International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)

A Novel Implementation of Phase Control Technique for

Speed Control of Induction Motor Using ARDUINO
Y. V. Niranjan Kumar1, P. Hima Bindu2, A. Divya Sneha3, A. Sravani4
1
Assistant Professor & Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Jagan’s College of
Engg & Tech,Nellore,India.
2,3,4
UG Scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Jagan’s College of Engg & Tech Nellore, India
Abstract — Induction motors are the most widely used
motors for appliances, industrial control and automation.
However there arises a problem in voltage levels, which
affects the speed of induction motor. As the voltage (V) is
directly proportional to speed (N), we need to control the
stator voltage which controls the speed proportionally. In
this Paper a novel Open loop phase control method is
developed by coding a program using ARDUINO software in
which ARDUINO controller takes input from the user and
generates firing pulses for the TRIAC which controls the
speed of the Induction motor. The total process is executed
with the help of an ARDUINO controller kit where
ARDUINO and Tera-Term softwares are used for Micro ,
Controller and for serial monitor. This results in variable Fig: 1 - Torque-Speed characteristic of induction motor
speed control of Induction motor.
To maintain torque capability of the motor close to the
Keywords - Phase control, Speed, Pulses, ARDUINO rated torque at any frequency, the air gap flux, φag is
controller, Induction Motor.etc., maintained constant
The air gap voltage is related to φag and the frequency
I. INTRODUCTION f which are represented as,
For general lighting purpose in shops, offices, houses,
Eag=k1φagf --- (1.1)
schools etc. single phase supply is commonly used. Based
on this supply the motors which work on single phase A.C Input voltage, Vs≈k1 φag*f --- (1.2)
supply (A.C motors) are very popularly used instead of (or)
D.C. motors. Among These A.C motors single phase φag = constant ≈Vs/f --- (1.3)
induction motors are widely used for numerous domestic
where k1 is a constant
and industrial applications like home appliances,
industrial control, and automation as they are robust, We shall be concentrating on the second method
reliable, and durable. These motors are the most widely throughout the paper, beginning with analyzing the
used since their power ratings are very small. Hence, they parameters of induction motor.
are often called the workhouse of the motion industry. Induction motors require variable speed control to
It is very important to control the speed of induction serve wide range of applications. Before last few decades
motors for efficient control strategies and for reducing all the process industries were making use of DC motors
operation cost too. Before going for the various because speed control of DC motor is very easy when
controlling methods we need to know the speed - torque compared to AC motors.
characteristics. The speed torque characteristics of an But as we know that the main drawback of DC motor is
induction motor is shown in the below Fig-1. maintenance problem. After the invention of Power
Having known the Torque-speed characteristic of the electronic devices, DC motors are being replaced with
motor, its speed can be controlled in three methods. induction motors, because speed control of Induction
motors is very easy with Power electronic devices. When
i) Changing the number of poles
power is supplied to an induction motor at the
ii) Varying the input voltage at fixed frequency
recommended specifications, it runs at its rated speed.
iii) Varying both the input voltage and frequency
However, many applications need variable speed
accordingly.
operations.

469
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
For example, a washing machine may use different IV. DEVELOPED M ODEL.
speeds for each wash cycle. Historically, mechanical gear
systems were used to obtain those variable speeds. With
the Recent developments in power electronic and control
systems controlling of motor at variable speeds has
become easier instead of mechanical gears. These
electronic devices controls the motor speed and can
reduce the system‟s average power consumption and noise
generation of the motor.

II. IDENTIFICATION O F P ROBLEM

The problem of speed control of electrical motors in
general induction motors in particular is of great
importance. In number of industries motors must satisfy
very strict speed requirements, both with respect to the
range and smoothness of control and also with respect to
economical operation. From the point of speed control,
induction motors are inferior to dc motors. The speed of a
DC shunt motor can be adjusted between wide range with
good efficiency and speed regulation, but in Induction
Fig:2 Practical Implementation of Phase Control Technique
motor speed cannot be varied easily without losing
efficiency and good speed regulation. Thus in this paper The base speed of the induction motor is directly
we are concerned about speed regulation of induction proportional to the supply voltage and the number of
motor as main objective. poles of the motor. Since the number of poles is fixed by
design, the best way to vary the speed of the induction
III. A IMS AND OBJECTIVES motor is by varying the supply voltage. This is exactly
In this paper a feasible solution for the speed control of what phase control technique tries to achieve.
induction motor using phase control technique is In this technique the speed of the induction motor can
developed using ARUDINO. Which is used to solve some be controlled by controlling stator voltage. Zero crossings
of the problems in the induction motor. They are as of stator voltage is detected by ZCD and generates square
follows. pulses proportionally. These pulses acts as interrupts for
the ARDUINO controller (ATMEGA168) and generates
 Required variable speed can be reached. firing pulses for the TRIAC. To avoid the reversal of
 Better Performance can be achieved at variable current an Opto coupler (MOC3021) is placed in between
speeds. the controller and TRIAC.TRIAC is a power electronic
 Reduces the Cost occurred for the controlling as well device which conducts based on the gate pulses it receives
as operating of induction motor. rather than the supply voltage, TRIAC is connected in
 Easy and less time consuming for control. series with the motor, and hence by controlling the gate
 Flexibility in operation. pulses of the TRIAC, speed of the induction motor is
 Any number of induction motors can be controlled controlled smoothly and effectively with less power
simultaneously. consumption.

470
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
V. IMPLEMENTED T ECHNOLOGY volatile char start_firing; // flag to decides whether
ARDUINO is used to create prototypes, its underlying firing
hardware works at the same level of sophistication that should start or not//
engineers employ to build embedded devices. People const int pin = 11; // input pin to moc 3021//
already working with volatile int shifttime, holdtime;
Micro-Controllers are also attracted to ARDUINO void setup()
because of its agile development capabilities and its
{
facility for quick implementation of ideas.
ARDUINO is best known for its hardware, but we also serial.begin(9600);
need software to program that hardware. Both the pinmode(pin, output);
hardware and the software are called “ARDUINO.” The digitalwrite(pin, low);
combination enables us to create projects that sense and attachinterrupt (1, zerocrosser_falling, change);
control the physical world. The software is free, open
source, and cross-platform. // this is an interrupt declaration for arduino
Tera-Term is the open-source, free software saying to detect change of value on pin 3 //
implemented, terminal emulator (Communications)
program. It emulates between different types of terminals. // when ever value is changed function
It supports telnet, Serial port Connections. It also has a zerocrosser_falling( ) is called //
built in macro scripting language and few other plug-ins.
In this it is very easy to specify the maximum serial serial.println("start");
port number (maximum value of n for COMn) to be listed }
in the New connection and Serial port dialog boxes. To void loop()
specify the maximum number, edit the MaxComPort line
{
in the [Tera Term] section of the setup file like the
following. if(yes == start_firing)
{
MaxComPort=<maximum serial port number> firing(); // calling firing function //
--- (1.4)
start_firing = no;
The maximum serial port number cannot be less than 4
even if the actual maximum number is less than 4. }
}
Default: void zerocrosser_falling( )
MaxComPort=4 // flag decides firing should start//
--- (1.5)
{
The ARDUINO Board along with the IC ATMEGA -
168 is shown in the below figure which is very import in start_firing = yes;
implementation of the phase control technique for }
controlling speed of the induction motor. void firing()
{
Previoustimearrival = currenttimearrival;
//firing function starts//
currenttimearrival = millis();
timeperiod=(currenttimearrival-
previoustimearrival);
if(0 == shifttime)
{
Fig: 3 Arduino Controller Along with ATMEGA-168
digitalwrite (pin, low);
VI. CODE EXPLANATION
}
The proposed method in this paper is implemented
using ARDUINO Software by coding. Brief explanation //gives no firing pulse to moc 3021//
of the code is as follows: else if(1 == shifttime)
{

471
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
digitalwrite (pin, high);
}
// gives firing pulse to moc3021//
else
{
delaymicroseconds(shifttime);
digitalwrite(pin, high);
delaymicroseconds(500);
digitalwrite(pin, low);
}
void checkserialInput( )
{
Fig: 4 Developed Kit For Speed Control Using Phase Control
char received; Technique
if (Serial.available())
The proposed controlling method using ARDUINO for
{ controlling of induction motor is firstly explained with the
received=Serial.read(); help of a lamp load (resistive load) .In the below figure
//designates the shift time period based on the the lamp glows when the supply is given but controlling
input action is done by the TRIAC based on the code( Cases
received from the serial port// from 1-9 ) .
switch((received)) In the below figure -5 at the out of the TRIAC the lamp
load is connected similarly as shown in the fig-2.(Circuit
{
Diagram) .
case '9': shifttime = 1;
break;
case '8': shifttime = 1000;
break;
}
//like wise for each case specific shift time
will be designated//
}
serial.print("speed : ");
Fig: 5 Proposed Kit for Controling of resistive Load.
serial.println(received);
For an input between „one‟ and „nine‟ variable voltage
} // End of the Program after attaining the pulses will be generated by ARDUINO this controlled
required speed for variation in the voltage. firing pulses are fed to the TRIAC in order to control the
speed of induction motor. The resultant output will be as
follows.
VII. RESULTS
Developed model for speed of the induction motor is
shown in the below figure -4

Fig : 6. Result analysis for an input ‘3’ ( Case-3)

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
In the same way by connecting the induction motor in [2] G. Sinha, T.A.Lipo, “A Four Level Rectifier Inverter System for
Drive Applications”, IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, pp 980-987. 1996
the place of the resistive load (lamp load) we can control
the speed of the induction motor (developed model). [3] Petermutschler Darmstatd University Of Technology Department
Of Power Electronics And Drives:A New Speed Control Method
For Induction Motors
[4] Dr.Saud Ibrahim Shahl: Threephase Induction Machines
[5] Electrical Machinesii Prof. Vasudevan Prof.G.Sridhararao
Prof.Sasidhara Rao
[6] Padmaraja Yedamale Microchip Technology Inc. Speed Control Of
Three Phase Induction Motor Using PIC18 Microcontrollers
[7] P.Tripura And Y.Srinivasa Kishore Babu:Fuzzy Logic Speed
Control Of Three Phase Induction Motor Drive
[8] Amitpal singh I.S.Bhatia,vinit kumar guptha,sourav anand sethi,
dept. of electrical engineering NIT-R simulation and speed control
Fig : 7. Result analysis for induction motor of induction motor drives.
[9] M Rashid, Power Electronics, volume 3 2002, Malaysia 47 - 1998.
Note: From the above results we cannot obtain the
[10] Atmel Corporation, ATmega8 Microcontroller Datasheet. 2000
characteristics of the induction motor as we get in the
MATLAB. To obtain the characteristics of the load, again
we need to interface the controller kit to MATLAB. AUTHORS

VIII. FUTUR SCOPE Y. V. Niranjan Kumar received

B.Tech Degree In Electrical &
In This paper we have implemented the Developed Electronics Engineering From
system on a single Induction motor. J.N.T.U Anantapur, and
 In future we are planning to implement the same M.Tech Degree in Electrical
system for controlling of three phase induction Power Engineering From
motor with some design considerations. J.N.T.U Anatapur. Currently
 At the same time we can control the speed of Working as Assistant Professor
different motors at a time (all at a time) by and Head of the Department Jagan‟s College of
increasing the output ports on the TRIAC board. Engineering & Technology
 Even by consider the frequency term and
maintaining the V/F ratio as constant. We can P. Hima Bindu ,U.G Scholar , Pursing Final year Bachelor
implement the V/F method for controlling of of Technology at Jagan‟s College of Engineering &
induction motor. Technology in the Discipline of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering.
IX. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the Speed of the induction A. Divya Sneha, U.G Scholar , Pursing Final year
motor can be controlled by controlling the pulses from the Bachelor of Technology at Jagan‟s College of Engineering
ARDUINO, which are fed to the TRIAC through MOC. & Technology in the Discipline of Electrical &
This TRIAC generates the controlling pulses for Electronics Engineering.
controlling of induction motor. Thus Variable speeds can
be obtained by controlling the phase voltage through A. Sravani, U.G Scholar , Pursing Final year Bachelor of
voltage regulator, ARDUINO, MOC & TRIAC. Technology at Jagan‟s College of Engineering &
Technology in the Discipline of Electrical & Electronics
REFERENCES Engineering.
[1] Atul M.Gajare Nitin R.Bhasme A Review On Speed Control
Techniques Of Single Phase Induction Motors, ISSN 2249-
6343,International Journal Of Computer Technology And
Electronics Engineering,Volume 2, Issue 5,October 2012

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