Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 51 views

    Chapter 2. Review of Matrix Algebra: X A X X A X A X A X

    Uploaded by

    sakeriraq81
    This chapter reviews key concepts in matrix algebra that are important for finite element analysis, including definitions of matrices and indices, the summation convention, free indices, symmetric and antisymmetric matrices, the identity matrix, matrix multiplication, transposes, orthogonal matrices, determinants, and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are particularly important for characterizing stress tensors in finite element analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 2. Review of Matrix Algebra: X A X X A X A X A X

    Uploaded by

    sakeriraq81
    51 views4 pages
    This chapter reviews key concepts in matrix algebra that are important for finite element analysis, including definitions of matrices and indices, the summation convention, free indices, symmetric and antisymmetric matrices, the identity matrix, matrix multiplication, transposes, orthogonal matrices, determinants, and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are particularly important for characterizing stress tensors in finite element analysis.

    Original Description:

    finite element

    Original Title

    ch2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This chapter reviews key concepts in matrix algebra that are important for finite element analysis, including definitions of matrices and indices, the summation convention, free indices, symmetric and antisymmetric matrices, the identity matrix, matrix multiplication, transposes, orthogonal matrices, determinants, and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are particularly important for characterizing stress tensors in finite element analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    51 views4 pages

    Chapter 2. Review of Matrix Algebra: X A X X A X A X A X

    Uploaded by

    sakeriraq81
    This chapter reviews key concepts in matrix algebra that are important for finite element analysis, including definitions of matrices and indices, the summation convention, free indices, symmetric and antisymmetric matrices, the identity matrix, matrix multiplication, transposes, orthogonal matrices, determinants, and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are particularly important for characterizing stress tensors in finite element analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    ME 478 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

    Chapter 2. Review of Matrix Algebra


    Matrices and Indicial Notation
     a11 a12 a13 
    a = a21 a22 a23  = aij
     a31 a32 a33  i is the row
    j is the column
    Summation Convention
    2 repeated indices implies summation (Einstein’s notation)
    (3 repeated indices means nothing)
    3 3
    aii = ∑ aii aij b jk = ∑ aij b jk
    Ex: i =1 j =1
    Free indices
    xˆi = aim xm
    this implies three equations ( i is called a free index)
    xˆ1 = a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3
    xˆ2 = a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3
    xˆ3 = a31 x1 + a32 x2 + a33 x3
    Symmetric Matrices
    aij = a ji
    Antisymetric Matrices
    aij = −aij , i≠ j
    Identity Matrix
    1 0 0
    I =  0 1 0 
     0 0 1 

    2.1
    or we can use Kronecker’s delta
    δ ij = 1 for i = j
    =0 for i ≠ j
    Matrix Multiplication
     a11 a12 a13  b11 b12 b13  3
    c = ab = a21 a22 a23  b21 b22 b23  = ∑ aijb jk = aij b jk = cik
    a31 a32 a33  b31 b32 b33  j =1
     a11b11 + a12b21 + a13b31 a11b12 + a12b22 + a13b32 a11b13 + a12b23 + a13b33 
    = a21b11 + a22b21 + a23b31 a21b12 + a22b22 + a23b32 a21b13 + a22b23 + a23b33 
     a31b11 + a32b21 + a33b31 a31b12 + a32b22 + a33b32 a31b13 + a32b23 + a33b33 
    a11 a12 a13 1 0 0 a11 0 0  3
    c = aI = a21 a22 a23 0 1 0 =  0 a22 0  = ∑aijδ jk = aijδ jk = cik
    a31 a32 a33 0 0 1  0 0 a33  j =1
    Transpose of a Matrix
    T
     a11 a12 a13   a11 a 21 a31 
    a T = a 21 a 22 a 23  = a12 a 22 a32 
     a31 a32 a33   a13 a 23 a33 
    Swap rows and
    T columns
     x1 
    x T =  x2  = [x1 x2 x3 ]
     x3 
    Some interesting things
    If a is symmetric
    T
     a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13 
    aT = a12 a22 a23  = a12 a22 a23  = a
     a13 a23 a33   a13 a23 a33 

    2.2
    If a is antisymmetric
    a11 0 0
    a+a
    =  0 0  = aI
    T
    a22
    2
     0 0 a33 
    Orthogonal Matrix
    Each set of columns form an orthogonal set of unit vectors
     a11 a12 a13 
    Given: a = a 21 a 22 a 23 
     a31 a32 a33 
    a is an orthogonal matrix if:
    a11   a12   a13 
         
    a21  Is orthogonal to a22  Is orthogonal to a23 
    a  a  a 
     31   32   33 
    Example:
    1 / 2 0 1/ 2 
     
    a= 0 1 0 
    1 / 2 0 1/ 2 
     
    a is an orthogonal matrix since
    1 / 2  0 1 / 2  1 / 2  0 1 / 2 
               
     0  • 1 = 0  0 •
      0 =0 1 •
       0 =0
    1 / 2  0 1 / 2  1 / 2  0 1 / 2 
               
    An orthogonal matrix also has the property
    a −1 = aT

    2.3
    Determinant of a square matrix
    The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar quantity which
    summarizes the tensorial property in the form of a multilinear
    functional
    Determinant of matrix products
    det(a ⋅ b) = det a det b

    Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors (in relation to stress tensors)

    There exists a nonzero vector x such that the linear transformation


    σ ⋅ x is a multiple of x
    σ ⋅ x = λx
    where the eigenvalues λi define the three principle values of
    stress and the eigenvectors x i span the triad of the principle
    directions.

    This is equivalent to stating:


    (σ − λI )x = 0
    which for a nontrivial solution to exist:
    det(σ − λI ) = 0
    which gives the characteristic polynomial
    p (λ ) = det(σ − λI )
    Note all aigenvalues are real as long as σ = σ is symmetric,
    T

    which is the case for nonpolar materials because of the conjugate


    shear stresses σ ij = σ ji .

    2.4

    You might also like