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On Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities

1. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or information to another. Electrical transducers are used to measure non-electrical quantities by converting them to electrical signals. 2. Transducers can be classified based on their principle of transduction, whether they are active or passive, and if their output is analog or digital. Common principles include thermoelectric, magnetoresistive, electrokinetic, and optical effects. 3. Resistive, inductive, capacitive, and piezoelectric transducers are examples of transducers that convert non-electrical quantities like temperature, pressure, displacement into electrical signals based on the variation of resistance, inductance

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1K views39 pages

On Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities

1. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy or information to another. Electrical transducers are used to measure non-electrical quantities by converting them to electrical signals. 2. Transducers can be classified based on their principle of transduction, whether they are active or passive, and if their output is analog or digital. Common principles include thermoelectric, magnetoresistive, electrokinetic, and optical effects. 3. Resistive, inductive, capacitive, and piezoelectric transducers are examples of transducers that convert non-electrical quantities like temperature, pressure, displacement into electrical signals based on the variation of resistance, inductance

Uploaded by

rao asad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture

on
Measurement of Non-Electrical
Quantities

1
Transducer
Transducer is defined as a device which
convert energy or information from one
form to another. Transducer may be
mechanical, electrical, magnetic,
optical, chemical, thermal or
combination of two or more of these.

2
Electrical Transducers

Most quantities to be measured are non-


electrical such as temperature, pressure,
displacement, humidity, fluid flow, speed, pH,
etc., but these quantities cannot be measured
directly. Hence such quantities are required to
be sensed and changed into some other form of
quantities. Therefore, for measurement of non-
electrical quantities these are to be converted
into electrical quantities (because these are
easily measurable). This conversion is done by
device called Electrical Transducer

3
Classification of transducers

1. Based on principle of transduction


2. Active & passive
3. Analog & digital
4. Inverse transducer

4
Based on principle used

• Thermo electric
• Magneto resistive
• Electro kinetic
• Optical

5
Passive transducer

Device which need external power for


transduction from auxiliary power source

Eg : resistive, inductive, capacitive


Without power they will not work

6
Active transducer

• No extra power required.


• Self generating
• Draw power from input applied
• Eg. Piezo electric x’tal used for acceleration
measurement

7
Resistive Transducer
In this transducer, the resistance of the output terminal
of the transducer gets varied according to the
measurand. Some resistive transducers are:-
Potentiometer
Strain gauge
Resistance Themometer

8
RESISTIVITE POTENTIOMETERS

A resistance element provided with a movable contact. This


is very simple and cheap form of transducer and is widely
used. It convert linear or rotational displacement into a
voltage.
The contact motion can be
 Linear
 rotation

 combination of the two such as helical

9
10
Strain Gauges
It is a device which is used for measuring mechanical
surface strain and one of the most extensively used
electrical transducer. It can detect and convert force or
small mechanical displacement into electrical signal.
Many other quantities such as torque, pressure, weight
and tension etc, which involve the effect of force or
displacement can be measured with string gauge.

Gauge Factor (G) = Change in resistance per unit strain.

Strain Gauge can be of four types:-


1. Wire strain gauge
2. Foil strain gauge
3. Thin film strain gauge
4. Semiconductor strain gauge
11
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCERS

Inductive transducers are those in which SELF


INDUCTANCE of a coil or the MUTUAL INDUCTANCE of a
pair of coil is altered due to variation in the measurand.
Change in inductance ∆L is measured.

The self inductance of a coil refers to the flux linkage within


the coil due to current in the same coil.

Mutual inductance refers to the flux linkages in a coil due to


current in adjacent coil.

12
13
CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCERS

A capacitor is an electrical component which


essentially consists of two plates separated
by an insulator.

The property of a capacitor to store an


electric charge when its plates are at different
potential is referred to as capacitance. 14
Q
Capacitance C =
V
If the capacitance is large, more charge is
needed to establish a given voltage difference.
The capacitance between two parallel metallic
plates of area
.

0 r A  12 F 
C   0  8.85  10 
d  m
15
16
17
Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT)

18
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• There is one primary winding connected to an ac

source (50 Hz – 20 kHz), excitation 3 – 15 Vrms.

• Core is made of high permeability soft iron or


nickel iron.
•Two secondary windings are connected in series
opposition

20
21
 Geometric centre of coil arrangement is called
the NULL position. The output voltage at the null
position is ideally zero.
 However it is small but nonzero (null voltage).
Why?

1. Harmonics in the excitation voltage and stray


capacitance coupling between the primary
and the secondary
22
2. Manufacturing defects.
Advantages
1. Wide range of displacement from µm to cm.
2. Frictionless and electrical isolation.
3. High output.
4. High sensitivity [sensitivity is expressed in mV
(output voltage)/ mm (input core displacement)].

23
Disadvantages
1. Sensitive to stray magnetic fields.
2. Affected by vibrations.
3. Dynamic response is limited mechanically by the
mass of core and electrically by frequency of
excitation voltage.

24
Pressure Measurement

The measurement of force or pressure can be done by


converting the applied force or pressure into
displacement by elastic element ( such as diaphragam,
capsule, bellows or bourdon tube) which act as primary
transducer. This displacement, which is function of
pressure is measured by transducer which act as
secondary transducer (these may be potentiometer,
strain gauge, LVDT, piezoelectric,etc.).

25
Output of LVDT

26
Thermo-couple

1 2

The thermocouple is one of the most commonly used method for


measuring the process temperature. The operation is based on seebeck
effect.
Thermo-couple consists of two dissimilar metals joined together as
shown. It forms two junctions 1 and 2 in which one junction is hot and
other is cold. Due to this difference in temperature, an e.m.f. is
generated and electric current flow in circuit.
27
Flow Measurement
• Electromagnetic Flow meter:-
This is suitable for measurement of slurries, sludge and
any electrical conducting liquid.

flow
28
Electromagnetic flow meter consist of insulated
electrodes pair buried in opposite sides of non
conducting pipe placed in magnetic field of
electromagnet.
The voltage induced across electrodes is E=Blv volts

29
Liquid Level Measurement

• Gamma Ray Method

Geiger
Muller tube

Source of
Gamma
rays

The liquid level can be measured with ultrasonic method and by using
float also 30
PIEZOELECTRIC
AND
HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCERS

31
Piezoelectricity
Phenomenon of generating an electric charge in a material
when subjecting it to a mechanical stress (direct effect).
and
Generating a mechanical strain in response to an applied

electric field (converse effect).

Piezoelectric materials are Anisotropic – Electrical and


mechanical properties differ along different directions

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There are two families of constants: ‘g’ constants
and ‘d’ constants. In the constants the first
subscript refers to the direction of electrical effect
and the second to that of the mechanical effect
34
according to the axis systems.
35
36
Commercially available Hall generators made of :

•Bulk Indium Arsenide (InAs)

•Thin Film InAs

•Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

•Indium Antimonide (InSb).

37
Summary

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