THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 119794. October 3, 2000]

TOMAS SEE TUAZON, petitioner, vs. COURT OF APPEALS and JOHN SIY
LIM, respondents.

DECISION
PURISIMA, J.:

This is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing
the Decision[1] of the Court of Appeals in CA G.R. CV No. 40167, which reinstated with
modification the Decision dated December 2, 1991 of Branch 131 of the Regional Trial Court
of Kalookan City in Civil Case No. C-14542, and reversed the Order[2] of the court a quo
granting the Motion for Partial Reconsideration.
The antecedent facts are as follows:
On July 15, 1987, spouses Tomas S. Tuazon and Natividad S. Tuazon sold to John Siy
Lim (Lim) a 650 square meter conjugal lot covered by Transfer Certificate Title No. 860,[3]
along A. del Mundo Street, 7th Avenue, Kaloocan City, with a two-storey building and
Apartment Units Nos. 161 and 163 existing thereon.
Atty. Crisostomo, lawyer of the Tuazons, drafted the Absolute Deed of Sale, which was
duly registered. By virtue of the said deed, TCT No. 860 in the name of the Tuazons was
cancelled and in lieu thereof, TCT No. 152621 was issued in the name of John Siy F. Lim.
On October 1, 1990, the Tuazons brought a Complaint for Reformation of Contract,
Quieting of Title with Damages against John Siy F. Lim, docketed as Civil Case No. C-14542
before Branch 131 of Regional Trial Court of Kalookan City; the Tuazons theorizing that the
real intention of the parties was to enter into a loan accommodation.
On November 15, 1990, Lim filed his answer, theorizing that the Deed of Absolute Sale
expressed the true intention of the parties.
The case originated from a contract of mortgage constituted on the subject lot. On
December 18, 1970, Tomas See Tuazon, who was then the President and General Manager
of Universal Rubber Products, Inc., together with the spouses, See Tiong Cheng and Eng
Tang Go See, mortgaged, together with other properties, subject lot to the Philippine Bank of
Commerce (PBCom),[4] to secure a loan of Four Million Eight Hundred Thirty Thousand Two
Hundred Sixty Five and 90/100 (P4,830,265.90) Pesos. When the mortgagors failed to pay
the mortgage debt, the mortgaged property was foreclosed and sold at public auction, with
PBCom itself as the highest bidder.
During that time, Lim had amorous relations with Bernice, daughter of the Tuazons, and
the two were business partners in Powerstone International. Universal Rubber Products,
Inc., where petitioner and his family were majority stockholders, was experiencing business
reverses and its workers staged strikes.
Petitioner alleges that:

2.12 In the first week of June 1987, before the expiration of the 1 year redemption on July 28, 1987,
Bernice, the daughter of the appellee, told the appellee that her fiancee, appellant John Lim, was
willing to help them redeem the subject property by accommodating them with P1 Million.

2.13 The next day, the appellee met with Bernice and the appellant met in their office below [which
Bernice and appellant, as business partners, were renting from appellee] and the appellee proposed
that: 60% of the P1 Million, or P600,000 would be a URPI[5]loan where machineries worth P3
Million, by way of chattel mortgage, would secure it, and 40% of the P1 Million would be appellants
personal loan.[6]

Petitioner proposed further that, to simplify matters, P20,000.00 of the P400,000.00

would be applied as private respondents advance rent of the office space he and Bernice
were renting, reducing petitioners personal loan to P380,000.00.[7] The remaining balance
was secured from other persons and petitioners personal funds.
Consequently, since the loan accommodation was only for One Million (P1,000,000.00)
Pesos and the redemption price was P1.1 Million, petitioner negotiated with PBCom to
reduce the redemption price to Eight Hundred Eighty Three Thousand (P883,000.00) Pesos
but the bank rejected such offer. Upon further negotiations, the bank agreed to reduce the
redemption price to One Million (P1,000,000.00) Pesos subject to the condition that
petitioner surrendered in favor of PBCom his (petitioner) Producer's Bank stock certificates
by way of dacion en pago.[8]
Petitioner then tendered to PBCom the redemption amount of One Million
(P1,000,000.00) Pesos and the bank issued a Certificate of Redemption.
To keep the creditors, suppliers and laborers of URPI from levying on subject property,
petitioner decided to transfer the title thereof to Lim. The new title was to serve as security
for the loan. The Deed of Absolute Sale was executed by petitioner and signed by him and
his wife, Natividad Sue Deecho. The consideration of the purported contract of sale
executed on July 15, 1987 was Three Hundred Eighty Thousand (P380,000.00) Pesos. By
virtue thereof, a new title was issued in private respondents name but the same was
delivered to petitioner. The transfer taxes and capital gains tax were paid by petitioner.
Petitioner continued residing in the place.
Thereafter, the relationship between Bernice Tuazon and private respondent began to
deteriorate. Sometime in August 1988, after petitioner returned from a trip to the United
States, he discovered that the new title and other documents were missing.[9] When
confronted, private respondent refused to return the same. In July 1989, a tenant, William
Sze, renewed his lease but this time, with private respondent. Also in 1989, private
respondent began paying real estate taxes and sending demand letters to petitioner. The
latter then filed the complaint below for reformation of contract, quieting of title with
damages.
The private respondent theorized that:
 Petitioner Tuazon and his daughter persuaded him to redeem for himself the
extrajudicially foreclosed property from PBCom because Tuazon was financially incapable.
The total consideration of the sale was One Million Three Hundred Eighty Thousand
(P1,380,000.00) Pesos. He (Lim) purchased a managers check from Asian Bank for One
Million (P1,000,000.00) Pesos and tendered the check to PBCom as the redemption price.
On July 16, 1987, Three Hundred Eighty Thousand (P380,000.00) Pesos was paid directly
to the Tuazons.[10] Atty. Crisostomo, Tuazon's counsel, executed an instrument with the
nomenclature of a deed of sale[11] which by its contents, purported to convey the subject
property to private respondent.
Meanwhile, private respondent had some misunderstanding with his father so that he
temporarily resided with the Tuazons. The relation of Bernice and Lim was souring up until
finally, they broke off in July 1989. He (Lim) began documenting and claiming ownership
over the property. Because of this, the spouses Tuazon annotated a Notice of Lis Pendens
dated September 30, 1991 and a Joint Affidavit of Adverse Claim on TCT No. 152621 in the
Register of Deeds of Kalookan City.
Due to the harassment perpetuated by the Tuazon, Lim was forced to vacate the
premises. He let one William Sze of SK Enterprises lease Apartment No. 161 for Eight
Thousand (P8,000.00) Pesos a month. He also allowed Tuazon to lease Apartment 163
conditioned on the payment of Eight Thousand (P8,000.00) Pesos rental a month, for one
(1) year or from June 1987 to June 1988.
One year having expired, Lim, through, his counsel demanded that Tuazon vacate the
premises and to pay the arrearages. He was constrained to file an ejectment case docketed
as Civil Case No. 19668 before Branch 50 of the Municipal Trial Court in Kalookan City
when Tuazon deprived him for six (6) long years of his rightful ownership and possession
over the subject lot.
On December 2, 1991, the trial court of origin decided for the private respondent,
disposing thus:

WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered dismissing the complaint and declaring the Deed of
Absolute Sale executed by the parties on July 15, 1987 as an absolute and unconditional conveyance
by the plaintiff in favor of the defendant of the subject property; likewise, defendants counterclaim is
hereby dismissed.

SO ORDERED.[12]

Dissatisfied therewith, on December 27, 1991, the parties filed their respective Motions
for Reconsideration.
On November 16,1992, the lower court reconsidered its Decision dated December 2,
1991, and resolved instead:

WHEREFORE, the Decision rendered on December 2, 1991 is accordingly reconsidered, as follows:

(1) The Deed of Absolute Sale, marked as Exhibit A for the plaintiff and Exhibit 1 for the defendant,
is hereby declared an equitable mortgage and is accordingly reformed as such;
(2) The plaintiff is hereby directed to pay the One Million (P1,000,000.00) Pesos accommodation to
the defendant; and

(3) The Transfer Certificate of Title No. 152621 is hereby cancelled, and the former title, Transfer
Certificate of Title No. 860 is revived/reinstated subject to those liens appearing therein at the time
plaintiffs adverse claim was registered.

SO ORDERED.[13]

On July 28, 1993, Lim elevated the case to the Court of Appeals. In his appellants brief,
Lim contended that he was not a party to the fraud perpetrated against the Tuazons
creditors, suppliers and laborers, and the principle of pari delicto[14] does not apply, as the
Tuazons failed to establish that the transaction between them was actually for an illegal
purpose.
In the Appellees Brief sent in on January 10, 1994, Tuazon reiterated that under Articles
1381(3)[15] and 1383,[16] the deed of sale was executed to technically avoid creditor's levies,
and thus merely made the contract rescissible, or valid until judicially rescinded and
subsidiarily assailed at the instance of the creditor prejudiced thereby. However, since the
Deed of Sale was simulated, it was void on that score, and may thus be reformed to conform
to the real agreement, under the specific and legal provisions applicable.[17]
On March 31, 1995, the respondent Court decided in favor of respondent Lim and
upheld the validity of the Absolute Deed of Sale, ratiocinating thus:

WHEREFORE, the appealed Order, dated November 16, 1992, is hereby REVERSED and SET
ASIDE, and the original Decision of the trial court, dated December 2, 1991, hereby REINSTATED,
with the modification that plaintiff-appellee is ordered to pay defendant-appellant the sum of Five
Thousand (P5,000.00) Pesos a month as reasonable rental for the use and occupation of Apartment
No. 161 from July 15, 1988 until the premises shall have been vacated and possession thereof
peacefully turned over to defendant-appellant.

The counterclaim for attorneys fees of defendant-appellant is DENIED. There is no clear showing that
the action taken by plaintiff-appellee was done in bad faith. There should be no penalty on the right to
litigate.[18]

On June 2, 1995, the petitioner found his way to this Court via a Petition for Review on
Certiorari, assigning as errors, that:

First.

THE RESPONDENT COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THE TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE

PETITIONER AND THE PRIVATE RESPONDENT TO BE ONE OF ABSOLUTE SALE AND
NOT EQUITABLE MORTGAGE.

Second.

THE RESPONDENT COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THE PETITIONER LIABLE TO THE

PRIVATE RESPONDENT FOR UNPAID RENTALS.[19]
 Petitioner invites attention and places reliance on the alleged inadequacy of the
purchase price and his having remained in possession of subject land.
The petition is not impressed with merit.
It has been held that:

Article 1602 of the Civil Code provides that a contact shall be presumed to be an equitable mortgage
by the presence of any of the following:

(1) When the price of a sale with right to repurchase is unusually inadequate;

(2) When the vendor remains in possession as lessee or otherwise;

(3) When upon or after the expiration of the right to repurchase another instrument extending the
period of redemption or granting a new period is executed;

(4) When the purchaser retains for himself a part of the purchase price;

(5) When the vendor binds himself to pay the taxes on the thing sold;

(6) In any other case where it may be fairly inferred that the real intention of the parties is that the
transaction shall secure the payment of a debt or the performance of any other obligation.[20]

Under Article 1604 of the New Civil Code, the provisions of Article 1602 shall also apply
to a contract purporting to be an absolute sale.[21] And for these provisions of law to apply,
two requisites must concur: that the parties entered into a contract denominated as a
contract of sale and that their intention was to secure an existing debt by way of mortgage.
While the existence of any of the circumstances in Article 1602, not a concurrence nor
an overwhelming number thereof, suffices to give rise to the presumption that the contract is
an equitable mortgage;[22] the present case is entirely different. Records on hand and the
documentary evidence introduced by the parties indubitably show no room for construction,
Article 1365[23] of the New Civil Code on reformation of contracts applies only if there is
evidence, clear and convincing, that the parties did agree upon a mortgage of subject
property. Here, everything appears to be clear and unambiguous and nothing is doubtful,
within the contemplation of Article 1602. When the words of the contract are clear and
readily understandable, there is no room for construction. The contract is the law between
the parties.[24] Said this Court:

A contract, according to Article 1305 of the Civil Code, is a meeting of the minds between two
persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give something or to render some
service. Once, the minds of the contracting parties meet, a valid contract exists, whether it is reduced
to writing or not. And, when the terms of an agreement have been reduced to writing, it is considered
as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the parties and their successors in
interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written agreement, except when it
fails to express the true intent and agreement of the parties thereto, in which case, one of the parties
may bring an action for the reformation of the instrument to the end that such true intention may be
expressed.[25]
 For an action for reformation of an instrument as provided for in Article 1359 to prosper,
the following requisites must concur, to wit: (1) there must have been a meeting of the minds
of the parties to the contract; (2) the instrument does not express the true intention of the
parties; and (3) the failure of the instrument to express the true intention of the parties is due
to mistake, fraud, inequitable conduct or accident.[26] Here, petitioner has not shown or
established the presence of the aforestated requirements for the reformation of the deed in
question.
What is more, any doubt as to the real meaning of the contract must be resolved against
the person who drafted the instrument and is responsible for the ambiguity thereof.[27]
Prepared by the lawyer of the herein petitioner, Tomas See Tuazon, subject Deed of
Absolute Sale executed on July 15, 1987 is couched in clear terms and conditions. John Siy
Lim had no hand in its preparation. Besides, the voluntary, written and unconditional
acceptance of contractual commitments negate the theory of equitable mortgage.
Petitioner theorizes that the value of the land in dispute is more than Two Million
(P2,000,000.00) Pesos. According to him, in 1987 he offered to sell the same property for
Two Million Eight Hundred Thousand (P2,800,000.00) Pesos, should he fail to redeem the
lot. Mr. Itchon of PBCom allegedly estimated that the said property was worth Three Million
(P3,000,000.00) Pesos, even before 1987 when the laborers of the company staged a strike.
There were also two (2) alleged potential buyers, Lim Chu Ching and William Go, who
wanted to buy the property at Two Million Five Hundred Thousand (P2,500,000.00) Pesos.
But it bears stressing that the aforementioned allegations of petitioner are
unsubstantiated. The agent of the bank and the alleged potential buyers were not presented
to prove that the value of subject property was higher or that the purchase price thereof was
inadequate. As held by the trial court in its original decision, and affirmed by the Court of
Appeals:

Plaintiff alleges that the price was below the fair market value which he claims to be P2.5 million. He
was not able to prove this allegation. In fact, such is even belied by the evidence presented by plaintiff
himself which was the confirmation receipt of his payment of capital gains tax in the amount of
P44,175.00 ( Exh. S). The said amount is 5% of P883,500.00 which is the fair market value and which
was used as the tax base being higher than the P380,000.00 selling price as per Deed of Absolute
Sale. Plaintiffs contention that the stated selling price was the only consideration for the sale is further
controverted by defendants evidence that the subject property was redeemed by defendant from
PBCom for P1 million (Exh. 4). xxx[28]

Anent the claim that petitioner continued to occupy the premises under controversy in
concept of owner, suffice to repeat the finding of the Court of Appeals, to wit:

The Tuazon family remained in the premises sold to Lim. But not in the concept of owner. The first
year of Tuazons continued occupancy of Apt. No. 163 was at Lims graciousness with the
understanding that after one year, the Tuazons will pay the appropriate rentals for the continued use
and occupation of the property. In the exercise of his right as owner of the property, Lim leased
Apartment No. 161 to a William Sze where Lim signed the contract of lease as the lessor.[29]

Private respondents payment of realty taxes after the consummation of the sale, though
not conclusive evidence of ownership, bolsters his right over the property in dispute. He
religiously paid the taxes thereon, as evidenced by Tax Declaration Receipts Nos. 007-
0202188 and Tax Receipts Nos. 7161749, 7161798, 1010764, 1010814, 3437277, 3437327,
5117314, 5117364, 8680601, 8680651, 1392311, 1392361, 4690025, 4690075.[30]
In light of the foregoing, the Court deems it unnecessary to still pass upon the other
issues raised by petitioner.
WHEREFORE, the Petition is DENIED; and the Decision of the Court of Appeals in
CA-G.R. CV No. 40167, dated March 31, 1995, AFFIRMED. No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
Melo, (Chairman), Vitug, Panganiban, and Gonzaga-Reyes, JJ., concur.

[1] Penned by J. Antonio P. Solano and concurred in by JJ. Alfredo L. Benipayo and Ricardo P. Galvez.

[2] Annex D, Rollo, p. 69.

[3] a parcel of land (Lot No. 6, Block No. 85 of the conolidation (sic) and subdivision plan PCS-764, being a
portion of Block No. 85 of the Subdivision plan Psd-2895, G.L.R.O. Record No. 11267) situated in the Barrio of
Calaanan, Municipality of Caloocan, Province of Rizal; xxx Containing an area of SIX HUNDRED FIFTY
SQUARE METERS (650), more or less.
[4] Sometimes referred to as Philippine Bank of Communications.

[5] Where Tuazon was one of the principal stockholders.

[6] Rollo, p. 136.

[7] Rollo, p. 10.

[8] Appellee's Brief, p. 25, Rollo, p. 155.

[9] Rollo, p. 142.

[10] Answer, p. 3, Rollo, p. 51.

[11] DEED OF ABSOLUTE SALE

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:

This DEED OF ABSOLUTE SALE, made and executed this 30th day of June 1987, by and between:
TOMAS S. TUAZON, of legal age, Filipino, married to NATIVIDAD SUE DEECHO, and a resident of No. 163
A. del Mundo Street, Caloocan City, Metro Manila, now and hereinafter referred to as the VENDOR,
-in favor of-
JOHN SIY LIM, likewise of legal age, single, Filipino, with postal address at No. 161 A. del Mundo Street,
Caloocan City, Metro Manila, now and hereinafter referred to as the VENDEE,
xxxxxxxxx
x x x the former by these presents hereby SELL, CEDE, TRANSFER AND CONVEY BY WAY OF ABSOLUTE
SALE unto the VENDEE, his heirs and assigns, the above - described parcel of land together with all the
improvements thereon, free from all liens and encumbrances of whatever nature or kind. (Appellants Brief, p.
22, Rollo, p. 102).
[12] Decision Civil Case No. C-14542, p. 8, Rollo, p. 68.
[13] Order dated November 16, 1992, p. 7, Rollo, p. 75.

[14] Civil Code of the Philippines by Arturo M. Tolentino, Volume II.

Article 1411 - When the nullity proceeds from the illegality of the cause or object of the contract, and the act
constitutes a criminal offense, both parties being in pari delicto, they shall have no action against each other,
and both shall be prosecuted. Moreover, the provisions of the Penal Code relative to the disposal of effects or
instruments of a crime shall be applicable to the things or the price of the contract.
This rule shall be applicable when only one of the parties is guilty; but the innocent one may claim what he has
given, and shall not be bound to comply with his promise.
Article 1412 - If the act in which the unlawful or forbidden cause consists does not constitute a criminal offense,
the following rules shall be observed:
(1) When the fault is on the part of both contracting parties, neither may recover what he has given by virtue of
the contract, or demand the performance of the other's undertaking;
(2) When only one of the contracting parties is at fault, he cannot recover what he has given by reason of the
contract, or ask for the fulfillment of what has been promised him. The other, who is not at fault, may demand
the return of what he has given without any obligation to comply with his promise.
Article 1414 - When money is paid or property delivered for an illegal purpose, the contract may be repudiated
by one of the parties before the purpose has been accomplished, or before any damage has been caused to a
third person. In such case, the courts, may, if the public interest will thus be subserved, allow the party
repudiating the contract to recover the money or property.
[15] xxx xxx xxx

(3) Those undertaken in fraud of creditors when the latter cannot in any other manner collect the claims due
them;
xxx xxx xxx
[16] The action for rescission is subsidiary; it cannot be instituted except when the party suffering damage has
no other legal means to obtain reparation for the same.
[17] Appellee's Brief, p. 10, Rollo, p. 140.

[18] Decision, CA-G.R. CV No. 40167, pp. 8-9, Rollo, pp. 204-205.

[19] Petition, pp. 19-20, Rollo, pp. 27-28.

[20] Oronce vs. Court of Appeals, 298 SCRA 133, 155-156.

[21] Lustan vs. Court of Appeals, 266 SCRA 663, 671.

[22] Ibid., p. 672 citing: Uy vs. CA, 230 SCRA 664.

[23] If two parties agree upon the mortgage or pledge of real or personal property, but the instrument states
that the property is sold absolutely or with a right of repurchase, reformation of the instrument is proper.
[24] Article 1306, New Civil Code - The contracting parties may establish such stipulations, clauses, terms and
conditions as they may deem convenient, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public
order, or public policy.
Article 1159, New Civil Code - Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting
parties and should be complied with in good faith.
[25] National Irrigation Administration vs. Gamit, 215 SCRA 436, 450.

[26] Ibid., p. 451.

[27] Villamil vs. Court of Appeals, 208 SCRA 643, 649-650.

[28] Decision, Court of Appeals, pp. 203-204.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Appellants brief, p. 20, Rollo, p. 100.