 pairs of boots and gloves, 55 bars
of soap, 96 kilograms (210 pounds) of towels,
1800 urine and fecal bags, 156 rolls of teleprin t
paper, 104 film magazines, medical kit, 108
pens and pencils, and vacuum cleaner [ 2461 .
M A Y 24: President Richard Nixon and

Premier Alexei N. Kosygin signed a 5-year
agreement between the Government of the
United States of America and the Government
of the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics on
cooperation in the fields of Science and
Technology. The Space Agreement included WORKSHOP FLIGHT UNIT WORK AND
the rendezvous and docking in earth orbit of an EXPERIMENT AREA DURING C2 F2
82
June 1972
JUNE 2: The Manned Space Flight
changes to .the list of corollary experiments for
the Skyhib Prognun [249]. The following
experiments were added:
S228 Trans-Uranic Cosmic Rays
M5 18 Multipurpose Furnace System

M556 V a p o r G r o w t h of ii-Vi
Compounds
WORKSHOP FLIGHT UNIT WARDROOM M557 Immiscible Alloy Compositions

DURING C2F2 M558 Radioactive Tracer Diffusion
M559 Microsegregation in Germanium
M560 Growth of Spherical Crystals
M561 Whisker Reinforced Composites
M562 Indium Antimonide Crystals
M563 Mixed 111-VCrystal Growth
M564 Metal and Halide Eutetics
M565 Silver Grids Melted in Space
WORKSHOP FLIGHT UNIT FORWARD

M566 Copper-Aluminum Eutetic
AREA DURING C2F2 JUNE 2: The ATM fight unit successfully
completed vibration acceptance testing at
MSFC. The unit went through a modification
period prior to shipment to MSC on June 23,
1972 [2501.
JUNE 6: The AM/MDA Crew Compartment

Fit and Function Test was completed at
MDAC-E [25 11.
J U N E 2 3 : T h e p a y l o a d assembly
vibroacoustic test was completed. The dynamic
test hardware was then to be used for platform
i7t checks before destacking and shipment to
POST-APOLLO MILESTONES OF THE 1970's MSFC on August 1,1972 [2521.
83
I
June -July 1972
ATM FLIGHT UNIT IN SHIPPING

CONTAINER IN PREPARATION
FOR DELIVERY TO MSC
JULY 18: "lie Skylab menu, in addition to

ATM FLIGHT UNIT UNDERGOING being the most palatable menu carried into
VIBRATION TESTING IN PORTABLE space, was also designed' to meet the
CLEAN ROOM AT MSFC requirements and objectives of an important
series of medical investigations. There were a
JUNE 23: The ATM flight unit was delivered number of preflight, inflight, and postflight
to MSC by the Super Guppy aircraft for medical experiments which would be
thermal vacuum testing. A configuration d e p e n d e n t on a detailed, quantitative
turnover review was conducted prior to knowJedge of what each crew member
delivery [253]. consumed throughout his exposure to orbital
flight. The food system for Skylab was
designed to maintain a calorie level of between
2000 and 2800 calories. It was baselined to
provide at least the minimum dietary
allowances of protein, carbohydrate, fat,
minerals, and vitamins recommended by the
National Academy of Science. The menu
included such items as tomato soup, scrambled
eggs, turkey and gravy, prime rib of beef,
lobster Newburg, desserts, and beverages
1254 1.
JULY 26: The Skylab Medical Experiment

Altitude Test (SMEAT), conducted by a test
~ r e wof three astronauts, begm on July 26.
ATM FLIGHT UNIT LEAVING QUALITY A s t r o n a u t s Robert Crippen, the crew
LABORATORY PRIOR TO DELIVERY commander; Dr. William 'Thornton, the science
TO MSC pilot; and Karol Bobko, the pilot, would spend
84
56 days in a 20-foot chamber designed to following personnel appointments were made
simulate t h e Skylab orbital workshop by Leland F. Belew, Program Manager [2581:
atmosphere. This ground-based simulation test
was intended primarily for the purpose of George B. Hardy, Manager
obtaining and evaluating baseline medical data
for 16 medical experiments scheduled for Robert E. Pace, Deputy Manager,
Skylab involving studies of the cardiovascular Operations
system, the expenditure of energy to do
measured work, and food and nutritional Carlos C. Hagood, Deputy Manager,
investigations. The test crew was also engaging . Svstems
in a full schedule of activities involving work,
eating, leisure, recreation, and sleep [2551. Richard A, Marmann, Chief, Mission
Engineering and Operations Integration
AUGUST 3: The AM/MDA altitude chamber Branch
test was completed in St. Louis with the flight
crew participating in one ambient and one Daniel M. Germany, Chief, Test,
altitude run. The crew was at altitude for 8 Engineering and Operations Integration
houri and 4 minutes. Time was allowed for a Branch
2day run. However, it was not needed since
the run went smoothly [ 2561. Harry L. McDaris, Chief, Crew Systems
Engineering and Operations Integration
AUGUST 22: The Saturn IB first stage for the Branch
Skylab 2 amved at the Kennedy Space Center
aboard the NASA barge “Orion” and was Leslie F. Adams. Chief, Integration
immediately offloaded for processing in the Support Branch
Vehicle Assembly Building. Following
preliminary checkout in the VAB transfer aisle, Luther E. Powell, Chief, Electrical and
the S-IB-206 first stage will be erected atop the Communications Systems Engineering
39-meter (1 2$-foot) tall pedestal on Mobile and Integration Branch
Launcher 1 on August 31. The stage arrival
marked the first time in nearly four years that John W. Thomas, Chief, Mechanical
the 7168 kilonewton (1.6 million pound) and Control Systems Engineering and
thrust launch vehicle will have undergone flight Integration Branch
preparation in the VAB. The Saturn IB was last
launched by KSC from Launch Complex 34 on Carmine E. DeSanctis, Chief,
October 11, 1968, on the first manned mission Experiment Systems Engineering and
of the Apollo lunar landing series - Apollo 7. Integration Branch
That 1 I-day Earth orbital flight of Astronauts
Walter M. Schirra, Donn F. Eisle, and Walter SEPTEMBER 7: The Skylab Program reached
Cunningham proved the flightworthiness of the one of its final milestones with the
Apollo command/service module. A totaf of completion of the Orbital Workshop, the main
three Saturn IB’s would be launched from Pad section of the Skylab Space Station. As of this
B of Launch Complex 39 during the Skylab date, the Workshop was ready for shipment to
program [ 2571 Cape Kennedy from the McDonnell-Douglas
Astronautics Company, Huntington Beach,
AUGUST: As the Skylab Rograrn entered the California. For the previous several days,
operational phase, the Program Engineering NASA inspectors had been busy in California
and Integration Project, Skylab Program m a k i n g last-minute inspection of the
Office. MSFC. was reorganized and the 9SSO-cubic-foot Workshop, in final
85
September 1972
configuration resembling that of a Saturn V
moon rocket third state, which is 22 feet in
diameter and 48 feet long. A special ceremony
a t M c Donne11 Douglas commemorated
completion of this largest manned spacecraft
component the US. had produced to date, a
flying laboratory with a volume equivalent to
that of a five-room house. NASA officials from
Washington who attended the completion
ceremonies included NASA Administrator Dr.
James C. Fletcher, accompanied by Casper TRANSFER OF OWS, PAYLOAD SHROUD,
Weinburger, Direction of the Office of AND AFT INTERSTAGE FROM POINT
Management and Budget: Other space agency BARROW TO KSC DOCK AT VAB
officials present were William Schneider,
Skylab Progam Director in Washington, and
Dr. Eberhard Rees, MSFC Director. Also
attending from MSFC were Leland Belew,
MSFC’s Skylab Program Manager, and William
Simmons, MSFC’s Workshop Manager. Others
attending the dedication were Kenneth S.
Kteinknecht, Skylab Program Manager at
Houston’s Manned Spacecraft Center, Salter J.
Kapryan, Director of Kennedy Launch
Operations, and Robert C. Hock, Skylab
Program Management at Kennedy Space
Center. The following day, September 8 . the
Workshop would leave Seal Beach aboard the
USNS Point Barrow. It would arrive at
Kennedy Space Center 13 days later via the
Panama Canal [2591.
ERECTION OF OWS AND MATE TO S-ll

STAGE IN VAB
WORKSHOP TURNOVER CEREMONY AT SEPTEMBER 22: Following completion of

MOAC-W the thermal-vacuum testing of the ATM flight
(Left to Ri@t: W. Shapley, C. Weinberger, Dr. J. Flewher, unit at MSC, it was shipped to KSC aboard the
Dr. E. Rees, W. Burke, and D. Myers) Super Guppy aircraft [ 2601 .
86
UNLOADlNG ATM FROM SUPER GUPPY

AT KSC
UNLOADlNG AM/MDA FROM COMMERCIAL
GUPPY AT KSC
REMOVING ATM FROM TRANSPORTATION

CONTAINER IN O&C BLDG
SEPTEMBER 29: The Workshop flight unit

was stacked on the S-11-513 in the VAB and
stack testing started [ 26 1 ] .
OCTOBER 6: The Airlock Module-Multiple

Docking Adapter flight units reached KSC
onboard the commercial Guppy from MDAC-E
in St. Louis. This was the final major piece of
Skylab hardware to be delivered to KSC in
preparation for the April 30, 1973, launch
I2621.
OCTOBER 11: Following receipt, inspection, P"
and installation into the class 10 000 clean

room in the O&C building, the ATh4 flight unit REMOVING AM/MDA FROM
checkout was started [ 2631. TRANSPORTER IN O&C BLDG
87
October 1972
was to be mated with the Airfock backup flight

unit and checked out to the point of being
ready to support the Skylab I , April 30. 1973.
launch [ 2661.
INSTALLING ATM IN CLASS 10,000

CLEAN ROOM IN O&C BLDG
OCTOBER 19: The Skylab Cluster Systems

Design Certification Review was conducted at
MSFC. This review concluded the MSFC flight
hardware and systems design certification
effort which had started in early summer. All
hardware was certified for flight subject to
closing out identified open items [ 2641 .
OCTOBER 21: Following receipt, inspection,

and installation into the O&C checkout station,
integrated systems test and experiment test
began on the AM/MDA flight units f2651.
OCTOBER 25: The MDA backuu flidit unit

was delivered to MDAC-E foilowiig the DOCKING TEST OF AM/MDA TO CSM
acceptance review at MMC, Denver. This unit IN O&C BLDG
88
December 1972
MDA BACKUP UNIT AT MMC PRIOR

TO DELIVERY TO MDAC-E
MATING OF AM AND MDA BACKUP

UNITS AT MDAC-E
DECEMBER 7: The last Apollo Mission,

Apollo 17, lift-off occurred at 12:33 a.m. EST.
This was the first nighttime launch of an
Apollo mission and the first t o carry a
professional geologist, Astronaut Harrison
Schmitt. Commander was Eugene Cernan and
Command Module Pilot was Astronaut Ronald
Evans. Launch crews had been busy up to this
time with three major missions, the Apollo 17,
Skylab 1, and Skylab 2 scheduled for launch
April 30 and May 1, .1973, respectively. For
several months there had been concern about
the capability to launch three major missions
within this time frame, because it had not been
done before [267].
DECEMBER 15: The last two ATM flight

solar array wings went to KSC from MSFC by
AM BACKUP UNIT IN PREPARATION Super Guppy. The first two wings went on
FOR MATING TO MDA December 13. These wings were scheduled for
89
December 1972
installation on the ATM in midJanuary 1973

[ 2681.
D E C EM B E R : William Schneider, Skylab

Program Director, and a group of Marshall
Center officials, headed by Dr. Rees, reviewed
the Skylab checkout activity at KSC in early
December. In the group were Dr. Lucas,
Hermann Weidner, James Shephard, Leland
Belew, Jack Lee, Harry Johnstone, Erich
Neubert, Ed Williams, and Richard Smith
[ 2691.
NASA OFFICIALS BY SL-1

LAUNCH VEHICLE
90
1973
91
January 1973
1973 JANUARY 22: An ATM Calibration Rocket
(CALROC) all-up systems launch was
accomplished a t White Sands. This was one of a
JANUARY: ATM backup NRL-A experiment series of launches to qualify the CALROC
and €4-Alpha No. 2 instrument were redelivered program prior to the Skylab mission [ 271 ] .
to MSFC for reassembly into the backup ATM.
The remaining experiments were planned for JANUARY 26: Dr. Eberfiard Rees retired as
delivery in January and February. The ATM Marshall Center Director, having served in that
backup unit was scheduled for reassetnbly and capacity since March 1, 1970. Dr. Rocco A.
wouid he In 8 ChPCkOUf mode by the Skylab ! Petrcxe, Ape!!e Prt?,marr, Elrector, becmle ?!?e
launch date { 270 J . new Center Director [ 2721.
JANUARY 29 & 30: A major milestone was

accomplished when the Airlock ModulelMDA
and ATM flight units checkout was completed
in the O&C building and they were transferred
to the VAB. The AirlockjMDA were mated t o
the launch vehicle on January 29 and the ATM
was mated January 30 12731.
ATM BACKUP UNIT RACK

INSTALLATIONS AT MSFC
THE THREE DIRECTORS OF THE

MARSHALL CENTER STACKING OF AM/MDA ON
From Left: Dr. Petrone, Dr. Rees and Or. Von Braun) SATURN V-513
..-- I -
Preceding page blank 93
February 1973
F E B R U A R Y 14: A t t h e F e b r u a r y
Management Council Meeting it was decided
that the SL-1 and SL-2 launches would not be
able to meet the April 30 and May 1 launch
dates due to delays caused by unexpected
checkout activities involving the modules at
KSC. Tentative launch dates were set for May
14 and 15, respectively-[2741.
FEBRUARY 20: The OWS high fidelity

mockup arrived at MSFC from MDAC-W. It
was updated for use as a systems engineering
mockup along with AM/MDA and ATM
dynamic test articles which were modified at .
MSFC for this use (2751.
ATM STACKING AT KSC
vehicle would remain on the pad undergoing

MATING ATM TO LAUNCH VEHICLE final launch checkout activities until launch
STACK [ 2771.
94
February 1973
OWS, AM, MDA & ATM SYSTEMS ENGR

MOCKUPS IN BLDG 4619
MATING CSM 716 TO LAUNCH VEHICLE

SATURN IB-206 SL-2 IN VEHICLE ASSEMBLY BUILDfNG
95
March 1973
MARCH 1: The second of a series of Skylab
orbital operations simulations, begun on
February 26,1973, were conducted at Johnson
Space Center (JSC) (formerly Manned Space
Center). These represented mission days 138.
139, and 140. MSFC supported these
simulations through active participation in
JSC’s Flight Operations Management Room
( F O M R ) , MSFC’s Huntsville Operations
Support Center (HOSC), and in other mission
support groups. A major effort simulating the
Skylab mission activities was planned from
February until launch to work out mission
support activities and to prepare all elements
for the real time mission support [2791.
MARCH: The OWS backup unit was nearing

completion of installations o f hardwarc and
verification at MDAC-W in preparation for
Skylab mission support f 2801 .
MARCH: While flight hardware checkout

activities were underway at KSC, simulations at
JSC and other activities elsewhere were in full
preparation for the first Skylab mission.
Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Commander;
Paul J . Weitz, Pilot; and Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin,
Science Pilot, were busy training in the OWS,
AM/MDA, ATM, and CM trainers at JSC and
the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator at MSFC
ROLL OUT OF SL-2 [281 I .
MARCH 1: In the MSFC Skylab monthly MARCH 25: The flight hardware successfully
Program Review, D r . Rocco Petrone completed the first total mission operations
established the requirement for an MSFC flight sequence during the Mission Simulation and
hardware integrity review. The review activity Flight Readiness Test. This activity included
was to assure the integrity of MSFCdeveloped the SL-2 astronaut crew participation in the
liardware by reviewing in depth, at the simulated launches of SL-l and SL-2, mission
c o n t r a c t o r s ’ facilities and MSFC, the activation and operation, deactivation, data
specifications, design and design changes, dump, and power down [2821.
failures and test results of critical hardware
components and systems associated with the MARCH 30: A niajor launch vehicle milestone
a c t i v a t i o n sequences. The activity was was met when the launch vehicle flight
scheduled to be completed before the MSFC readiness test was successfully completed at
Pre-FRR meeting in mid-April I2781. KSC [283].
96
April 1973
Program Manager, followed by a series of
presentations by Skylab specialists on the
various systems, experiments, and research
efforts connected with the Skylab missions.
Included in the two days of activities were
tours of the High Fidelity Mockups and
Neutral Buoyancy Simulator. Of particular
interest among the displays were hardware
exhibits of experiments proposed by high
school sttidents. On Apr3 4 NASA &Q
announced firm launch dates for SL-1 and SL-2
as May 14 and 15, 1973, respectively f2841.
MSFC SKYLAB PRESS CONFERENCE

BRIE FlNG
INSTALLATIONS IN OWS BACKUP UNIT

AT MDAC-W
A P R I L 4 & 5: News reporters and

commentators from throughout the United
States and several foreign countries attended a
series of Skylab press briefings at MSFC. The
sixty visitors were given an overview of the REPORTERS FILMING NEUTRAL
Skylab project by Rocco Petrone, Center BUOYANCY EXERCISE DURING
Director, and Leland Belew, MSFC Skyiab PRESS CONFERENCE
97
April 1973
SKYLAB STUDENT EXPERIMENTERS

(Left to Right, rear row- Robert L. Staehle, Keith L.
Stein, Joel G. Wordekernper and Joe B. Zmolek; third
REPORTERS IN ENGINEERING MOCKUP row -Judith S. Miles, Cheryl A. Peltt, Terry C. Quist,
AREA DURING PRESS CONFERENCE Joe W. Reihs, Donald W. Schlack, Neal W. Shannon
and Kirk M. Sherhart; second row - Alison Hopfield,
Kathy L. Jackson, Roger C. Johnston, Jeanne L.
APRIL 5: The last Student Experiment flight
Leventhal, Keith D. McGee, Todd A. Meister and
hardware ED31, Bacteria and Spores, for the
SL-1 and SL-2 missions was delivered to KSC. Gregory A. Merkel; first row -Daniel c. Bochsier,
Kent M. Bra&, Vincent W. Converse, Troy A. Crites,
The 25 experiments selected to fly in the W. Brian Dunlap, John C. Hamilton and James E. Healy.)
Skylab mission were (2851 :
F.qmnmcat -Sudni
STUDENT EXPERIMENT ED52 WEB

FORMATION
(Student Judith Miles seated next to Or. Gaose
NASA Advisor.)
98
April 1973
STUDENT EXPERIMENT ED41 MOTOR

SENSORY PERFORMANCE
APRIL 9 & 10: The MSFC Pre-FRR was

conducted in a two day meeting at MSFC.
Closeout of actions from the Cluster DCR in
October 1972 was covered, and results of the
MSFC flight hardware integrity review along
with test and documentation status were
reviewed in preparation for the SL-1 and SL-2
FRR scheduled for April 18-20, 1973 [ 2861,
APRIL 16: One of the last major milestones

prior to launch occurred at 7 a.m. EST, when
the United States first space station, SL-1,left
the VAB and stljvted roll out to Launch
Complex 39A. Final checkout would be
continued on the pad until the May 14 launch.
The Skylab payload mounted on the fmt two ROLLOUT OF St-1 AT KSC
stages of a giant Saturn V rocket would be
launched into a 270 statute mile orbit.
Astronauts Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul J. Weitz, and mission readiness of SL-1 and SL-2
and Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin aboard a Saturn IB missions were completed in the Flight
rocket would be launched into space on May Readiness Review at KSC.items covered in the
15 for rendezvous and docking to the Skylab review ranged from modules’ and launch
12871. vehicles’ readiness to missions and operations
support. Launch time for SL I would be 12:30
A P R I L 18-20: T h e final NASA top pm. CDT, May 14, and SL 2 for 12:OO p.m.
management review and approval of the launch CDT May I5 [ 2881.
99
.. .. .
April 1973
SL-1 ON LAUNCH PAD 39A AT KSC
100
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AAP Apollo Applications Program
ACE Automatic Checkout Equipment
AM Airlock Module
AS&E American Science and Engineering
ATM Apollo Telescope Mount
CDDT Countdown Demonstration Test
CDR Critical Design Review
C2F2 Crew Compartment Fit and Function Test
CM Command Module
CMG Control hloment Gyro
CSM Command/Service Module
DA Deployment Assembly
ECS Environmental Control System
EPCS Experiment Pointing and Control Subsystem
EPS Electrical Power System
EREP Earth Resources Experiment Package
EVA Extravehicular Activity
EVA/IVA Extravehicular and fntravehicular Activity
FAS Fixed Airlock Shroud
GSE Ground Support Equipment
GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center
HA0 High Altitude Observatory
HCO IIarvard College Observatory
101
HEAO High Energy Astronomy Observatory
HOSC Huntsville Operation Support Center
IU Instrument Unit
IVA In travehicular Activity
KSC John F. Kennedy Space Center
LBNP Lower Body Negative Pressure
LH2 Liquid Hydrogen
LM-A Lunar Module Ascent Stage
LOX Liquid Oxygen
LV Launch Vehicle
MDA Multiple Docking Adapter
MDAC-E McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Corporation, Eastern Division
MDAC-W McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Corporation, Western Division
MMC Martin Marietta Corporation
M SC Manned Spacecraft Center (Now Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center)
MSFC George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
n.mi. Nautical Mile
NRL Naval Research Laboratory
OART Office of Advanced Research and Technology
O&C Operations and Checkout Building
OSSA Office of Space Science and Applications
ows Orbital Workshop
PDR Preliminary Design Review
PS Payload Shroud
SA Solar Array
102
SAL Scientific Airlock
SL Skylab
SLA Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter
SSESM Spent Stage Experiment Support Module
STS Structural Transition Section
sws Saturn Workshop
TACS Thruster Attitude Control Subsystem
W Ultraviolet
VAB Vehicle Assembly Building

REFERENCES
1. Douglas Aircraft Company: 1965 Manned Space Laboratory, Briefing Manual, SM-42587,
Nov. 1962, pp. 1-10; S-IVB As Manned Space Laboratory, SM-43257, Feb. 1963, pp. 1-67.
2. Interview with George Hardy, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Mar. 7, 1973.
3. Memo, Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Headquarters, to Code AA, Aug. 6, 1965.
4. Mem-o, F.L.Wi!!ims, MCFC, P,-P&VE-P,B65-7!, AUg. 20, 1965.
5. Minutes of S-IVB Orbital Workshop Conceptual Design Study Meeting, MSFC, Aug. 25,
1965.
6. Memo, J.H. Disher, MSFC, Sept. 1 0, 1 965.
7. Memo, James W.Carter, MSFC, Oct. 29, 1965.
8. Memo, J.T. Shepherd, Office of the Director, MSFC, Dec. 1 , 1965.
9. Memo, F.L. Williams, MSFC,Dec. 23, 1965.
10. A Chronology of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1966, p. 1.
11. TWX from Maurice J. Raffensperger, Director of Manned Earth Orbital Mission Studies,
Feb. 25, 1966.
12. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML4,Mar. 23, 1966.

13. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, May 23, 1966, p. I .
14. A Chronology of the George C.Marshall Space Flight Center, Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1966, p. 1.
15. Change Order 915 under Contract NAS7-101, June 6, 1966.
16. Letter from Dr. G.Mueller t o Dr. von Braun, July 1, 1966.
17. Leland F. Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization, Mar.
21, 1973.
18. Memo, Dr. G.E. Mueller, July 18, 1966.
19. Presentation by W.A. Ferguson, MSFC Orbital Workshop Project Manager, July 25, 1966.
20. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, July 25, 1966.
21. Memo, R.CI Seamans, July 26,1966.

_-.

105
22. Leland F. Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization. Mar.
21,1973.
23. A Chronology of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Jan. I-Dec. 31, 1966, P. 27.
24. Letter from Associate Administrator, OSSA, to Associate Administrator, OMSF, Sept. 1.
1966.
25. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting. MSF, Sept. 19, 1966.
26. Leland F. Beiew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization, Mar.
21. 1973.
27. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR-40), Comment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
28. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Nov. 21. 1966.
29. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1966, p. 360.
30. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-SB, Dec. 5, 1966.
31. Contract NAS8-2066 1, Dec. 16, 1966.
32. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Feb. 1, 1967; NYT, Jan. 30, 1967; and, Reistrup, W.Post. Jan.
27, 1967.
33. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Feb. 6, 1967.
34. A Chronology of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 1967. p. 21.
35. Aviation Week, Mar. 13, 1967.
36. NRL Contract NOOOi4-67€-47703

June 1,1967.
37. A Chronology of the George C. Marshall Spam Flight Center, Jan. 1-Dec. 3 1, 1967, p. 27.
38. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting. MSF, Mar. 20. 1967.
39. Letter from ML/Director AAP to MSFC AAP Manager, Mar. 24, 1967.
40. Douglas Airview News, Douglas Aircraft Corporation. Apr. 28. 1967
41. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-6, May 24, 1967.
42. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, June 26,1967.
106
REFERENCES (Continued)
43. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF,July 17, 1967.
44. NASA Release 67-200.

45. NASA Kelease 67-199.
46. Minutes of Orbital Workshop Status Meeting at MSFC, July 28,1967.
47. A Chronology of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Jan. i-Dec. 3 1, 1967, p. 7 1
48. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Sept. 18, 1967.
49. Leland F. Belew, MSFC Skylab Progratn Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization, Mar.
21,1973.
SO. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-7, Oct. 3, 1947

51. Memo For Record, Rein Xse, ATM Project Office, Nov. 3, 1967.
5 2. A Chronology of the George C.Marsha11 Space Flight Center, Jan. 1-Dec. 3 1, 1967, p. 88.
53. Letter from H.H. Gorman to W.L. Hjomevik, Nov. 13, 1967.
54. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Nov. 20, 1967.
55. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR-QO),Coxnment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
56. Contract NAS8-22623,’Jan.8, 1968.
57. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-l3A, Jan. 9, 1968.
58. Letter Contract ,NAS8-24000,Jan. 16, 1968.

59. Post Apollo Advisory rornmit tee Report, July 20, 1968.
21,1973.
61. Vivian S. Whitley, Visitors Program Record, Protocol Branch, Public Affairs Off., MSFC,
Feb. 15, 1968.
62. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Mar. 18, 1968.
63. Washington Star, Apr. 18, 1968.
107
R E F ER ENCES (Continued)
64. Harold T. Luskin, KASA Headquarters Biographical Summary, Updated, p. I.

I
6s. Letter from Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director. MSFC, to Dr. Kurt Debus, Director, KSC,
May 9,1968.
66. Weekly Activity Keport to NASA Headquarters from MSFC Skylab Program Off., May 22,
1968.
67. Apollo Applications Program Directive SA, Feb. 1 2 , 1968: Change I to Apo'tlo Applications
Directive S A . May 23, 1968.
68. Leland E . Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Iiistory of MSFC Skylab Organization. Mar.
21, 1973.
69. Leland F. Relew, MSFC Skyiah Program Off.. History of MSFG Skylab Organization, Mar.
21, 1973.
70. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-l4A, June 4, 1968.
71. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHK-40), Comment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
72. Suppleniental Agreement 1444 t o Contract NAS7-I 01 , Nov. 13, 1968.
73. A Chronology of the George C. Marstidl Space Flight Center, Jan. I-Dec. 3 1 . 1968.
74. Leland F. Beiew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization, Mar.
21, 1973.
75. IIistoriial Data. MSFC' Merno from Werner Kuers. MSFC ME bboratory to David S . Akens.
MSFC Historical Off., July-Sept. 1968, p. 1.
76. Minutes of hlanned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting. MSF. Sept. 16, 1968.
77. MSFC Press Release No. b8-I 24, Sept. 18, 1968. p. 1 .
78. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-15. Oct. 9 , 1968,
79. Interview with Harrison K . Brown, M S f T Astronautics Laboratory. Sept. 8, 1 W 2 .
80. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting. MSF, Nov. 4, 1968.
81. Letter from Dr. R.R. Gilruth, Director. MSC, to Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director, MSFC.
Dec. 14, 1968.
82. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Jan. 1, 1969, p. 1.
108
83. Leland F. Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Off.. History of MSFC Skylab Organization, Mar.
21, 1973.
84. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Jan. 6, 1969.
86. Letter from Dr.Wernher von Braun, Director, MSFC, to Dr. R.R. Gilruth. Director. MSC,
Jan. 20, 1969.
87. Contract NAS8-24000, Definitized, Jan. 30, 1969.
21,1973.
89. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR-40), Command Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
90. Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Daily Log, MSFC Process Engineering Laboratory, Mar. 4,
1969.
91. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Mar. 7, 1969.
92. MSFC Press Release No. 69-93, Mar. 27, 1969.

93. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-16, Apr. 8, 1969.
94. MSFC Press Release No. 69-1 16, Apr. 18, 1969, p. 1.
95. Visitors Program Record, Protocol Branch, Public Affairs Off., MSFC, Apr. 29-May 1, 1969.
96. Flight Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., May 2, 1969.
97. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, May 5 , 1969.
98. MOD 108 to Contract NAS8-4016, MSFC Contracts Off., May 16, 1969.
99. NBC Press Interview, May 18, 1969, taken from Aeronautics and Astronautics. May 18,
1969, pp. 179-180.
100. TWX from Scheer, June 10, 1969; TWX from W.C.Schneider, June 10, 1969; DOD Release
491-69.
101. TWX from G.E. Mueller, June 23,1969.

102. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSFC, July 7, 1969.
109
REFERENCES {Continued)
103. Thomas 0. Paine. Project Approval Document Change Request. July 18. 1969. p. 1.
104. NASA Release 69-105, July 22, 1969, pp. 1-3.
105. Contract NAS8-25000, Oct. 17, 1968 (terminated July 23, 1969).
21, 1973.
107. Contract NAS8-247 13, Aug. 1 , 1969.
108. MOD 8 to Contract NAS9-6555, Aug. 8, 1969.

109. Configuration Change Board Directive 800-0-0025,Jan. 27, 1970.
110. MOD 9 to Contract NAS9-6555, Aug. 8, 1969.
1 I 1. MSFC Press Release No. 69-178, Aug. 12, 1969. p. 1 .

1 12. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-I 7, Aug. 13, 1969.
1 13. Leland F. Belew. MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization, Mar.
21, 1973.
I 14. Office of Manned Space Flight Management Council Meeting, Oct. 15, 1 969.
115. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF. Sept. 24, 1969.
1 1 6. Skylab: Prelimitiary Chronology (HHR-JO), Comment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
I 17 . Contract NAS8-25 150, Oct. 7, 1969.
118. Meeting with Dr.'Mueller, OMSF Director, Oct. 15, 1969.
119. Configuration Change Board Directive 800-69-0031,Oct. 3 1, 1969.
120. TWX from Schneider, Director Skylab Program, to Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Manager.
Nov. 3, 1969.
121. Configuration Change Board Directive 800-9-0047, Dec. 1, 1969.
122. MOD 2244 to Contract NAS7-101, Oct. 15, 1969.
21, 1973.
110
,
124. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, Dec. 9, 1969.
125. Cluster Systems Review at MSFC, Dec. 2-4, 1969.

126. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Dec. 8, 1969.
127. Fiight Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., Jan. 2, 1970.
128. -_ .A_,..
XASA’I3eadquartex-sScheduie M i - i i i , Jan. LJ, I Y IU.
129. Manned Space Flight: Present and Future, Feb. 12, 1970.
130. NASA Release 70-30, Feb. 24, 1970.
131. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Mar. 4, 1970, p. 1.
132. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting. MSF,Mar. 9, 1970.
133. Visitors Program Record, Protocol Branch, Public Affairs Off., MSFC, Mar. 3 1 , 1970.
134. Leland F. Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization. hfar.
21, 1973.
135. MSFC Press Release No. 70-92, May 15, 1970,,p. I .
136. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, May 26, 1970.
137. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, June 2, 1970.

138. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, June 9, 1970.
139. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF,June 1 1. 1970.
140. MOD 145 to Contract NAS8-24000, June 18, 1970.
141. Visitors Program Report, Protocol Branch, Public Affairs Off., MSFC, June 29-30, 1970.
21, 1973.
143. Letter from Dale D. Myers to Dr. Eberhard Rees, MSFC, July 2; 1970.
144. Visitors Program Record, Protocol Branch, Public Affairs Off., MSFC, July 7. 1970.
145. MOD 150 to Contract NAS8-24000, July 8. 1970.
111
R EF ER ENCES (Continued)
146. Change Order 128 under Contract NAS9-6555, Schedule 11, July 17, 1970.
14'7. MOD 55 to Contract NAS9-6555 Schedule 1. July 23. 1970.
148. MSFC Press Release No. 70-146, July 28, 1970, pp. 1-2.
149. Interview with Lee B. James, MSFC, May 21, 1971.
150. MSFC Press Release 70-1 68, Aug. 27, 1970, p. 1.
151. MSFC Press Release 70-1 69, Aug. 28, 1970, p. 1.
152. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-18, Aug. 3 1 , 1970.
153. Contract NAS8-30190, Sept. 3, 19'70.

154. MSFC Press Release 70-18 I , Sept. 8, 1970, pp. 1-2.
155. Letter from Leland F. Belew. MSFC Skylab Program Manager, to William C. Schneider,
Skylab Program Manager, Oct. 2 1 , 1970.
156. MOD 205 to Contract NAS8-24000, Sept. 25, 1970.
157. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF. Oct. 5, 1970.
158. Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Daily Log, MSFC Process Engineering Laboratory, Oct. 21.
1970.
159. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics. Oct. 26-27. 1970. p. 424.
160. Visitors Program Record, Protocol Branch. Public Affairs Off.. MSFC, Nov. 16-19. 1970.
161. Flight Operating Log. MSFC Project Logistics Off.. Nov. 18, 1970.
162. Marine Operating Log. MSFC Project Logistics Off., Dec. 2, 1970.
165. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF. Dec. 16, 1970.
164. MSFC Press Release No. 70-266. Ilec. 18, 1970, pp. 1-2.
165. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Dec. 23, 1970.
166. MSFC Press Release No. 70-267, Dec. 22, 1970, p. 1.
112
167. Configuration Change Board Directive,O76, Apr. 9, 1971.
168. Marine Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., Jan. 1, 1971.
169. MSC Release 71-01,Jan. 15, 1971.
170. NASA Release 7 1-5.
171. Minutes of Apollo Telescope Mount P.I. Executive Meeting, Jan. 26-27, 1971.
172. MSC Weekly Activity Report, Jan. 29, 1971.
173. MSFC PAO, Visitors Program Record, Feb. 8-9, 197 1.
174. KSC, Scheduling and Review Procedure, Mar. 3 1 , 1971.

175. MOD 1915 to Contract NAS8-14000, Feb. 23, 1971.
176. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR40), Comment Draft, Mar. 16,1973.

177. M0.D MICH-425 to Contract NAS84016 Schedule I, MSFC Contracts Off., Mar. 10, 1971.
178. Memo,Robert E. Vale, Mar. 18, 1971.
179. MSFC Schedule and Review Procedure, Apr. 30, 1971.
180. Skylab, Subsystem Review at KSC, Action I tern Response, Apr. 1, 197 1 .
181. Final Review Board Minutes of the Crew Compartment Storage Review PM-SL-SW-508-7 1,
MSFC Skylab Off., May 7, 1971.
182. NASA Headquarters Schedule ML-20, Apr. 13, 1971.
183. MSC Weekly Progress and Program Summary Report for the Administrator-Skylab Program,
Apr. 15, 1971.
184. MSFC Skylab Program Managers Monthly Review, May 3,1971.

185. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF,May 3, 197 1.
186. MSC Skylab Program Office Weekly Activity Report, May 14,1971.
187. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, May 19,1971, pp. 1 and 4,
113
REFER ENCES (Continued1
188. Letter from K.S. Kleinknecht, May 25, 1971.
189. Leland F. Belew, MSFC Skylab Program Off., History of MSFC Skylab Organization. Mar.
21. 1973.
190. Marine Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off.. June 3, 197 1.
191. Moscow Associated Press, The Huntsville Times, June 7, 1971, p. 1.
192. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Of!., June 77, 1071.
193. MSFCPress Release No. 71-105, June 21, 1 9 7 l . p . 1.
194. NASA Release 7 1-1 14.
195. Inflight Calibration of Skylab Experiments S O 5 2 and S O 8 2 ; Letter from Mr. Schneider to
Mr.Belew, MSFC, June 25, 1971.
196. The Huntsville Times, June 30. 1971. pp. 1-2.
197. Headquarters Skylab Subsystem Review Action Item Response, July 8, 1971
198. MOD 492 to Contract NAS8-5608 Schedule 11, July 16, 1971.
199. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, July 27, 1971; and MSF hfCM, Oct.
6 , 1971.
200. Memo, G.E. Griffith. StructureslMechanics Division in Engineering and Development, MSC.
201. Letter from Leland Belew to MDAC-\V, Aug. I I , 1971.
202. Flight Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., Sept. 8, 1971.
203. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, Sept. 21. 197 I .
204. TWX from Leland Belew, Sept. 23, 1971.
205. MSFC Schedules and Status Sumrnary. Sept. 30, 1971.
206. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, Oct. 5, 1971.
207. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Oct. 4. 1971.
208. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, Oct. 12, 1971.
209. Daily Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., Oct. 1 I , 1971.
114
21 0. NASA Release 7 1-205.
21 1. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters. Oct. 26, 1971

21 2. MSFC Press Release No. 71-183, Oct. 19, 1971.
21 3. Letter from MLIDirector Skylab Program to MSFC Skylab Program Manager, Nov. 2. 197 I .
21 4. Letter from Schneider. Skylab Program Director, to Belew. MSFC Skylab Prog+am Manager.
Nov. 1 1 , 1971.
21 5 . Letter, MLB, to Dr. Rees, MSFC, Nov. 15, I97 1.
21 6. MSFC Press Release No. 7 1-2 1 2, Nov. 17, 1 97 1 .

21 7. MOD MICH-465to Contract NAS8-40 I6 Schedule I. Nov. 26. 1971 .
21 8. MOD 49 and MOD 5 1 to Contract NAS8-25 155, Nov. 29, 1971.

21 9. Dr. Eberhard Rees’s Memorandum, Nov. 30, 1971 ;and, address by Dr. James C. Fletcher at
the National Space Club Lnncheon, Washington Hotel, Washington, D.C.. Nov. 18, 197 1 ,
pp. 1-18.
220. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to fieadquarters, Sept. 14, 1971.
221. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF, Dec. 13. 1971.
222. Flight Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., Dec. 15. 197 1.
223. MSCM 8010, Program Management Guide, Dec. 15, 1971.
224. Flight Operating Log, MSFC Project Logistics Off., Dec. 17, 197 1.
225. MSF Management Comcil Minutes, Jan. 31. 1972.

226. Configuration Change Board Directive 800-72-01 1 1, Feb. IO, 1972.
227. Letter from F._Drummond, MSFC Skylab AMlMDA Project Manager. to E. Lundergan,
MDAC-E, Jan. 18, 1972.
228. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Jan. 26, 1972, p. 4.

229. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR40), Comment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
115
230. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off.. Feb. 1 . 1972.
231. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Feb. 15, 1972.
232. MOD 398 to Contract NAS8-24000, Feb. 1 I , 1972.
233. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Feb. 22, 1972.
234. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR-QO), Comment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
235. MSC Release 72-19.
236. Letter from W.C.Schneider, Feb. 28, 1972.
237. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters. MSFC Skylab Program Off., Mar. 7, 1972.
238. Jack Waite, MSFC Skylab Program Off.. Mar. 27, 1972.
239. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Apr. 1 I . 1972.
241. MSFC Press Release No. 72-38, Mar. 3 . 1972.
242. MSFC Press Release No. 72-54, May I , 1972.
243. NASA Release No. 72-94.

I
244. MSFC Skylab Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, May 16. 1972.
245. Memo, G.E. Griffith, Structures/Mechanics Division in Engineering and Development, MSC,
May 23, 1972.
246. NASA Special Release.
247. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, May 24, 1972, p. 240.
248. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., May 30. 1972.
249. Minutes of Manned Space Flight Experiments Board Meeting, MSF. June 2, 1972.
250. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters. MSFC Skylab Program Off., June 5. 1972.
251. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., June 13, 1972.
I16
252. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., June 27, 1972.
253. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., June 27,1972.
254. Skylab: Preliminary Chronology (HHR40), Comment Draft, Mar. 16, 1973.
255. MSC Release 72-1 35, June 23, 1972; and MSC Release 72-170, Aug. 2,1972.
256. MSC Skylab Weekly Act;,vlty Repert, Aug. 1 1 , 1972.

257. KSC Release 246-72, Aug. 22, 1972.
.
21, 1973.
259. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Sept. 12, 1972.
260. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Sept. 26, 1972.
261. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Oct. 3, 1972.
265. Weekly Activity Report to Headqurrrters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Oct. 3 1, 1972.
. 266. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Oct. 3 1, 1972.
267. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Dec. 13,1972.
268. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Dec. 19, 1972.
269. MSFC,PAO, Marshall Star, Jan. 10, 1973.

270. Weekly Activity Report t o Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Jan. 16, 1973.
271. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Jan. 23, 1973.
272. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Jan. 17,1973.

273. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Jan. 30, 1973.
117
R EF ER ENCES (Concluded)
274. MSF Management Council hleeting, Feb. 14, 1973,

275. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Feb. 2 7 . 1973.
276. Skylab Major Meetings Schedule, Feb. 1973.
277. MSFC. PAO, Marshall Star, Feb. 28. 1973.
278. Skylab, Mar 1, 1973 Program Review Action Itenis itnd Weekly Activity Report 10
Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off.. Mar. 20, 1973.
279. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off.. Mar. 6, 19’73.
280. MSFC Schedules and Status Summary, Feb. 28, 197-1.

281. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Mar. 14, 1973.
282. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star, Mar. 28, 1973.
283. KSC Skylab Spacecraft Integrated Daily Schedule. Mar. 30, 19’73.
284. MSFC, PAO, Marshall Star. Apr. 1 1. 1973.
285. MSFC Schedules and Status Summary, Apr. 30, 1973; anti MSFC Skylab Student Project
Summary Description, Feb. 1973.
286. Weekly Activity Report to Headquarters, MSFC Skylab Program Off., Apr. 10. 1973,
287. Huntsville Times, Apr. 16, 1973, p. 2.
288. MSFC. PAO, Marshall Star, Apr. 18, 1973.
I 118

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MHR 9

SKYLAB ILLUSTRATED CHRONOLOGY

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

EARLY CM/ATM CONCEPT USING APOLLO

M A Y 23: The Manned Space Flight

AUGUST 19: NASA selected the McDonnell M05 1 , C a r d i o v a s c u l a r F u n c t i o n

EARLY CLUSTER CONCEPT

DECEMBER 16: A contract with Bendix

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE. S-IVB ORBITAL WORKSHOP

WET WORKSHOP CLUSTER WITH ATM,

TO1 3 CrewlVehicle Disturbance

M0.58 Human Mass Measurement

TOO3 In-Fligh t Kephelometer

EARLY 1967 STUDY CONFIGURATION OF M509 A s t r o n a u t Maneuvering

SO06 Synoptic Weather Photography

JULY 26: NASA awarded The Boeing

JULY 26: NASA selected Martin Marietta

TO25 Cor o n ograpfi Contamination

TO27 ATM Contamination

SO73 Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light

SO39 Day-Night Camera System

SO43 IR Temperature Sounding

SO49 IR Interferometer Spectrometer

SO50 I R Temperature Profile

MARCH 18: The Manned Space Flight

MAY 23: A M directive No. 5 defined the

MAY: Floyd M. Drummond was assigned as

AUGUST 30: Following receipt of NASA

AUGUST: Robert D. Groeneveld was assighed

SEPTEMBER 4: Dr. von Braun performed a

OCTOBER: A pioneering concept in the

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APRIL 8: NASA released its AAP, “Launch

ATM SOLAR ARRAY DEVELOPMENT

APRIL 29: in a subject area related to

WORKSHOP SOLAR ARRAY WING MAY 2: NASA unloaded an eight-ton airlock

A IHLKK MODULE ADDTOTALMISSION ATMOSPHERIC GAS

ORSITAL WORKSHOP 8 SUBSTITME COLG GAS ATlIlUDE COHROL

LUMR MODULE ASCEM STAG€ I OELETEO

SIGN I f ICANT W ET-TO-DRY

WET WORKSHOP DETAIL

together in 1972, using the first two stages of

JULY 23: The contract with Grumman

ATM MOCKUP AT MSFC

CSM DOCKING TO CLUSTER IN ORBIT AUGUST 13: NASA released its AM

September - October 1969

OCTOBER 7: MSFC signed a new contract

NOVEMBER 3: NASA decided to change the

FI FTY-DEGR EE INCLINATION COVE RAGE

NOVEMBER 7: The decision was made to

NOVEMBER 20: MSFC announced that an

NOVEMBER: At MSFC Charles L. Wood was

SO69 X-Ray Astronomy M423 Hydrostatic Gas Bearing

WORKSHOP DYNAMIC TEST ARTICLE

JANUARY 23: NASA released the AAP

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S 192 10-Band Multispec ral Scanner

S193 Microwave Scatterometer,

SO05 Synoptic Terrain Photography