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Resistive Products Technical Note

Varistors Introduction
GENERAL FEATURES
Varistors provide reliable and economical protection against • Wide voltage range selection - from 14 VRMS to 680 VRMS.
high voltage transients and surges which may be produced, This allows easy selection of the correct component for
for example, by lightning, switching or electrical noise on AC the specific application.
or DC power lines. They have the advantage over transient • High energy absorption capability with respect to size of
suppressor diodes in as much as they can absorb much component.
higher transient energies and can suppress positive and • Response time of less than 20 ns, clamping the transient
negative transients. the instant it occurs.
When a transient occurs, the varistor resistance changes • Low stand-by power - virtually no current is used in the
from a very high stand-by value to a very low conducting stand-by condition.
value. The transient is thus absorbed and clamped to a safe • Low capacitance values, making the varistors suitable for
level, protecting sensitive circuit components. the protection of digital switching circuitry.
Varistors are manufactured from a non-homogeneous • High body insulation - an ochre coating provides
material, giving a rectifying action at the contact points of protection up to 2500 V, preventing short circuits to
two particles. Many series and parallel connections adjacent components or tracks.
determine the voltage rating and the current capability of the • Available on tape with accurately defined dimensional
varistor. tolerances, making the varistors ideal for automatic
insertion.
• Approved to UL 1449 edition 3 (file number: E332800) and
manufactured using UL approved flame retardant
materials.
• Completely non flammable, in accordance with IEC, even
under severe loading conditions.
• Non porous lacquer making the varistors safe for use in
humid or toxic environments. The lacquer is also resistant
to cleaning solvents in accordance with IEC 60068-2-45.

VARISTORS MANUFACTURING PROCESS

In order to guarantee top performance and maximum
reliability, close in-line control is maintained over the
automated manufacturing techniques. The manufacturing
process flow chart shows each step of the manufacturing
process, clearly indicating the emphasis on in-line control.
Each major step in the manufacturing process shown in the
Manufacturing process flow chart is described in the
following sections:
MILLING AND MIXING
TECHNICAL NOTE

Incoming materials are checked, weighed, milled and mixed

for several hours to make a homogeneous mixture.
GRANULATION
A binder is added to produce larger granules for processing.
PRESSING
The surface area and thickness of the disc help to determine
the final electrical characteristics of the varistor, therefore
pressing is a very important stage in the manufacturing
process. The granulated powder is fed into dies and formed
Manufacturing process flow chart into discs using a high speed rotary press.

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Varistors Introduction

FIRING QUALITY
The pressed products are first pre-fired to burn out the APPROVALS
binder. They are then fired for a controlled period and • UL 1449 ed. 3 according file E332800
temperature until the required electrical characteristics are
• VDE following IEC 61051-1/2 according file 40002622 or
obtained. Regular visual and electrical checks are made on 40013495
the fired batch.
• CSA file 219883 and cUL according file E332800
METALLIZATION The term ‘QUALITY ASSESSMENT’ is defined as the
The fired ceramic discs are metallized on both sides with a continuous surveillance by the manufacturer of a product to
silver content layer to produce good low resisitive electrical ensure that it conforms to the requirements to which it was
contacts. Metallization is achieved by screen printing. Visual made.
checks are made regularly and a solderability test is carried PRODUCT AND PROCESS RELEASE
out in each production batch. Recognized reliability criteria are designed into each new
ATTACHING LEADS product and process from the beginning. Evaluation goes
far beyond target specifications and heavy emphasis is
Leads are automatically soldered to the metallized faces placed upon reliability. Before production release, new
and regular strength tests are made. Three types of lead varistors must successfully complete an extended series of
configuration are available; one with straight leads, one with life tests under extreme conditions.
straight leads and flange, and one with kinked leads. MONITORING INCOMING MATERIALS
LACQUERING Apart from carrying out physical and chemical checks on
The components are coated by immersing them in a special incoming raw materials, a very close liaison with material
non flammable ochre epoxy lacquer. Two coats are applied suppliers is maintained. Incoming inspection and product
results are gradually fed back to them, so ensuring that they
and the lacquer is cured. Regular tests to check the coating
also maintain the highest quality standards.
thickness are made.
IN-LINE CONTROL
ELECTRICAL TESTING (100 %)
The manufacturing centre operates in accordance with the
The voltage of each component is normally checked at requirements of IEC 61051-1 and UL 1449 . Each operator is
two reference currents (1 mA and another according to the actively engaged in quality checking. In addition, in-line
application). Any rejects are automatically separated for inspectors and manufacturing operators make regulated
further evaluation. spot checks as a part of our Statistical Process Control
(SPC).
MARKING
FINAL INSPECTION AND TEST (100 %)
All components are laser marked with type identification,
voltage rating and date code. At the end of production, each varistor is inspected and
tested prior to packing.
encapsulation intergranular boundary electrodes
LOT TESTING
Before any lot is released, it undergoes a series of special lot
tests under the supervision of the Quality department.
PERIODIC SAMPLE TESTING
leads Component samples are periodically sent to the Quality
laboratory for rigorous climatic and endurance tests to
IEC/UL requirements. Data from these tests provide a
valuable means of exposing long term trends that might
otherwise pass unnoticed. The results of these tests are
TECHNICAL NOTE

further used to improve the production process.

V
(V) FIELD INFORMATION
3 The most accurate method of assessing quality is
monitoring performances of the devices in the field.
Customer feedback is actively encouraged and the
100 I (µA)
information is used to study how the components may be
further improved. This close relationship with customers is
based on mutual trust built up over many years of
co-operation.

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Varistors Introduction

DEFINITIONS In order to calculate the energy dissipated during a pulse,

reference is generally made to a standardized wave of
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS VOLTAGE current. The wave prescribed by IEC 60 060-2 section 6 has
The maximum voltage which may be applied continuously a shape which increases from zero to a peak value in a short
between the terminals of the component. For all types of AC time, and thereafter decreases to zero either at an
voltages, the voltage level determination is given by the approximate exponential rate, or in the manner of a heavily
crest voltage x 0.707. damped sinusoidal curve. This curve is defined by the virtual
lead time (t1) and the virtual time to half value (t2) as shown
VOLTAGE AT 1 mA OR VARISTOR VOLTAGE
in the maximum energy curve (page 5).
The voltage across a varistor when a current of 1 mA is
The calculation of energy during application of such a pulse
passed through the component. The measurement shall be
is given by the formula: E = (Vpeak x I peak) x t2 x K
made in as short a time as possible to avoid heat
perturbation. where:
The varistor voltage is essentially a point on the V/I Ipeak = peak current
characteristic permitting easy comparison between models Vpeak = voltage at peak current
and types.  = given for I = ½ x Ipeak to Ipeak
MAXIMUM CLAMPING VOLTAGE K is a constant depending on t2, when t1 is 8 μs to 10 μs
The maximum voltage between two terminals when a (see table on page 8).
standard pulse current of rise time 8 μs and decreasing time A low value of  corresponds to a low value of Vpeak and then
20 μs (8 μs to 20 μs) is applied through the varistor in to a low value of E.
accordance with IEC 60060-2, section 6.
The maximum energy published does not represent the
The specified current for this measurement is the class quality of the varistor, but can be a valuable indication when
current. comparing the various series of components which have the
MAXIMUM NON REPETITIVE SURGE CURRENT same varistor voltage. The maximum energy published is
valid for a standard pulse of duration 10 μs to 1000 μs giving
The maximum peak current allowable through the varistor is a maximum varistor voltage change of ± 10 % at 1 mA
dependent on pulse shape, duty cycle and number of
pulses. In order to characterize the ability of the varistor to When more than one pulse is applied, the duty cycle must
withstand pulse currents, it is generally allowed to warrant a be so that the rated average dissipation is not exceeded.
‘maximum non repetitive surge current’. This is given for one Values of the rated dissipation are:
pulse characterized by the shape of the pulse current of 8 μs 0.1 W for series VDRS05/VDRH05
to 20 μs following IEC 60060-2, with such an amplitude that 0.25 W for series VDRS07/VDRH07
the varistor voltage measured at 1 mA does not change by 0.4 W for series VDRS10/VDRH10
more than 10 % maximum.
0.6 W for series VDRS14/VDRH14
A surge in excess of the specified withstanding surge
1 W for series VDRS20/VDRH20
current may cause short circuits or package rupture with
expulsion of material; it is therefore recommended that a
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
fuse be put in the circuit using the varistor, or the varistor be
used in a protective box Typical V/I characteristic of a ZnO varistor
If more than one pulse is applied or when the pulse is of a The relationship between voltage and current of a varistor
longer duration, derating curves are applied (see relevant can be approximated to: V = C x I
information in the datasheet); these curves guarantee a where:
maximum varistor voltage change of ± 10 % at 1 mA. V = Voltage
MAXIMUM ENERGY C = Varistor voltage at 1 A
During the application of one pulse of current, a certain I = Actual working current
energy will be dissipated by the varistor. The quantity of  = Tangent of angle curve deviating from the horizontal
TECHNICAL NOTE

dissipation energy is a function of:

• The amplitude of the current Examples
• The voltage corresponding to the peak current When:
• The rise time of the pulse C = 230 V at 1 A
• The decrease time of the pulse; most of the energy is  = 0.035 (ZnO)
dissipated during the time between 100 % and 50 % of I = 10-3 A or 102 A
the peak current V = C x I
• The non-linearity of the varistor so that for current of 10-3 A: V = 230 x (10-3)0.035 = 180 V and
for a current of 102 A: V = 230 x (102)0.035 = 270 V

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SPCIFICATION OF A VARISTOR CURVE

log V
max. leakage max. clamping up-turn
current region voltage region region
β = 1 = fixed resistor
log V

β = 0.4 (SiC)

β = 0.03 (ZnO) + 10 % max.

max. - 10 % clamping
leakage current voltage
β = 0 = ideal varistor tolerance band

1 mA log I

Working points on a varistor curve

log I The drawing below shows the various working points on the
Varistor characteristics using different  values varistor curve using the series VDRS07, 60 V type as an
example. The electrical characteristic values are shown in
Ipeak
(%) the Electrical Characteristics table below.

100 max. leakage current max. clamping voltage

90 103
V
(V)

50
102

10

t 10 -5
t1 10 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103
I (A)
t2
Curve for varistor type VDRS07H060
Maximum energy curve
pre-breakdown region normal operating region up-turn region

10 3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
V β
V = Cl + IRS PARAMETER VALUE
(V)
9
10 Ω
SLOPE = β Maximum RMS voltage 60 V
β
102
V = Cl Maximum DC working voltage 2 x 60 V = 85 V
RS = 0.05 Ω to 0.5 Ω
Varistor voltage 100 V ± 10 %
TECHNICAL NOTE

Maximum clamping voltage at 10 A 165 V

10 -8
10 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105 Maximum non-repetitive current 1200 A
I (A)
Typical V/I curve Leakage current at 85 VDC 10-5 A to 5 x 10-4 A

Pre-breakdown region: V  I; highly temperature Transient energy 10 µs to 1000 µs: 8.3 J
dependent
Normal operating region: V = C x I
Up-turn region: V = C x I + I x Rs

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Given the small value of  (0.03 to 0.05), it is evident that the

normal
working modification of C x I will be very small compared to the
condition
log V (no spike) protection zone variation of R x I when VI is increased to VI + VI.
A large increase of VI will induce a large increase of VR and
A B C
a small increase of VO.

Examples
The varistor is a typical component of the series
VDR05C275 (C = 520;  = 0.04) and R = 250 .
For VI = 315 V (crest voltage of the 220 V supply voltage):
I = 10-5 A, VR = 2.5 x 10-3 V and VO = 315 V
For VI = 500 V: I = 10-1 A, VR = 25 V and VO = 475 V
10 µA 300 µA 10 A 100 A 1000 A I
For VI = 1000 V: I = 1.88 A, VR = 470 V and VO = 530 V
Definitions of the varistor curve
The points A, B and C shown on the curve are defined in the The influence of a series resistance on the varistor drawing
Varistor Curve Definitions table. shows the influence of different values of series resistors on
the varistor efficiency.
VARISTOR CURVE DEFINITIONS By drawing the load line, it is also possible to estimate the
variation of the voltages VR and VO when VI is increased to
POINT DESCRIPTION
500 V or 1000 V. This effect is shown in the graphs below.
Normal working zone: current is kept as low as
A possible in order to have low dissipation during
continuous operation (between 10 μA to 300 μA). VO
(V)
Maximum clamping voltage: the maximum voltage 2500
for a given (class) current (peak current based upon R=0Ω
B 2000
statistical probability determined by standardization
1500
authorities). 0.1 Ω
Maximum withstanding surge current: the maximum 1Ω
1000
C peak current that the varistor can withstand (only)
once in its lifetime. 10 Ω
100 Ω
500
TRANSIENT VOLTAGE LIMITATIONS WITH ZnO 1000 Ω

VARISTORS
Principles of voltage limitation 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
VI (V)
R
Influence of a series resistance on the varistor
I
VR
1000
VI VO V
-U
(V)
800

Voltage limitation using a varistor VR

600
In the Voltage limitation using a varistor drawing above, the
TECHNICAL NOTE

supply voltage VI is derived by the resistance R (e.g. the line 400

resistance) and the varistor (-U) selected for the application.
VI = VR + VO V1 VO
200
VI = R x I + C x I 
If the supply voltage varies by an amount of VI the current
0
variation is I and the supply voltage may be expressed as: 0 2 4 6 8 10
I (A)
(VI + VI) = R (I + I) + C (I + I)
Influence on varistor when V1 is 500 V (R = 250 )

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Nevertheless, due to the structural characteristic of the zinc

1000
V
oxide varistors, the capacitance itself decreases slightly
(V) with an increase in frequency. This phenomenon is
VR
800 emphasized when the frequency reaches approximately 100
kHz. See the effect of HF alternating current on the varistor
type VDRS14T250; C = 480 pF drawing.
600

V1
3
10
400
V
(V)
VO
200
50 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz
102
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
I (A)

Influence on varistor when V1 is 1000 V (R = 250 )

100 kHz
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL 10
10-2 10 -1
1 10
A simple equivalent circuit representing a metal oxide I (mA)
varistor as a capacitance in parallel with a voltage Effect of HF alternating current on varistor type VDRS14T250;
dependent resistor is shown in the Equivalent circuit model C = 480 pF
drawing. Cp and Rp are the capacitance and resistance of
the intergranular layer respectively; Rg is the ZnO grain ENERGY HANDLING
resistance. For low values of applied voltages, Rp behaves
Maximum allowable peak current and maximum allowable
as an ohmic loss.
energy are standardized using defined pulses:
I • Peak current (A); 8 μs to 20 μs, 1 pulse
• Energy (J); 10 μs to 1000 μs, 1 pulse
Rg

INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED PULSES

Ipeak
Rp Cp (%)
-U

100
t1 t2
8 µs 20 µs
10 µs 1000 µs
Equivalent circuit model

CAPACITANCE 50

Depending on area and thickness of the device, the

capacitance of the varistor increases with the diameter of
the disc, and decreases with its thickness.
TECHNICAL NOTE

In DC circuits, the capacitance of the varistor remains

approximately constant provided the applied voltage does t
t1
not rise to the conduction zone, and drops abruptly near the
t2
rated maximum continuous DC voltage.
In AC circuits, the capacitance can affect the parallel Standard pulse for current and maximum allowable energy
resistance in the leakage region of the V/I characteristic. The calculation
relationship is approximately linear with the frequency and
the resulting parallel resistance can be calculated from 1/C
as for a usual capacitor.

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Examples Example of calculation of energy for a VDRS07H250 type,

Pulse life time rating of VDRS07H060, 60 V type. at the maximum peak current (33 A) for a duration
t2 = 1000 μs (K = 1.4)
Energy capability: E = K x Vp x Ip x t2
1 pulse; 8 µs to 20 µs: 1200 A = 1 x 8 J
Ipeak
10 pulses; 8 µs to 20 µs: 300 A = 10 x 1.45 J
I
1 pulse; 10 µs to 1000 µs: 33A = 1 x 8.3 J (A)

10 pulses; 10 µs to 1000 µs: 11 A = 10 x 2.5 J 33

The maximum specified energy is defined for a maximum
shift (V/V) 1 mA  10 %:
Ip = Pulse current
10 102 103 104 105
Vp = Corresponding clamping voltage tp (µs)

Maximum energy (10 x 1000 μs): 1 pulse

K DEPENDS ON t2 WHEN t1 IS 8 μs TO 10 μs
Example: VDRS07H250 (250 V)
t2 Example of selection of the maximum peak current as a
K
(μs)
function of pulse duration.
20 1
50 1.2 DISSIPATED POWER
DC DISSIPATION
100 1.3
The power dissipated in a varistor is equal to the product of
1000 1.4
the voltage and current, and may be written:
Typical surge life rating curves (number of surges allowed as W = I x V = C x I + 1 or K x V + 1
a function of pulse time and maximum current) are shown in When the coefficient  = 30 ( = 0.033), the power
drawing below. dissipated by the varistor is proportional to the 31st power of
the voltage. A voltage increase of only 2.26 % will, in this
1
1
case, double the dissipated power. Consequently, it is very
reduction factor important that the applied voltage does not rise above a
of rated pulse 10 certain maximum value, or the permissible rating will be
peak current
exceeded.
10-1 100
1000
This is even more cogent as the varistors have a negative
temperature coefficient, which means that at a higher
dissipation (and accordingly at a higher temperature) the
106
resistance value will decrease and the dissipated power will
10-2 increase further.
AC DISSIPATION
When a sinusoidal alternating voltage is applied to a varistor,
the dissipation cannot be calculated from the same formula
10-3
10 10
2
103
tp (µs)
104 as in a DC application. The calculation requires an
integration of the V x I product.
Maximum peak current for various number of pulses as a function
The instantaneous dissipated power is given by:
of pulse duration
 +1
P INST = V x I = V  K x V  = K x V
In the above equation, the value V = Vpeak x sin t.
1000
During a half cycle, the dissipated power is given by:
TECHNICAL NOTE

Vpeak 690

(V)
1 +1 +1
429 P RMS = ---
  Kx V peak x  sin t  xd
100
0
Since Vpeak = VRMS x 2x
 +1
1 +1 a+1
P RMS = --- x K x V RMS x  2  x   sin t  x dt

0
10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 33 10
2
I (A) This integration is not easy to solve because of the exponent
 + 1) of sin t.
E = K x Vpeak x Ipeak x t2 = 1.4 x 700 x 33 x 10-3 = 32 J

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It is generally easier to use the quotient of the AC power on  +1

1 +1 a + 1   2
the DC power: --- x K x V rms x2 x   sin t  x dt
 
P = PAC/PDC 0
P = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
a+1
This quotient depends only on the value of  and not more  K x V
 +1
on the K value as shown in the formula:
1 a + 1   2
 P = --- x 2 x   sin t  x dt

 0
 P has been calculated by successive application of a
reduction formula; see Power Ratios table.

POWER RATIOS
 P  P  P  P  P
1 1.0 11 14.4 21 344 31 9135 41 255 646
2 1.2 12 19.6 22 477 32 12 776 42 358 778
3 1.5 13 26.8 23 658 33 17 734 43 499 673
4 1.92 14 36.7 24 915 34 24 822 44 701 611
5 2.5 15 50.3 25 1264 35 34 482 45 977 622
6 3.29 16 69 26 1763 36 48 301 46 1 373 365
7 4.375 17 95 27 2439 37 67 149 47 1 914 510
8 5.85 18 131 28 3404 38 94 126 48 2 690 675
9 7.875 19 180 29 4715 39 130 941 49 3 752 439
10 10.64 20 249 30 6587 40 183 660 50 5 275 834

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT SURGE PROTECTION

In the leakage current region of the V/I characteristic, the Varistors provide protection against surges which may be
normal equation V = C x I of the varistor becomes less generated in the following ways:
applicable. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
This is due to a parallel resistance which shows a very Atmospheric, lightning
important temperature coefficient, created by thermal Switching of inductive loads:
conduction. This temperature coefficient decreases when • Relays
the current density increases. Then, the temperature • Pumps
coefficient at 1 mA is higher for a large varistor than for a
• Actuators
small varistor.
• Spot welders
This phenomena induces an increase in leakage current • Thermostats
when the varistor is used at high temperatures. The
• Fluorescent chokes
relationship between the temperature and the current at a
• Discharge lamps
given voltage can be expressed by:
• Motors
I = I0 x eKT
• Transformers
where: • Air conditioning units
I0 is the limiting current at 0 K • Fuses
TECHNICAL NOTE

K is a constant including the band gap energy of the ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGES

zinc oxide and the Boltzmann’s constant. For example, discharges caused by synthetic carpets
Practically, the maximum temperature coefficient is (approximately 50 kV), due to the inductance of the
guaranteed on the voltage for a current of 1 mA in % per K. connecting leadwires, the reaction time of leaded VDR’s
might be too slow to clamp properly fast rising ESD pulses.
SOURCE OF TRANSIENT
The energy dissipated by switching of an inductive load is
completely transferred into the capacitance of the coil which
is generally very low.
E = ½ x L x I 2 = ½ x C x V2

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Examples, using the following values: VARISTORS APPLICATIONS

Mains voltage = 220 VRMS; Varistors may be used in many applications, including:
allowable peak voltage = 340 V • Computers
• Timers
Line inductance: L = 20 μH = 20 x 10-6 H
• Amplifiers
Line capacitance: C = 300 nF = 0.3 x 10-6 H • Oscilloscopes
Line resistance: 0.68  • Medical analysis equipment
In the event of a short circuit: • Street lighting
V 340 V • Tuners
Load current: I L = ---- = ------------------ = 500 A
R 0.68  • Televisions
Energy stored: E = ½ x 20 x 10-6 x 25 x 104 = 2.5 J (Ws) • Controllers
In the event of a fuse going open circuit: • Industrial power plants
• Telecommunications
The energy goes from inductance L towards line • Automotive
capacitance: • Gas and petrol appliances
2E 2 x 2.5 • Electronic home appliances
V C = ------- = -------------------------- = 4082 V
C -6
0.3 x 10 • Relays
• Broadcasting
• Traffic facilities
Vpeak • Electromagnetic valves
• Railway distribution/vehicles
• Agriculture
Ipeak
• Power supplies
Ri
• Line ground (earth protection)
Vpeak LOAD
U • Microwave ovens
• Toys, etc.
5 t (µs)
Source of transient APPLICATION EXAMPLES
 For suppression of mains-borne transients in domestic
appliances and industrial equipment, see Suppression via
The line impedance becomes high when the fuse goes open
load, Suppression directly across mains, Switched-mode
circuit (resistance against high voltage peak in a very short power supply protection and Protection of a thyristor bridge
time). in a washing machine drawings.
Ri = L = 2 f L Type VDRS05 or VDRS07.
Since the rise time of the pulse is 5 μs, the frequency
f = 50 kHz.
Ri = 6.28  x 50 x 103 x 20 x 10-6 = 6.28  LOAD

Zi = 6.28  + 0.68  = 6.96 

VRi = 6.96 V x 500 V = 3480 V
VVDR = 4082 V - 3480 V = 602 V
U
TECHNICAL NOTE

Suppression via load

or motor,
ELECTRONIC
computer,
CIRCUIT
U radio

Suppression directly across mains

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 Technical Note
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Vishay BCcomponents

Varistors Introduction

For suppression of internally generated spikes in electronic

circuits, see Varistor used across a transistor or coil in a
television circuit and Varistor used across a switch or coil
drawings.
POWER
fuse
SUPPLY
In both examples shown in the drawings Varistor used
U across a transistor or coil in a television circuit and Varistor
used across a switch or coil, type VDRS05 should be used
for up to approximately 50 A, and type VDRS07 up to
approximately 120 A.
Switched-mode power supply protection

S heater

RH = 24 Ω

Rp
33 Ω

220 V L U
50 Hz 0.4 H U

back Varistor used across a transistor or coil in a television circuit

e.m.f.
PUMP
MOTOR

to drum motor U

Protection of a thyristor bridge in a washing machine

BEHAVIOUR OF THE CIRCUIT WITHOUT

VARISTOR PROTECTION
The measured peak current through the pump motor when
S is closed is 1 A (see protection of a thyristor bridge in a Varistor used across a switch or coil
washing machine drawing). The energy expended in dangerous voltage
establishing the electromagnetic field in the inductance of (without VDR)
the motor is therefore:
2 L 0.4
I x --- = -------- = 200 mJ VAB
clamping
2 2 voltage safe voltage
(with VDR)
Without varistor protection, an initial current of 1 A will flow mains
through the thyristor bridge when S is opened, and a voltage
sufficient to damage or destroy the thyristors will be
developed. Arching will occur across the opening contacts
of the switch.
short fuse
circuit opens
BEHAVIOUR OF THE CIRCUIT WITH line line
TECHNICAL NOTE

VARISTOR VDRS07H250 INSERTED inductance capacitance

On opening switch S, the peak voltage developed across 220 V I VAB HOME

the varistor is: V = Cmax. x I = 600 V mains U COMPUTER

The thyristors in the bridge can withstand this voltage fuse

without damage. 1.5 A short
circuit
The total energy returned to the circuit is 200 mJ. Of this M
washing machine motor
200 mJ. 15.1 mJ is dissipated in the heater, and 184.3 mJ is 220 W
dissipated in the varistor. The varistor can withstand more Influence of a transient on the mains voltage
than 105 transients containing this amount of energy.

Revision: 04-Sep-13 10 Document Number: 29079

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 Technical Note
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Vishay BCcomponents

Varistors Introduction

SELECTION OF THE CORRECT VARISTOR TYPE

In order to select a ZnO varistor for a specific application, To ensure correct selection of varistor type, two multi choice
the following points must first be considered: selection charts have been prepared, see charts below.
1. The normal operating conditions of the apparatus or The first chart determines the necessary steady state
system, AC or DC voltage? voltage rating (i.e. working voltage) and the second chart
2. What is the maximum RMS or DC voltage? determines the correct size (i.e. correct energy absorption).

Multi choice selection chart to determine the necessary steady state voltage rating (i.e. working voltage)
TECHNICAL NOTE

Revision: 04-Sep-13 11 Document Number: 29079

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 Technical Note
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Vishay BCcomponents

Varistors Introduction

WHICH PARAMETER
OF LINE IS KNOWN?

ORIGIN OF THE ORIGIN OF THE

PULSES NOT KNOWN PULSES KNOWN

LIGHTNINIG OR SOLENOID
INDUSTRIAL INDUCTIVE (e.g. transformer,
LOAD ON LINE electromagnet etc.)

SHORT CIRCUIT SHORT CIRCUIT REPETITIVE PEAK

CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT EQUALS
VALUE KNOWN VALUE NOT KNOWN VALUE OF PEAK
CURRENT PASSING
THROUGH SOLENOID
(do not forget to
RCL LINE RCL LINE IMPEDANCE
calculate the dissipation
IMPEDANCE KNOWN NOT KNOWN
when the recurrent time
is short i.e. < 5 minutes)

LINE CONFORMS
LINE CONFORMS TO CATEGORY B ACC.
TO CATEGORY A ACC. ANSI/IEEE C62.41.1-2002
ANSI/IEEE C62.41.1-2002 OR TYPE 2 LOCATION
OR TYPE 3 LOCATION SPD UL 1449 ED. 3
SPD UL 1449 ED. 3 (Feeders and short
MULTIPLY NOMINAL
(Long branch branch circuits, distribution
VALUE OF VAOLTAGE BY 10,
circuits and outlets) panel devices, lightning
REPETITIVE DIVIDE RESULT
systems in large buildings)
PEAK CURRENT BY RCL LINE
EQUALS SHORT IMPEDANCE VALUE
CIRCUIT CURRENT TO FIND THE
SURGE CONDITIONS SURGE CONDITIONS
VALUE REPETITIVE
1.2/50 µs 6 kV, 1.2/50 µs 6 kV,
PEAK CURRENT
8/20 µs 500 A 8/20 µs 3 kA

WHEN THE REPETITIVE PEAK WHEN THE SHORT CIRCUIT SURGE

CURRENT IS MAX. CONTITION IS
VDR VDR
50 A S05/H05 6 kV/0.4 kA S07/H05
80 A S07/H05 6 kV/1.0 kA S10/H07
120 A S07/H07 6 kV/1.5 kA S10/H10
175 A S10/H07 6 kV/3.0 kA S14/H14/S20/H20
250 A S10/H10 6 kV/5.0 kA S20/H20
350 A S14/H10
500 A S14/H14
700 A S20/H14
1000 A H20

Multi choice selection chart to determine the correct size (i.e. correct energy absorption)
TECHNICAL NOTE

Revision: 04-Sep-13 12 Document Number: 29079

For technical questions, contact: nlr@vishay.com
THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT
ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000