Latin For Pharmacists PDF

VETERINÁRNÍ A FARMACEUTICKÁ UNIVERZITA
BRNO
FARMACEUTICKÁ FAKULTA
Ústav cizích jazyků a dějin veterinárního lékařství
PROFESSIONAL LATIN
FOR PHARMACISTS
PhDr. Lenka Řitičková

MVDr. Pavel Brauner, Ph.D.
BRNO 2014
Tato výuková opora vznikla v rámci řešení projektu:

„Zvyšování pedagogických, manažerských a odborných dovedností pracovníků VFU“
s registračním číslem CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0110.
Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem
a státním rozpočtem České republiky.
UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY
AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES BRNO
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department of Foreign Languages and History of Veterinary Medicine
Professional Latin for Pharmacists
PhDr. Lenka Řitičková

MVDr. Pavel Brauner, Ph.D.
BRNO 2014
Preface
This Latin textbook is mainly intended for a two-semester course of the pharmacy master
study program where it is extremely desirable that every perspective pharmacist has very
professional knowledge of Latin as this is absolutely essential to the understanding of
pharmaceutical terminology and to the proper handling of medical prescriptions. This
textbook is designed to furnish that necessary modicum.
The book, which is divided into 18 lessons, provides a selection of grammatical topics, some
basics of pharmaceutical lexicology and one lesson also deals with the right writing and
reading of medical prescriptions. At the end of the textbook there is added a revision lesson
which can enable the students to check their knowledge gained in each of the chapters. The
textbook also contains a complete list of pharmaceutical abbreviations in common use and a
comprehensive Latin-English and English-Latin dictionary and the picture attachment with
the basic description of human body and plants.
The authors hope that this textbook will contribute to students´ obtaining and strengthening
their knowledge which will be employable in their future professional lives.
Authors
Content
Unit 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction unit ..................................................................................................................... 6
Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation...................................................................................... 6
Unit 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Latin Nouns of the 1st Declension (-A- Stems) .................................................................... 12
Latin Adjectives of the 1st Declension ................................................................................. 12
Unit 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Latin Nouns of the 2nd Declension (-O- Stems) ................................................................... 17
Latin Adjectives of the 2nd Declension ................................................................................ 17
Unit 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Latin Nouns of the 3rd Declension (Consonant Ending Roots and -I- Stems) .................... 24
Unit 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Greek Nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Declensions .............................................................. 31
Unit 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Adjectives of the 3rd Declension .......................................................................................... 37
Unit 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Prepositions in Latin............................................................................................................. 42
Unit 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Latin Nouns of the 4th and 5th Declensions (-U- and -E- Stems) ......................................... 45
Unit 9 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Comparison of Adjectives in Latin ...................................................................................... 50
Unit 10 ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Latin Numerals ..................................................................................................................... 56
Unit 11 ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Basic Verbal Forms in Latin. ............................................................................................... 64
Unit 12 ..................................................................................................................................... 70
Medical Prescription ............................................................................................................ 70
Unit 13 ..................................................................................................................................... 74
Latin and Greek Prefixes ...................................................................................................... 75
Unit 14 ..................................................................................................................................... 81
Latin and Greek Suffixes...................................................................................................... 81
Unit 15 ..................................................................................................................................... 86
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Latin and Greek Compound Words ..................................................................................... 86
Unit 16 ..................................................................................................................................... 92
Revision ................................................................................................................................ 92
Unit 17 ..................................................................................................................................... 97
Survey of Pharmaceutical Prescription Abbreviations......................................................... 97
Unit 18 ................................................................................................................................... 103
Chemical Nomenclature ..................................................................................................... 103
Vocabulary ............................................................................................................................ 113
Latin – English ................................................................................................................... 113
English – Latin ................................................................................................................... 125
Picture attachment ............................................................................................................... 137
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 140
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Unit 1
Introduction unit
Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation
The Latin language is a dead language belonging among the Indo – European languages
where we can include many other languages as Anatolian, Indo – Iranian, Baltic, Albanian,
Celtic, Germanic,Greek, Italic or Slavic and many others. At present the Latin alphabet
consists of 24 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss,
Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz. Originally there were missing some letters and these were concretely
Jj, Kk, Yy and Zz . At that time for instance instead of the letter Jj there was used Ii but later
in the medical or pharmaceutical terminology they started to replace this Ii with Jj what
concretely happened at the beginning of the word and in front of a vowel or in the middle of
the word between two vowels; as e.g. juniperus, jejenum etc.The other missing letter was also
Kk which appeared only by words of Greek origin as e.g. kynophobia. The same has to be
said in the relation to the letters Yy and Zz which could be also found only by words being of
Greek origin as e.g. otodynia, zoonosis etc.
The Latin pronunciation is quite simple but different comparing to the English language.
There exist three groups of sounds in Latin - vowels: short vowels (a, e, i, o, u, y) and long
vowels (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ), diphthongs (ae, oe, eu) and consonants (e.g.: b, c, d, r, s, l, m, n p, x
etc.). The vowels are both: short and long, the diphthongs are only long.
Vowels: short
a pronounced like sun (e.g. lagoena - bottle)

e pronounced like member (e.g. cellula – cell)
i pronounced like sister (e.g.pericardium – pericardium )
o pronounced like not (e.g.oculus – eye)
u pronounced like put (e.g.substantia – substance)
y pronounced like body (lympha – lymph)
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Vowels: long
ā pronounced like ask (frāctus - broken)

ē pronounced like term (artēria - artery)
ī pronounced like need (prīmula - primule)
ō pronounced like more (gelatinōsus - jelly)
ū pronounced like boom (cūra - cure)
ȳ pronounced like analysis (hypophȳsis - hypophesis) – can be found mostly by words
of Greek origin.
Note: In written texts there often happens that the length of vowels is not marked and
this practice was used in this textbook as well.
Diphthongs
ae pronounced like aethyl (caecus – blind)

oe pronounced like care (foeniculum – fennel)
eu appering only by words of Greek origin and they are pronounced in the phonetic way
“eu” i.e. therapeuticus (eucalyptus)
Note: the diphthong “oe” is pronounced like o–e in the phonetic manner and this is
concretely at the end of the words of Greek origin: apnoe, dyspnoe.
Consonants:
b pronounced like in basis (brachium - arm)

c pronounced like in tsar when followed by vowels e, i y and by diphthongs ae, oe and
eu (cellula – cell, acetum - acid, caecus – blind) or it can be pronunced like -k- when c
is followed by a, o,u (causa, capsula - capsule, compositus – composed e.g.)
ch pronounced like chlorine (chromicus – chromic), this consonant can appear only by
words of Greek origin
d pronounced like dentist (dexter – right)
f pronounced like form (felleus – gally)
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g pronounced like gastric (glandula – gland) and when followed by u + a vowel the
pronunciation is gv (unguentum – ointment)
h pronounced like in hallux (haemorrhagia – bleeding)
j pronounced like in yes; (it can be written as both as i and j) (iuvenis – young or
injectio - injection)
k mostly substituted by c (as above) but it can be found only by words of Greek
origine e. g. keratinum
l pronounced like in liver (lacrima - lacrime)
m pronounced like memory (magister - magister)
n pronounced like natural (nervus - nerv) when followed by i the pronunciation is
harder (e.g. nanismus, manipulation etc.)
p pronounced like in prescription (pasta - paste) but when followed by h as “ph”
(mostly by words of Greek origin), then the pronunciation is -f- (physiologia
physiology, pharmacia - pharmacy)
q pronounced like quality (quartus – the forth ); notice that the group q+u is
pronounced like kv
r pronounced like remedy (without using ulvular “r”; e.g. rigor - stiffness), when
followed by h there is a little aspiration (rhisoma – rhizome)
s pronounced like skin (separatio - separation) and also pronounced like z as in zebra
but this can only happen when s appears between two vowels or when proceeded
by l, r, n as e.g. nasus, pulsus etc.
t pronounced like tonsil (totalis - total) when followed by i then the pronunciation is
harder e.g. tibia – tibia; when followed by h there is a little aspiration e.g. thorax and
if followed by ia, ie, io, iu then the pronunciation is ts (operatio – operation)
v pronounced like violent (vaseline - vaseline)
x pronounced like oxygen (xeroderma - dry skin)
z pronounced like zinc (zoophilia – sexual deviation oriented to animals) but generally
–z- appears really minimaly as mentioned above
Length of Syllables and the Accent in Latin
In Latin the syllables can be both short and long depending if there is in the word short or
long vowel, but the length is mostly marked only under special grammatical or phonetic
circumstances. If the lenght has to be marked then there is used a little comma above the letter
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as e.g. sānātiō. But nowadays as mentioned above it is not shown therefore you will not find
it marked here as well.
The accent is distinguished in Latin texts using the mark ´. Basically in words of two syllables
the accent falls on the first syllable as cóxa, púlmō. In words of more syllables the accent
falls on the penult which is the syllable next to the last if it is long; otherwise on the
antepenult which is the second syllable from the last ; e.g. pa – pa´ - ver but pa-pa´-veris
(poppy). But relating to the medical or pharmaceutical terminology the accent is again not
marked or taken into consideration.
Basic Grammatical Categories

In Latin there existed really sophisticated system of grammatical categories but in relation to
Latin professional terminology only some of them are fundamental for understanding it. The
most important ones used in pharmaceutical, medical and veterinary terminology are
Word types, concretely they are:
1. noun - substantivum
2. adjective - adiectivum
3. pronoun - pronomen
4. numeral - numerale
5. verb - verbum
6. adverb - adverbium
7. preposition - praepositio
8. conjunction - conjunctio
9. interjection - interiectio
10. particular - particula
Latin Nouns
There are four basis categories relating to nouns:
1st Gender: M - masculine F - feminine, N - neutral

2nd Number: Latin nouns can express either singular number or plural number
3rd Case: Latin nouns change their suffix form according to their circumstances in the
sentence. In Latin there exist six following cases:
1. nominative (abbr. nom.)
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2. genitive (abbr. gen.)
3. dative (abbr. dat.)
4. accusative (abbr. accus.)
5. vocative (abbr. voc.)
6. ablative (abbr. abl.)
Note: The pharmaceutical terminology nearly never used the vocative and therefore it
will not be explained or shown in the following chapters.
4th Declension: We distinguish five declensions of nouns.
Latin Declensions
In Latin we divide the nouns into 5 groups (declensions) and each noun belonging to the
particular declension is declined in the same way. These declensions are distinguished
according to their stem sound (the sound at the end of the part of the word which is left after
the removal of the genitive plural ending).
sample gen. pl
Group 1: 1st declension -A- stems gutta gutt-a-rum
Group 2: 2nd t declension -O- stems sirupus sirup-o-rum
Group 3: 3rd declension - consonant – stems dolor dolo-r-um
+ -I- stems auris aur-i-um
th
Group 4: 4 declension -U- stems processus processu-u-m
Group 5: 5th declension -E- stems facies faci-e-rum
Latin Adjectives
Basically the adjectives are words expressing the quality of nouns and they are classified as
attributes. An attribute may be close – expressed by an adjective or loose - expressed by a
noun in genitive.
Latin adjectives are declined in the same way as nouns belonging to them as the adjective
follows the corresponding noun in gender, number and case. The adjectives can be divided
only into three first declensions.
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Latin Verbs
Verbs in Latin are divided into four conjunctions according to the ending of the infinitive
stem which is the vowel at the end of the verb remaining after the removal of the infinitive
ending -re. The four conjunctions are:
1st conjugation: long -ā- stems: san-ā-re
2nd conjugation: long -ē- stems: vid-ēre
3rd conjugation: short -e-stems: scrib-e-re
(irregular 3rd conjugation: short -e-stems: recip-e-re)
4th conjugation: long -ī- stems: aud -ī-re
The other grammatical categories will not be relevant in pharmaceutical terminology and
therefore they will not be commented or explained any more.
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Unit 2
Latin Nouns of the 1st Declension (-A- Stems)
Latin Adjectives of the 1st Declension
Nouns ending in the vowel -a in the nominative of singular and in -ae in the genitive of
singular (e.g. gutta, ae – drop) are declined according to this paradigm. Most of them are of a
feminine gender, only a few of them can be of a masculine gender (e.g. dentista, ae, M;
anatagonista, ae, M).
Paradigm: gutta
Singular (sg.) Plural (pl.):
1. gutt-a gutt-ae
2. gutt-ae gutt-arum
3. gutt-ae gutt-is
4. gutt-am gutt-as
6. gutt-a gutt-is
Case endings of the 1st declension:

sg. pl.
1. -a -ae
2. -ae -arum
3. -ae -is
4. -am -as
6. -a -is
Adjectives of the 1st Declension:

There are some adjectives which belong to the 1st declension e.g. amara (bitter), dextra
(right), pura (clean) which correspond with their noun (which they belong to) and therefore
they are of a female gender. We decline them in the same way as the nouns of this declension.
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Example of this paradigm: gutta pura
sg. pl.
1. gutta pura gutt-ae pur-ae
2. gutt-ae pur-ae gutt-arum pur-arum
3. gutt-ae pur-ae gutt-is pur-is
4. gutt-am pur-am gutt-as pur-as
6. gutt-a pur-a gutt-is pur-is
Note: a noun + an adjective they have the same case, gender and number but sometimes
the declension may vary depending on the type of the noun. It is the noun that indicates
these three categories – the gender, number and case; the adjective conforms to the noun
and follows the noun.
Exercises:
1 Read and translate:
Lagoena. Tinctura. Scatula. Costa. Vertebrae. Clavicula. Mandibula et maxilla. Venae et

arteriae. Arteria coronaria. Vesica fellea. Vesica urinaria. Tibia sinistra. Fibula dextra. Spina
scapulae. Vena cava. Valvulae venarum. Glandula thyreoidea. Fascia lata. Fractura
complicata. Ruptura tunicae mucosae.
Aqua purificata. Tinctura amara. Olla pastae. Lagoena aquae carminativae. Scatula
pulmonariae herbae. Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula. Tabuletta obducta. Lagoena mixturae.
Ad chartas certas. Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula. Valerianae guttae.
2 Add the attributes to these given expressions and change the suffixes if necessary:
tunica mucosa (lingua, vesica urinaria)

aqua (purus, a, um)
fractura (vertebra, costae, fibula sinistra)
scatula (tabulettae, herba, capsulae gelatinosae)
spina (scapula)
therapia (chirurgicus, a, um)
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3 Form plural:
fibula dextra, ruptura tunicae mucosae, spina scapulae, fractura complicata, lagoena aquae
carminativae, olla pastae, vesica urinaria, fascia lata, vertebra fracta, ruptura aortae, melissae
herba, planta primulae, mixtura menthae et matricariae
4 Translate into Latin:
a jelly capsule, a bottle of distilled water, tincture of chamomile, composed tablets, gallipot,
white wax, complicated fracture of collar bone, mucous membrane, thoracic vertebrae
Survey of the main pharmaceutical abbreviations used in prescriptions:
Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English meaning:

amp. ampulla ampoule
aq. aqua water
aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water
aq. ophth. aqua ophthalmica ophthalmic water
c.f.(form) cum formula with a copy
of a prescription
caps., cps. capsula, capsulae capsule
gtt., gutt. gutta, guttae drop
herb. herba herb
lag. lagoena bottle
mixt. mixtura mixture
oll. olla gallipot
past., pst. pasta paste
scat. scatula box
sig. signatura, signum signature
tab(l)., tbl. tabuletta, tabulettae tablet
tct., tinct. tinctura tincture
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Vocabulary:
ad to, into
aqua, ae, F water
amarus, a, um bitter
arteria, ae, F artery
capsula, ae, F capsule
carminativus, a, um against flatulence
cavus, a, um hollow
clavicula, ae, F collar bone
complicatus, a, um complicated, difficult
coronarius, a, um coronary
costa, ae, F rib
dexter, a, um right
felleus, a, um of gall
fibula, ae, F fibula
fractura, ae, F fracture
gelatinosus, a, um jelly
glandula, ae, F gland
gutta, ae, F drop
herba, ae, F plant
charta, ae, F chart
lagoena, ae, F bottle
mandibula, ae, F lower jaw
maxilla, ae, F upper jaw
mixtura, ae, F mixture
mucosus, a, um mucosal
obductus, a, um coated
olla, ae, F galipot
pasta, ae, F paste
pulmonarius, a, um pulmonary
purificatus, a, um purified
ruptura, ae, F rupture
scapula, ae, F shoulder blade
scatula, ae, F box
sinister, a, um left
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spina, ae, F back spine
tabuletta,ae, F tablet, pill
thyroideus, a, um thyroid
tibia, ae, F tibia
tinctura, ae, F tincture
tunica, ae, F tunic, layer, coat
urinarius, a, um urinary
valvula, ae, F valve
vena, ae, F vein
vertebra, ae, F vertebra
vesica, ae, F bladder
Living Latin phrases:
Historia magistra vitae.
In memoriam.
Secundum naturam.
Pro forma
Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases:
magistra, ae, F= teacher, female master; vita, ae, F = life; memoria, ae, F = memory; secundum
(prep.with accus.) = according to; pro (prep. with abl.) = for, because of
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Unit 3
Latin Nouns of the 2nd Declension (-O- Stems)
Latin Adjectives of the 2nd Declension
Nouns of the 2nd Declension:

Nouns ending in the nominative of singular with the suffix –us or –er and with – i in the
genitive of singular (e.g. sirupus, i, M; nervus, i, M) are declined according to this paradigm.
The vowel -e- may be omitted in this declension: e.g. cancer, cancr-i against puer, pue-ri, M
(boy). The representant of this masculine paradigm is: sirupus, i, M. Most nouns of the 2nd
declension are of a masculine gender, only a few of them are of a feminine gender (e.g.
methodus, i, F etc.). The neutrum paradigm is very close to masculine suffixes; i.e. in the
nominative of singular it finishes in the ending –um and in – i in the genitive of singular (e.g.
atrium, i, N; organum, i, N etc.). The main neutrum representant is unguentum, i, N
(ointment).
Paradigm of masculine nouns: sirupus

Singular (sg.) Plural (pl.)
1. sirup -us sirup-i
2. sirup-i sirup-orum
3. sirup -o sirup-is
4. sirup -um sirp-os
6. sirup -o sirup-is
Case endings of the 2nd masculine declension

sg. pl.
1. -us, -er -i
2. -i -orum
3. -o -is
4. -um -os
6. -o -is
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Paradigm of neuter nouns: unguentum
sg. pl.
1. unguent -um unguent-a
2. unquent-i unguent-orum
3. unguent-o unguent-is
4. unguent-um unguent-a
6. unguent-o unguent-is
Case endings of the 2nd neuter declension

sg. pl.
1. - um -a
2. - i -orum
3. - o -is
4. - um -a
6. - o -is
Adjectives of 2st Declension:

There are some adjectives which belong to the 2st declension and they have two forms, one
form for masculines e.g. amarus, longus and one for neuters, e.g. amarum longum.
Remember that feminine form is amara, longa etc. and consequently they are declined
according to the 1st declension (gutta).
Example of the 2nd masculine paradigm together with an adjective:

1. musculus longus muscul-i long-i
2. muscul-i long-i muscul-orum long-orum
3. muscul-o long-o muscul-is ling-is
4. muscul-um long-um muscul-os long-os
6. muscul-o long-o muscul-is long-is
Example of the 2nd neuter paradigm together with and adjective:

sg. pl.
1. extractum siccum extract-a sicc-a
2. extract-i sicc-i extract-orum sicc-orum
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3. extract-o sicc-o extract-is sicc-is
4. extract-um succ-um extract-a sicc-a
6. extract-o sicc-o extract-is sicc-is
Note: noun+adjective of the same declension are again in the same case, gender and
number.
Exerises:
Musculus rectus. Musculi obliqui. Suppositorium glyceroli. Septum nasi. Ventriculus cerebri.
Cancer ventriculi. Humerus dexter. Atrium sinistrum. Palatum durum. Ligamenta carpi.
Tunica mucosa intestini crassi. Morbi contagiosi. Rubeola. Varicella. Ruptura tunicae
mucosae recti.
Betulae folium. Aurantii sirupus. Olla vaselini flavi. Hyperici extractum. Lana gossypii
depurata. Ligamentum latum. Cavum uteri. Fractura radii. Periculum in mora. Sub signo
veneni.
2 Change the words in brackets:
ligamentum latum (uterus), factura (digitus secundus), locus (musculus profundus), post
(fracura costae), cum (digitus fractus), ad (cavum + cranium), in (vitrum album), cum
(glandula thyreoida), rami (nervus ophtalmus), fractura (cerebrum parvum), membrana
interossea (antebrachium)
3 Give the opposites:
ramus dexter, cavum parvum organum sanum, , ligamentum latum, remedium compositum,
musculus profundus, nasus extremus, extractum siccum
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danger of rupture of a finger, extract of sirup for adult persons, after the fracture of wide
ligament of uterus, pill under the tongue, destilled water in a bottle, branches of nerves,
contagious disease of German measles, under the sign of posion, ligament of uterus
List of the main prescription abbrevitiations in pharmacy:
Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English meaning:

ac., acid acidum acid
acidus acid, sour
acet. acetum vinegar
aceticus vinegary
anhydr. anhydricus anhydrous
aquos. aquosus hydrous
arom. aromaticus aromatic
comp. compositus composed
conc. concentratus concentrated
dil(ut) dilutus dilute
empl. emplastrum plaster
extr. extractum extract
fol. folium, folia leaf
glob. globula globule
guttator. guttatorium dropper, drop-glass
hydr. hydrosus hydrous
isoton. isotonicus isotonic
liq. liquidus liquid
no. numero in number
obd. obductus covered
ol. oleum oil
ol. oleosus oily
ophth.(al). ophthalmicus ophthalmic
pro adult. pro adultis for adults
pro baln. pro balneo for bath
20
pro med. pro medico for a physician
s.a. sine antimicrobico without an antimicrobial
ingredient
s.s.v. sub signo veneni under the sign of poison
sic.(c) siccus dry
sir. sirupus syrup
supp. suppositorium, suppositoria suppository
ung. unguentum ointment
ven. venenum poison
vitr. vitrum medicine bottle
Vocabulary:
ad (preposition with acc.) preposition to, towards

atrium, i, N atrium
aurantium, i, N orange
betula, ae, F birch
cancer, i, M cancer
carpus, i, M. carpus, wrist
cerebrum, i, N. brain
contagiosus, a, um contagious
cranium, i, N skull
crassus, a, um thick
cum (preposition with abl.) with
depuratus, a, um purified
digitus, i, M finger
durus, a, um hard
extractum, i, N extract
fascia, ae, F fascia, serious tissue covering
flavus, a, um yellow
folium, i, N leaf
glycerolum, i, N glycerine
gossypium, i, N cotton wool
humerus,i, N humerus
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hypericum, i, N Aaron´s beard (herb)
chamomilla, ae, F chamomile
in (preposition with acc.+abl.) in, into, within, inside
intestinum, i, N intestine
lana, ae, F wool
latus, a, um wide
ligamentum, i, N ligamentum
locus, i, M place, location
matricaria, ae, F camomile
melissa, ae, F melissa (herb)
mora, ae, F hesitation
morbus, i, M disease, illness
musculus, i, M muscle
nasus, i, M nose
obliquus, a, um oblique
palatum, i, N palate
periculum, i, N danger
primula, ae, F primrose
radius, i, M radius, ray
rectum, i, N rectum
rectus, a, um direct
rubeola, ae, F rubeolla, German measles
sanus, a, um heathy
septum, i, N septum
signum, i, N sign
sirupus, i, M syrup
sub (prep. with acc. +abl.) under
suppositorium, i, N suppository
uterus, i, M uterus, womb
valeriana, ae, F valerian (herb)
varicella, ae, F measles
vaselinum, i, N vaseline
venenum, i, N poision
ventriculus, i, M ventricle, stomach
vitrum, i, N glass
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Curriculum vitae.
De facto.
Magister pharmaciae.
Periculum in mora.
Post scriptum (P.S).
magister, i, M = teacher, master; de (prep.with ablat.) = about; factum, i, N = fact,, mora, ae, F=
hesitation,; scriptum, i, N = writing
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Unit 4
Latin Nouns of the 3rd Declension (Consonant Ending Roots and -I- Stems)
Nouns of the 3rd Declension
We decline according to this paradigm the nouns which are finished in the nominative of
singular with different endings: e.g. masculine: -o, -os, -or, -en, -es,-er, -is etc.; feminine: -s,-
x, -tas,- is, -do etc.; neuter –us, -men, etc. but in the genitive of singular they have always the
same ending - is. Not all nouns belonging to this type have the same number of syllables
in nominative and genitive of singular; e.g. nom. sg. dol-or (2) and gen. sg. dol-or-is (3 ) or
nom. sg. car-ti-la-go (4), gen. sg. car-ti-la-gi-nis (5). Such nouns are called the different-
number-syllable nouns. The main representative of this paradigm is dolor, ris, M (pain).
The nouns with the same number of syllables e.g. nom. sg. au-ris (2), gen. sg. au-ris (2) are
called the same-number-syllable nouns. The main representative of this paradigm is auris, is,
F (ear). It is necessary to remember the form of nominative and genitive of singular and as
well as the noun gender otherwise your case forms cannot be correctly declined. Notice that
the genitive forms and their genders are always given in the vocabulary. The neutrum
representative is corpus, oris, N (body).
Paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with different number of syllables – dolor

(pain):
1. dolor dolor-es
2. dolor-is dolor-um
3. dolor-i dolor-ibus
4. dolor-em dolor-es
6. dolor-e dolor-ibus
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Paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with the same number of syllables- auris (ear):
sg. pl.
1. aur-is aur-es
2. aur-is aur-ium
3. aur-i aur-ibus
4. aur-em aur-es
6. aur-e aurib-ibus
Case endings of 3rd masculine and femine declension:

sg. pl.
1. - different endings -es
2. -is -um, -ium
3. -i -ibus
4. -em -es
6. -e -ibus
Paradigm of neuter nouns with different number of syllables – corpus (body):

sg. pl.
1. corp-us corpor-a
2. corpor-is corpor-um
3. corpor-i corpor-ibus
4. corp-us corpor-a
6. corpor-e corpor-ibus
Paradigm of neuter nouns with neuter endings: -e,-al, -ar e.g. cochlear (spoon):
sg. pl.
1. cochle-ar cochlear-ia
2. cochlear-is cochlear-ium
3. cochlear-i cochlear-ibus
4. cochle-ar cochlear-ia
6. cochlear-i cochlear-ibus
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Case endings of 3rd neuter declension:
sg. pl.
1. - different endings -a, -ia
2. -is -um, -ium
3. -i -ibus
4. = nominative =nominative
6. -e, -i -ibus
Notes: M noun of 3rd declension + adjective of 2nd declension e.g.: dolor magnus
sg. pl.
1. dolor magnus dolor-es magn-i
2. dolor-is magn-i dolor-um magn-orum
3. dolor-i magn-o dolor-ibus magn-is
4. dolor-em magn-um dolor-es magn-os
6. dolor-e magn-o dolor-ibus magn-is
Exerises:
Caput femoris. Auris media. Os sacrum Pes sinister. Ren deformatus. Commotio cerebri.
Luxatio congenita coxae dextrae. Musculus adductor pollicis. Cavitas thoracis. Apex
pulmonis. Cortex cerebri. Partes corporis. Laesio thoracis. Deformatio pulmonis sinistri.
Per os. Per rectum. Pulvis adspersorius. Solutio ad desinfectionem. Iniectiones intravenosae.
Remedia pro infantibus. Sal amarum. Remedium contra tussim Papaveris flos. Valerianae
radix. Lagoena alcoholis. Cochlear foeniculi mellis. Herba cum radice. Saccharum lactis.
Mixtura pro iniectione. Flos niger.
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2 Change the terms using the following words in bractes:
vulnus (lacer, a, um), aqua pro (injectio), piper (niger, a, um), extractum fluidum contra
(dolor), post (operatio+tumor), dolor acutus (caput +femur), vulnus (abdomen), auris ante
(operatio), cavitas (septum nasi), luxatio (digitus secundus), cum (vulnus sectum),
3 Give the opposites:
tumor benignus, tussis sine febri, color niger, extractum siccum, abductor, femur sinistrum,
articulatio post operationem, contra ulcus ventriculi, sanatio per primam intentionem
transfusion of blood, intravenous injections, bottle of solution, congenital damage of hip,

medicament for the treatment, adspersory powder for childern, internal ear, antibiotics
against cough, symptoms of the inflammation
List of the main prescription abbreviations in pharmacy:
Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English

meaning:
aq. pro inj. aqua pro iniectione water for injection
cort. cortex peel, bark
crm. cremor cream
emuls. emulsio emulsion
exp. * expeditio, expeditiones expedition
fl. flos, flores flower
inj. iniectio injection
l.a. lege artis in accordance with
law
liq. liquor liquid
lot. lotio lotion
p. pars, partes part(s)
pro inf. pro infantibus for children
27
pro inj. pro iniectione for injection
pro ord. pro ordinatione for ordination
p(u)lv. ads. pulvis adspersorius adspersory powder
rad. radix root
s.n. suo nomine under the name
sem. semen sperm
sol. solutio solution
sol.conc. solutio concentrata concentrated
solution
sol.ol. solutio oleosa oily solution
susp. suspensio suspension
* In case of using this abbreviation on the external drug packaging it means the date of
expiracy (expiration date) exspiratio expiration
Vocabulary:
abductor, oris, M muscle the role of which is abducting from the body
adductor,oris, M muscle drawing the part towards to the body
adspersorius, a, um adspersory
alcohol, lis, M alcohol
apex, icis, M apex, top point
auris, is, F ear
caput, itis, N head
cavitas, atis, F cavity, hollow
cochlear, ris, N spoon
commotio, onis, F commotion, concussion, shock
congenitus, a, um congenial, native
corpus, oris, N body
cortex, ticis, M cortex, outer part of the organ, bark
coxa, ae, F hip
deformatus, a, um deformed
desinfectio, onis, F disinfection
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femur, oris, N femur, tight bone
flos, oris, M flower
piper, eris, N pepper
foeniculum, i, N fennel
infans, ntis, M or N child
inienctio, onis, F injection
intravenosus, a, um intravenous
lac, tis. N milk
laesio, onis, F lesion, damage
luteus, a, um yellow
luxatio , onis, F luxation, dislocation
medius, a, um mediary, middle
mel, mellis, N honey
niger, a, um black
os, oris, N mouth
os, ossis, N bone
papaver, ris, N poppy
pars, tis, F part
pes, pedis, M foot, leg
pollex, icis, M thumb
pulmo, onis, M lung
pulvis, eris, M powder
radix, icis, M root
remedium, i, N medicament, pill
ren, nis, M kidney
sacer, a, um holy, sacral
saccharum, i, N sugar
sal, is, M or N salt
solutio, onis, F solution
sulf(ph)us, uris, N sulphur
suspensio, onis, F suspension
thorax, acis, M chest, thorax
tussis, is, F coughing
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De iure.
Medicinae universae doctor.

Mens sana in copore sano.
Periculum mortis.
ius, ris, N = justice, law; mens, tis, F = mind, thinking; mors, tis F = death
30
Unit 5
Greek Nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Declensions
Most of the Greek nouns belonging to the 1st , 2nd and 3rd declensions changed their forms
and accommodated their original Greek paradigms and suffixes into Latin suffixes: e.g.
anatomia, anaemia, bronchus, haemorrhagia, cranium and many others by which we do not
find any differences when declining them. But some of them have still preserved their
original Greek endings and so they have different suffixes. The most important examples are:
systole and diabetes in the 1st declanantion and dosis and gramma in the 3rd declension.
The 2nd declension does not have any substantial changes comparing to their Latin forms.
1st Declension:
Latin paradigm: Greek paradigm Greek paradigm

Gutta (feminines) diabetes (masculines) systole (feminines)
Singular (sg.) sg. sg.
1. gutt-a diabet-es systole-e
2. gutt-ae diabet-ae systole-es
3. gutt -ae diabet-ae systol-ae
4. gutt-am diabet-am, (or Greek suffix -en) systole-en
6. gutt-a diabet-a (or Greek suffix -e) systole-e
Latin paradigm: Greek paradigm:

Plural (pl.) pl. - does not exist
1. gutt-ae
2. gutt-arum
3. gutt-is
4. gutt-as
6. gutt-is
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Plural of Greek paradigm:
In plural the 1st Greek declension does not exist and if we need to form their plural
endings we use the standard Latin plural suffixes of the 1st declension.
2st Declension:
Similarly as you could see in the first declension there are again some of the nouns of Greek
origin in the 2nd declension which have kept their original Greek endings. But their different
Greek suffixes are not as numerous as compering to these ones in the 1st declension.
M Latin paradigm: M Greek paradigm N Latin parad. N Greek paradigm

sirupus nephros (kidney) unguentum colon (intestinum)
Singular (sg.) sg. sg. sg.
1. sirupus nephr-os unguen-tum col-on
2. sirup-i nephr-i unguent-i col-i
3. sirup-o nephr-o ungent-o col-o
4. sirup-um nephr-um ungent-um col-on
6. sirup-o nephro ungent-o col-o
L atin Plural (pl.) Greek pl. Latin pl. Greek pl.

1. sirupi nephr-i unguent-a col-a
2. sirup-orum nephr-orum unguent-orum col-orum
3. sirup-is nephr-is ungent-is col-is
4. sirup-os nephr-os ungent-a col-a
6. sirup-is nephr-is ungent-is col-is
As you can see above in plural there are no changes comparing the Latin and Greek
declensions.
3rd Declension
As there was shown in the first and second declensions there are again some of the nouns of
Greek origin in the 3rd declension which have kept their original Greek endings.
32
Greek paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with different number of syllabels:
The main representative: parotis, tidis, F
M+F Latin Paradigm M+F Greek Paradigm

dolor parotis (parotis gland)
sg. pl. sg. pl.
(no suffix changes between L and G)
1. dolor dolor-es parot-is parotid-es
2. dolor-is dolor-um parotid-is parotid-um
3. dolor-i dolor-ibus parotid-i parotid-ibus
4. dolor-em dolor-es parotid-em parotid-es
6. dolor-e dolor-ibus parotid-e parotid-ibus
Note: By this Greek paradigm we can also sometimes find the suffix: -itis, -itidis , F
which means the inflammatory disease; e.g. gaster + itis= gastritis, itidis, F.
Greek paradigm of nouns with the same number of syllables:

The main representative: dosis, is, F (dose is English)
F Latin Paradigm F Greek paradigm
auris dosis
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. aur-is aur-es dosis dos-es
2. aur-is aur-ium dos-is(-eos) dos-ium
3. aur-i aur-ibus dosi dos-ibus
4. aur-em aur-es dos-im(-in) dos-es
6. aur-e aurib-ibus dos-i dos-ibus
Note: By this Greek paradigm we can also sometimes find the suffix: -osis, -is, F which
means the non-inflammatory disease; e.g. arthron+osis= arthrosis, is, F
Greek paradigm of neuter nouns with different number of syllables:

The main representative: gramma, tis, N
33
N Latin Paradigm N Greek Paradigm
corpus gramma
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. corp-us corpor-a gramma grammat-a
2. corpor-is corpor-um gramat-is gramat-um
3. corpor-i corpor-ibus gramat-i grammat-ibus(-is)
4. corp-us corpor-a gramm-a grammat-a
6. corpor-e corpor-ibus grammat-e gramma-tibus(-is)
Note: By this Greek paradigm we can also sometimes find the suffix: -oma, -omatis, N
which means the growth of the substance (organ) which it belongs to; e.g. lipos+oma =
lipoma, omatis, N (e.g. carcinoma, osteoma etc.)
Exercises:
1 Translate the following expressions and identify the Greek suffixes:
1. Enteron. Nephros. Ophthalmos. Encephalon. Raphe palate. Apnoe. Dyspnoe. Systema

vasorum. Musculus masseter. Glandula parotis. Parotitis infectiosa. Lobus hepatis. Hepatitis
infectiosa. Tunica mucosa ureteris. Sympomata gastritidis. Coma ex traumate capitis. Solutio
pro narcosi. Remedium contra bronchitidem acutam. Signa anaemiae. Haemorrhagia e causa
ignota.
Remedium contra diarrhoeam. Aqua ophthalmica. Remedia stomachica.
2 Change the words in brackets:
apnoe (congenitus, a, um), remedium contra (haemorrhagia), vitrum (aqua ophthalmica),

symptomata (diabetes, coma,encephalitis), emesis post (operatio), trauma (encephalon),
carcinoma (colon), emesis post (narcosis)
34
Vocabulary:
aden, adenos, i, N (M) gland

appendicitis, itidis, F appendicitis
appendix, icis, F appendix
apnoe, es, F breathing arrest
carcinoma, atis, N carcinoma
colon, i, N large intestine
coma, atis, N coma
derma, atis, N skin
diabetes, ae, M diabetes
diastole, es, F diastole
diarrhoea, ae, F diarrh(o)ea
dyspnoe, es, F dysfunction of breathing
dosis, is, F dose
emesis, is, F vomiting
enteron, i, N intestine
encephalon, i, N brain
gramma, atis, N gram
gargarisima, matis, N gargling water
haemorrhagia, ae. F bleeding
hepar, atis, N liver
larynx, gis, F larynx
lipos, i, M oil
narcosis, is. F narcose
nephros, i, M kidney
osteoma, atis, N osteoma
raphe, es, F suture
prognosis, is, F prediction
trauma, atis, N wound, injury
systole,es, F systole
Alma mater.
Mel in ore, fel in corde.
35
Timor mortis.
Patientia vincit omnia.
almus, a, um = nutrient; fel, fellis, N = gall; timor, ris, M = fear, anxiety; patientia, ea, F =
patience; vincio, ire = overcome; omnis, e = all, everything
36
Unit 6
Adjectives of the 3rd Declension
Adjectives in Latin Generally
The adjectives in Latin can be generally divided into two groups; the first group into which
there belong the adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension (e.g. fractus, a, um; gelatinosus, a,
um; dexter, a, um etc.). They have three possible endings for three genders relating the noun
which they belong to - e.g. sirupus compositus or gutta amara or extractum fluidum. But
besides them there also exists the other group of adjectives which are the adjectives of the 3rd
declension and they have completely different grammatical rules.
Adjectives of the 3rd Declension
The adjectives belonging to the third declension can be basically divided into three different
groups: 3 - endings adjectives with three special suffixes or three endings for each gender
a different one e.g. acer M; acris F; acre N (sharp) then there exist 2 - endings adjectives
with two special suffixes or two endings; one common ending for masculines and feminines
and one special ending for neuters; e.g. brevis (short) the same ending for masculines and
feminines, breve – one special ending for neuters. And then there exist 1 - ending adjectives
or 1 - suffix or one ending adjectives with one ending for all three genders e.g. simplex.
There appears just 1 ending simpl -ex (simple) which is the same for all genders M, F and N.
But this one ending -ex can be also different e.g. vetus (old), prominens (prominent), biceps
etc. and again just this 1 endings represents one common suffix for M, F and N.
3 endings: 2 endings: 1 ending:

sg:
M F N M F N M F N
1. acer acris acre brevis breve simplex
2. acr-is brev-is simplic-is
3. acr-i brev-i simplic-i
37
4. acr-em acre brev-em breve simplic-em simplex
6. acr-i brev-i simplic-i
pl:
M F N M F N M F N
1. acr-es acr-ia brev-esbrev-ia simplic – es simplic-ia
2. acr-ium brev-ium simplic-ium
3. acr-ibus brev-ibus simplic-ibus
4. acr-es acr-ia brev-esbrev-ia simplic-es simplic-ia
6. acr-ibus brev-ibus simplic-ibus
38
Exercises:
1 Read and translate into English:
Os deformans. Ramus communicans. Mors post dosim letalem. Ulcus perforans. Sclerosis
multiplex. Delirium tremens. Trauma grave. Dolor acer.
Remedium cardinale, adiuvans, corrigens, constituens. Mixtura solvens. Sapo medicinalis.
Dosis aequalis. Dosis letalis. Pulvis effervescens. Saccharum solubile. Tabulettae fortes.
Solutio versicolor et decolour. Capsulae enterosolventes. Peroralia liquida et semisolida.
Olivae oleum virginale.
2 A) Join the following nouns with correct forms of adjectives :

Example:
oleum virginalis, virginale: oleum virginale
saccharum solubilis, solubile

sirupus arteficialis, arteficiale
capsula mollis, molle
planta medicinalis, medicinale
dosis letalis, letale
remedium cardinalis, cardinale
dolor acer, acris, acre
expeditio originalis, originale
B) change the above couples into plural:

Example: oleum virginale: olea virginalia
3 Fill in proper endings:
Example:
remedium adiuvan...: remedium adiuvans
39
lagoena sirupi simplic....., emplastrum medicinal....., succus recen....., unguentum
simpl...., pasta zinci moll....., mors post dosim letal......., tabulettae fort......, mixtura
solven.....
4 Translate into English:
the dose of simple syrup, simple ointment, fresh juice, original package, medical herb, a bottle
with colourless solution, intravenous and intramuscular injection, death after a lethal dose,
liquid extract, semi-hard medicine administrated by mouth
Vocabulary
acer, cris, cre sharp

ascendens, entis ascending
brevis, e short
commitans, antis accompanying
communicans, antis communicating, connecting
decolor, oris colourless
deformans, antis disfiguring, deformated
delirium tremens, entis state of complete drunkenness
descendens, entis descending
enterosolvens, entis soluble in the intestine
fortis, e strong
gravis, e heavy, hard, difficult
hypoglossus, a, um under the tongue
letalis, e lethal
liquidus, a, um liquid
mollis,e soft
multiplex, multiplicis multiple
perforans, antis penetrating
peroralis, e administered through the mouth
progrediens, entis proceeding
ramus,i, N branch
40
semisolidus, a, um half hard
simplex, cis simple
solubilis, e soluble
spondylitis, itidis, F inflammation of vertebrae
tuber,eris, N tubercle
ulcus, eris, N ulcer
versicolor, oris colourful
virginalis, e virginal
Homo mortalis, opus immortale.
Experentia docet.
Bona fide.
Ars longa, vita brevis.
opus, eris, N = work, art; experentia, ae, F = experience, doceo,ere (doctum) = teach; fides, ei,
F = goodwill, believe, trust; ars, tis, F = art
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Unit 7
Prepositions in Latin:
In Latin as well as in other languages prepositions are incapable of inflection and they always
precede the words (a noun or nouns and adjectives) which they control. Generally where
English mostly always puts the prepositions Latin always employs the inflection to show the
relation between or among the words.
But of course in Latin there are also certain relations expressed by prepositions but comparing
to English the amount of them is rather low. Moreover the use of Latin prepositions is only
limited to two cases - the accusative and the ablative.
Prepositions with accusative are:
Preposition English meaning Example

ad to, up ad usum veterinarium
ante before, in front of ante pilulam gelatinosam
contra against contra febrim
intra inside intra musculum
extra outside extra periculum
supra above supra linteum
infra under infra genu dextrum
post after, afterward post mortem
per through per os
propter because of propter tumorem
trans over trans cutem
Prepostions with ablative are:

a, ab off, away ab ovo
cum with cum febri
de about de remediis
42
e,ex from, because of e vitro
pro for pro narcosi
sine without sine dolore
It has to be noticed that there are two prepositions in (in, inside) and sub (under)
which can be used with either accusative or ablative depending on its meaning. When you can
ask: where to? meaning direction - then use the accusative. When you ask where in? meaning
location - then use the ablative.
Eg.: Where to? In venam. Where in? In vena. Where to? Sub scapulam. Where in? Sub
scapula.
Exercise:
Status post collapsum. Remedium contra vomitum. Morbus cum febri. Iniectio contra
dolorem. Abortus post trauma grave. Dolores ante operationem. Sepsis in regione abdominali.
Dermatitis e contactu cum acidis. Sanatio cum defectu.
Pro balneo. Per os. Per rectum. Suppositoria pro infantibus. Remedium ad usum internum.
Dosis maxima pro die. Unguentum ad usum externum.
2 Change the endings of nouns according their prepositions:
amputatio sine (narcosis)

remedium contra (febris)
emulsio pro (usus veterinarius)
status post (operatio)
pro (balneum externum)
ex (oculus sinister)
ad (lagoena pura)
febris cum (dolor)
43
3 Put the prepositions in these following expressions into their opposite forms:
febris ante abortum ante trauma capitis

post operationem cordis supra nasum fractum
sine defectu genus sinistri extra uterum
ex oculo sinistro ad lagoenam puram
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Unit 8
Latin Nouns of the 4th and 5th Declensions (-U- and -E- Stems)
Nouns of the 4th Declension:

We decline according to this paradigm the nouns which are finished in the nominative of
singular with –us and in the genitive of singular they have the ending –us. The main
representative is processus, us, M (projection or protrusion or bulge). The genitive of
singular is –us and it differs from the nominative of singular only by the length which does
not have to be marked. The nouns belonging to the 4th declension are mostly masculine (apart
from a few exceptions e.g. manus, us, F - hand). There are also some neuters e.g. genu, us. N
(knee).
Note: there are neither any adjective of the 4th nor any adjectives of the 5th declension.
Paradigm of masculine (+a few feminines):

1. process-us process-us
2. processus-us process-uum
3. process-ui process-ibus
4. process-um process-us
6. process-u process-ibus
Case endings of 4th masculine and femine declensions:

sg. pl.
1. -us -us
2. -us -uum
3. -ui -ibus
4. -um -us
6. -u -ibus
45
Paradigm of neuter nouns:
sg. pl.
1. gen-u gen-ua
2. gen-us gen-uum
3. gen-u gen-ibus
4. gen-u gen-ua
6. gen-u gen-ibus
Case endings of 4th neuter declension:

sg. pl.
1. -u -ua
2. -us -uum
3. -u -ibus
4. -u -ua
6. -u -ibus
Nouns of the 5th Declension:
We decline according to this paradigm the nouns which are finished in nominative of singular
with –es e.g. faci-es (face) and in the genitive of singular they have the ending –ei e.g faci-ei.
The paradigm sample is facies, ei. F (face).They are almost entirely feminine (apart from a
few exceptions e.g. dies, ei, M - day).
Paradigm of masculine (+a few feminines):

1. faci-es faci-es
2. faci-ei faci-erum
3. faci-ei faci-ebus
4. faci-em faci-es
6. faci-e faci-ebus
46
Case endings of 5th masculine and femine declensions:
sg. pl.
1. -es -es
2. -ei -erum
3. -ei -ebus
4. -em -es
6. -e -ebus
Exercises:
Apparatus respiratorius. Arcus vertebrae. Facies interna. Apparatus digestorius. Ductus

lymphatucus. Musculi faciei. Partus complicatus. Genu sinistrum. Organa sensuum. Per
aspectionem. Per auscultationem. Collapsus circulatorius. Dermatitis e contactu cum acidis.
Extractio dentis molaris propter cariem. Fractura processus transversae sine laesione medullae
spinalis.
Pro balneo. Per rectum. Species stomachicae. Lagoena spiritus. Quercus cortex. Remedium
contra vomitum. Myrtilii fructus recens. Remedium ad usum internum. Dosis maxima pro die.
Unguentum contra decubitus profundos. Species aromaticae. Effectus medicamenti.
2 Add a corresponding loose attribute to each expression:
Example: lagoena (+spiritus compositus) lagoena spiritus compositi
articulatio (+ genu sinistrum)

arcus (+vertebrae thoracicae)
fractura (+manus dextra)
effectus (+species pectorales)
sanatio (+ abscessus + palpebra)
collapsus (+systema respiratorius)
47
internal ear, breathing tract, complicated birth, the collapse of circulatory tract, dental caries
inside the mouth, fresh fruit of the orange, the contact with acids, vomiting after the operation,
deep bedsores after the operation, sanation of deep bedsores, remedy for external use,
urological tea, aromatic tea for the treatment of the respiratory organs
Vocabulary:
acidum, i, N acid
ad (prep. with accus.) to, for, towards
apparatus, us, M apparatus
arcus, us M arch
aromaticus, a, um aromatic
aspectio, onis, F watching
auscultatio, onis, F hearing
balneum, i. N bath
caries, ei, F dental caries
circulatorius, a, um circulating
collapsus,us, M collapse
contactus, us, M contact
contra (prep. with accus.) against
cortex, ticis, M peeling, outer part of the body, bark
cum (prep. with. abl.) with
decubitus, us, M decubitus, bedsore, pressure ulcer
dermatitis, itidis, F inflammation of skin
dies, ei, M day
ductus, us, M duct
effectus, us, M effect
facies, ei. F face
fructus, us, M fruit
internus, a, um internal
lymphaticus, a, um lymphatic
myrtilium, i. N mirth
48
organum, i. N organ
partus, us, M birth
per (prep. with accus.) through
pro (prep. with ablat.) for
processus, us M process, projection, outgrowth
profundus, a, um deep
quercus, us, F oak
recens, ntis fresh
rectum, I, N bottom
respiratorious, a,um breathing
sensus, us, M sense
sine (prep. with abl.) without
species, ei. F species, mixture
spiritus, us, M spirit
stomachicus, a, um stomachic, gastric
urologicus, a, um urological
usus, us, M use
vomitus, us. M vomiting
Medicina omnium artium nobilissima.
Vis maior.
Repetitio est mater studiorum.
omnis, e = all, everything; ars, is, F = art; nobilis, e = noble; vis, is, F = power, puissance;
repetitio, onis, F = revision; est = is
49
Unit 9
Comparison of Adjectives in Latin
The adjectives are capable to express different degrees of their quality and for this the Latin
language uses comparison forms. There are three degree for expressing it. The basic (1st)
level, which is the adjective found in the vocabulary, is called the positive (e.g.complicatus, a,
um; letalis, e etc.) and such an adjective means the standard level of its adjective quality. The
higher (2nd) degree is called the comparative and the highest (3rd) degree is called the
superlative. More details relating the comparative and superlative will be explained below.
The comparison of adjectives is divided into four groups:
1st Regular
2nd Irregular
3rd Periphrastic
4th Incomplete
1st Regular comparative and superlative of adjectives: the comparative is made using
special suffixes: -ior (M+F) and -ius (N) which have to be added to the genitive stem and it
does not make any difference if you form these comparatives from the adjective belonging to
the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declensions. The superlative suffixes are: -issimus (M), -issima(F), -
issimum (N) which have to be added to the genitive stem and again it does not make any
difference if you form these superlatives from the adjective belonging to the 1st, 2nd or 3rd
declensions.
Positive Comparative Superlative

M+F+N M + F, N M + F +N
comparative suffix superlative suffix
the adjective (basic form) -ior,-ius -issimus,-a,-um
e.g.:
longus, a, um long-ior, long-ius long-issimus, a, um
brevis, e brev-ior, brev-ius brevissimus, a, um
50
acer, is, e acr-ior, acr-ius acerr-imus, a, um
The comparative forms are declined as dolor (M+F) and corpus (N).
sg. pl.
M F N M F N
1. acrior acrius acriores acriora
2 acrioris acriorum
3. acriori acrioribus
4. acriorem acrius acriores acriora
6. acriore acrioribus
The superlative forms of all adjectives are declined according to the 1st and 2nd
declensions: e.g. longissimus, acerrimus, difficillimus like sirupus; longissima, acerrima,
difficillima like gutta; longissimum, acerrimum, difficillimum like unguentum.
e.g.:
sg. pl.
1. musculus longissimus musculi longissimi
2. musculi longissimi musculorum longissimorum
3. musculo longissimo musculis longissimis
4. musculum longissimum musculos longissimos
6. musculo longissimo musculis longissimis
Note. Some adjectives can have their stem ending finished in -l. -r: e.g. similis, acris etc.
In such a case they form the superlative just by „doubling“ this stem consonant, e.g.
simillimus, acerrimus etc.
The most frequently used adjective belonging to this group are:

similis,e = similar
difficilis,e = difficult
facilis, e = easy
dissimilis,e = dissimilar
2nd Irregular comparison of adjectives:
51
In Latin there also exist some irregular adjectives having different stems for their comparative
and superlative. The most frequently used are stated below:

magnus,a,um(large, big) maior, maius (larger, bigger) maximus,a,um (the largest)
parvus,a,um (small) minor, minus (smaller) minimus,a,u (the smallest)
bonus,a,um (good) melior, melius (better) optimus,a,um (the best)
malus,a,um (bad) peior, peius (worse) pessimus,a,um (the worst)
multus,a,um (many,much) plures, plura (more) plurimi,ae, a (the most
numerous)
NOTE: As you can see the superlative and comparative of multus occur usually in plural
form. The genitive form of plures, plura is plurium!
3rd Periphrastic comparison of adjectives:
This comparison is used in these adjectives where the root ends in a vowel (e.g. necessari-us =
necessary, dubi-us = disputable) and they form their comparative and superlative by the
means of the adverb magis = more, maxime = the most. That is as follows:

necessarius,a,um magis necessarius,a,um maxime necessarius,a,um
dubius, a, um magis dubius, a, um maxime dubius, a, um
4th Incomplete comparison of adjectives:
This way of forming comparative and superlative can seem as very strange but it existed in
Latin and it has been used up to now. Some prepositions can form something like “regular
comparative and superlative” and they serve to denote positions on human and animal body
(e.g. membrum superius, membrum inferius). Most of the commonly used are stated below:
Positive (preposition) Comparative Superlative

ante anterior, ius does not exist
post posterior, ius postremus, a, um
52
supra superior, ius supremus, a, um
summus, a, um
infra inferior, us infimus, a, um
imus, a, um
intra interior, ius intimus, a, um
extra exterior, ius extremus, a, um
Exercises:
Vena cordis minima. Tunica intima. Pars corporis mollis, mollior, mollissima. Circulatio
sanguinis maior. Musculus longissimus capitis. Transfusio sanguinis maxime necessaria.
Operatio facillima. Pulsus frequentior. Prognosis optima. Infarctus recentissimus. Causa
morbi maxime dubia. Symptomata simillima.
Dosis maxima. Unguentum simplicissimum. Pulvis subtillimus. Solutio fortior. Venenum
acerrimum. Medicamentum optimum. Remedium fortissimum.
2 Give comparatives and superlatives of the adjectives in the following couples:
Example: prognosis mala: prognosis peior, prognosis pessima
prognosis mala
dosis parva
pulvis subtilis
aqua pura
symptomata similia
prognosis dubia
solutio fortis
curatio facilis
53
3 Use the expressions from the exercise 2 with the preposition “cum”:
Example: cum prognosi peiore, pessima
4 Fill in missing endings in superlative:
Example: ante operationem difficillimam
ante operationem difficill................, dosis maxim.................,. post infarctum recent..............,

vaselinum subtil......................., sirupus puri........................, amputatio digiti mini...................,
tinctura acer...........................
5 Tranlate into Latin:
the most dubious cause of death, the box of the most subtle powder for children, bottle of pure
water, injection into the lower extremity, the strongest solution, the most necessary
transfusion of blood, the best and the worst prognosis.
Vocabulary:
causa, ae, F cause, reason

flexura, ae, F bend
frequens, entis frequent
meatus, us, M meatus, passage
parvus, a, um small
recens, entis recent, fresh
symptom, atis, N symptom
teres, teretis round
Optimus medicus etiam philosophus.
54
Optima res est bona valetudo.
Melius est copore aegrotare quam animo aegrotare.
etiam = also; res, ei, F = thing, matter; est = is; valetudo, inis, F = health; aegroto, are
(aegrotus) = be ill, sicken; quam = than; animus, i, M = spirit
55
Unit 10
Latin Numerals
The numerals in Latin, mainly in pharmaceutical Latin, are quite essential. They are divided
into four groups. The first group which indicates the basic number is called cardinals, the
second one denotating the order is named ordinals, the multiplicity can be expressed by
numerals called multiples and they can also express how many times something is or should
be done, taken and in such a case they are also called numeral adverbs. The last group is
called distributive numerals and they express the number by which something is distributed
etc., e.g. how many pills are there distributed in the package etc.
1st Cardinal numbers
As shown below only three of the basic low cardinal numerals can be declined: unus, a, um =
one, duo, duae, duo = two, tres, tres, tria = three. They are declined as follows:
M F N
1. unus una unum
2. un-ius
3. un-i
4. un-um un-am un-um
6. un-o un-a un-o
M F N
1. duo duae duo
2. du-orum du-arum du-orum
3. du-obus du-abus du-obus
4. du-os du-as du-o
6. du-obus du-abus du-obus
56
M F N
1. tres tres tria
2. tri-um
3. tri-bus
4. tres tres tria
6. tri-bus
NOTE: The above stated numerals behave like adjectives (close attributes), i.e. they
conform to the noun they belong to in number, gender and case: unus digitus, una gutta,
duae pilullae etc.
The higher numerals up to two hundred are indeclinable.
57
Table No. 1 - Cardinal numerals
Arabic 1-10 Arabic 11-20 Arabic 21-100 Arabic 200-300

I XI XXI CC
1 unus, 11 undecim 21 viginti unus 200 ducenti, ae, a

una,
unum
II XII XXX CCC
2 duo, 12 duodecim 30 triginta 300 trecenti, ae, a

duae,duo
III XIII XL CD
3 tres, 13 tredecim 40 quadraginta 400 quadringenti,

tres, tria ae, a
IV XIV L D
4 quattuor 14 quattuordecim 50 quinquaginta 500 quingenti, ae,

a
V XV LX DC
5 quinque 15 quindecim 60 sexaginta 600 sescenti, ae, a
VI XVI LXX DCC
6 sex 16 sedecim 70 septuaginta 700 septingenti,

ae, a
VII XVII LXXX DCCC
7 septem 17 septendecim 80 octoginta 800 octingenti,

ae, a
VIII XVIII XC CM
8 octo 18 duodeviginti 90 nonaginta 900 nongenti, ae,

a
9 IX 19 XIX 100 C 1000 M
novem undeviginti centum mille
10 X 20 XX 2000 MM
decem viginti duo milia
58
Note:
In tens the last two numerals (18, 19; 28, 29; 38, 39 etc.) in front of a whole number are
subtracted from the following whole number e.g.: 18 = 2 subtracted from 20 = duo - de-
viginti, 19 = un - de- viginti, 28 =duo – de- triginta, 29 = un- de- triginta. Normally, these
numbers are written as one word, hyphen is just used for better understanding:
duodetriginta etc.
But we never subtract from one hundred: 98 = nonaginta octo, 99 = nonaginta novem.
Note: One hundred - centum is indeclinable in singular, but in plural (i.e. from 200 =
ducenti, ae, a up to 900 = nongenti, ae, a they are declined like 1st and 2nd declensions:
sirupus, gutta, unguentum in plural, e.g. ducentae guttae etc.
Mille is indeclinable in singular, in plural it has the same forms as the example cochlear
i.e. milia, milium, milibus.
2nd Ordinal numerals which are used for denoting the order in a sequence are declinable and
basically they are inflected like sirupus, gutta, unguentum. They behave like adjectives in the
function of close attributes so they conform to the noun belonging to them in number, gender
and case, e.g. digitus primus etc.
The most needed ordinal numers mostly in anatomy are only up to the 12th and they are as
follows:
1st primus, a, um
2nd secundus, a, um; (alter, a, um)
rd
3 tertius, a, um
4th quartus, a, um
5th quintus, a, um
6t sextus, a, um
7th septimus, a, um
th
8 octavus, a ,um
th
9 nonus, a um
10th decimus, a, um
11th undecimus, a um
12th duodecimus, a, um
59
3rd Multiple numerals are used to express the multiplicity for which they add the suffix –
plex (nom.sg), -plicis (gen.sg). They are declined like one-ending adjectives of the 3rd
declension. The most frequently used are:
simplex, simplicis simple
duplex, duplicis double
triplex, triplicis triple
quadriplex, quadruplicis quadruple
Numeral adverbs belong among indeclinable numerals and as said above they express the
frequency of an action which should be performed, taken etc. The basic ones are:
semel once
bis twice
ter three times
quater four times
quinquies five times
4th Distributive numerals specify the exact number by which something is distributed. They
are declinable and use the plural of nouns belonging to the 1st and 2nd declensions: e.g. singuli,
ae, a like sirupi, guttae, unguenta.
singuli, ae, a = by one
bini, ae, a = by two
terni, ae, a = by three
quaterni, ae, a = by four
Note:
In pharmaceutical Latin the fragments are expressed in the following way:
1g = unum gramma
0.1g = unum decigramma
0.01g = unum centigramma
0.001 = unum milligramma
60
Exercises:
Ventriculus quartus cerebri. Tres partes ossis coxae. Quattuor extremitates. Tria capita.
Viginti dentes decidui. Unus dens molaris. Triginta tres vertebrae columnae vertebralis.
Quattuor cava cordis. Duae facies hepatis. Fissura prima et secunda. Os metacarpale tertium.
Duodecim nervi capitis. Quinque sensus. Septem vertebrae cervicales. Musculus biceps.
Digitus quintus seu minimus.
Extractio amygdalae amarae grammata duo. Terni pulveres per diem. Dosis octo tabulettarum.
Viginti quinque guttae tincturae stomachicae. Unum cochlear sirupi. Undecim grammata
adipis lanae cum aqua.
2 Express the following numerals in words and connect them with given
expressions:
10 gramma unguenti
30 tabuletta mollis
29 iniectio intravenosa
21 gutta solutionis
100 glyceroli suppositorium
1000 millilitrum aquae destillatae
100 grammata spiritus
3 Give cardinal and ordinal numerals with the following expressions:
Example: os metacarpale unum, os metacarpale primum
1+ os metacarpale
2+ phalanx
3+ unguentum
4+ cavum
5+ digitus
6+ cellula
61
7+ costa
8+ dens
9+ cochlear
10+ tabuletta
11+ injectio
12+ nervus
4 Give the amounts of the following expressions:
Example: unum decigramma extracti
1 + decigramma + extractum
30 + dosis + peroralis, e
3 + cochlear + sirupus + dulcis, e
5 + expeditio + originalis, e + tabuletta
100 + centigramma + aqua+ destillatus, a, um
200+ gutta + extractum+ amygdala
1000+ milligramma+ solutio
one original package, ten equal doses, 6 milligrams of the quinine bark, 25 tablets in a box, 8
drops of an extraction, 70 grams of valerian tea, 1000 grams of concentrated ethanol, twice a
night, three times a day
Vocabulary:
adeps lanae wool fat,

adeps, adipis, M fat
amygdala, ae, F almond
bilateralis, e bilateral
cinchona, ae, F quinine
cortex, icis, M bark
62
dens deciduus milky tooth
dens molaris molar tooth
dens, entis, M tooth
dulcis, e sweet
ethanolum, i, N ethanol
expeditio, onis, F packing
extractio, onis, F extract
extremitas, atis, F extremity, limb
fissura, ae, F fissure, groove
hepar, tis, N liver
insufficientia, ae, F insufficiency
os coxae pelvic bone
os metacarpale metacarpal bone
species, erum, F /PL!/ tea
tinctura stomachica stomach tincture
valva, ae, F valve
Tres faiunt collegium.
Primum est non nocere.

Alter ego.
Summa summarum.
Pathologia physiologiam illustrat.
facio, ere (factum) = do, perform, create; non = not, negation; noceo, ere = harm, damage;
illustro, are (illustratum) = expalain, exemplify, illustrate
63
Unit 11
Basic Verbal Forms in Latin.
In Latin the conjugation of verbs uses a much more extended use of inflection as nouns or
adjectives but since the pharmaceutical Latin employs the verbs mostly in giving the
instructions on a prescription there will be explained only some of their basic grammatical
categories. Generally the verbs are used as the word category denoting any activity performed
by any person or subjet and they are classified according to their root vowels into four
categories (conjugations) as follows:
1st conjugation: san-ā-re (to heal, to treat)

2nd conjugation: vid-ē-re (to see)
3rd conjugation: scrib-e-re (to write)
3rd irr. conjugation: recip- e-re (to take)
4th conjugation: aud-īre (to hear)
Note: But remember that the length is usually not marked in the textbook.
As mentioned above the Latin system of verbal forms is quite extended but very logical. The
most important verbal forms being necessary for pharmaceutical terminology are the
following ones:
Indicative present active: Indicative present passive
1st conjugation
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. sano sanamus sanor sanamur
2. sanas sanatis sanaris sanamini
3. sanat sanant sanatur sanantur
64
2nd conjungation
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. video videmus videor videmur
2. vides videtis videris videmini
3. videt vident videtur videntur
3rd conjungation
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. scribo scribimus scribor scribimur
2. scribis scribitis scriberis scribimini
3. scribit scribunt scribitur scribuntur
Note: Within the 3rd conjungation we can find also some irregular verbs belonging
partly to the 3rd and partly to the 4th conjugation. The most important example is the
verb recipio, recipere (to take) which is extremely frequently used in pharmacy and
therefore it is mentioned here as well.
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. recipio recipimus recipior recipimur
2. recipis recipitis reciperis recipimini
3. recipit recipiunt recipitur recipiuntur
4th conjungation
sg. pl. sg. pl.
1. audio audimus audior audimur
2. audis auditis audiris audimini
3. audit audiunt auditur audiuntur
65
Imperative
As in English also in Latin we form the imperative of the 2nd person of singular and plural and
this is done simply by abstracting the infinitive ending –re (in singular) and by adding the –te
suffix in plural:
sg. pl. English meaning

1st Sana! Sanate! Treat!
2nd Vide! Videte! See!
3rd Scribe! Scribite! Write!
3rd irr. Recipe! Recipite! Take!
th
4 Audi! Audite! Hear!
Subjunctive
The subjunctive in the present tense both active and passive is quite necessary and the 3rd
persons of singular and plural are formed by:
‐ changing the root vowel -a-/-ā- into -e-/-ē (1st conjugation)
‐ changing the root vowel -e- into -a-/-ā- (3rd conjugation) or adding the vowel -a-/-ā-
behind the root vowel (2nd and 4th conjugations).
Subjunctive in active voice

1st conjugation: san-ā-re – san - E – t (he should be healed); san - E - nt (they should be
healed)
2nd conjugation: vid-ē-re – vide - A - t (he should be seen); vide - A - nt (they should be
seen)
3rd conjungation: scrib-e-re - scrib- A – t (he should be written); scrib - A - ntur (they should
be written)
3rd conjugation: recip-e-re – recipi - A - t (he should be taken); recipi - A - nt (they should be
taken)
4th conjugation: aud-ī-re – audi - A - t (he should be heard); audi - A - nt (they should be
heard)
Subjunctive in passive voice

The passive voice in the subjenctive form is done by adding the suffix -tur for the 3rd person
of singular and -ntur for the 3rd person of plural:
66
1st conjugation: san-ā-re – san - Ē - tur (it is to be healed); san - E - ntur (they are to be
healed)
2nd conjugation: vid-ē-re – vide - Ā - tur (it is to be seen); vide - A - ntur (they are to be
seen)
3rd conjungation: scrib-e-re - scrib- Ā - tur (it is to be written); scrib - A - ntur (they are to
be written)
3rd conjugation: recip-e-re – recipi - Ā - tur (it is to be taken); recipi - A - ntur (they are to
be taken)
4th conjugation: aud-ī-re – audi - Ā - tur (it is to be heard); audi - A - ntur (they are to be
heard)
If the negation of this verbal form is necessary to be formed then we use the expression ne (ne
recipiatur = it is not to be taken, it cannot be taken). But the common negation is non (e.g., in
imperative: non recipe)
Irregular verb
ESSE (to be), indicative of present tense:

est - he, she, it is
sunt - they are
Exercises:
Sana. Misce cum pulvere.Vasa organa nutriunt. Para extractum chamomillae. Serva aquam in
lagoena. Destillate solutionem. Da ad chartas ceratas. Praepara desinfectionem pro injectione.
Da medicamentum in scatulam. Misce massam pilularum pro adultis. Massa flava in quinque
partes aequales dividatur. Para extractum contra dolorem permanentem. Da sirupum pro
infantibus. Da injectionem pro anaesthesia. Detur cum formula. Divide pulverem
adspersorium in tres scatulas. Praeparetur serum antiasthmaticum. Ad guttas ophtalmologicas
adde guttatorium. Mixtura filtretur in vitrum sterilisatum. Punctio genus post diem tertium ne
67
repetatur. Ante operationem instrumenta sterilisentur. Misce, fiant pilulae lege artis! Operatio
ne postponatur! Vulnus desinficiatur. Dentur tales doses numero septem. Misceatur
unguentum contra decubitus in regione sacrali. Recipe pulverem ter per diem, bis per noctem.
Contra tussim dentur species pectorales. Multi sunt morbi contagiosi. Recipe cacao olei
quantum satis, ut fiant suppositora numero X. Tinctura in vitro guttatorio sit.
2 Find the corresponding conjugation of the following verbs:
da, recipe, dividuntur, sana, cura, audi, vide, divide, misce, signa, da, adde, recipiatur,
dividantur, sanetur, curetur, audiantur, misceatur, signetur, dentur, addatur, fiat
3 Tranlate into Latin:
give and sign, 50 grams of ointment should be mixed with distilled water, a solution should be
made, mix until you make a solution, prepare the pills for children, the medical prescription
should be signed, divide the mass into ten equal parts
Vocabulary:
addo, ere, (additus) add

antitetanicus, a, um against tetanus
ars, tis, F art
audio, ire, (auditus) hear
ceratus, a,um cerated, wax-coated
curo, are (curatus) treat, heal
desinfectio, ere (desinfectus) disinfect
destillo, are (destillatus) distill
digital, alis, M digitalis, medical plant
divido, ere (divisus) divide
do, are (datus) give
filtro, are (filatratus) filter, filtrate
fio, fieri (factus) become
frigidus,a,um cold
68
guttatorium, ii, N dropper
lege artis according to the laws of pharmacy or other disciplines
misceo, ere (mixtus) mix
paro, are (paratus) prepare
quantum satis the amount which is needed
repeto, ere (repetitus) repeat
sano, are (sanatus) heal
serum, i, N serum
servo,are (servatus) serve, conserve
signo, are (signatus) sing
solvo, ere (solvens) solute
species pectorales decoction to heal a cough
species, erum, F mixture of dried plants
steriliso, are (strerilisatus) sterilisate
sum, esse be
sumo, ere (sumptum) take
talis, e such
vitrum, i, N bottle
Quid morbi est?

Experto credite!
Fac totum!
Ignorantia non est argumentum.
Mortui vivos docent.
quid = what, which; credo, ere (creditus) = believe, trust; facio, ere (factum) = do, manage, ignorantia,
ae, F = dumbness,
69
Unit 12
Medical Prescription
The medical prescription is a written order issued by the physician to the pharmacist and it
exactly states which medicaments should be dispended to the patient.
A complete prescription consists of the following parts:

1st Date and name of the patient
2nd Superscription
3rd Inscription
4th Subscription
5th Signature
6th Name of physician
Basically there exist two types of prescriptions: the original which relates to the mass
produced medicaments and the individually prepared medicaments for the patient depending
on individual physician´s or patient´s requirements. But generally there are not any substantial
differences between these two types. The main differences are:
1st ORIGINAL (or MASS MADE) PACKING - the name of the drug is stated exactly as it is
on the packing and the quantity of the packing is given in Roman figures (Latin denotation of
the numeral is in accusative)
2nd INDIVIDUALLY PREPARED remedy by a pharmacist (i.e., "magistraliter"): the
particular components are stated in the following order:
1st remedium cardinale
2nd remedium adiuvans
3rd remedium corrigens
4th remedium constituens
and these singular componens are expressed in genitive, the quantity (in grams) is given in
accusative and quantities are given in Arabic decimal figures.
70
Note how to write the grams:
1 = gramma, tis, N
0,1 = decigramma, atis, N
0,01 = centigramma, atis, N
0,001 = milligramma, atis, N
In medical prescriptions we use exact pharmaceutical abbreviations. Their complete list is

stated at the end of the textbook.
Examples:
Ex 1:
Rp.
Paralen
Exp. orig. No. II (duas)
D.S. 3 x 1 tbl.
How to read it: Recipe Paralen, expeditiones originales numero duas, da signa
It means in English: Take Valium, two pieces of original package, label (mark) three tablets
per day
Ex 2:
Rp.
Celaskon
Exp.orig No. II (duas)
D.S. 3 x 1 tbl three times a day one tablet
How to read it: Recipe Celaskon, expeditiones originales numero duas, da, signa
It means in English: Take Celaskon, two pieces of original package, label (mark) three times a
day one tablet
71
Ex 3:
Rp.
Phenobarbitali 0,02
Bromisovali 0,2
M.F.pulv.
D.t.d. No. XX (viginti)
D.S. three times a day 1 dose
How to read it: Recipe Phenobarbitali centigrammata duo

Bromisovali decigrammata duo
Misce fiat pulvis
Dentur tales doses numero viginti
Da signa
It means in English: Take two centigrams of phenobarbital
two decigrams of bromisoval
mix until it becomes powder
evenly divide into twenty doses
label (mark) three times a day one dose
Exercises:
1 Form parts of medical prescriptions:
Divide the mass into two equal parts.

Dissolve in 500 milligrams of water.
Mix the solution, sign and give into the dark brown bottle.
Mix four parts of solution with 1000 miligrams of distilled water.
Mix, pills should be done according to the law of science.
Give two bottles of the belladonna extract.
Take 20 milligrams of the sulphuric powder.
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2 Read the following pharmaceutical prescriptions:
Rp.
Tanakan tbl.
Exp.orig. No III (tres)
D.S. Three times daily one tablet
Rp.
Ophthalmo-Framykoin ung. ophth.
Exp.orig. No I (unam)
D.S. Three times daily put the ointment into the right eye
Rp.
Potassii bromidi 0,8
Chloralis hydratis 0,5
Tincturae hyoscyami 0,25
Syrupi aurantii 0,75
M.f.sol.
D.S. Teaspoonful in water at bedtime
Rp.
Extracti canabis indicae 0,5
Acidi salicylici 0,2
Olei terebinthinae 0,05
Acidi acetici glacialis 0,2
Cocainae 0,1
Fac pastam
D.S. Apply a thin coating over the corn every night as long as necessary
73
Layout of Prescription Form
Inscriptio
Personalia
aegroti
Invocatio
remedium
Praescriptio cardinale
Kalii jodidi 1,0
Ephedrini hydrochloridi 0,2
remedium
Compositio Thymi sirupi comp.
adiuvans
20,0
Aquae purif. ad 100,0 remedium
Subscriptio
M.f. sol. corrigens
D. ad lag.
Signatura remedium
D.S. three times per day one constituens
spoon
Datum
Nomen et
sigillum
medici
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Unit 13
Latin and Greek Prefixes
Short survey of pharmaceutical and medical terminology
The Latin language, even though it is a dead language which is not longer used for common
communion, but despite this it is not completely dead as serving besides others as the
language of medical, pharmaceutical and veterinary terminology and this helps to the
communication among physicians, pharmacists and some other related scientists. It is very
constituent, logical and organized and it is still productive and even changing language today.
The Latin pharmaceutical terminology having to form exact terminological names makes use
not only of the Latin language but also of the Greek language. The professional Latin and
Greek expressions are formed by using their word roots and by:
a) extending them by (Latin or Greek) prefixes
b) extending them by (Latin or Greek) suffixes
c) extending them by (Latin and Greek) both prefixes and suffixes
d) composition of two or more stems of Latin or Greek origins
e) combining all the possibilites mentioned above.
Latin and Greek Prefixes

Latin and Greek prefixes play an important role in the really exact pharmaceutical
terminology and they mostly define the specific professional meaning of the appropriate
word. Originally, most prefixes in Latin and Greek terminology were standard prepositions or
they were something like “particles” which did not have the meaning of its own.
The practical forming of these new professional expressions is performed by adding an
appropriate Latin or Greek prefix to the word´s root. Contrary to Latin, the Greek prefixes are
more productive. As said above the most of prefixes originated from Latin and Greek
prepositions. Some of these preposiotions existed on their own as they were e.g. ad, ante,
circum etc. which gave the origin to such nouns as adductor, antebrachium, circumflexus
etc. But some prefixes did not exist „solely” as e.g. dys - dysfunctio but they started to be
used in the same way.
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Latin prefixes
1. Latin prefixes which originated from Latin prepositions:
prefix meaning example
a-,ab-, abs- away from, distance ab-usus

ad,-af-,ac-,ap-,as- towards, to, joining ad-ductor
ante- before, in front of ante-positio
circum- around circum-ferentia
contra- against contra-indicatio
cum:com-,co-,cor-con-,col- with, together co-agulatio
de-, des- from, downwards des-infectio
dis- away from dis-penso
e-, ex-, ef- away from ex-tractum
extra- outside extra-cellularis
in-, il-, im-, ir- inside, within in-fusum
in-, il-, im-, ir- negation in-solubilis
infra- below, under infra-scapularis
inter- between inter-osseus
intra- inside intra-muscularis
ob-, oc-, op-, o-, os- opposite, behind ob-ductus
per- through, during per-oralis
per- excessive per-acutus
post- after, behind post-operativus
prae- earlier, before prae-scriptio
pro-, prod- before, in front of pro-cessus
sub-, suc-, suf-, sup-, sus- below, under sup-positorium
super-, supra- above supra-renalis
trans-, tra- across, over trans-fusio
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2. Prefixes which came into origin from special “parts” which did not exist ”solely”:
dys- negative, spreading, dividing dys-funcio

in-, il-, im-, ir- negative in-
operablilis,
insufficientia
re-, red- repeatition (again) re-cidivus, re-
infecio
se-, sed- separation se-paranda,
se-lectio
Greek prefixes
a-, an- negation a-vitaminosis

ana- up, again, repeated ana-lysis
anti- against anti-bioticus
apo- away from, of apo-theke
cata-, kata- downwards cata-racta
dia- through, dissolution dia-lysis
di- twice di-gastricus
dys- disorder dys-pepsia
ecto-, ec-, exo- outside, displaced ecto-derma
en-, em- in, inside em-bolia
endo- inside endo-cardium
epi-, ep- over, at epi-glottis
hypo-, hyp- under, below hypo-physis
hyper- above, over hyper-aciditas
meta-, met- over, after meta-stasis
77
para-, par- at, beside para-plegia
peri- around peri-osteum
pro- before, earlier pro-phylaxis
syn-, sym- with, together sym-ptoma
Exercise
1 Translate:
Dens praemolaris. Fascia antebrachii. Vasa afferentia et efferentia. Dilatatio cordis. Peritonitis
chronica. Carcinoma cum metastasibus. Glandula suprarenalis. Arteria interossea. Caput
musculi adductoris. Arteria circumflexa. Morbus recidivus. Infractio ossis. Morbus subacutus,
acutus, peracutus. Tumor inoperabilis. Exsanguinatio post rupturam arteriae femoralis.
Praemedicatio. Adstringentia. Expectorantia. Injectio subcutanea, intramuscularis,
intravenosa. Analgeticum contra dolorem. Contraceptiva. Praescriptio medicamenti lege artis.
Acidum dilutum. Remedium constituens. Analysis sanguinis. Contraindicatio remedii.
Venena et separanda. Applicatio peroralis.
2 Give opposites to the following expressions:
postoperativus
hypertonia
mobilis
hypofunctio
subaciditas
ad usum externum
supraorbitalis
musculus adductor
hypertonia
78
3 Make new expressions using given prefixes and translate them:
dis: locatio prae: maturus sub: totalis re: infectio

similis carcinoma chronicus destillatus
torsio vertebralis mucosus sutura
functio natalis cutaneus positio
4 Make words with given meanings using suitable prefixes:
amputatio: repeated amputation

oralis: given through the mouth
cephalon: inside the head
tomia: repeated cutting
bioticus: against life
physis: growing together
osteum: around the bone
5 Translate:
the premature birth, higher tension, reposition of the bone, diluted acid, repeated infection of
contagious disease, subcutaneous injection, medicaments causing shrinkage, low acidity, pills
administered through the mouth
Vocabulary:
abscessus, us, M abscess, localized collection of pus burried in tissues

adstringentia medicine causing shrinkage
affrenens, entis afferent
amputatio, onis, F amputation
apoplexia, ae, F apoplexy, an apoplectic stroke
bios (Greek) life
contraceptivum, I, N medication for the birth control
contraindicatio, onis, F factors that increase the risk involved in using a particular drug
79
dyspepsia, ae, F impairment of digestion
efferens, entis efferent
epicardium, ii, N the layer of serous pericardium on the surface of the heart
epinephriticus, a, um pertaining to the adrenal gland
expectorantia expectorant, agent dissolving sick mucus
hypertonia, ae, F excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
ignotus, a, um unknown
infusio, onis, F infusion
intramuscularis, e into the muscle
kefale (cephalon) (Greek) head
massa, ae, F mass
metastasis, is, F metastasis, transfer of disease from one organ to another
osteon (osteum) (Greek) bone
otos (otis) (Greek) ear
paranephriticus, a, um paranephric, near the kidney
perimetrium,ii, N the serous coat of the uterus
physis (Greek) grow
polyneuritis, idis, F inflammation of many nerves
praemedicatio, onis, premedication, a drug treatment given to a patient before a medical
procedure
praemolaris, e premolar
praescriptio, onis, F prescription
remedium constituens vehicle, agent used as a solvent in the solution
separanda medicaments that must be separated from others
subclavius, a, um under the clavicle
subcutaneus, a, um under the skin
suppositorium, ii, N a medicated mass to be introduced into a body orifice
tome (tomia) cut, cutting
venenum, i, N venom, poison
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Unit 14
Latin and Greek Suffixes
Latin and Greek suffixes determine mostly the grammatical rules i.e. the gender, the number
or the case; but contrary to it they can have also some specific professional meanings as well.
This is for instance the inflammatory ending –itis: gastr-itis or deminutive ending -ulus:
lobulus etc. The formation using both suffixes and prefixes at the same time is quite standard
practice in Latin. The Latin or Greek suffixes have to be added to the end of the word-stems
which are the bearers of its meaning. These suffixes can be added either to nouns or to
adjectives and they are fixed directly to the stem of the noun or the adjective. The most
frequently used Latin and Greek suffixes are as follows:
1. Latin suffixes added to the nouns:
suffix meaning example
-ia, -antia, -entia quality, state dement-ia,

subst-antia,
virul-entia
-bra, -brum instrument, organ cere-brum (brain)
-ina, -inum science, concrete names offic-ina, vac-inum
-io, itio, -sio,-xio activity or result circula-tio, iniec-tio
-itas quality, state obesi-tas, qual-itas
-ium concrete names remed-ium
chemical substances acid-um, calc-ium
-men mean, result of action medica-ment
-mentum mean, result of an activity instru-mentum
medica-mentum
-or physical and psychical state tum-or, rub-or
-tor, -xor, -sor agent flex-or,
audit-or
81
-ura activity, result incis-ura, fract-ura
-tus, -sus, -xus status, action par-tus, us-
us
2. Latin diminutives (the gender does not change from the original noun):
-elleus, -ella, -ellum cereb-ellum (from cerebrum)

-culus, -a, -um corpus-cullum (little body)
-illus, -illa, -illum pup-illa (pupil)
-olus, -ola, -olum arteri-olum
-ulus, -ula, ulum cell-ula
3. Latin suffixes of adjectives
-aceus matter of which the amyl-acues (of

phenomenon is formed starch)
-alis relation, appurtenance later-alis
-aris relation, appurtenance cappil-aris
-arius appurtenance, coherence coron-arius
-atus similar to, equipped pulver-atus
-ax tendency, disposition cap-ax (having
capacity)
-bilis possibility, qualification solu-bilis, sana-bilis
-eus matter of which phenomenon
is formed sanguin-eus
-icus appurtenance, coherence optic-us
-idus quality, appetence frig-idus
-ilis possibility, qualification ut-ilis, mob-ilis
relation, appurtenance solub-ilis, infant-ilis
-inus appurtenance, coherence palat-inus
82
-ius appurtenance, coherence poster-ius
-ivus coherence abort-ivus
-ix tendency to, deposition fel-ix
-lentus full of puru-lentus,
viru-lentus
-neus matter of which the
phenomenon is formed subcuta-neus
-orius having the function of olfact-orius
-osus having the function of cari-osus, ven-osus
-ox tendency to, disposition prae-ox
-tus equipped with, similar to denta-tus
4. Greek suffixes
-ia denotes a disease ischem-ia,

pneumon-ia
-ismus condition, status albin-ismus
-oideus/-isodes similarity to xiph-oideus
(xyph-oideus)
-it is inflammatory process arthri-itis
inflammatory disease
-oma usually a new growth of a tumor oste-oma, lip-oma
-osis state or character of a disease tubercul-osis
83
Exercises:
Lobulus thymi. Ossicula auditis. Caniculus lacrimalis. Bronchitidis bilateralis. Nercrosis post
operationem gravem. Morbus respiratorius. Cancer sanabilis. Pars lateralis. Infectio purulenta.
Corpusculum parvum.
Opium pulveratum. Solutiones aequosae et spirituosae et oleosae. Linimenta ad usum

externum. Emulsio oleosa. Vitrum operculatum. Charta cerata.
2 Make adjectives from the following nouns using suffixes -alis, -aris, -ilis:
Example: febris - febrilis

superficies, latus, nasus, facies, musculus, ulna, tonsilla; tempus, costa, lumbus, pulmo,
iuvenis
aromatic water, returning disease, soluble powder, pills against chronic inflammation of
joints, danger of meningitis, venous network of the brain, the anamnesis necessary for a good
diagnosis, universal arteriosclerosis, prevention of hypertension, pathologic forming of bone
matter, liquid and dry extracts, the deformation of lateral part
Vocabulary:
amylum, i, N starch
brachialis, e brachial
caudatus, a, um caudate
ceratus, a, um waxy
congvergens, ntis convergent
divergens, ntis divergent
focalis, e focal
84
gaster, tris, F stomach
glans, ndis, F gland
hypertensio, onis, F hypertension
immunis, e immune
invalidus, a, um invalid, with a handicap
levator, oris, M levator, the muscle pusing up
linimentum, i, N ointment
meningitis, iridia, F meningitis
necrosis, is, F necrosis, decay
obesita, atis, F obesity
85
Unit 15
Latin and Greek Compound Words
Compound words in pharmaceutical and medical terminology
Compound words are within Latin professional terminology very frequent. They are created
by putting two or more word-roots together. These roots can be of Latin or Greek origin and
they can be created from various word categories – nouns, adjectives, numerals and verbs as
e.g. oculoguttae (oculus + gutta), malformatio (malus + formatio), primipara (primus +
parere) etc. Sometimes we may also find so called hybrids what means we can combine Latin
and Greek components together; this is e.g. dysfunctio = dys a Greek prefix + functio a Latin
word. The individual categories are not limited when putting them together. Mostly we also
combine these compound words with different Latin and Greek prefixes or suffixes what
enables to express more precious meaning of them.
Latin compound words
term components meaning
1st group
Noun+noun cerebrospinalis (cerebrum+spina) cerebrospinal
sternocostalis (sternum+costa) sternocostal
2nd group
Adjective+noun multicelluralis (multus+cellula) multicellular
malformatio (malus+formatio) malformation
3rd group
Noun+verb ossificatio (os+facere) ossification
lactifer (lac+ferre) milkconduting
4th group
Adjective+verb purificatus (purus+facere) purified
86
dextropositio (dexter+positio) right position
5th group
Numeral + noun secundi-gravida woman pregnant
for the second time
tri-lobatus (tres+lobus) trilobate
th
6 group
Numeral + verb primipara (primus+parere) woman giving birth
for the first time
ambivalens (ambo+valere) ambivalent
7th group
Numeral+adjective bilateralis (bis + lateralis) bilateralis
primigravida (primus+gravis) woman
being
pregnant for the
first time
Greek compound words
term derived of original meaning example (+meaning if

necessary)
1st group
Mostly used nouns
haem(at)-o haima = blood haem-o-globinum
hydr-o hydor = water hydr-o-cephalia
(forming water in head)
pyo- pyon = pus py-uria = pus in urine
uro- uron = urine ur-eamia = urine in blood
pyr-o pyr = fire pyr-omania = obsession to
set fire
87
2nd group
Mostly used adjectives:
auto- autos = the same, by oneself auto-trophia = auto-

trophy
brady- bradys = slow brady-cardia = slower
caridiac action
macr-o- macros = long macro-scopia =
observation by naked eye
micr-o- micros = small micro-scopia =
observation of small objects
poly- polys = numerous poly-morphismus =
polymorphic
pseudo-o- pseudes = false, wrong pseudo-cystis = false cyst
tachy- tachos = fast tachy-cardia = faster
cardiac action
3rd group
Mostly used numerals:
mono- monos = one, unique mono-bromatus
di- dyo = two di-sacharidum
tri- treis = three tri-gonum (triagngle)
tetra- tettares = four tetra-plegia (handicap of
four limbs)
term derived of original meaning example (+meaning if
necessary)
4th group
Most frequently used second-position expressions:
-aemia aemia, haima = blood leucaemia (insufficieny of

red blood cells)
-algia algos = pain nephralgia (pain of
kidneys)
88
-ectomia ektome = excision hysterectomia (surgical
excision of the womb)
-genes gennao = give a birth cryptogenes (of unknown
origin)
-logia logos = science pathologia
-mania mania = obsession toxicomania
-rrhagia rhegnymi = bleeding enterorrhagia (bleeding
from the intestines)
-scopia scopeo = observe, see laparoscopia
-stomia chirurgial ending tracheostomia =
tracheostomy
-therapia therapia = treatment pharmacotherapia
-trophia trofe = nutrition heterotrophia (nutrition
on other substances which
were prepared from
different organisms)
Exercises:
Macrocytus. Erytrocytus. Microfracura. Coma hypoglycaemicum. Gastroectomia subtotalis.

Immobilitas membrorum. Dysfunctio renum gravis. Tracheotomia. Pandemia influenzae.
Uraemia post dysfunctionem renum gravum. Neuropathia. Pyodermia.
Haemostatica. Dermatologica. Chemotherapia. Phytotherapia. Laparoscopia. Gastrorrhagia.
Gastrologia. Cardiopathia.
2 Say the term in the opposite meaning:
tachycardia, macrosomnia, bradypnoe, polysacharidum, heterogenes, subtotalis, mobilitas,

dysfunctio, isomorphismus, allopathia
89
malformation of the heart, urinary calculi, nasolacrimal duct, pregnancy outside the uterus,
abnormally large heart, fear of closed rooms, pain originating in nerves, handicap on three
limbs, abnormally small body growth, artificial outlet of the large intestine at the body surface
Vocabulary:
allopathia, ae, F allopathy

autointoxicatio, onis, F autointoxication
autotrophia, ae, F autotrophy
bacteriaemia, ae, F bacteriaemia
bradycardia, ae, F bradycardia
cardialgia, ae, F pain in the cardiac region
enterorrhagia, ae, F bleeding inside intestines
gastralgia, ae, F pain in the stomach region
gastrodynia, ae, F pain in the stomach region
gastrorrhagia, ae, F bleeding inside the stomach
gastrospasmus, i, M spasm inside the stomach
haematologia, ae, F science relating the blood
haematuria, ae, F urine in the blood
hydrofobia, ae, F fear of water
hydrotherapia, ae, F therapy using water
macrocytus, i, M extremely large blood cell
megalocardia, ae, F extremely large heart
myocytus, i, M muscle cell
myospasmus, i, M spasm of the muscle
nephrectomia, ae, F excision of kidney
otalgia, ae, F pain in the ear
otodynia, ae, F pain in the ear
pathologia, ae, F science relating pathology
pharmacotherapia, ae, F pharmaceutical therapy
pneumothorax, cis, M air inside the thoracic cavity
pyuria, ae, F pus in urine
tracheostomia, ae, F excision of trachea
90
urophobia, ae, F fear of nature urination
zoophobia, ae, F fear of animals
91
Unit 16
Revision
Revision U 1 – 5

Remedium ad usum internum.
Lagoena aquae destillatae.
Musculus flexor.
Cavum oris.
Capsulae gelatinosae in scatula.
Guttae in vitro.
Brachium sinistrum.
Papaveris flos.
Tabulattae fortes.
Aurantii sirupus.
Olivae oleum raffinatum.
Olla vaselini albi.

Ointment for external usage.
Transfusion of blood because of complicated operation.
Concentrated solution of acid.
Distillated extract of herbs.
Water in the flask.
Original package.
Death after a lethal dose.
Complicated operation.
92
3 Decline the following couples in Latin:
Fractura complicata.
Injectio intravenosa.
Rremedium bonum.
Sal amarum.
Cancer benignus.
Extractum siccum.
Vulnus lacerum.
Tinctura amara.
Acidum sulphuricum.
Revision U 6 - 10
Exercises:
Task 1 Translate into English

Liquidus ad desinfectionem.
Luxatio congenita coxae dextrae.
Capsulae gelatinosae in vitro.
Tabulatta effevescens.
Species stomachicae.
Dosis originalis una.
Expeditiones originales tres.
Musculus pectoralis maior.
Pulvis subtillimus.
Inflamatio ventriculi.
Mixtura destillata pro iniectione.
Post amputationem femoris sinistri.
Octo ossa carpalia.
Ter per diem.
Scatula cum viginti tabulettis.
Mors die sexto post operationem.
Fractura duarum costarum complicata.
93
Task 2 Put the adjectives in these short expressions into their comparative and
superlative: forms:
Sanatio facilis.
Dolor acer.
Trauma grave.
Os breve.
Prognosis bona.
Periodus longa.
Infarctus recens.
Pars mollis.
Task 3 Put the words in brackets into their right forms:

contusio (genu+sinister, a, um)
operatio propter (trauma +gravis, e)
scatula (species+pectoralis, e)
lagoena (spiritus+dilutus, a, um)
olla (unguentum+simplex)
scatula cum (pulvis+mollis, e)
expeditio (remedium)
contractio (cor) sine (dolor)
Revision U 11 - 15
Task 1 Decline:
Dosis therapeutica.
Pulvis compositus.
Dens molaris.
Manus dextra.
Species stomachicae.
Expeditiones originales tres.
Oleum originale.
Una facies interna.
94
Capsula entroslovens.
Gramma unum.
Task 2 Translate these short expressions into English:

Graviditas extrauterina secundigravidae.
Ostium appendicitis.
Dextropositio cordis.
Xenophobia sine causa.
Narcomania.
Claustrophobia.
Tetragravida cum hemmorrhagia gravis.
Malformatio columnae vertebralis congenita.
Task 3 Put these words into their opposite meaning:

tachycardia
macrosomnia
polysacharidum
hyperglycaemia
dyspnoe
monosacharidum
bradykynesis
autotrophia
Task 4 Change the words in brackets into their right forms:

collum (femur)
carcinoma (insanabilis, e)
fractura (vertebra cervicalis,e)
foramen (ischiadicus,a, um + minor, us)
therapia (diabetes +melitus, a,um)
recipe (3 tabuletta)
dentur (2 suppositorium)
operatio cum (narcosis + intravenosus, a, um)
sanatio propter (luxatio +coxa)
95
Task 5 Explain the exact meaning of these words:
contraindicatio
pneumothorax
primigravida
carcinogenes
phytootherapia
laparoscopia
pseudocystis
tracheostomia
psychopathia
pandemia
enterorrhagia
Task 6 Read the following pharmaceutical prescriptions:
Rp.
Aspirin tbl.
Exp.orig. No II (duas)
D.S. Three times daily one tablet
Rp.
Maxitrol ung. ophth.
Exp.orig. No I (unam)
D.S. Three times daily put the ointment into the right eye
Rp.
Quinnini sulfatis dihydrici 0,2
Papaverini hydrochloride 0,05
Lactosi q. s. ut f. pulv.
D.t.d. No XXX (triginta) ad caps. gelat.
D.S. One pill per night
96
Unit 17
Survey of Pharmaceutical Prescription Abbreviations
In medicine and pharmacy it is quite common practice to abbreviate all possible Latin words
except of cases where the confusion could appear. The pharmaceutical abbreviations include
the names of ingredients, amounts and directions to the pharmacist which were formerly fully
written in Latin. The names of the drugs which could be confusing or not being exact are not
written in abbreviations to avoid the possibility of a serious mistake. A complete list of
established abbreviations follows:
A
aa (p. aeq.) ana (partes aequales) of each, in the same amount
aa ad ana ad of each to …(something)
ac., acid. acidum; acidus acid; acidus, sour
acet. acetum; aceticus vinegar
ad caps. gelat. ad capsulas gelatinosas in (into) gelatinous capsules
ad inf. med. ad informationem medici for the doctor´s information
ad man. med. ad manus medici to (into) doctor’s hands
ad us. ext. ad usum externum for external use
ad us. int. ad usum internum for internal use
ad us. propr. ad usum proprium for his/her own (personal) use
ad us. vet. ad usum veterinarium for veterinary use
ad vitr. ad vitrum into the bottle
add. adde, addatur, addantur add
agit. agita shake
amp. ampulla ampoule
anhydr. anhydricus anhydrous, without water
aq.; aquos. aqua; aquosus water, of water
aq. dest. aqua destillata distillated water
aq. pro inj. aqua pro injectione water for the injection
aq. purif. aqua purificata purified water
97
aq. steril. aqua sterilisata sterilized water
aq. ophth. aqua ophthalmica ophthalmic water
arom. aromaticus aromaticus
B
bac. bacillus stick, chopstick
C
c. cum with
c. f. cum formula with a copy of a prescription
comp. compositus composed
conc. concentratus concentrated
cor. cortex peel, bark
crm. cremor cream
D
d.; D.; dent. da; detur; dentur give, let it be given, let them
be given
D. ad amp. da ad amplullas give into the ampoules
D. ad caps. da ad capsulas give into the capsules
D. ad lag. da ad lagoenam give into the bottle
D. ad scat. da ad scatulam give into the boxes
D.ad vitr. da ad vitrum give into the glass botle
D. c. f. detur cum formula let it be given with a
prescription
D. S. da signa; detur signetur give and sign, let it be given
and signed
D. t. d.; Dent. tal. dos. dentur tales doses let such same doses be given
dil.; dilut. dilutus diluted
Div. divide divide, to be dived
Div. in d. aeq. divide in doses aequales divide in the same doses
dos. dosis; doses dose, doses
E
exp. expeditio expedition
98
original expedition
effer. effervescens effervescent
exp. orig. expeditio originalis original packaging
extr. extractum extract
empl. emplastrum plaster
emul. emulsio emulsion
F
f. fiat; fiant make, let it (them) be made
flav. flavus yellow
fl.; flor. flos; flores flower, herb
fol. folium; folia leaf, leaves
fr., fruct. fructus fruit
ft. empl. fiat emplastrum let a plaster be made
ft. emul. fiat empulsio let an emulsion be made
ft. infus. fiat infusum let an infusion be made
ft. mass fiat massa let a mass be made
ft. pil. fiat pilulae let pills be made
ft. solut. fiat solutio let a solution be made
ft. ung. fiat unguentum let an ointment be made
G
garg. gargarisma gargle
glob. globulus globule, ball
gtt. gutta, guttae drop, drops
guttat. guttatorium by drops
H
hyd.; hydr. hydrosus of water, hydrous
herb. herba plant, flower
H. hora hour
H.D. hora decubitus at the hour of retiring
H.S. hora somni at the hour of sleep
I
isoton. isotonicus isotonic
99
inj. iniectio injection
in. d. in dies daily
int. internus internal
L
lag. lagoena bottle, flask
l. a. lege artis in accoradance with the
legislation
liq. liquor; liquidus liquid
lot. lotio lottion
M
m. (M.) misce mix
mac. macera macerate
mag. magnus large
mas. massa mass
M. d. s. misce, da, signa; miscetur, mix, give and label (sign); let
detur, signetur it (them) be given, mixed and
signed
M. f. misce, fiat mix until it becomes
M.f. mixt. misce, fiat mixtura mix until it becomes the
mixture
M.f.plv. misce, fiat pulvis mix until there becomes the
pill
M.f. sol. misce, fiat solutio mix until there becomes the
solution
M.f.sp. misce, fiant species mix until there becomes the tea
mixture
M. f. ung. misce, fiat unguentum mix until there becomes the
ointment
minut. minutum minute
muc. mucilago mucilage
N
No. numero in number
100
non rep. non repetatur let it not be repeated
O
orig. originalis original
obd. obductus coated
ol. oleum oil
ophth. ophthalmicus eye, ophthalmic, ocular
O.M. omni mane every morning
O.N. omni nocte every night
P
p. a. pro anylysi for analysis
part. vic. partitis vicibus equal parts
pas., pastil. pastillum a small lozenge
pil. pilula pill
p. aeq. partes aequales in the same amount (portion)
p. d. pro dosi for a (sole) dose
p. die pro die per day, daily
peroral.; p. o. peroralis per oral, used by mouth
pot. potus a drink
pro adult. pro adultis for adults
pro inf. pro infantibus for children (infants)
P. P. A. phiala prius agitate after shaking a bottle
P. R. N. pro re nata occasionally
pulv. pulvis, pulveres powder
pulv. ads. pulvis adspersorius adspersory powder
Q
q. s. quantum satis as much as needed
Q. L. quantum libet as much as you please
Q. P. quantum placet as much as you please
Qq. quaque each, every
Qq. hor. quaque hora every hour
Q. S. quantum sufficiat or quantum as much as may be sufficient
Q. V. satis as much as you please
quantum vis
101
R
R.; Rp.; Rc.; Rec. recipe take
rec. recens fresh
rep.; rept.; rpt. repetatur repeat, let it be repeated
S
s. satis enough
S.; sig. signa, signetur label
signatura labelling
s. a. sine antimicrobico without any microbiological
additions
s. n. suo nomine under its name
scat. scatula box
sem. semen semen, sperm
sic. siccus dry
solv. solve dissolve
sir. sirupus syrup
sp.; spec. species tea mixture
spir.; spirit. spiritus spirit, alcohol
sub sig. ven.; s. s. v. sub signo veneni under the labelling (name)
poison
T
t.d. tales doses in such doses
tab(l).,tbl. tabulleta, tabulletae tablet, tablets
tct.,tinct. tinctura tincture
U
ung. ungunetum ointment
utend. untedum to be used
V
ven. venenum poison, venom
vitr. vitrum glass bottle
virid. viridus, a, um green
102
Unit 18
Chemical Nomenclature
The chemical nomenclature in Latin is basically divided into two types, the first one is called
the Latin traditional formulary nomenclature and the second one is named the Latin
international formulary nomenclature.
The traditional Latin formulary nomenclature presents the classical middle European
nomenclature which started to be used at the time of the validity of Austrian formulary
nomenclature and this nomenclature was also later overtaken into the first edition of the
Czechoslovakian formulary nomenclature issued in the year 1947 and a few years later again
used in the following Czechoslovakian formulary nomenclature. But in the new Czech
formulary nomenclature issued in the years 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2009 there has been
consistently applied the international Latin formulary nomenclature. There exist a number of
differences between these two types.
1st Nomenclature of elements
All the chemical elements except phosphorus and sulphur are the neuter nouns of the second
declension. They are finished in nominative of singular in their ending –um or –ium (genitive
–i, -ii). The exceptions - phosphorus is a masculine noun of the second declension and sulphur
is a neuter noun of the third declension. The most commonly used elements are for instance
aluminium, arsenum, barium, calcium, chloridum, hydrogenium, ferrum, kalium and many
others.
2nd Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
2.1 Nomenclature of oxides

The traditional Latin formulary nomenclature terms of oxides consists of the term of the
element and the adjective oxydatum for a common oxide, oxydatulum for a lower oxide and
103
peroxydatum for a higher oxide. Or the oxide is considered as the anhydride of the oxide and
the multiples of oxygen are denominated with the numerical prefixes.
Examples
Chem. abbrev. Latin type
CaO Calcium oxydatum common oxide
FeO2 Ferrum oxydatum common oxide
FeO Ferrum oxydatulum lower oxide
MnO2 Manganum peroxydatum lower oxide
The Latin international formulary nomenclature forms the terms of oxides with the regard to
the number of oxygen atoms inside the molecule, eventually the number of atoms. This
international term consists of the substantive genitive of the element and of the nominative of
the substantive oxidum using a suitable numerical prefix.
Examples
Cu2O Dicupri oxidum
CuO Cupro oxidum
Cr2O3 Dichromii trioxidum
CrO2 Chromii dioxidum
2.2 Nomenclature of peroxides

The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term uses the nominative of the element and the
adjective peroxydatum.
The Latin international formulary nomenclature term consists of the genitive of the element
and the nominative of the substantive peroxidum
Examples
Chem. abbrev. traditional term international term
H2O2 Hydrogenium peroxydatum Hydrogenii peroxidum
Na2O2 Natrium peroxydatum Natrii peroxidum
104
2.3 Nomenclature of hydroxides
Latin terms of hydroxides are formed similarly as the terms of oxides this is concretely used
for both types - traditional or international formulary nomenclature. In the traditional
nomenclature instead of the adjective oxydatum there is used hydroxydatum, in the
international nomenclature there is used instead of oxidum hydroxidum
Examples
NaOH Natrium hydroxydatum Natrii hydroxidum
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxydatum Calcii hydroxidum
Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxydatum Aluminii hydroxidum
2.4. Nomenclature of hydroxide- and oxide- salts (alkali salts)

The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is created from the nominative of the
element and the adjective of the acid with the prefix sub-, or the nominative of the element
and the adjective of the acid which is completed with the adjective basicum.
Example
Chem. abbrev. traditional term
SbNO3(O) Stibium subnitricum
Stibium nitricum basicum
The Latin international formulary nomenclature - the term of these salts consists of the
genitive of the Latin element and the nominative of the anoint of particular salt with the prefix
sub-. If the salt appears in the hydroxide or oxide form, there is no particular term in the
international formulary nomenclature.
Example
Chem. abbrev. international term
SbCl(O) Stibii subchloridum (used for both alakali or no alkali)
BiNO3(OH)2 Bismuthi subnitrans (used for both alkali or no alkali)
105
2.5 Nomenclature of acids
2.5.1. Oxygen acids
The traditional and international Latin formulary nomenclature of oxygen acids uses the
substantive acidum and the adjective consisting of the Latin element and the suffix – icum for
higher acid and –ossum for lower acid, eventually with the prefix per- for higher acids or
hypo- for lower acids.
Example
Chem. abbrev. traditional and international terms
HClO Acidum hypochlorosum
HClO2 Acidum chlorosum
HClO3 Acidum chloricum
2.5.2 No oxygen acids

The traditional and international Latin formulary nomenclature of no oxygen acids consists
of the substantive acidum and the adjective having the prefix hydro- and the Latin element
and the suffix –icum.
Example
Chem. abbrev. traditional and international terms
HCl Acidum hydrochloricum
HBr Acidum hydrobronicum
2.6. Nomenclature of salts

2.6.1. Nomenclature of salts of oxygen acids
The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is composed of the nominative of the Latin
element and the adjective of the acid.
The Latin international formulary nomenclature term consists of the genitive of the Latin
element and the nominative of the salt (suffix -is for lower oxidative number and suffix -as
for common or higher oxidative number).
106
Examples
NaClO Natrium hypochlorosum Natrii hypochloris
NaCiO2 Natrium hypochlorosum Natrii hypochloris
NaClO3 Natrium chloricum Natrii chloras
NaClO4 Natrium perichloricum Natrii perchloras
2.6.1.1. Nomenclature of hydrogen salts

The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term consists of the nominative of the Latin
element and the adjective of the acid with the prefix hydro- or bi- (nowadays there is not
recommended to use the prefix bi-).
The Latin international formulary nomenclature term – the presence of “acid hydrogen” in salt
in its Latin term is expressed by using the prefix hydrogeno- in front of the appropriate salt
(anoint). The number of hydrogen atoms is expressed with the numerical prefix (the prefix
mono- is usually not stated).
Example
NaHSO2 Natrium hydrosulfuricum Natrii hydrogenpsulfas
2.6.2. Nomenclature of salts of no oxygen acids

The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is composed of the nominative of the Latin
element which is formed form the cation and the adjective is formed from the Latin element
which creates this anion with the suffix -atum, possibly also with the numerical prefix.
The Latin international formulary nomenclature terms of salts of no oxygen acids are formed
by the genitive of the Latin element and the nominative of the salt term.
Example
NaCl Natrium chloratum Natrii chloridum
NaF Natrium fluoratum Natrii fluoridum
107
2.6.2.1. Nomenclature of hydrogen salts
The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature term is created from the nominative of the Latin
element and the adjective being formed from the Latin element which creats the anion with
the prefix hydro- or bi - (nowadays there is not recommended to use the prefix bi-) and the
suffix –atum

KHF2 kalium hydrofluoratum
The Latin international formulary nomenclature – the presence of “acid hydrogen” in the salt
is expressed by using the prefix hydrogeno- in front of the appropriate salt term (anion). The
number of hydrogen atoms is expressed by the numerical prefix (the prefix mono- is usually
not stated).

NaHCO3 Natrii hydrogenocarbonas
2.6.3. Nomenclature of salt of acids with different oxidative number (valence) of

elements of cations
The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature creates the differentiation of the oxidative
number using the other adjective “oxydatum” (for salt with higher number of cation) or
oxydulatum (for salt with lower oxidative number).
The Latin international formulary nomenclature performs this differentiation using the change
of the element term (genitive –i for higher oxidative number and –osi for lower oxidative
number).
Example
Fe2(SO4)3 Ferrum sulfuricum oxydatumFerri sulfas
CuCl2 Cuprum chloratum oxydatum Cupri chloridum
108
2.6.4. Nomenclature of binary salts
The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature - the salt with two cations uses nominatives of
the Latin elements (the order is given with the increasing oxidative number).

KlSO4 Kalium lithium sufuricum
The Latin international formulary nomenclature – the terms of binary salts are formed by the
genitive of the elements and the nominative of the ion or ions of the particular acid.
CaCl(ClO) Calcii chloridum hypochloris
2.7. Nomenclature of hydrates

A large number of elements can be found in different hydrate form. In the Latin international
formulary nomenclature the terms of hydrates are formed using the adjectives hydricus,a, um
with the numerical prefix, by no water hydrates using the adjective anhydricus, a, um.
CaSO4 . 2H2O Calcii sulfas dihydricus
NaCO3 . H2O Natrii carbonas monohydricus
3rd Nomenclature of organic compounds
3.1. Nomenclature of one word basic substances

The Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature is coincident as e.g.
Saccharosum, Paracetamolum.
3.2. Nomenclature of acids

The Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature is coincident, i.e. acids have
either one-word term, e.g. Phenobarbitalium or the term is formed from the substantive
acidum and the adjective consisting of the fixed part of the Latin term of the element and the
suffix -icum, e.g. acidum aceticum.
109
3.3. Nomenclature of salts
3.3.1 Nomenclature of acid salts with one-word terms
In both Latin traditional and international formulary nomenclature the term of the salt is
formed from the nominative of the acid and the adjective with the suffix –icum (calcicum,
magnesicum, natricum, zincicum etc.), e.g. Phenobarbitalum natricum, Ampicillinum
natricum etc.
3.3.2 Nomenclature of acid salts with two-word terms

The principle is the same for the traditional and international formulary nomenclature when
forming the terms of inorganic salts.
Example
C7H5NaO2 Natrium benzoicum Natrii benzoas
C6H7KO2 Kalium sorbicum Kalii sorbas
3.3.3 Nomenclature of salts on organic basis

The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature – the term is formed by the nominative of the
organic basis and the adjective of the acid. In accordance with the rules of IUPAC there is
applied the “anion” nomenclature for salts with the basis of tertiary or quartiary nitrogen (in
this case both types are supposed as amino salts). The endings –inium and –onium indicate
that there is dealt with the salt of organic basis but from its name it is not possible to identify
which type it is concretely.
The Latin international formulary nomenclature – the terms of salts on organic basis (with the
exception of halogenoid salt on organic basis with tertiary nitrogen) they are formed from the
genitive of the organic basis and the nominative of the anion of the particular salt. From the
name of the medicament with the exception of halogenoid salt it is not possible to specify if
there is is dealt with the basis of tertiary or quarticary nitrogen. By the halogenic salts on
organic basis with tertiary nitrogen there is added to the term of the anion of the halogenic salt
the prefix hydro-. By salts with quartiary nitrogen there should be applied the rule of “anion”
ending of the basis (e.g. cetrimonium, gen. cetrimonii).
110
Example
traditional term international term
Pilocarpinium nitrucum Pilocarpini nitras
Hydroxocobalaminium aceticum Hydroxocobalamini acetas
Procainium chloratum Procaine hydrochloridum
In a large number of salts there can also appear their shortened chemical terms approved by
the WHO as INN (International Non-proprietary Names) within particular groups as e.g.
besilas, hyclas or triflutas.
3.4. Nomenclature of hydrates

Similarly as for the inorganic compounds – in the Latin traditional and international formulary
nomenclature there is added to the compound the adjective hydricus, a, um, possibly with the
numerical prefix.
Example
Coffeinum monohydricum Coffeini monohydricum
Calcium lacticum trihydricum Calcii lacticum trihydricum
3.5. Nomenclature of esters

3.5.1 Nomenclature of esters of common acids and simple hydroxyderivates
The Latin traditional formulary nomenclature is formed by the nominative of the alkyl or aryl
and the basic anion of the acid with the suffix –icum.
The international Latin formulary nomenclature of esters of this type is formed by the genitive
of the alkyl or aryl, for example ethylis and the nominative of the group representing the
particular acid, possibly also methyl, phenyl etc. and the nominative of the group which
represents the particular acid, eventually acetas.
Example
Methylum salicylicum Methalis salicylas
Benzylum bonzoicum Benzylis benzoas
111
3.5.2 Nomenclature of esters of acids and hydrogen derivate with more complicated structures
To esters of this type there is mostly assigned a particular INN term e.g. gefarnatum or
tocofenoxanum.
In the Latin traditional formulary nomenclature the terms of esters are formed with the
nominative of the INN term of the hydroxiderivate and the adjective formed with the anion of
the acid and with the suffix –icum. The international Latin formulary nomenclature of this
type is formed by the genitive of the hydroxi derivate (or INN term of hydrogi derivate) and
the nominative of the group which represents the particular acid (i.e. formed in the similar
way as salts).
Example
Erythromycinum ethylsuccinicum Erythromycini ethylsuccinas
Estradiolum benzoicum Estradioli benzoas
112
Vocabulary
Latin – English
A
abductor, oris, M muscle the role of which is abducting from the body
abscessus, us, M abscess, localized collection of pus burried in tissues
acer, cris, cre sharp
acidum, i, N acid
ad to, into
ad (prep. with accus.) to, for, towards
addo, ere, (additus) add
adductor,oris, M muscle drawing the part towards to the body
aden, i, N (Latin) gland
adenos, I, (M) (Greek) gland
adeps lanae wool fat,
adeps, adipis, M fat
adspersorius, a, um adspersory
adstringentia, medicine causing shrinkage
afferens, entis afferent
alcohol, lis, M alcohol
allopathia, ae, F allopathy
amarus, a, um bitter
amputatio, onis, F amputation
amygdala, ae, F almond
amylum, i, N starch
antitetanicus, a, um against tetanus
apex, icis, M apex, top point
apnoe, es, F breathing arrest
apoplexia, ae, F apoplexy, an apoplectic stroke
apparatus, us, M apparatus
appendicitis, itidis, F appendicitis
appendix, icis, F appendix
aqua, ae, F water
arcus, us M arch
aromaticus, a, um aromatic
ars, tis, F art
113
arteria, ae, F artery
ascendens, entis ascending
aspectio, onis, F watching
atrium, i, N atrium
audio, ire, (auditus) hear
aurantium, i, N orange
auris, is, F ear
auscultatio, onis, F hearing
autointoxicatio, onis, F autointoxication
autotrophia, ae, F autotrophy
B
bacteriaemia, ae, F bacteriaemia
balneum, i. N bath
betula, ae, F birch
bilateralis, e bilateral
bios (Greek) life
brachialis, e brachial
bradycardia, ae, F bradycardia
brevis, e short
C
cancer, i, M cancer
caput, itis, N head
carcinoma, atis, N carcinoma
cardialgia, ae, F pain in the cardiac region
caries, ei, F dental caries
carminativus, a, um against flatulence
carpus, i, M. carpus, wrist
caudatus, a, um caudate
causa, ae, F cause, reason
cavitas, atis, F cavity, hollow
ceratus, a, um cerated, wax-coated, waxy
cerebrum, i, N brain
chamomilla, ae, F chamomile
114
charta, ae, F chart, firm paper, paper
cinchona, ae, F quinine
circulatorius, a, um circulating
clavicula, ae, F collar bone
cochlear, ris, N spoon
collapsus,us, M collapse
colon, i, N large intestine
coma, atis, N coma
commitans, antis accompanying
commotio, onis, F commotion, concussion, shock
communicans, antis communicating, connecting
complicatus, a, um complicated, difficult
congenitus, a, um congenial, native
congvergens, ntis convergent
contactus, us, M contact
contagiosus, a, um contagious
contra (prep. with accus.) against
contraceptivum, I, N medication for the birth control
contraindicatio, onis, F factors that increase the risk involved in using a particular drug
coronarius, a, um coronary
corpus, oris, N body
cortex, icis, M bark, cortex, peeling, outer part of the body
costa, ae, F rib
coxa, ae, F hip
cranium, i, N skull
crassus, a, um. thick
cum (prep. with. abl.) with
curo, are (curatus) treat, heal
D
decolor, oris colourless
decubitus, us, M decubitus, bedsore, pressure ulcer
deformans, antis disfiguring, deformated
deformatus, a, um deformed
delirium tremens, entis status of complete drunkenness
dens, entis, M tooth
dens deciduus milky tooth
115
dens molaris molar tooth
depuratus, a, um. purified
derma, atis, N skin
dermatitis, itidis, F inflammation of skin
descendens, entis descending
desinfectio, ere (desinfectus) disinfect
desinfectio, onis, F disinfection
destillo, are (destillatus) distill
dexter, a, um right
diabetes, ae, M diabetes
diarrhoea, ae, F diarrh(o)ea
diastole, es, F diastole
dies, ei, M day
digital, alis, M digitalis, medical plant
digitus, i, M finger
divergens, ntis divergent
divido, ere (divisus) divide
do, are (datus) give
dosis, is, F dose
ductus, us, M duct
dulcis, e sweet
durus, a, um hard
dyspepsia, ae, F impairment of digestion
dyspnoe, es, F dysfunction of breathing
E
effectus, us, M effect
efferens, entis efferent
emesis, is, F vomiting
encephalon, i, N brain
enteron, i, N intestine
enterorrhagia, ae, F bleeding inside intestines
enterosolvens, entis soluble in the intestine
epicardium, i, N the layer of serous pericardium on the surface of the heart
epinephriticus, a, um pertaining to the adrenal gland
ethanolum, i, N ethanol
expectorantia expectorant, agent dissolving sick mucus
116
expeditio, onis, F packing
extractio, onis, F extraction
extremitas, atis, F extremity, limb
F
facies, ei. F face
fascia, ae, F fascia, serious tissue covering
felleus, a, um of gall
femur, oris, N femur, tight bone
fibula, ae, F fibula
filtro, are (filatratus) filter, filtrate
fio, fieri (factus) become
fissura, ae, F fissure, groove
flavus, a, um yellow
flexura, ae, F bend
flos, oris, M flower
focalis, e focal
foeniculum, i, N phenycul, type of plant
folium, i, N leaf
fortis, e strong
fractura, ae, F fracture
frequens, entis frequent
frigidus,a,um cold
fructus, us, M fruit
G
gargarisima, matis, N gargling water
gaster, tris, F stomach
gastralgia, ae, F pain in the stomach region
gastrodynia, ae, F pain in the stomach region
gastrorrhagia, ae, F bleeding inside the stomach
gastrospasmus, i, M spasm inside the stomach
gelatinosus, a, um jelly
glandula, ae, F gland
glans, ndis, F gland
117
glycerolum, i, N glycerine
gossypium, i, N cotton wool
gramma, atis, N gram
gravis, e heavy, hard, difficult
gutta, ae, F drop
guttatorium, ii, N dropper
H
haematologia, ae, F science relating the blood
haematuria, ae, F urine in the blood
haemorrhagia, ae. F bleeding
hepar, atis, N liver
hepar, tis, N liver
herba, ae, F plant
humerus,i, N humerus
hydrofobia, ae, F fear of water
hydrotherapia, ae, F therapy using water
hypericum, i, N Aaron´s beard (herb)
hypertensio, onis, F hypertension
hypertonia, ae, F excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
hypoglossus, a, um under the tongue
I
ignotus, a, um unknown
immunis, e immune
in (preposition with acc.+abl.) in, into, within, inside
infans, ntis, M or N child
infusio, onis, F infusion
iniectio, onis, F injection
injectio, onis, F injection
insufficientia, ae, F insufficiency
internus, a, um internal
intestinum, i, N intestine
intramuscularis, e into the muscle
intravenosus, a, um intravenous, into the vein
invalidus, a, um invalid, with a handicap
118
kefale (cephalon) (Greek) head
L
lac, tis. N milk
laesio, onis, F lesion, damage
lagoena, ae, F bottle
lana, ae, F wool
larynx, gis, F larynx
latus, a, um wide
lege artis according to the laws of pharmacy or other disciplines
letalis, e lethal
levator, oris, M levator, the muscle pusing up
ligamentum, i, N ligamentum
linimentum, i, N ointment
lipos, i, M oil
liquidus, a, um liquid
locus, i, M place, location
luteus, a, um yellow
luxatio , onis, F luxation, dislocation
lymphaticus, a, um lymphatic
M
macrocytus, i, M extremely large blood cell
mandibula, ae, F lower jaw
massa, ae, F mass
matricaria, ae, F camomile
maxilla, ae, F upper jaw
meatus, us, M meatus, passage
medius, a, um mediary, middle
megalocardia, ae, F extremely large heart
mel, mellis, N honey
melissa, ae, F melissa (herb)
meningitis, itidis, F meningitis
metastasis, is, F metastasis, transfer of disease from one organ to another
misceo, ere (mixtus) mix
mollis, e soft
119
mora, ae, F hesitation
morbus, i, M disease, illness
mucosus, a, um mucosal
musculus, i, M muscle
myocytus, i, M muscle cell
myospasmus, i, M spasm of the muscle
myrtilium, i. N mirth
N
narcosis, is. F narcose
nasus, i, M nose
necrosis, is, F necrosis, decay
nephrectomia, ae, F excision of kidney
nephros, i, M kidney
niger, a, um black
O
obductus, a, um coated
obesitas, atis, F obesity
obliquus, a, um oblique
olla, ae, F galipot
organum, i. N organ
os coxae pelvic bone
os metacarpale metacarpal bone
os, oris, N mouth
os, ossis, N bone
osteoma, atis, N osteoma
osteon (osteum) (Greek) bone
otalgia, ae, F pain in the ear
otodynia, ae, F pain in the ear
otos (otis) (Greek) ear
P
palatum, i, N palate
papaver, ris, N poppy
paranephriticus, a, um paranephric, near the kidney
120
paro, are (paratus) prepare
pars, tis, F part
partus, us, M birth
parvus, a, um small
pasta, ae, F paste
pathologia, ae, F science relating pathology
per (preposition with accus.) through
perforans, antis penetrating
periculum, i, N danger
perimetrium,ii, N the serous coat of the uterus
peroralis, e administered through the mouth
pes, pedis, M foot, leg
pharmacotherapia, ae, F pharmaceutical therapy
physis (Greek) grow
piper, eris, N pepper
pneumothorax, cis, M air inside the thoracic cavity
pollex, icis, M thumb
polyneuritis, idis, F inflammation of many nerves
praemedicatio, onis, F premedication, a drug treatment given to a patient before a medical
procedure
praemolaris, e premolar
praescriptio, onis, F prescription
primula, ae, F primrose
pro (prep. with ablat.) for
processus, us, M process, projection, outgrowth
profundus, a, um profound, deep
prognosis, is, F prediction
progrediens, entis proceeding
pulmo, onis, M lung
pulmonarius, a, um pulmonary
pulvis, eris, M powder
pyuria, ae, F pus in urine
Q
quantum satis the amount which is needed
quercus, us, F oak
121
R
radius, i, M radius, ray
radix, icis, M root
ramus,i, N branch
raphe, es, F suture
recens, entis recent, fresh
rectum, i, N rectum, bottom
rectus, a, um direct
remedium constituens vehicle, agent used as a solvent in the solution
remedium, i, N medicament, pill, remedy
ren, nis, M kidney
repeto, ere (repetitus) repeat
respiratorious, a, um breathing
rubeola, ae, F rubeolla,German measles
ruptura, ae, F rupture
S
saccharum, i, N sugar
sacer, a, um holy, sacral
sal, is, M or N salt
sano, are (sanatus) heal
sanus, a, um heathy
scapula, ae, F shoulder blade
scatula, ae, F box
semisolidus, a, um half hard
sensus, us, M sense
separanda medicaments that must be separated from others
septum, i, N septum
serum, i, N serum
servo, are (servatus) keep, conserve
signo, are (signatus) sing (verb)
signum, i, N Sign (noun)
simplex, cis simple
sine (prep. with abl.) without
sinister, a, um left
sirupus, i, M syrup
122
solubilis, e soluble
solutio, onis, F solution
solvo, ere (solvens) solute
species pectorales decoction to heal a cough
species, ei. F species
species, erum, F (pl.) mixture of dried plants, tea
spina, ae, F back spine
spiritus, us, M spirit
spondylitis, itidis, F inflammation of vertebrae
steriliso, are (strerilisatus) sterilisate
stomachicus, a, um stomachic, gastric
sub (prep.+abl.) under
subclavius, a, um under the clavicle
subcutaneus, a, um under the skin
sulf(ph)us, uris, N sulphur
sum, esse be
sumo, ere (sumptum) take
suppositorium, i, N suppository, a medicated mass to be introduced into a body orifice
suspensio, onis, F suspension
symptom, atis, N symptom
systole, es, F systole
T
tabuletta, ae, F tablet, pill
talis, e such
teres, teretis round
thorax, acis, M chest, thorax
thyroideus, a, um thyroid
tibia, ae, F tibia
tinctura stomachica stomach tincture
tinctura, ae, F tincture
tome (tomia) cut, cutting
tracheostomia, ae, F a hole made into the trachea
trauma, atis, N wound, injury
tuber, eris, N tubercle
tunica, ae, F tunic, layer, coat
tussis, is, F coughing
123
U
ulcus, eris, N ulcer
urinarius, a, um urinary
urologicus, a, um urological
urophobia, ae, F fear of nature urination
usus, us, M use
uterus, i, M uterus, womb
V
valeriana, ae, F valerian (herb), type of plant
valvula, ae, F valve
valva, ae, F valve
varicella, ae, F measles
vaselinum, i, N vaseline
vena, ae, F vein
venenum, i, N poision
venenum, i, N venom, poison
ventriculus, i, M ventricle, stomach
versicolor, oris colourful
vertebra, ae, F vertebra
vesica, ae, F bladder
virginalis, e virginal
vitrum, i, N glass
vitrum, i, N bottle
vomitus, us, M vomiting
Z
zoophobia, ae, F fear of animals
124
English – Latin
A
Aaron´s beard (herb) hypericum, i, N
abductor, muscle the role of which is abducting from abductor, oris, M
the body
abscess abscessus, us, M
accompanying commitans, antis
acid acidum, i, N
add addo, ere, (additus)
adductor, muscle drawing the part towards to the adductor,oris, M
body
adrenal epinephriticus, a, um
adspersory adspersorius, a, um
afferent affrenens, entis
against contra (prep. with accus.)
against contra (prep. with accus.)
against tetanus antitetanicus, a, um
alcohol alcohol, lis, M
allopathy allopathia, ae, F
almond amygdala, ae, F
amputation amputatio, onis, F
apex, top point apex, icis, M
apoplexy, an apoplectic stroke apoplexia, ae, F
apparatus apparatus, us, M
appendicitis appendicitis, itidis, F
appendix appendix, icis, F
arch arcus, us M
aromatic aromaticus, a, um
art ars, tis, F
artery arteria, ae, F
ascending ascendens, entis
atrium atrium, i, N
autointoxication autointoxicatio, onis, F
autotrophy autotrophia, ae, F
125
back spine spina, ae, F
bacteriaemia bacteriaemia, ae, F
bark cortex, icis, M
bath balneum, i. N
be sum, esse
become fio, fieri (factus)
bend flexura, ae, F
bilateral bilateralis, e
birch betula, ae, F
birth partus, us, M
bitter amarus, a, um
black niger, a, um
bladder vesica, ae, F
body corpus, oris, N
bone os, ossis, N
bone osteon (osteum) (Greek)
bottle lagoena, ae, F
bottle vitrum, i, N
bottom rectum, I, N
box scatula, ae, F
brachial brachialis, e
bradycardia bradycardia, ae, F
brain cerebrum, i, N
brain encephalon, i, N
branch ramus,i, N
breathing respiratorious, a,um
breathing arrest apnoe, es, F
C
camomile matricaria, ae, F
cancer cancer, i, M
capsule capsula, ae, F
carcinoma carcinoma, atis, N

cardiomegaly megalocardia, ae, F
carminatory carminativus, a, um
carpus, wrist carpus, i, M.
126
caudate caudatus, a, um
cause, reason causa, ae, F
cavity, hollow cavitas, atis, F
cavus, hollow cavus, a, um
cerated, wax-coated ceratus, a,um
chamber, stomach ventriculus, i, M
chamomile chamomilla, ae, F
chart charta, ae, F
chart, firm paper charta, ae, F
chest, thorax thorax, acis, M
child infans, ntis, M or N
circulating circulatorius, a, um
coated obductus, a, um
cold frigidus,a,um
collapse collapsus,us, M
collar bone clavicula, ae, F
colourful versicolor, oris
colourless decolor, oris
coma coma, atis, N
commotion, concussion, commotio, onis, F
communicating, connecting communicans, antis
complicated, difficult complicatus, a, um
congenial, native congenitus, a, um
contact contactus, us, M
contagious contagiosus, a, um
contraceptive contraceptivum, I, N
contraindication contraindicatio, onis, F
convergent congvergens, ntis
coronary coronarius, a, um
cortex, outer part of the organ, bark cortex, ticis, M
cotton wool gossypium, i, N
coughing tussis, is, F
cut, cutting tome (tomia)
D
damage laesio, onis, F
danger periculum, i, N
127
day dies, ei, M
decoction to heal a cough species pectorales
decubitus, bedsore, pressure ulcer decubitus, us, M
deep profundus, a, um
deformed deformatus, a, um
delirium, state of complete drunkenness delirium tremens, entis
dental caries caries, ei, F
descending descendens, entis
diabetes diabetes, ae, M
diarrh(o)ea diarrhoea, ae, F
diastole diastole, es, F
digitalis, medical plant digital, alis, M
direct rectus, a, um
disease, illness morbus, i, M
disfiguring, deformated deformans, antis
disinfect desinfectio, ere (desinfectus)
disinfection desinfectio, onis, F
distill destillo, are (destillatus)
divergent divergens, ntis
divide divido, ere (divisus)
dose dosis, is, F
drop gutta, ae, F
dropper guttatorium, ii, N
duct ductus, us, M
dysfunction of breathing dyspnoe, es, F
dyspepsia dyspepsia, ae, F
E
ear auris, is, F
ear otos (otis) (Greek)
effect effectus, us, M
efferent efferens, entis
epicardium, the layer of serous pericardium on the epicardium, ii, N
surface of the heart
ethanol ethanolum, i, N
expectorant, agent dissolving sick mucus expectorantia
extraction extractio, onis, F
128
extract extractum, i, N
extremity, limb extremitas, atis, F
F
face facies, ei. F
fascia, serious tissue covering fascia, ae, F
fat adeps, adipis, M
femur, tight bone femur, oris, N
fibula fibula, ae, F
filter filtro, are (filatratus)
filtrate filtro, are (filatratus)
finger digitus, i, M
fissure, groove fissura, ae, F
flower flos, oris, M
focal focalis, e
foot, leg pes, pedis, M
for pro (prep. with ablat.)
fracture fractura, ae, F
frequent frequens, entis
fresh recens, ntis
fruit fructus, us, M
G
galipot olla, ae, F
gargle gargarisima, matis, N
give do, are (datus)
gland aden, adenos, i, N (M) (Greek)
gland glandula, ae, F, glans, ndis, F (Latin)
glass vitrum, i, N
glycerine glycerolum, i, N
gram gramma, atis, N
grow physis (Greek)
H
haemorrhage haemorrhagia, ae. F
haemorrhage from the stomach gastrorrhagia, ae, F
half hard semisolidus, a, um
hard durus, a, um
129
head caput, itis, N (Latin)
head kefale (cephalon) (Greek)
heal sano, are (sanatus)
hear audio, ire, (auditus)
hearing auscultatio, onis, F
heathy sanus, a, um
heavy, hard, difficult gravis, e
hematology haematologia, ae, F
haematuria, urine in the blood haematuria, ae, F
hesitation mora, ae, F
hip coxa, ae, F
hollow cavus, a, um
holy, sacral sacer, a, um
honey mel, mellis, N
humerus humerus,i, N
hydrophobia hydrophobia, ae, F
hydrotherapy hydrotherapia, ae, F
hypertension hypertensio, onis, F
hypertonia hypertonia, ae, F
hypoglossal, under the tongue hypoglossus, a, um
I
immune immunis, e
in, into, within, inside in (preposition with acc.+abl.)
infusion infusio, onis, F
injection inienctio, onis, F
insufficiency insufficientia, ae, F
internal internus, a, um
intestinal hemorrhage enterorrhagia, ae, F
intestine enteron, i, N (Greek)
intestine intestinum, i, N (Latin)
intramuscular intramuscularis, e
intravenous intravenosus, a, um
invalid, with a handicap invalidus, a, um
J
jelly gelatinosus, a, um
130
K
kidney nephros, i, M (Greek)
kidney ren, nis, M (Latin)
L
large intestine colon, i, N
larynx larynx, gis, F
leaf folium, i, N
left sinister, a, um
lesion laesio, onis, F
lethal letalis, e
levator, the muscle pusing up levator, oris, M
life bios (Greek)
ligamentum ligamentum, i, N
liquid liquidus, a, um
liver hepar, atis, N
lower jaw mandibula, ae, F

lung pulmo, onis, M
luxation, dislocation luxatio , onis, F
lymphatic lymphaticus, a, um
M
macrocyte macrocytus, i, M
mass massa, ae, F
measles varicella, ae, F
meatus, passage meatus, us, M
mediary, middle medius, a, um
melissa (herb) melissa, ae, F
meningitis meningitis, itidis, F
metacarpal bone os metacarpale
metastasis metastasis, is, F
milk lac, tis. N
milky tooth dens deciduus
mirth myrtilium, i. N
mix misceo, ere (mixtus)
mixture mixtura, ae, F
131
mixture of dried plants species, erum, F
molar tooth dens molaris
mouth os, oris, N
mucosal mucosus, a, um
multiple multiplex, multiplicis
muscle musculus, i, M
muscle cell myocytus, i, M
N
narcose narcosis, is. F
necrosis, decay necrosis, is, F
nephrectomy nephrectomia, ae, F
nose nasus, i, M
O
oak quercus, us, F
obesity obesitas, atis, F
oblique obliquus, a, um
of gall felleus, a, um
oil lipos, i, M
ointment linimentum, i, N
oral peroralis, e
orange aurantium, i, N
organ organum, i. N
osteoma osteoma, atis, N
P
packing expeditio, onis, F
pain in the cardiac region cardialgia, ae, F
pain in the ear otalgia, ae, F
pain in the ear otodynia, ae, F
pain in the stomach region gastralgia, ae, F
pain in the stomach region gastrodynia, ae,F
palate palatum, i, N
paper charta, ae, F
paranephric, near the kidney paranephriticus, a, um
part pars,tis, F
paste pasta, ae, F
132
pathology pathologia, ae, F
peeling, outer part of the body, bark cortex, ticis, M
pelvic bone os coxae
penetrating perforans, antis
pepper piper, eris, N
perimetrium, the serous coat of the uterus perimetrium,i, N
pharmaceutical therapy pharmacotherapia, ae, F
phenycul, type of plant foeniculum, i, N
place, location locus, i, M
plant herba, ae, F
pneumothorax pneumothorax, cis, M
poision venenum, i, N
polyneuritis polyneuritis, idis, F
poppy papaver, ris, N
powder pulvis, eris, M
prediction prognosis, is, F
premedication praemedicatio, onis, F
premolar praemolaris, e
prepare paro, are (paratus)
prescription praescriptio, onis, F
primrose primula, ae, F
proceeding progrediens, entis
process, projection, outgrowth processus, us M
profound, deep profundus, a , um
pulmonary pulmonarius, a, um
purified depuratus, a, um., purificatus, a, um
pus in urine pyuria, ae, F
Q
quinine cinchona, ae, F
R
radius, ray radius, i, M
recent, fresh recens, entis
rectum rectum, i, N
remedy remedium, i, N
repeat repeto, ere (repetitus)
133
rib costa, ae, F
right dexter, a, um
root radix, icis, M
round teres, teretis
rubeolla, German measles rubeola, ae, F
rupture ruptura, ae, F
S
salt sal, is, M or N
sense sensus, us, M
septum septum, i, N
serum serum, i, N
keep, conserve servo,are (servatus)
sharp acer, cris, cre
short brevis, e
shoulder blade scapula, ae, F
sign signum, i, N
simple simplex, cis
sing signo, are (signatus)
skin derma, atis, N
skull cranium, i, N
small parvus, a, um
soft mollis,e
soluble solubilis, e
soluble in the intestine enterosolvens, entis
solute solvo, ere (solvens)
solution solutio, onis, F
spasm inside the stomach gastrospasmus, i, M
spasm of the muscle myospasmus, i, M
species, mixture species, ei. F
spirit spiritus, us, M
spondylitis spondylitis, itidis, F
spoon cochlear, ris, N
starch amylum, i, N
sterilisate steriliso, are (strerilisatus)
stomach gaster, tris, F
stomach tincture tinctura stomachica
134
stomachic, gastric stomachicus, a, um
strong fortis, e
subclavian, under the clavicle subclavius, a, um
subcutaneous, under the skin subcutaneus, a, um
such talis, e
sugar saccharum, i, N
sulphur sulf(ph)us, uris, N
suppository suppositorium, i, N
suspension suspensio, onis, F
suture raphe, es, F
sweet dulcis, e
sycosis? dermatitis dermatitis, itidis, F
symptom symptom, atis, N
syrup sirupus, i, M
systole systole, es, F
T
tablet, pill tabuletta,ae, F
take sumo, ere (sumptum)
tea species, erum, F /PL!/
thick crassus, a, um.
through per (prep. with accus.)
through per (preposition with accus.)
thumb pollex, icis, M
thyroid thyroideus, a, um
tibia tibia, ae, F
tincture tinctura, ae, F
to, for, towards ad (prep. with accus.)
to, into ad
tooth dens, entis, M
tracheostomy tracheostomia, ae, F
treat, heal curo, are (curatus)
tubercle tuber,eris, N
tunic, layer, coat tunica, ae, F
U
ulcer ulcus, eris, N
135
under sub (prep.+abl.)
unknown ignotus, a, um
upper jaw maxilla, ae, F
urinary urinarius, a, um
urological urologicus, a, um
use usus, us, M
uterus, womb uterus, i, M
V
valerian (herb) valeriana, ae, F
valve valvula, ae, F
valve valva, ae, F
vaseline vaselinum, i, N
vehicle, agent used as a solvent in the solution remedium constituens
vein vena, ae, F
venom, poison venenum, i, N
ventricle, stomach ventriculus, i, M
vertebra vertebra, ae, F
virginal virginalis, e
vomiting emesis, is, F
vomiting vomitus, us. M
W
watching aspectio, onis, F
water aqua, ae, F
waxy ceratus, a, um
wide latus, a, um
with cum (prep. with. abl.)
without sine (prep. with abl.)
wool lana, ae, F
wool fat, lanolin adeps lanae cum aqua
wound, injury trauma, atis, N
Y
yellow flavus, a, um
yellow luteus, a, um
136
Picture attachment
137
Picture attachment 138
Fig. No. 1 – De humani corporis fabrica Liber I – Description of Skeleton
Description of the basic directions of the human body
cranialis
posterior
dexter sinister
anterior
posterior
ulnaris
radialis
caudalis
dorsalis
palmaris
proximalis
anterior
distalis
139
Fig. No. 2 - Basic directions of the human body
Plant description
flos
truncus
folium
cortex
radix
Primula veris
Salix alba Potentilla anserina
herba
fructus
bulbus
Primula veris L.
rhizoma
Zingiber officinale Juniperus communis
Allium cepa
Fig. No. 3 – Plant description
140
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142
Autoři: PhDr. Lenka Řitičková, MVDr. Pavel Brauner, Ph.D.
Název: Professional Latin for Pharmacists
Ústav: Ústav cizích jazyků a dějin veterinárního lékařství
Počet stran: 143
Vydání: 1. vydání
Vydavatel: Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita Brno
ISBN 978-80-7305-736-7
143

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VETERINÁRNÍ A FARMACEUTICKÁ UNIVERZITA

PhDr. Lenka Řitičková

Tato výuková opora vznikla v rámci řešení projektu:

Professional Latin for Pharmacists

PhDr. Lenka Řitičková

Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation

a pronounced like sun (e.g. lagoena - bottle)

ā pronounced like ask (frāctus - broken)

ae pronounced like aethyl (caecus – blind)

b pronounced like in basis (brachium - arm)

Length of Syllables and the Accent in Latin

Basic Grammatical Categories

There are four basis categories relating to nouns:

1st Gender: M - masculine F - feminine, N - neutral

4th Declension: We distinguish five declensions of nouns.

Latin Nouns of the 1st Declension (-A- Stems)

Latin Adjectives of the 1st Declension

Case endings of the 1st declension:

Adjectives of the 1st Declension:

1 Read and translate:

Lagoena. Tinctura. Scatula. Costa. Vertebrae. Clavicula. Mandibula et maxilla. Venae et

tunica mucosa (lingua, vesica urinaria)

4 Translate into Latin:

Survey of the main pharmaceutical abbreviations used in prescriptions:

Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English meaning:

Living Latin phrases:

Historia magistra vitae.

Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases:

Latin Nouns of the 2nd Declension (-O- Stems)

Latin Adjectives of the 2nd Declension

Nouns of the 2nd Declension:

Paradigm of masculine nouns: sirupus

Case endings of the 2nd masculine declension

Case endings of the 2nd neuter declension

Adjectives of 2st Declension:

Example of the 2nd masculine paradigm together with an adjective:

Example of the 2nd neuter paradigm together with and adjective:

1 Read and translate:

2 Change the words in brackets:

3 Give the opposites:

List of the main prescription abbrevitiations in pharmacy:

Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English meaning:

ad (preposition with acc.) preposition to, towards

Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases:

Nouns of the 3rd Declension

Paradigm of masculine + feminine nouns with different number of syllables – dolor

Case endings of 3rd masculine and femine declension:

Paradigm of neuter nouns with different number of syllables – corpus (body):

1 Read and translate:

3 Give the opposites:

4 Translate into Latin:

transfusion of blood, intravenous injections, bottle of solution, congenital damage of hip,

List of the main prescription abbreviations in pharmacy:

Latin abbreviation: Complete Latin form English

Medicinae universae doctor.

Vocabulary to Living Latin phrases:

Greek Nouns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Declensions

Latin paradigm: Greek paradigm Greek paradigm

Latin paradigm: Greek paradigm: