The document discusses data models and data structures used in geographic information systems, including vector and raster models. It describes how vector models use points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete objects while raster models divide space into a grid. The document also covers digital terrain models and their use of triangulated irregular networks or raster grids to represent elevation data.
The document discusses data models and data structures used in geographic information systems, including vector and raster models. It describes how vector models use points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete objects while raster models divide space into a grid. The document also covers digital terrain models and their use of triangulated irregular networks or raster grids to represent elevation data.
The document discusses data models and data structures used in geographic information systems, including vector and raster models. It describes how vector models use points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete objects while raster models divide space into a grid. The document also covers digital terrain models and their use of triangulated irregular networks or raster grids to represent elevation data.
The document discusses data models and data structures used in geographic information systems, including vector and raster models. It describes how vector models use points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete objects while raster models divide space into a grid. The document also covers digital terrain models and their use of triangulated irregular networks or raster grids to represent elevation data.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor
From Ahris Yaakup
Content
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Data Model and Data structure 3.0 The Digital Terrain Model 4.0 Comparison of Vector and Raster Models 5.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction
Introduction • Problem of storage, retrieval, manipulation, and analysis of vast quantities of spatial and attribute data • GIS offers a solution to these problem • Providing tools for handling and analysing both the spatial and attribute data 1.0 Introduction
Nature of Geographical Data
• Geographical Position – each feature has a location i.e latitude/longitude, Universal Tranverse Mercator or State Plane Coordinate System. • Attribute – as a quality, feature or characteristics of an entity i.e housing condition, household income etc. • Data Relationship – a large number of relationship may exist • Time – time component • Data Volume and Diversity – occurrent in large quantity and diversity 1.0 Introduction
Attribute Data
• Attributes – Often termed as “thematic data” or “non-spatial data” – Has defined characteristics of an entity in the real world – Can be categorized as nominal, ordinal, conditional etc. 2.0 Data Model & Data Structure NEEDS ANAlYSIS 2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Modelling Geographical Data
Data Model is a general description of specific sets of entities and relationships between them Have 4 elements - the various types of spatial entity i.e points, line and polygons; - The descriptive attributes for each of the entity types; - The geometric description of entity type i.e. raster or vector; - The relationship between entity – topological relationship i.e. consist of or part of Topology Topology deals with spatial properties that do not change under certain transformation.
A GIS topology is a set of rules and behaviors that model how points, lines and polygons share geometry. Why Topology?
esri.com 2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Real World
Data Model Spatial Object Vector Raster Form
01
Point 1011 Line Polygon
Attribute Table
Lot No Owner House No Item Road No Item Surface
01 Ahmad 21 1 1011 8.0 pave
Concept of Geospatial Data
2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Vector and Raster Model
A A A A A C C C C C C A A A A A C C C C C A A A A A A C C C C A A A A A A A C C C C A A A A A B B C C C B A A A A B B B B B C A A A B B B B B B B A A B B B B B B B B
Vector Raster 2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Spatial Data Models
• Raster Model – Describe a specific location on the Earth – A cellular data structure composed of rows and columns for storing images – Groups of cells with the same value represent features
• Data Compression – run length encoding or
quadtree Tesselations 2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Spatial Data Models
• Vector Model – Discrete points, lines, and/or areas corresponding to discrete objects with name or code number of attributes
– The Spaghetti Data Model – paper map is translated
line by line into a list of XY coordinate
- The Arc-Node Model
- Topological Data Model – is the mathematical method
used to define spatial relationship 2.0 Data Model and Data Structure
Vector Data Geometry Topology
Point (x,y) Node {node No., (x,y)}
Line (x1,y1),(x2,y2) Chain Left End Start Right
String {Chain No., Start and End Node (x1,y1),…(xn,yn) No., Left and Right Polygon No.}
Area Polygon
(x1,y1),…(xn-1,yn-1),( x1,y1) {Polygon No., Series of Chain No. in Clockwise Chain} The Digital Elevation Model A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of ground surface topography or terrain. It is also widely known as a digital terrain model (DTM). A DEM can be represented as a raster (a grid of squares) or as a triangular irregular network. DEMs are commonly built using remote sensing techniques, however, they may also be built from land surveying. DEMs are used often in GIS, and are the most common basis for digitally- produced relief maps. 3.0 The Digital Terrain Model
The Digital Terrain Model
• Represent Digital Elevation Data – The triangulated irrigular network (TIN)
– Is a vector based topological data model that is used to
represents terrain data
– Is a set of interconnected triangular facets
– For each of the three vertices, the XY coordinate (geo
location) and the Z coordinate (elevation) values are encorded. 4.0 Comparison
Comparison (Advantages) • Vector Model • Raster Model – Precise Expression – Simple Data Structure
– Less Data Volume – Easy for Overlay and
Modeling – Full Topology – Suitable for 3D Display – Fast Retrieval – Integration of Image – Fast Conversion Data
– Automated Data Capture
Comparison 5.0 Conclusion
Conclusion • The implication of Data Model • Database development • Spatial Analysis
