The Asian World: How Does Architecture Record History?

The Asian World 400–1500
Section 1 China Reunified

Section 2 The Mongols and China
Section 3 Early Japan and Korea
Section 4 India After the Guptas
Section 5 Civilization in Southeast Asia
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How does architecture
record history?
Angkor Wat is a symbol of Cambodia and appears on its flag. First
built by the Khmer as a Hindu temple, it has served as a Buddhist
shrine since the fourteenth century. Although most of the walls have
carvings of Hindu stories, there are images of the Buddha. In this
chapter you will learn about the changes in the Asian world.
• How does the architecture in your city or state relate to
its history?
• Which structures have been changed based on their use?
c. 600 802 c. 1000

Silk Road trade Jayavarman II Chinese invent
flourishes during unites Khmer movable type
ASIA Tang dynasty of Angkor
500 700 900
THE WORLD 565 c. 800

Roman Emperor Maya civilization
Justinian dies declines
262
Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, Stuart Dee/Getty Images
Who What
1192
Minamoto
Identifying Create a
Yoritomo 1206 four-tab book to record
establishes Mongols elect Temüjin When e
Who, What, When, and Wher
Kamakura Genghis Khan Where facts while you
shogunate read about Kublai Khan
or Genghis Khan.
1100 1300 1500
1325
Mansa Mūsā begins
Timbuktu mosque (ISTORY /.,).%
Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 8.
Stuart Dee/Getty Images, (l) National Museum, Tokyo/SuperStock, (r) Nik Wheeler/CORBIS
China Reunified
In 581 the Sui dynasty succeeded in unifying China for the
GUIDE TO READING first time in hundreds of years. Over the next several centuries,
The BIG Idea with only a brief period of disorder in the 900s, a series of three
Order and Security After centuries of dynasties would bring progress and stability to China. During
chaos and civil war, three dynasties unified China,
this period, China would invent block printing and gunpowder,
bringing peace, stability, and technological
progress. participate in increased foreign trade, and reinstitute a merit-
based system of civil service.
Content Vocabulary
• scholar-gentry (p. 269) • dowry (p. 269)
Three Dynasties
Academic Vocabulary
• period (p. 266) • complexity (p. 267) The Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties restored peace to China in
between periods of chaos and disorder.
People and Places HISTORY & YOU Do you know what tests are required to qualify for government
• Sui Yangdi (p. 264) • Hangzhou (p. 266) jobs in the United States? Learn about merit-based civil service in early China.
• Tibet (p. 265) • Changan (p. 268)
• Tang Xuanzang • Marco Polo (p. 269)
(p. 265) • Wu Zhao (p. 269) The Han dynasty is considered to have set the standard for the
• Uighurs (p. 266) Chinese dynasties that followed. In fact, the Chinese word for
someone who is Chinese means “a man of Han.”
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information As you
read, create three charts like the one shown below
The Sui Dynasty
to help you study. Summarize the time periods, the The Han dynasty came to an end in 220, and China fell into
most important rulers, and the reasons for decline chaos. For the next three hundred years, the Chinese suffered
of the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. through disorder and civil war. Then, in 581, a new Chinese
empire was set up under a dynasty known as the Sui (SWAY). The
Sui dynasty
Sui dynasty (581–618) did not last long, but it managed to unify
China once again under the emperor’s authority.
Sui Yangdi, the second emperor of the dynasty, completed the
Grand Canal, built to link the two great rivers of China, the Huang
He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River). Both riv-
ers flowed from west to east. The new canal linked north and
south, making it easier to ship rice from the south to the north.
Sui Yangdi was a cruel ruler. He used forced labor to build the
Grand Canal, which he used to keep an eye on his empire. This
practice, together with high taxes, his extravagant and luxurious
lifestyle, and military failures, caused a rebellion. The emperor
was murdered, and his dynasty came to an end.
The Tang Dynasty

A new dynasty, the Tang (TAHNG), soon emerged. It would last
for nearly three hundred years, from 618 until 907. The early Tang
rulers began their reigns by instituting reforms, as rulers often did
in the early days of new dynasties. They tried to create a more
264
EMPIRES IN CHINA, 581–1279
70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E

130°E 140°E
ASIA
MONGOLIA
60°E Sea of Japan
I (East Sea)
G O B
Huang He JAPAN
N KOREA
(Yellow R.)
W
TAKLIMAKAN
E Zhongdu
S (Beijing)
Yellow
In
N
Sea 30°
du
Changan
H
sR
(Xi’an)
.
Luoyang
I
TIBET
M
Hangzhou
Sui Empire, 581– 618 iang East
g Je R
A
L a tz .) China
n
Tang Empire, 618– 907 A
Ga
Ch ng
Y Sea
ng
a CHINA CER
Song Empire, 960–1279 A (Y CAN
e
F
sR
. IC O
Silk Road TROP
Grand Canal Taiwan 20°
N
Xi R. Guangzhou (Formosa)
INDIA
PACIFIC
OCEAN
South China
M Sea
ek
The Sui dynasty was the first to reunify China on
g
after the fall of the Han dynasty. 10°N
R.
1. Location What was the length of the

Grand Canal?
0 600 kilometers
2. Place What do you notice about the west-
0 600 miles
ern border of each dynasty? What would
Two-Point Equidistant projection
account for the movement of the border?
stable economy by giving land to the peas- Tang rulers worked hard to restore the
ants and breaking up the power of the power of China in East Asia. They brought
owners of the large estates. They also peace to northwestern China and expanded
restored the civil service examination from their control to the borders of Tibet, an
earlier times to serve as the chief method area north of the Himalaya. China claimed
of recruiting officials for the civilian to be the greatest power in East Asia.
bureaucracy. Neighboring states, including Korea,
The civil service examination tested a offered tribute to China. The Chinese impe-
student’s grasp of Confucian principles. rial court also set up trade and diplomatic
Young men who were preparing to take relations with the states of Southeast Asia.
the examination memorized all of the Con- Like the Han, however, the Tang sowed
fucian classics. During their studies, they the seeds of their own destruction. Tang
had little free time for recreation and were rulers were unable to prevent plotting and
forbidden to take part in any strenuous government corruption. One emperor was
physical activities. They were taught never especially unfortunate.
to use their hands except for painting or Emperor Tang Xuanzang (SHWAHN•
writing. Even after many years of educa- DZAHNG) is remembered for his devo-
tion, only about one in five students man- tion to a commoner ’s daughter, Yang
aged to pass the examination and receive a Gul Fei. To entertain her, he kept hun-
position in the civil service. dreds of dancers and musicians at court.
CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 265

He also ordered riders to travel thousands and cultural achievement, from 960 to
of miles to bring her fresh fruit. 1279. From the start, however, the Song
Finally, the emperor’s favorite general also experienced problems, especially from
led a bloody revolt. The army demanded northern neighbors. These groups crossed
that someone be held accountable for the into northern China and occupied large
war and strife in the country. For this rea- parts of Chinese territory. Because of this
son the emperor invited his true love to threat, Song rulers were forced to move the
hang herself from a nearby tree, although imperial court farther south to Hangzhou
it is said that for the rest of his life, the (HAHNG•JOH), on the coast just south of
emperor “washed his face everyday with a the Chang Jiang river delta. The Song also
fountain of tears.” lost control over Tibet.
During the eighth century, the Tang The Song dynasty could never overcome
dynasty weakened and became prey to the challenge from the north. During the
rebellions. Tang rulers hired Uighurs 1200s, the Mongols—a nomadic people
(WEE•gurz), a northern tribal group of from the Gobi—carried out wars of con-
Turkic-speaking people, to fight for the quest and built a vast empire. Within 70
dynasty. Continued unrest, however, led years, they controlled all of China. The
to the collapse of Tang rule in 907. Song had formed a definitive alliance with
the Mongols. As we shall see, however, the
Mongols overthrew the Song and created a
The Song Dynasty new Mongol dynasty in China.
In 960 a new dynasty known as the Song
(SUNG) rose to power. The Song ruled ✓Reading Check Contrasting How did the Tang
during a period of economic prosperity and Sui rulers differ?
Figures
▲
of female
musicians
from Sui
dynasty
tomb
581
Sui dynasty
begins
618
Tang dynasty begins
589 618 690 755

Emperor and Sui Yangdi Wu Zhao General An Lushan
former general assassinated becomes starts rebellion;
Sui Wendi in military first and millions die in
reunites China; coup only female resulting civil war
ends centuries emperor
of chaos of China
610
Emperor Sui
Yangdi completes
▲ Emperor with
attendants
construction of
the Grand Canal
266 SECTION 1 China Reunified

(t) Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b) Burstein Collection/CORBIS
Government and flourished, and manufacturing and trade
grew dramatically.
Economy China was still primarily a farming soci-
ety. In the long period of civil war, aristo-
For 700 years, the Chinese economy cratic families had taken control of most of
grew in size and sophistication. the land, and the majority of peasants had
HISTORY & YOU Would you be able to survive as a become serfs or slaves. The Song govern-
farmer? Learn about the lives of peasants during the ment, however, worked to weaken the
Song dynasty and the Han dynasty. power of the large landholders and help
poor peasants obtain their own land. These
reform efforts and improved farming tech-
The era from the beginning of the Sui niques led to an abundance of food.
dynasty to the end of the Song dynasty In Chinese cities, technological develop-
lasted nearly 700 years. During that period, ments added new products and stimulated
a mature political system based on princi- trade. During the Tang dynasty, for exam-
ples first put into practice during the Qin ple, the Chinese began to make steel by
and Han dynasties gradually emerged in mixing cast iron and wrought iron in a
China. As in the Han era, China was a blast furnace, which was heated by the
monarchy that employed a relatively large burning of coal. The steel was then used to
bureaucracy. Confucian ideals were still make swords and sickles. The introduction
the cement that held the system together. of cotton made it possible to make new
During the long period between the Sui kinds of clothes.
and Song dynasties, the Chinese economy Another Chinese innovation, gunpow-
grew in size and complexity. Agriculture der, was created during the Tang dynasty.
1279
Mongols led by
907 Kublai Khan defeat
Five Song dynasty and
Dynasties 960 absorb China into
▲ Kublai Khan founds
Era begins Song dynasty begins Mongol Empire
Yuan dynasty
907 960 1127 1211

Tang General Chao Beginning of China
dynasty K’uang-yin Southern Song invaded by
collapses reunifies China period Genghis
under his rule Khan
1. Summarizing What pattern is shown by the rise

▲ General becomes and fall of the dynasties between 581 and 1279?
Emperor T’ai Tsu 2. Making Inferences Why did generals play such
a large role in the formation of these dynasties?
(t) akg-images, (b) Roger-Viollet/The Image Works

The Role of Women in the Tang and Song Dynasties
One of the most famous women of the Tang dynasty is
Empress Wu. Born Wu Zhao, she became mistress to the emperor
in 649. She so longed for power that she accused the empress of
a crime. The emperor deposed his wife and chose Wu Zhao as his
new empress. After his death she gained supreme power.
Known for her ruthlessness, she was also a strong leader.
She was the first ruler to give graduates of the civil service
examinations the highest government positions. She also
formed an alliance with Korea and lowered taxes.
Most women, however, had few rights and privileges during
the Tang dynasty. Women were allowed to join in sports such as
horseback riding and polo, and activities such as dancing and
playing music. Most marriages were arranged, and a woman
was permitted to marry only once in her lifetime.
During the Song dynasty, the practice of foot binding became
popular among upper-class women. Foot binding, which made
feet unnaturally small, permanently deformed women’s feet,
caused great pain, and often made women unable to stand or
walk without assistance. A woman’s willingness to bind her feet
was considered a sign of her virtue. On the other hand, two-
thirds of aristocratic women in the Song dynasty were literate
and well-educated. Some women benefited from new inheri-
tance rights. If there was no male heir, the estate could pass to
a woman in the family.
1. Making Generalizations How did the

roles of women compare to the roles of
men during the Tang and Song dynasties
in China?
2. Drawing Conclusions How did foot
During the Tang dynasty, Wu Zhao began as the binding affect women’s roles in society?
emperor’s concubine and became Empress Wu,
ruling in her own right after 690.
It was used to make explosives and a prim- Trade with regions near China also
itive flamethrower called a fire-lance. The increased during the Tang and Song dynas-
fire-lance could spit out a mixture of flame ties. The Chinese exported tea, silk, and
and projectiles that could travel 40 yards. porcelain to the countries beyond the South
Long-distance trade had declined China Sea. In return, they received exotic
between the 300s and 500s as a result of the woods, precious stones, and various tropi-
collapse of both the Han dynasty and the cal goods. As a result of trade, Changan
Roman Empire. Trade began to revive (modern-day Xi’an), with a population esti-
under the Tang dynasty and the unifica- mated at two million, became the wealthi-
tion of much of Southwest Asia under the est city in the world during the Tang era.
Arabs. The Silk Road was renewed and
thrived as caravans carried goods between ✓Reading Check Comparing In what ways did
China and the regions of Southwest Asia trade improve during the time between the Sui and
and South Asia. Song dynasties?
268 SECTION 1 China Reunified

Musee Guimet, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library
Chinese Society
The political stability established by the three dynasties
allowed Chinese society to grow in complexity.
HISTORY & YOU How does the status of women today compare with Vocabulary
the status of women in early China? Read about Chinese society and the 1. Explain the significance of: Sui Yangdi,
status of women. Tibet, Tang Xuanzang, Uighurs, period,
Hangzhou, complexity, Changan, Marco
Polo, scholar-gentry, Wu Zhao, dowry
Economic changes had an impact on Chinese society.
For wealthier city dwellers, the Tang and Song eras were
an age of prosperity. There was probably no better exam- Main Ideas
2. Describe the process of studying for the
ple than the Song capital of Hangzhou. In the late 1200s,
civil service examination during the Tang
the Italian merchant Marco Polo described the city to and Song dynasties.
European readers as one of the largest and wealthiest cit-
3. List China’s main exports and imports
ies on Earth. “So many pleasures may be found,” he said,
during the Tang and Song dynasties.
“that one fancies himself to be in Paradise.”
For rich Chinese during this period, life offered many 4. Create a diagram like the one shown
pleasures. There were new forms of entertainment, such below to compare and contrast the status
of women in early China with the status of
as playing cards and chess (brought from India). The paddle-
women in the United States today.
wheel boat and horseback riding (made possible by the
introduction of the stirrup) made travel easier. The inven-
tion of block printing in the eighth century provided new United
ways to communicate. China
States
The vast majority of the Chinese people still lived off the
land in villages. Most peasants never left their villages
except for an occasional visit to a nearby market town.
Changes were taking place in the countryside, however.
Critical Thinking
Before, there had been a great gulf between wealthy land- 5. The BIG Idea Hypothesizing If China
owners and poor peasants. A more complex mixture of had never been unified by the dynasties,
landowners, free peasants, sharecroppers, and landless how might society in China have been
laborers now emerged. different during this period?
Most significant was the rise of the landed gentry. This 6. Assessing The Chinese form of
group controlled much of the land and at the same time government was adopted by many other
produced most of the candidates for the civil service. The countries. Describe the basis for the
scholar-gentry, as this class was known, replaced the old Chinese form of government and evaluate
landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of its effectiveness.
Chinese society. 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the painting
Few Chinese women had any power. An exception was of Wu Zhao on page 268. What indicates
Wu Zhao (WOO JOW), known as Empress Wu. The con- her status in Chinese society?
cubine of the second Tang emperor, she then became
empress of China and ruled for half a century. Writing About History
As in other parts of the world, female children were 8. Expository Writing Suppose that you
considered less desirable than male children. In times of have just heard about one of the Tang
famine, female infants might be killed if there was not dynasty innovations, perhaps the process
enough food to feed the whole family. When a girl married, of making steel, but you do not understand
she became part of her husband’s family. In addition, a girl’s it. Write a letter of inquiry to the Tang
parents were expected to provide a dowry—money, goods, emperor asking for more information.
or property—to her husband when she married. Poor fami-
lies often sold their daughters to wealthy villagers.
(ISTORY /.,).%
✓Reading Check Identifying Which group in Chinese society For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
replaced the landed aristocracy?
269
The Mongols and China
At the time of the Mongol invasion, art and literature in
GUIDE TO READING China were in the middle of a golden age, spurred, in part,
The BIG Idea by the invention of porcelain and the printing press. Also,
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Shifts in religious attitudes were changing in favor of a revived
religious belief caused major changes in the orga-
Confucianism, which would remain the basis of Chinese
nization of Chinese society, which were intensified
when the Mongol Empire conquered China. government for centuries.
Content Vocabulary
• khanate (p. 270) • porcelain (p. 275) The Mongols
• neo-Confucianism
(p. 273) The Mongols created the world’s largest land empire by conquering
all of China.
Academic Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU What do you think drove rulers to expand their empires? How
• acquired (p. 273) • vision (p. 275) would the lives of the citizens of these conquered lands have to change?
• available (p. 274)
Due in large part to their military prowess, the Mongols rose to

People and Places
• Mongolia (p. 270) • Beijing (p. 271) power in Asia with stunning speed. The Mongols were a pastoral
• Genghis Khan (p. 270) • Li Bo (p. 274) people from the region of modern-day Mongolia who were orga-
• Gobi (p. 270) • Du Fu (p. 274) nized loosely into clans. Temüjin (TEHM•yuh•juhn), born during
• Kublai Khan (p. 271) the 1160s, gradually unified the Mongols. In 1206 he was elected
Genghis Khan—strong ruler—at a massive meeting somewhere
Reading Strategy in the Gobi. From that time on, he devoted himself to conquest.
Cause and Effect As you read, use a The military tactics of the Mongols were devastatingly effective.
chart like the one below to help you study how the John of Plano Carpini, a Franciscan friar, wrote:
Mongols acquired the world’s largest land empire.
Causes Effect PRIMARY SOURCE
“As soon as they discover the enemy they charge and each unleashes three
World’s Largest or four arrows. If they see they cannot break him, they retreat in order to entice
Land Empire
the enemy to pursue, thus luring him into an ambush prepared in advance. If
they conclude that the enemy army is stronger, they retire for a day or two and
ravage neighboring areas. Or they [set up] camp in a well chosen position, and
when the enemy army begins to pass by, they appear unexpectedly.”
—John of Plano Carpini, in L’Empire des Steppes, Rene Grousset, 1939
The Mongols brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a

single rule, creating the largest land empire in history. To rule the
new Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan set up a capital city at Kara-
korum. Mongol armies traveled both to the west and to the east.
Some went as far as central Europe.
After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the empire began to
change. Following Mongol custom, upon the death of the ruling
khan, his heirs divided the territory. The once-united empire of
Genghis Khan was split into several separate territories called
khanates, each under the rule of one of his sons. It may be that
270
MONGOL EMPIRE, 1294
ARCTIC CIRCLE
40°E 60°E 80°E 100°E 120°E 140°E 160°E
60°N
20°E Moscow
R.
Kiev (Kyiv) ga
EUROPE
l
Vo
Vienna ASIA MONGOLIA
Aral
Venice Dan Sea Karakorum
ube R.
Constantinople Black Sea Ca Khanbalik
spia GOBI (Beijing)
(Istanbul) Bukhara Samarqand Sea of Japan
n Sea
Kashi 40°N
Huang He (East Sea)
(Yellow R.) KOREA
Me
dite JAPAN
Kabul
Sea rranea Baghdad TIBET
n Damascus H CHINA
R.
IM Hangzhou
B .
A L r ah ma pu tr a R Ch an g J ia n g
s
EGYPT AYA East
du
In an (Yangtze R.) China PACIFIC
G
Persian Gulf ges R.
(Arabian Gulf) Sea OCEAN
TROPIC OF CANCER
Guangzhou
N
Mecca ARABIAN INDIA
Red
PENINSULA Arabian
Pagan 20°N
(Bagan)
Sea
M
Sea W E
ek
South
on
Bay of
China
g R.
Bengal S
Sea
Border of the Mongol Empire

Khanate of the Golden Horde
Malay
Peninsula Khanate of the Great Khan
1. Place Can you identify any physical IN D IA N OCEA N Khanate of Chagatai
geographic factors that might have deter- EQUATOR Khanate of Persia
0°
mined the boundaries of the khanates? Campaign of the Yuan dynasty
0 1,000 kilometers Sumatra (under Kublai Khan)
2. Location How many miles did Marco Route of Marco Polo
0 1,000 miles
Polo travel on his journeys? Robinson projection Java Great Wall
only the death of Genghis Khan kept the KAHN), completed the conquest of the
Mongols from attacking western Europe. Song and established a new Chinese
In 1231 the Mongols attacked Persia and dynasty, the Yuan (YWAHN). Kublai Khan,
then defeated the Abbasids at Baghdad in who ruled China until his death in 1294,
1258. Mongol forces attacked the Song established his capital at Khanbalik—the
dynasty in China in the 1260s. city of the Khan—later known by the Chi-
In their attack on the Chinese, the Mon- nese name Beijing.
gols encountered the use of gunpowder Under the leadership of the talented
and the fire-lance. By the end of the thir- Kublai Khan, the Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty
teenth century, the fire-lance had evolved continued to expand the empire. Mongol
into the much more effective gun and can- armies advanced into Vietnam, and Mon-
non. By the early fourteenth century, for- gol fleets were launched against Java and
eigners employed by the Mongol rulers of Sumatra and twice against the islands of
China had introduced the use of gunpow- Japan. Only Vietnam was conquered, how-
der and firearms into Europe. ever, and then only for a while. The other
In 1279 one of Genghis Khan’s grand- campaigns failed. The Mongols used tactics,
sons, named Kublai Khan (KOO•bluh such as cavalry charges and siege warfare.

These were not very effective in tropical PRIMARY SOURCE
and hilly regions.
“The streets are so straight and wide that you
The Mongols had more success in ruling
can see right along them from end to end and
China. Mongol rulers adapted to the Chi- from one gate to the other. And up and down the
nese political system and made use of Chi- city there are beautiful palaces, and many great
nese bureaucrats. Culturally the Mongols and fine hostelries, and fine houses in great
were quite different from the Chinese and numbers.”
became a separate class with their own —Marco Polo, Italian traveler
laws. The highest positions in the bureau-
cracy were usually staffed by Mongols.
The Mongol dynasty eventually fell vic-
Over time, the Mongol dynasty won the
tim to the same problems that had plagued
support of many Chinese people. Some
other dynasties: too much spending on
came to respect the stability and economic
foreign conquests, corruption at court, and
prosperity that the Mongols at first brought
growing internal instability. In 1368 Zhu
to China. The capital at Khanbalik reflected
Yuanzhang (JOO YWAHN•JAHNG), the
Mongol prosperity. It was a magnificent
son of a peasant, put together an army,
city, and foreign visitors were impressed
ended the Mongol dynasty, and set up a
by its splendor. One such visitor was Marco
new dynasty, the Ming.
Polo, who lived in Khanbalik during the
reign of Kublai Khan. Polo’s stories of the
glories of China seemed unbelievable to ✓Reading Check Summarizing Why were the
the Europeans. Mongols so successful in ruling China?
THE MONGOL DYNASTY IN CHINA

Lake Am
80°E 100°E 120°E ur
N Baikal
CENTRAL W R.
ASIA E
S
Karakorum
Feuding between Mongol leaders In 1351 Chinese peasants revolted.
in China and abroad weakened the Rebels attacked the capital in 1368,
Mongol Empire. ending the reign of the Yuan Dynasty.
Sea of JAPAN
I
GOB
40°N
Japan
Khanbalik (East Sea)
(Beijing) Edo
KOREA
R.)
He
CHINA
w
Yellow
g
an
lo
Sea 140°E
Hu Fukuoka
el
The Yuan Dynasty included most (Y

of the area of present-day China. Ch
( a Kyushu
Ya
ng
Nanjing
HI
n
Jia
gt
M Chengdu East
ze
Lhasa
ng
AL In 1279 Kublai Khan, grandson of

R.)
AY China
Genghis Khan, declared victory over
A the Chinese Song Dynasty, uniting Sea ANC
ER
OF C
China and becoming the first ruler PIC
TRO
of the Yuan Dynasty.
SOUTH Dali
Xi R. Wuzhou
20°N ASIA Taiwan
Guangzhou
Bay of Bengal PACIFIC
Hainan
Extent of the Yuan dynasty South OCEAN
Present-day China China
Sea
0 600 kilometers
0 600 miles
Two-Point Equidistant projection
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Religion and Government dynasty, both Buddhism and Daoism
became more attractive to many people. See page R39
to read excerpts from
Between the Han and Yuan dynasties, Both philosophies gained support among The Buddha’s Sermon
religion’s role in Chinese government changed. the ruling classes. in the Primary
The growing popularity of Buddhism Sources and
HISTORY & YOU Throughout history, all religions
have tried to answer some basic questions. What do
continued into the early years of the Tang Literature Library.
you think some of these questions are? dynasty. Early Tang rulers lent their sup-
port to Buddhist monasteries that were set
up throughout the country. Buddhists even
Confucian principles became the basis became advisers at the imperial court but
for Chinese government during the Han ultimately lost favor.
dynasty. By the time of the Sui and Tang Buddhism was criticized for being a for-
dynasties, Buddhism and Daoism rivaled eign religion. Like Christian monasteries in
the influence of Confucianism. Europe during the Middle Ages, Buddhist
monasteries had acquired thousands of
Buddhism and Daoism acres of land and serfs. With land came
Buddhism was brought to China in the corruption. The government reacted
first century a.d. by merchants and mission- strongly. During the later Tang period, it
aries from India. At first, only merchants and destroyed countless Buddhist temples and
intellectuals were intrigued by the new monasteries and forced more than 260,000
ideas. However, as a result of the insecurity monks and nuns to leave the monasteries
that prevailed after the collapse of the Han and return to secular life.
Buddhists taught that the material world
was not real, but an illusion. By teaching
this, Buddhism was denying the very
Genghis Khan built
a powerful empire. essence of Confucian teachings—the need
for devotion to family and hard work.
These were virtues that the Chinese state
had reason to support.
Neo-Confucianism
From the Song dynasty to the end of the
dynastic system in the twentieth century,
official support went to a revived Confu-
cianism, which became the heart of the
state government. This new doctrine,
called neo-Confucianism, served as a Con-
fucian response to Buddhism and Daoism.
It teaches that the world is real, not an illu-
sion, and that fulfillment comes from par-
ticipation in the world.
Neo-Confucianists divide the world into
a material world and a spiritual world.
Humans live in the material world but are
also linked with the Supreme Ultimate.
The goal is to move beyond the material
1. Hypothesizing How might
world to reach union with the Supreme
Mongol rulers have prevented the Ultimate. Humans do this through a care-
decline of the empire? ful examination of the moral principles
2. Describing What tactics did the that rule the universe.
Mongols use to expand their
empire? ✓Reading Check Explaining What caused
Buddhism to lose favor with the Chinese government?

Superstock
A Golden Age in Poetry
It was in poetry, above all, that the Chi-
Literature and Art nese of this time best expressed their liter-
ary talents. The Tang dynasty is viewed as
With the invention of printing, a
golden age of literature and art emerged in China. the great age of poetry in China. At least
48,000 poems were written by some 2,200
HISTORY & YOU In what way does the creation of authors. Chinese poems celebrated the
the Internet compare to the invention of printing?
beauty of nature, the changes of the sea-
Read about the impact of printing on Chinese art and
literature. sons, and the joys of friendship. They
expressed sadness at the shortness of life
and the necessity of parting.
The period between the Tang and Ming Li Bo (LEE BWAW) and Du Fu (DOO
dynasties was in many ways the great age of FOO) were two of the most popular poets
Chinese literature. The invention of printing during the Tang era. Li Bo was a free spirit
during the Tang dynasty helped to make lit- whose writing often centered on nature.
erature more readily available and more Probably the best-known poem in China,
popular. Art, especially landscape painting “Quiet Night Thoughts” has been memo-
and ceramics, flourished during this period. rized by schoolchildren for centuries.
The Development of Printing in China

Woodblock printing began in the
seventh century A.D., during the Tang
dynasty. Each page of a text required
its own wooden block, with each
character carefully carved in reverse
into it. The wooden block was then
inked and a piece of paper applied.
The printer rubbed the sheet of paper
with a brush to transfer inked text.
Each block could be reused to make
thousands of copies.
Woodblock printing was a major
advancement in printing, but no
changes could be made to a page
once it was carved. In the eleventh
century, Pi Sheng solved this problem
by inventing movable type. With
movable type, the printer arranged The earliest known printed book is a
individual characters to compose a Chinese translation of the Diamond
page, making changes easier. Sutra, a Buddhist text from A.D. 868.
1. Drawing Inferences What effect

would the invention of movable type
Pi Sheng invented movable
have upon the availability of books?
type in the eleventh century. How would societies be affected?
2. Explaining Explain why movable type
was an improvement over woodblocks.
(l) Bettmann/CORBIS, (r) The British Library/HIP/The Image Works

PRIMARY SOURCE
“Beside my bed the bright moonbeams bound
Almost as if there were frost on the ground.
Raising up, I gaze at the Mountain moon;
Lying back, I think of my old home town.” Vocabulary
—Li Bo 1. Explain the significance of: Mongolia,
Genghis Khan, Gobi, khanate, Kublai Khan,
Where Li Bo was carefree, Du Fu was a serious Confucian. Beijing, acquired, neo-Confucianism,
In “Spring Prospect,” the poet has returned to his home in available, Li Bo, Du Fu, vision, porcelain.
the capital after a rebellion has left the city in ruins.
Main Ideas
PRIMARY SOURCE 2. Explain how neo-Confucianism differs
from Confucianism.
“The capital is taken. The hills and streams are left,
3. List the ways in which Daoism is
And with spring in the city the grass and trees grown dense.
represented in Chinese art of the Song and
Mourning the times, the flowers trickle their tears; Yuan dynasties.
Saddened with parting, the birds make my heart flutter.
4. Create a time line like the one shown
The army beacons have flamed for three months; below that illustrates the Mongols’ rise to
A letter from home would be worth ten thousand in gold. power.
My white hairs have I anxiously scratched ever shorter;
Mongols’ Rise to Power
But such disarray! Even hairpins will do no good.”
—Du Fu
Painting and Ceramics Critical Thinking

During the Song and Mongol dynasties, landscape paint- 5. The BIG Idea Contrasting What is the
difference between the Buddhist and neo-
ing reached its high point. Influenced by Daoism, artists
Confucian philosophies? What impact
went into the mountains to find the Dao, or Way, in nature. might these two philosophies have had on
The word landscape in Chinese means “mountain-water” early Chinese society?
and reflects the Daoist search for balance between the
6. Evaluating During the Yuan dynasty, how
earth and water. Chinese artists tried to reveal the hidden
did the Mongols and Chinese affect each
forms of the landscape. Rather than depicting the realistic other’s cultures?
shape of a specific mountain, for example, they tried to
portray the idea of “mountain.” Empty spaces were left in 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the illustration
of Genghis Kahn on page 273. Compare and
the paintings because in the Daoist vision, one cannot
contrast it with the illustration of the
know the whole truth. Daoism also influenced the por- Empress Wu on page 268. How do their
trayal of humans as insignificant in the midst of nature. expressions differ? What is similar about the
Chinese artists painted people as tiny figures fishing in portraits?
small boats or wandering up a hillside trail, living in but
not dominating nature.
Writing About History
Tang artisans perfected the making of porcelain—a 8. Persuasive Writing Write a letter to
ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high tempera- Marco Polo. Tell him why he should hire
tures. Porcelain-making techniques did not reach Europe you for his next expedition to China.
until the eighteenth century. An Arab traveler in 851 Include the reasons you want to go as well
described Chinese porcelain: as how you would be a helpful member of
his crew.
PRIMARY SOURCE
“There is in China a very fine clay from which are made vases
having the transparency of glass bottles; water in these vases is
visible through them, and yet they are made of clay.” (ISTORY /.,).%
For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
✓Reading Check Summarizing What invention helped make History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
literature both more available and more popular?
275
Life in Genghis Khan’s Army
Most states that have disappeared into history met their demise in the same
way: they were conquered by a foreign army. There have always been outsiders
who threaten force to take territories and goods away from other groups.
One of the most feared of these outside forces was the army of the Mongol
ruler Genghis Khan. It was an army and state in one—and it could move. 75,000 oxen and camels
What was it like to march with him on his conquests that built the largest carried the Mongols’ felt
tents, called ger, as well as
empire in history? supplies and gear.
A Mongol tumen moved very

slowly. The procession could
be 50 miles long and move
only 5 miles a day.
Each cavalry rider had two to

four remounts to keep his horse
fresh for and during battle.
THE MONGOLS ON THE MOVE

The Mongol army was a highly disciplined fighting force. A group of ten
1,000-man units formed the 10,000-man Mongol fighting unit called the
tumen. Tumens traveled separately from one another, but could converge
rapidly on horseback to form an intimidating 100,000-man army. When
battle was anticipated, horse soldiers left the women, children, and ani-
mals behind and became a highly mobile fighting force.
276
Women were in charge of tending
animals and domestic duties. During
battle they collected arrows and killed 100,000 sheep and
wounded enemy soldiers. 10,000 goats kept a
tumen supplied with
milk, meat, and wool.
Children were taught how

to fight or cook, depending
on gender. Younger children
collected animal dung, the
Men were expected to Mongols’ primary fuel
be expert horsemen, source.
archers, and fighters.
Cavalry members were equipped with

bows and arrows, a dagger, a lance, and
a saber. Their light leather armor offered
protection and mobility.
ANALYZING VISUALS
MONGOL MEALS 1. Evaluating What do you

think the tumen’s main
strengths were? Its great-
“An army,” Napoleon Bonaparte was believed to have said, est weaknesses?
“marches on its stomach.” Genghis Khan knew as much 500 years 2. Comparing and
earlier. Not surprisingly, meat and dairy products formed the basis of Contrasting How was life
for Mongol children similar
the marching Mongols’ diet. They cooked mutton and lamb on and to and different from the
over rocks heated by dung fires. Milk tea and fermented mare’s milk life of children in other cul-
were common drinks. tures you have read about?
277
Early Japan and Korea
Early Japan was unified by a noble family that gave rise to a
GUIDE TO READING line of emperors. Over time, power passed from the hands of
The BIG Idea the emperor to powerful aristocratic families, then to military
Physical Geography The geography of leaders called shoguns. Finally, centralized power disappeared
Japan, a string of islands, and of Korea, a peninsula
altogether. Korea’s history during this period is one of a
bordering China, have had a huge impact on their
respective histories. struggle for independence against the neighboring Chinese.
Content Vocabulary
• samurai (p. 280) • daimyo (p. 281) Early Japan
• Bushido (p. 280) • Shinto (p. 282)
• shogun (p. 281) • Zen (p. 282) Japan’s history has been marked by power struggles between rulers
and independent families.
Academic Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU How has geography played an important role in the growth of
• revenue (p. 279) • code (p. 280) your area? Read about geography’s role in the development of Japan.
People and Places The ancestors of present-day Japanese settled in the Yamato
ˉ
• Osaka (p. 278) • Minamoto Yoritomo
(p. 281) Plain near the location of the modern cities of Ōsaka and Kyōto in
• Kyoto
ˉ (p. 278)
• Murasaki Shikibu the first centuries a.d. Their society was made up of clans. The
• Shotoku
ˉ Taishi
(p. 279) (p. 282) people were divided between a small aristocratic class (the rulers)
• Yi Sŏng-gye (p. 283) and a large population of rice farmers, artisans, and household
servants. The local ruler of each clan protected the population in
Reading Strategy return for a share of the annual harvest.
Categorizing Information As you Eventually, one ruler of the Yamato clan achieved supremacy
read, create a chart like the one below to help you over the others and became, in effect, ruler of Japan.
study which elements of Chinese culture were
adopted by Korea and Japan.
The Impact of Geography
Chinese Culture in . . .
Chinese and Japanese societies have historically been very dif-
Japan Korea
ferent. One of the reasons for these differences is geography.
Whereas China is located on a vast continent, Japan is a chain of
many islands. The population is concentrated on four main
islands: Hokkaidō, the main island of Honshū, and the two smaller
islands of Kyūshū and Shikoku. Japan’s total land area is approxi-
mately 146,000 square miles (378,000 sq. km)—about the size of
the state of Montana.
Like China, much of Japan is mountainous. Only about 11 per-
cent of the total land area can be farmed. The mountains are vol-
canic in origin. Volcanic soils are very fertile, which has helped
Japanese farming. The area, however, is prone to earthquakes. In
1923 an earthquake nearly destroyed the entire city of Tokyo.
The fact that Japan is an island nation has also affected its his-
tory. Because of their geographical isolation, the Japanese devel-
oped a number of unique qualities. These qualities contributed to
the Japanese belief that they had a destiny separate from that of
the peoples on the continent.
278
EARLY JAPAN
140°E 150°E 160°E
RUSSIA
lIs. 0 200 kilometers
Kuri 0 200 miles

Lambert Conformal Conic projection
120°E 130°E Hokkaido
N
CHINA
E
40°N
W
S Extent of control
c. 600
Sea of Japan PACIFIC c. 800
(East Sea) Honshu OCEAN c. 1000
Yellow JAPAN
Sea KOREA Edo
(Tokyo)
Heian-kyo Mt. Fuji
(Kyoto) Kamakura
ait Osaka
a S tr
Kore Nara Ise
1. Location List, from north to south, the
Shikoku four major islands that make up Japan. On
Kyushu which island are the major cities of early
Japan located?
30°N 2. Regions Heian-kyo (Kyōto) and Ōsaka
East were important cities in early Japan. Today
China Sea Tokyo is a major city. What geographic
features contributed to their importance?
Chinese Influences rural village was the basic unit of govern-

In the early seventh century, Shōtoku ment. A new tax system was set up. Now
Taishi, a Yamato prince, tried to unify the all farmland technically belonged to the
various clans so that the Japanese could state. All taxes were to be paid directly
more effectively resist an invasion by the to the central government rather than to
Chinese. To do this, Prince Shōtoku sent local aristocrats.
representatives to the Tang capital of China
to learn how the Chinese organized their The Nara Period
government. He then began to create a new After Shōtoku Taishi’s death in 622,
centralized system of government in Japan, political power fell into the hands of the
based roughly on the Chinese model. Fujiwara clan. A Yamato ruler was still
Prince Shōtoku wanted a centralized emperor. He was, however, strongly influ-
government under a supreme ruler. His enced by the Fujiwara family. In 710 a new
objective was to limit the powers of the capital was established at Nara. The
aristocrats and enhance the Yamato ruler’s emperor began to use the official title “Son
(his own) authority. As a result, the ruler of Heaven.”
was portrayed as a divine figure and the Though the reforms begun by Prince
symbol of the Japanese nation. Shōtoku continued during this period,
Shōtoku Taishi’s successors continued to Japan’s central government could not over-
make reforms based on the Chinese model. come the power of the aristocrats. These
The territory of Japan was divided into powerful families were able to keep the
administrative districts, and the senior taxes from the lands for themselves. Unable
official of each district was selected from to gain tax revenues, the central govern-
among the local nobles. As in China, the ment steadily lost power and influence.

The Heian Period With the decline of central power, local
In 794 the emperor moved the capital aristocrats took justice into their own hands.
from Nara to nearby Heian-kyo, on the site They turned to military force, and a new
of present-day Kyōto. At Heian-kyo, the class of military servants emerged whose
emperor continued to rule in name, but purpose was to protect the security and
actual power remained in the hands of the property of their employers. Called the
Fujiwara clan. In fact, the government was samurai (“those who serve”), these war-
returning to the decentralized system that riors fought on horseback, clad in helmet
had existed before the time of Shōtoku Tai- and armor, and carried a sword and a bow.
shi. Powerful families whose wealth was Like knights, the samurai were supposed
based on the ownership of tax-exempt to live by a strict warrior code, known in
farmland dominated the rural areas. Japan as Bushido (“the way of the warrior”).
JAPANESE ISOLATION
Mongol emperor Kublai Khan expected an easy victory when he attacked

Japan in 1272. Strengthened with Korean and Chinese troops, the Mongols
seized the beach at Hakata when a huge storm sank 200 of his ships,
drowning about 13,000 men.
In 1281, Kublai Khan attacked with a larger fleet, but most of the ships
were destroyed by a typhoon. The Japanese called the storms kamikaze, or
“divine wind.” They took this as a sign that they were invincible because
they were protected by divine powers. After defeating the Mongol invaders,
Japan isolated itself from foreign influence until 1945.
Japanese samurai attacking a Mongol ship
140°E 160°E
MONGOL CAMPAIGNS, 1200s N
Am E
u
r
R.
W S
CENTRAL
180°
ASIA 80°E 100°E 120°E
Karakorum
40°N Sea of JAPAN

12
Japan
31
Khanbalik (East Sea) Mongol dynasty in 1260

–1
(Beijing) Edo PACIFIC

26
Mongol acquisitions by 1279

0
1281
He
CHINA OCEAN
R.)
KOREA Mongol campaigns

ng
a
Hu
w
Hakata (Fukuoka)
llo
e 1274 Present-day China

(Y +XTRGT
1275 1276
81
12
Lhasa Chengdu Jia ng
SOUTH ng East
Cha e R.) Nanjing China
ASIA n gtz
(Ya Sea
TROP
I C OF 1. Determining Cause and Effect
79
CANCE
R Dali How did the “divine wind” change Japan?
12
Xi R.
20°N
Wuzhou
Bay of Guangzhou
2. Evaluating How did Japan’s policy of
Bengal isolation help the country? How was it det-
South
0 600 kilometers China rimental to the country?
Sea
0 600 miles
Two Point Equidistant projection SOUTHEAST ASIA
AAAC/Topham/The Image Works

The Kamakura Shogunate Life in Early Japan
By the end of the twelfth century, rival-
ries among Japanese aristocratic families Japan’s small size and relative isola-
had led to almost constant civil war. Finally, tion have had a major effect on the development of
a powerful noble named Minamoto Yorit- its economy, religion, and culture.
omo defeated several rivals and set up his HISTORY & YOU Have you read any books catego-
power near the modern city of Tokyo. rized as “women’s literature?” Read about female
To strengthen the state, he created a more authors in early Japan.
centralized government under a military
leader known as the shogun (general). In Early Japan was mostly a farming soci-
this new system—called the shogunate— ety. Its people took advantage of the lim-
the emperor remained ruler in name only, ited amount of farmland and abundant
and the shogun exercised the actual power. rainfall to grow wet rice (rice grown in
The Kamakura Shogunate, founded by flooded fields). Trade in Japan was slow to
Yoritomo, lasted from 1192 to 1333. develop. Barter, rather than money, was
At first the system worked well. The Jap- used until the twelfth century.
anese were fortunate that it did, because Manufacturing began to develop during
the government soon faced a serious chal- the Kamakura period. Markets appeared
lenge from the Mongols. In 1281 Kublai in the larger towns, and industries such as
Khan invaded Japan with an army nearly the making of paper and porcelain and
150,000 strong. Fortunately for the Japa- iron casting emerged. Trade between
nese, almost the entire fleet was destroyed regions also grew. Goods were carried in
by a massive typhoon (violent storm). carts, on boats, or on human backs. Foreign
Fighting the Mongols put a strain on the trade, mainly with Korea and China, began
political system. In 1333 the Kamakura during the eleventh century. Japan shipped
shogunate was overthrown by a group of raw materials, paintings, swords, and other
powerful families led by the Ashikaga manufactured items in return for silk, por-
family. celain, books, and copper coins.
Collapse of Central Rule The Role of Women

The power of the local aristocrats grew In early Japan, women may have had a
during the fourteenth and fifteenth centu- certain level of equality with men. An
ries. Heads of noble families, now called eighth-century law code, for example,
daimyo (DY•mee•oh), “great names,” guaranteed the inheritance rights of
controlled vast landed estates that owed women. Wives who were abandoned could
no taxes to the government. As family divorce and remarry. Later practices, how-
rivalries continued, the daimyo relied on ever, show women were considered subor-
the samurai for protection, and political dinate to men. A husband could divorce
power came into the hands of a loose coali- his wife if she did not produce a son or if
tion of noble families. she committed adultery, talked too much,
By 1500, Japan was close to chaos. A was jealous, or had a serious illness.
disastrous civil war known as the Onin Although women did not possess the
War, which lasted from 1467 to 1477, led to full legal and social rights of men, they
the virtual destruction of the capital city of played an active role at various levels of
Kyoto. Central authority disappeared. society. Aristocratic women were promi-
Powerful aristocrats in rural areas seized nent at court. Some became known for
control over large territories, which they their artistic or literary talents.
ruled as independent lords. Their rivalries Women often appear in the paintings of
caused almost constant warfare. the period along with men. The women
are doing the spring planting, threshing
✓Reading Check Summarizing What were the and hulling rice, and acting as salesper-
effects of the Onin War? sons and entertainers.

Murasaki Shikibu and The Tale of Genji
The Tale of Genji covers four generations of a fictitious imperial

family and reveals much about the culture of the aristocracy in
Heian-era Japan. Most of the book focuses on the nobleman
Genji’s life, his many love affairs, and the consequences of these
relationships upon his career as a government official. An excerpt
from The Tale of Genji, translated by Suyematz Kenchio,
describes the young Genji: Three part woodblock illustration
“The young Prince, whom we now style Genji (the Gen),

was still with the Emperor. . . . When he attained the age of
twelve the ceremony of Gembuk (or crowning) took place. . . .
About ten o’clock in the forenoon Genji appeared on the
scene. The boyish style of his hair and dress excellently Little is known about the life of Lady Murasaki
became his features; and it almost seemed matter for regret Shikibu, the author of The Tale of Genji—even
that it should be altered. The Okura-Kiô-Kurahito, whose her real name is unknown. It is believed that
office it was to rearrange the hair of Genji, faltered as he did she began writing Genji around the time of her
so. . . . After he had been crowned the Prince withdrew to a husband’s death in 1001. In 1006, she was
called to serve in the court of the empress and
dressing-room, where he attired himself in the full robes of
probably completed writing The Tale of Genji a
manhood. Then descending to the Court-yard he performed few years later.
a measured dance in grateful acknowledgment. This he did
with so much grace and skill that all present were filled with 1. Analyzing How did the circumstances of
admiration; and his beauty, which some feared might be Shikibu’s life help her write Genji?
lessened, seemed only more remarkable from the change.” 2. Making Inferences What does the
excerpt tell us about the aristocracy of
Heian-era Japan?
Religion in Early Japan Culture in Early Japan

Early Japanese people worshiped spirits, During much of the history of early
called kami, whom they believed resided in Japan, aristocratic men believed that prose
trees, rivers, streams, and mountains. The fiction was merely “vulgar gossip” and
Japanese also believed that the spirits of was thus beneath them. Consequently,
their ancestors were present in the air from the ninth to the twelfth centuries,
around them. In Japan, these beliefs women were the most productive writers
evolved into a religion called Shinto (“the of prose fiction in Japanese. From this tra-
Sacred Way” or “the Way of the Gods”), dition appeared one of the world’s great
which is still practiced today. Over time, novels, The Tale of Genji, written by court
Shinto became a state doctrine linked to a author Murasaki Shikibu. Her novel
belief in the divinity of the emperor and traces the life of nobleman Genji as he
the sacredness of the Japanese nation. moves from youthful adventures to a life
Shinto, however, did not satisfy the spiri- of compassion in his later years.
tual needs of all the Japanese people. Some In Japanese art and architecture, land-
turned to Buddhism, which Buddhist scape serves as an important means of
monks from China brought to Japan during expression. The landscape surrounding the
the sixth century a.d. Among the aristocrats Golden Pavilion in Kyōto displays a har-
in Japan, one sect, known as Zen, became mony of garden, water, and architecture that
the most popular. Zen beliefs became part makes it one of the treasures of the world.
of the samurai warrior’s code of behavior.
Zen Buddhism teaches that enlightenment ✓Reading Check Summarizing Give one
comes through strong self-discipline and a example of each of these aspects of life in Japan:
long process of meditation. social, religious, and cultural.
282 SECTION 3 Early Japan and Korea

Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY
The Emergence of Korea
The early history of Korea was marked by the presence of
dominating neighbors.
HISTORY & YOU Recall the Chinese response to the Mongol invasion. Vocabulary
As you read, compare it with the Korean response. 1. Explain the significance of: Ōsaka, Kyōto,
Shōtoku Taishi, revenue, samurai, code,
Bushido, Minamoto Yoritomo, shogun,
The Korea Peninsula, only slightly larger than the state daimyo, Shinto, Zen, Murasaki Shikibu,
of Minnesota, is relatively mountainous. Its closeness to Yi Sŏng-gye.
both China and Japan has greatly affected its history.
Indeed, no society in East Asia was more strongly influ- Main Ideas
enced by the Chinese model than Korea. 2. List the reforms in government made by
In 109 b.c., the northern part of the Korea Peninsula Shōtoku Taishi and his successors.
came under the control of the Chinese. The Koreans, how- 3. Create a cluster diagram like the one
ever, drove them out in the a.d. 200s. Eventually, three below that clarifies the role of women in
separate kingdoms emerged: Koguryo in the north, early Japan.
Paekche (PAK•chuh) in the southwest, and Silla in the
southeast. Each of the kingdoms was governed by the
combination of a hereditary monarch and powerful aristo-
cratic families. From the fourth to the seventh centuries, Role of Women
the three kingdoms were bitter rivals. This period also saw
the introduction of Buddhism to Korea, which quickly
became the state religion of each of the kingdoms. After
527 Silla kings adopted Buddhist names and sponsored 4. Explain why China had such a large role in
the building of many Buddhist temples. One was a nine- Korea’s history.
story wooden pagoda, which was perhaps the tallest in
East Asia. As the Silla kingdom became more allied with
the Chinese, the monarchy turned to Confucian ideals to
Critical Thinking
5. The BIG Idea Hypothesizing If Korea
run the country. had been an island instead of a peninsula,
Gradually, with the support of the Tang dynasty of how might its history have been different?
China, the kingdom of Silla gained control of the penin-
6. Assessing How did the samurai and
sula. After the king of Silla was assassinated, however,
shogun affect the government of early
Korea sank into civil war. Finally, in the early tenth cen- Japan?
tury, a new dynasty called Koryo (the root of the modern
word Korea) arose in the north. This kingdom adopted 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the color
woodblock on page 282. What does the
Chinese political institutions in order to unify its territory
illustration tell us about the clothing,
and remained in power for four hundred years. customs, and living conditions among the
In the thirteenth century, the Mongols seized the north- nobility in Heian-era Japan?
ern part of Korea. By accepting Mongol authority, the
Koryo dynasty managed to remain in power. Mongol rule
led to much suffering for the Korean people, especially the
Writing About History
8. Descriptive Writing Imagine you are a
thousands of peasants and artisans who were forced to samurai living in Japan during the
build ships for Kublai Khan’s invasion of Japan. fourteenth century. Explain why you
After the collapse of the Mongol dynasty in China, the became a samurai and describe your
Koryo dynasty broke down. In 1392 Yi Sŏng-gye, a mili- duties.
tary commander, seized power and founded the Yi dynasty,
which would rule Korea for over five hundred years. The
Korean people were once again in charge of their own
destiny.
(ISTORY /.,).%
✓Reading Check Identifying Which Asian country had the History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
greatest influence on Korean political institutions?
283
India After the Guptas
After the Gupta Empire collapsed, Muslim conquerors moved
GUIDE TO READING into India, eventually taking control of nearly all of the
The BIG Idea subcontinent. The majority of the population in India remained
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values When Hindu, which often led to tension and open conflict.
Islamic peoples conquered much of India, tension
arose between the Muslim rulers and the majority
Hindu population.
The Impact of Religion
Content Vocabulary Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam all influenced the development of
• Theravada (p. 284) • Mahayana (p. 284)
India.
Academic Vocabulary HISTORY & YOU How have patterns of religious belief changed in your own
• retained (p. 284) • traditional (p. 289) state or region? Read about the patterns of religion in India.
People and Places For hundreds of years, Buddhism had retained widespread
• Ghazna (Ghaznıˉ ) • Timur Lenk (p. 286)
(p. 286)
acceptance among the Indian people. The teachings of the Bud-
• Samarqand (p. 286)
• Mahmuˉd of Ghazna
dha came to be interpreted in different ways, however. People did
∙ • Moguls (p. 286)
(p. 286) not always agree on the meaning of the Buddha’s teachings. As a
• Dandin (p. 289)
• Rajputs (p. 286) ∙∙ result, a split developed among the followers of Buddhism in
• sultanate of Delhi India.
(p. 286) One group believed that they were following the original teach-
ings of the Buddha. They called themselves the school of
Reading Strategy Theravada, “the teachings of the elders.” Followers of Theravada
Contrasting As you read, use a chart like the see Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion that is centered on
one below to help you study the main differences individual salvation. They continue to insist that an understand-
between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. ing of oneself is the chief way to gain nirvana, or release from the
“wheel of life.”
Buddhism
Another view of Buddhist doctrine was emerging in northwest
India. This school, known as Mahayana Buddhism, said that
Theravada Mahayana
Theravada teachings were too strict for ordinary people. To
Mahayana Buddhists, Buddhism is a religion, not a philosophy.
The Buddha is not just a wise man, but also a divine figure. Nir-
vana is not just a release from the wheel of life, but a true heaven.
Through devotion to the Buddha, people can achieve salvation in
this heaven after death.
The Decline of Buddhism

In the end, neither the Mahayana nor the Theravada sect of
Buddhism remained popular in Indian society. By the 600s, Thera-
vada had declined rapidly. Mahayana was absorbed by a revived
Hinduism and later by a new arrival, Islam. Despite their decline
in India, though, both schools of Buddhism found success abroad.
Carried by monks to China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Japan, the
practice of Buddhism has remained active in all four areas to the
present.
284
Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam in India
The Impact of Religions on India
Aum symbol Dharma wheel Star and crescent
HINDUISM BUDDHISM ISLAM

Origin India India Arabian Peninsula
Introduced c. 1500 B.C. c. 600–400 B.C. A.D. 700
• Temples with towers • Stupas and pillars • Architecture

Cultural • Astronomy • Ajanta Caves • Mathematics
Contributions • Epic poems and prose • Medicine
• Mathematics
• Religious toleration by Kushān • Siddhartha
ˉ Gautama established • Abbasid dynasty, spread Islam into
Important and Gupta rulers Buddhism India
Historical • Rajputs resisted the rule of • Mauryan king Aśoka established • Mah∙ mūd of Ghazna, expanded the
Figures Mah∙ mūd of Ghazna Buddhism rule of Islam into southeast
• Timur Lenk
Population in
More than 80% Less than 1% More than 12%
Modern India
1. Analyzing Why would Buddhism and

Hinduism share many similarities?
2. Making Inferences Why might it be diffi-
cult to trace the religious history of India?
The Eastward Expansion replaced it. India was divided into about
70 states, which fought constantly. During
of Islam this time, warriors were held in very high
In the early eighth century, Islam became esteem. One Indian poet wrote:
popular in the northwestern part of the
Indian subcontinent and had a major PRIMARY SOURCE
impact on Indian civilization. This impact
“When you see a fight, rush to the front, divide
is still evident today in the division of the
your enemy’s forces, stand before them, and get
subcontinent into mostly Hindu India and your body scarred by the deep cuts of their swords;
two Islamic states, Bangladesh and Paki- thus your fame is pleasant to the ear, not your
stan. One reason for Islam’s success was body to the eye. As for your enemies, when they
the state of political disunity in India when see you, they turn their backs, and with bodies
it arrived. The Gupta Empire had col- whole and unscarred, they are pleasant to the
lapsed, and no central authority had eye, not so their shame to the ear.”

(l) Pascal Deloche/Godong/CORBIS, (c) Dinodia Photo Library, (r) Markus Matzel/Das Fotoarchiv/Peter Arnold, Inc.
When the Arab armies reached India in the cavalry of the invaders. Mah. mˉud’s
the early eighth century, they did little cavalry was able to strike with great speed.
more than move into the frontier regions. Mah. mu ˉ d’s successors continued their
At the end of the tenth century, however, a advances. By 1200, Muslim power had
new phase of Islamic expansion took place reached over the entire plain of northern
when a group of rebellious Turkish slaves India, creating a new Muslim state known
founded a new Islamic state known as as the sultanate of Delhi. In the fourteenth
Ghazna (Ghaznı̄), located in what is now century, this state extended its power into
Afghanistan. the Deccan Plateau.
When the founder of the new state died
in 997, his son, Mah·mudˉ of Ghazna, suc-
ceeded him. Mah.mˉud, an ambitious man, The Impact of Timur Lenk
began to attack neighboring Hindu king- During the latter half of the fourteenth
doms to the southeast. Before his death in century, the sultanate of Delhi began to
1030, he was able to extend his rule decline. Near the end of the century, a new
throughout the upper Indus Valley and as military force crossed the Indus River from
far south as the Indian Ocean. the northwest. The invaders raided the
Resistance against the advances of capital of Delhi, and then withdrew. As
Mah.mˉud and his successors into northern many as 100,000 Hindu prisoners were
India was led by the Rajputs, who were massacred before the gates of the city. It
Hindu warriors. They fought bravely, but was India’s first meeting with Timur Lenk
their military tactics, based on infantry (Tamerlane).
supported by elephants, were no match for Timur Lenk was the ruler of a Mongol
state based in Samarqand, to the north of
the Pamirs. Born sometime during the
1330s in Samarqand, Timur Lenk seized
power in 1369 and immediately launched
a program of conquest. It took more than
a century for the city of Delhi to recover
from the destruction caused by the
Timur Lenk invasion.
Turkic Conqueror 1336–1405
During the 1380s, Timur Lenk placed the
entire region east of the Caspian Sea under
Timur Lenk was a shrewd warrior who
his authority and then occupied Mesopota-
built an empire that stretched from
mia. After his brief foray into northern
modern-day Iraq to India, and from
the Arabian Sea to modern-day India, he turned to the west. He died in
Kazakhstan. His initial rise to power 1405 in the midst of a military campaign.
involved first rebelling against the The death of Timur Lenk removed a
khan to whom he had vowed allegiance, major menace from the various states of
then turning on the brother-in-law the Indian subcontinent, but the calm did
who had helped him overthrow not last long. By the early sixteenth cen-
the khan. His cruelty toward his tury, two new challenges had appeared
enemies and the people he from beyond the horizon. One came from
conquered was legendary. the north in the form of the Moguls, a
For example, when con-
newly emerging nomadic power. The other
quered Persians tried to
rebel against Timur’s came from Europe, from Portuguese trad-
forces in 1395, the ers arriving by sea in search of gold and
residents of entire cities spices. Both the Moguls and the Portu-
were killed and towers guese would exert a major impact on the
built of the victims’ skulls. later course of Indian civilization.
Why might Timur’s life
have been the subject of ✓Reading Check Evaluating What was the
legends? impact of the introduction of Islam in India?
Stapleton Collection/CORBIS
Indian Society and Culture Like rulers elsewhere at this time, many
Muslim rulers in India were intolerant of
The ruling class of India was made up other faiths. They generally used peaceful
of Muslims, but some members of the Hindu popula- means, however, to encourage people to con-
tion also prospered. The rich culture of India was vert to Islam. Still, some could be fierce when
reflected in its art, literature, architecture, and techno- their religious zeal was aroused. Said one,
logical advances.
HISTORY & YOU Recall the interaction between PRIMARY SOURCE
Aryans and Dravidians. Read to compare with the
“I forbade the infliction of any severe punishment
interaction between Hindus and Muslims.
on the Hindus in general, but I destroyed their idol
temples and raised mosques in their place.”
—a Muslim ruler
The imposition of Islamic rule by
Mah.mˉud of Ghazna and his successors
created a level of general tension in Indian Most Muslim rulers realized that there
society. The life of the typical Indian, how- were simply too many Hindus to convert
ever, remained about the same as it had them all. They reluctantly accepted the
been for the past several hundred years. need to tolerate religious differences. Nev-
ertheless, Muslim rulers did impose many
Islamic customs on Hindu society. Overall,
Islam and Indian Society the relationship between Muslims and
The Muslim rulers in India viewed them- Hindus was that of conqueror and con-
selves as foreign conquerors. They tried to quered, a relationship marked by suspi-
maintain a strict separation between the Mus- cion and dislike rather than friendship and
lim ruling class and the Hindu population. understanding.
Islamic Architecture
Adhai-Din-Ka Jhonpra was built by

the Jains, a minority religious group
in India. It may have been used as a
temple and college for teaching
Sanskrit. In 1198, the sultan of Delhi
turned it into a mosque and built a
seven-arched wall inscribed with
verses in Arabic. The wall and
minarets may have been built with
mortar from Hindu and Jain temples
that the Sultan destroyed. The interior
of the Jhonpra resembles a Hindu
temple more than a mosque. The
pointed arches and minarets are
characteristic of Islamic architecture.
1. Drawing Conclusions Why did the

sultan of Delhi destroy Hindu and Jain
temples?
2. Describing How does this mosque
represent Indo-Islamic architecture?
Anil Dave/Dinodia Photo Library

Hindu Temple at Khajuraho
The sikhara, the tallest
tower of the temple, sits
above the sanctuary.
Exterior and interior walls

have relief sculpture.
Khajuraho was an important religious center from

A.D. 1000 to the 1300s. Today only about 20 of the
80 temples remain.
The temple’s position on 1. Hypothesizing What factors may have protected
a high base emphasizes Kandarya Mahadeva and other temples in Khajuraho
that it is a holy place. from raiders?
2. Making Inferences Why might the sikhara be placed
over the sanctuary?
Economy and Daily Life in southern India, for example, had more
Between 500 and 1500, most Indians than 100,000 soldiers in his pay, along with
lived on the land and farmed their own 900 elephants and 20,000 horses. Another
tiny plots. These peasants paid a share of ruler kept a thousand high-caste women to
their harvest each year to a landlord, who sweep his palace. Each carried a broom
in turn sent part of the payment to the local and a brass basin holding a mixture of cow
ruler. In effect, the landlord worked as a dung and water.
tax collector for the king, who in theory
owned all the land in his state. PRIMARY SOURCE
The rents paid by the farmers funded the “When the King goes from one house to
sumptuous lifestyle, the wars, and the another, or to a house of prayer, he goes on foot,
grand temples of the rich and high born. At and these women go before him with their
best the peasants scraped by. At worst, they brooms and basins in their hands, plastering the
fell into debt and were victims of money- path where he is to tread.”
lenders who charged high rates of interest.
Although the vast majority of Indians Agriculture was not the only source of
were peasants, reports by foreign visitors wealth in India. Since ancient times, India’s
between 500 and 1500 indicate that many location had made it a center for trade
people lived in the cities. It was here that between Southwest Asia and East Asia. It
the landed elites and rich merchants lived, had also been a source for other goods
often in conditions of considerable wealth. shipped throughout the world.
Rulers naturally had the most wealth. Internal trade within India probably
One maharaja (great king) of a small state declined during this period, primarily
288 SECTION 4 India After the Guptas

Robert Preston/Alamy Images
because of the fighting among the many states of India.
The level of foreign trade, however, remained high, espe-
cially in the south and along the northwestern coast. Both
areas were located along the traditional trade routes to
Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean Sea region.
Wealthy Hindu merchants with close ties to the royal Vocabulary
1. Explain the significance of: retained,
courts carried on much of the foreign trade. Others, includ-
Theravada, Mahayana, Ghazna (Ghaznı̄),
ing Muslims, also participated in this trade. Sometimes, Mah.mˉud of Ghazna, Rajputs, sultanate of
traders from other lands settled in India; in other cases Delhi, Timur Lenk, Samarqand, Moguls,
Indian traders traveled elsewhere. traditional, Dan.d.in.
Main Ideas
Culture in India 2. Create an outline like the one shown
Between 500 and 1500, Indian artists and writers built below to describe the impact of Timur
on the achievements of their predecessors while making Lenk.
innovations in all fields of creative endeavor, both secular
and religious. Here, we examine two such fields: architec- I. Timur Lenk
ture and prose literature. A. born during 1330s in Samarqand
During this period, religious architecture in India devel- B.
oped from caves to new, magnificent structures. From the C.
eighth century on, Indian architects built monumental
3. Summarize the principal sources of wealth
Hindu temples. Each temple consisted of a central shrine
in India.
surrounded by a tower, a hall for worshipers, an entryway,
and a porch, all set in a rectangular courtyard. Temples
became ever more ornate. The towers became higher and Critical Thinking
the temple complexes more intricate. Some became walled 4. The BIG Idea Evaluating What was
the impact of the introduction of Islam into
compounds set one within the other, resembling a town.
the Indian culture? Give reasons to support
Probably the greatest examples of Hindu temple art of whether the impact was a positive or
this period are found at Khajuraho. Of the 80 temples orig- negative one.
inally built there in the tenth century, 20 remain standing
5. Making Connections How do you think
today. All of the towers on these temples are buttressed
India’s expansive foreign trade affected its
(supported by stone walls) at various levels on the sides. development?
This gives the whole temple a sense of unity and creates
an upward movement similar to that of Gandisê (Kailas) 6. Analyzing Visuals Contrast the temple on
page 288 with the mosque on page 287.
in the Himalaya, a sacred place to Hindus.
How do they differ in decoration and layout
The use of prose in fiction was well established in India from each other?
by the sixth and seventh centuries. This is truly astonish-
ing in light of the fact that the novel did not appear in
Japan until the tenth or eleventh century and in Europe Writing About History
7. Expository Writing Using the information
until the seventeenth century.
contained in Chapters 3, 6, and 8 describe
One of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose was the differences and similarities in Hindu,
Dan.d.in, a seventh-century author. In The Adventures of the Buddhist, and Muslim arts.
Ten Princes, he relates the exploits of 10 princes as they
search for love and power. He created a fantastic world,
fusing realistic portrayal of human behavior with super-
natural occurrences, including the direct intervention of
gods in worldly affairs. His powers of observation, details
of everyday life, and humor give his writing much
vitality.
(ISTORY /.,).%
✓Reading Check Describing How does Indian architecture For help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World
History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
reflect Hindu ideals?
289
Civilization in Southeast Asia
Unlike most of the other regions of Asia, Southeast Asia was
GUIDE TO READING never unified under a single government, largely due to its
The BIG Idea formidable geographic barriers. Therefore, the history of the
Physical Geography The mountains, area tells of the competition and interaction between several
river valleys, and islands of Southeast Asia had a
small states.
major effect on its political, cultural, and economic
development.
Content Vocabulary The Formation of States

• archipelago (p. 290) • trading society
• agricultural society (p. 294) The geography of Southeast Asia led to the development of distinct
(p. 294) cultures throughout the region.
HISTORY & YOU Millions of people have visited the monuments in Southeast
Academic Vocabulary Asia. Which structures would you be most interested in seeing?
• region (p. 290) • area (p. 290)
Between 500 and 1500, a number of organized states developed

People and Places
• Malay Peninsula • Thai (p. 292)
throughout Southeast Asia. When the peoples of the region began
(p. 290) • Thailand (p. 292)
to form states, they used models from China and India. At the
• Vietnam (p. 291) • Strait of Malacca
same time, they adapted these models to their own needs and cre-
• Angkor (p. 292) (p. 293) ated their own unique states.
• Jayavarman (p. 292) • Melaka (p. 293)
• Pagan (p. 292) The Impact of Geography
Between China and India lies the region that today is called
Reading Strategy Southeast Asia. It has two major parts. One is the mainland region,
Categorizing Information As you extending southward from the Chinese border down to the tip of
read, create a chart like the one below to help you
the Malay Peninsula. The other is an extensive archipelago, or
study characteristics of the states in Southeast
chain of islands, most of which is part of present-day Indonesia
Asia.
and the Philippines.
Government Economy Culture Ancient mariners called the area the “golden region” or “golden
Vietnam islands.” Located between India and China—two highly advanced
Angkor and densely populated regions—Southeast Asia contains a vast
Thailand mixture of races, cultures, and religions.
Burma Mainland Southeast Asia consists of several north-south moun-
Malay tain ranges. Between these ranges are fertile river valleys that run
in a southerly or southeasterly direction. The mountains are
densely forested and often infested with malaria-bearing mosqui-
toes. Thus, the people living in the river valleys were often cut off
from one another and had only limited contact with the people
living in the mountains.
These geographical barriers may help explain why Southeast
Asia is one of the few regions in Asia that was never unified
under a single government. The geographical barriers encour-
aged the development of separate, distinctive cultures within
Southeast Asia, with diverse cultural practices, such as different
religions and languages.
290
SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1200
110°E 120°E 130°E 140°E
Angkor (Khmer)
CHINA
Champa
TROPIC OF CANCER
Re Dai Viet
INDIA PAGAN d
R Kediri
R.
Pagan .
.
ddy
R DAI Pagan
20°N
Irrawa
VIET Srivijaya
Salwee
M
ek
N
ong
Chao
Phraya R. CHAMPA South PACIFIC
R.
Ayutthaya China OCEAN W E

Angkor Sea
Andaman S
ANGKOR Phnom
Sea
Penh
Gulf of
10°N
Thailand
0 600 kilometers
Str 0 600 miles
ait
of -@K@X Miller projection
M
a 0DMHMRTK@
la
cc
Melaka
a
SRIVIJAYA
"NQMDN
EQUATOR
3T
0°
L
@S
Q@
1. Location Is the mainland region of

INDIAN Southeast Asia located north or south of
OCEAN *@U@ the Equator?
KEDIRI 2. Place Of the kingdoms shown, why were
Kedir and Srivijaya least influenced by
China? What geographic feature had the
greatest influence on their development?
Vietnam After this, the emperor deported convicts to hold the

garrisons against the Viet people.”
The Vietnamese were one of the first peo-
— Keith W. Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam
ples in Southeast Asia to develop their own
state and their own culture. This strong
sense of cultural identity caused difficulties After over a hundred years of warfare,
for would-be conquerors. China, larger and the Chinese finally conquered Vietnam in
more powerful than Vietnam, first attempted 111 b.c. They tried for centuries to make
an invasion in the 200s b.c., but quickly ran Vietnam part of China; however, Chinese
into problems: officials were often frustrated by the Viet-
namese. As one official said,
PRIMARY SOURCE
PRIMARY SOURCE
“The Viet people fled into the depths of the
mountains and forests, and it was not possible to “The people are like birds and beasts; they
fight them. The soldiers were kept in garrisons to wear their hair tied up and go barefoot, while for
watch over abandoned territories. This went on for a clothing they simply cut a hole in a piece of cloth
long time, and the soldiers grew weary. Then the Viet for their head or they fasten their garments on
came out and attacked; the Chinese soldiers suffered the left side. It is useless to try to change them.”
a great defeat; the dead and wounded were many. — Keith W. Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam

Angkor
Gérard Degeorge/akg-images
The Vietnamese clung to their own iden-

tity. In the tenth century, they finally over-
In the ninth century, the kingdom of
threw Chinese rule. Chinese influence
Angkor arose in the region that is present-
remained, however. Vietnamese rulers
day Cambodia. The kingdom was formed
realized the advantages of taking over the
when a powerful figure named Jaya-
Chinese model of centralized government.
varman united the Khmer (kuh•MEHR)
The new Vietnamese state, which called
people and established a capital at Angkor
itself Dai Viet—Great Viet—adopted state
Thom. In 802 Jayavarman was crowned as
Confucianism. Following the Chinese
god-king of his people. For several hun-
model, the rulers called themselves emper-
dred years, Angkor—or the Khmer
ors and adopted Chinese court rituals.
Empire—was the most powerful state in
They also introduced the civil service
mainland Southeast Asia.
examination as a means of recruiting gov-
Angkor faced enemies on all sides. To
ernment officials on the basis of merit
the east were the Vietnamese and the king-
instead of heredity. The Vietnamese adopted
dom of Champa. To the west was the Bur-
much of the Chinese administrative struc-
mese kingdom of Pagan (modern Bagan).
ture. This included the village at the lowest
With the arrival in the 1300s of new peo-
level, which, like its Chinese model, was
ples from the north—known today as the
basically independent.
Thai—Angkor began to decline.
The state of Dai Viet became a dynamic
In 1432 the Thai from the north destroyed
force on the Southeast Asian mainland. As
the Angkor capital. The Angkor ruling
its population grew, it expanded south-
class fled to the southeast, where they set
ward. Several centuries of bitter warfare
with its southern neighbor, Champa, ended up a new capital near Phnom Penh, the
in Vietnamese victory by 1500. Continuing capital of present-day Cambodia.
their march to the south, the Vietnamese
reached the Gulf of Thailand (formerly Thailand
Gulf of Siam) by 1600. The Thai first appeared in the 500s as a
frontier people in China. Beginning in the
eleventh or twelfth century, Thai groups
began moving southward. This process was
encouraged by the Mongol invasion of China
in the mid-1200s. These migrating peoples
eventually came into conflict with Angkor,
Jayavarman II destroying the Angkor capital in 1432.
c. 770–850 Founder of Khmer Empire The Thai set up their own capital at Ayut-
thaya (ah•yoo•TY•uh) on the Chao
Although he is believed to have been a Khmer Phraya River, where they remained as a
descendent, Jayavarman spent much of his early
major force in the region for the next 400
life in Java. Around 800, he was sent to rule the
Khmer people as a puppet of the Javanese. In
years. Although many converted to Bud-
802 he declared independence from Java and dhism, the Thai were also influenced by
had himself crowned devaraja, or god-king, Hindu religion and Indian culture in their
of the Khmer and made the devaraja political practices, dance, and literature.
cult the official state religion. The This unique blend eventually became the
devaraja cult combined Hindu and local modern-day culture of Thailand.
religious traditions and revered the king
as divine. The cult produced a line of
devarajas who ruled the Khmer for
Burma
hundreds of years. Why might The Thai were also threatened from the
Jayavarman have been accepted west by the Burmese peoples, who had
by the Khmer people as their formed their society along the Salween
god-king? and Irrawaddy Rivers. The Burmese had
migrated from Tibet beginning in the 600s,
probably to escape Chinese armies.
States of Southeast Asia, 111 B.C.–A.D. 1600
CULTURAL
STATE ERA ECONOMIC BASE
INFLUENCE(S)
Mainland
Vietnam Conquered by China in 111 B.C.; independent China, Confucianism Agriculture
in A.D. 939
Angkor Arose in 9th century; destroyed by Thailand India Agriculture
in 1432
Thailand Thai people first appeared in 6th century, India, Buddhism Agriculture
settling in area of present-day Thailand in
15th century
Burma (Pagan) 11th–13th centuries India, Buddhism Agriculture, sea trade
Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago
Srivijaya 8th century India Sea trade
Sailendra 8th century India Agriculture
Majapahit 13th–15th centuries Islam Trade, agriculture
Melaka 15th century Islam Sea trade
1. Summarizing What religions influenced

these states?
2. Analyzing Explain why Majapahit and Melaka
do not appear on the map on page 291.
The Burmese were pastoral peoples, but The vast majority of the people of the region
they adopted farming soon after their arrival were of Malay background, but the peoples
in Southeast Asia. In the eleventh century, were divided into numerous separate
they founded the first great Burmese state, communities.
the kingdom of Pagan. Like the Thai, they Two organized states eventually emerged
converted to Buddhism and adopted Indian in the region. In the eighth century, the
political institutions and culture. state of Srivijaya (sree•wih•JAW•yuh)
During the next two hundred years, came to dominate the trade route passing
Pagan became a major force in the western through the Strait of Malacca.
part of Southeast Asia. The capital city was At the same time, the kingdom of Sailen-
at the center of a network of highways, dra emerged in eastern Java. Both states
which allowed it to exert power over large were influenced by Indian culture. Whereas
distances. It also played an active role in Srivijaya depended on trade, the wealth of
sea trade throughout the region. Attacks Sailendra was based primarily on farming.
by the Mongols in the late 1200s, however, In the late 1200s, the new kingdom of
weakened Pagan, causing it to decline. Majapahit (mah•jah•PAH•hiht) was
founded. It became the greatest empire the
The Malay World region had yet seen. In the mid-fourteenth
In the Malay Peninsula and the Indone- century, Majapahit incorporated most of
sian archipelago, a different pattern the archipelago and perhaps even parts of
emerged. For centuries, this area had been the mainland under a single rule. Majapa-
tied to the trade that passed from East Asia hit did not have long to enjoy its status,
into the Indian Ocean. The area had never however. By the 1400s, a new state was
been united under a single state, however. beginning to emerge in the region.

Life in Southeast Asia
Christophe Loviny/CORBIS
After the Muslim conquest of northern

India, Muslim merchants—either Arabs or
Indian converts—settled in port cities in the The growth of the states of Southeast
region and began to convert the local popu- Asia depended largely on trade and agriculture.
lation. Around 1400, an Islamic state began
HISTORY & YOU What are you wearing? Read how
to form in Melaka, a small town on the trade changed what people wore in Southeast Asia
western coast of the Malay Peninsula. Trad- and ate.
ers found it a natural place to replenish their
supplies of food and water. Melaka soon
became the major trading port in the region The states of Southeast Asia can be divided
and a chief rival to Majapahit. From Melaka, into two groups: agricultural societies,
Muslim traders and the Muslim faith moved whose economies were largely based on
into the interior of the peninsula. Eventu- farming, and trading societies, which
ally, almost the entire population of the depended primarily on trade for income.
region was converted to Islam and became States such as Vietnam, Angkor, Pagan, and
part of the sultanate of Melaka. Sailendra drew most of their wealth from
the land. Others, such as Srivijaya and the
✓Reading Check Examining Why was Southeast sultanate of Melaka, supported themselves
Asia never unified under a single government? chiefly through trade.
Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat is a model of the Hindu
Angkor Wat was originally a Hindu universe, with a shrine at its hub,
temple but was taken over by Buddhists enclosed by three courtyards, and
during the sixteenth century. topped by five towers.
The walls are decorated with hundreds

of statues and bas-reliefs; showing
scenes from ancient Indian stories.
Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire.

The most famous of the temples in the area,
Angkor Wat, was built in the 1100s.
1. Making Connections How does Angkor
A 3-mile (5-km) moat Wat show the influence of Indian culture?
surrounds Angkor Wat. 2. Making Inferences What protection might
the moat have provided Angkor Wat?
Trade through Southeast Asia expanded after the emer-
gence of states in the area and reached even greater heights
after the Muslim conquest of northern India. The rise in
demand for spices also added to the growing volume of
trade. As the wealth of Europe and Southeast Asia increased,
demand grew for the products of East Asia. Vocabulary
At the top of the social ladder in most Southeast Asian 1. Explain the significance of: region, Malay
Peninsula, archipelago, area, Vietnam,
societies were the hereditary aristocrats. They held both
Angkor, Jayavarman, Pagan, Thai, Thailand,
political power and economic wealth. Most aristocrats
Strait of Malacca, Melaka, agricultural
lived in the major cities. Angkor Thom, for example, was society, trading society.
a city with royal palaces and parks, a massive parade
ground, reservoirs, and numerous temples.
Beyond the major cities lived the rest of the population, Main Ideas
which consisted of farmers, fishers, artisans, and mer- 2. Explain the importance of Islam in the
development of Melaka.
chants. In most Southeast Asian societies, the majority of
people were probably rice farmers who lived at a bare level 3. Create a diagram like the one shown
of subsistence and paid heavy rents or taxes to a landlord below to represent the social hierarchy in
or local ruler. most Southeast Asian societies discussed
Most of the societies in Southeast Asia gave greater in this section.
rights to women than did their counterparts in China and Social Hierarchy
India. Women worked side by side with men in the fields
and often played an active role in trading activities.
Chinese culture made an impact on Vietnam. In many
other areas of Southeast Asia, Indian cultural influence
prevailed. The most visible example of this influence was
in architecture. Of all the existing structures at Angkor
Thom, the temple of Angkor Wat is the most famous and Critical Thinking
most beautiful. It combines Indian architectural tech- 4. The Big Idea Contrasting How did the
niques with native inspiration in a structure of impressive development of the Malay Peninsula and
grace. Surrounded by walls measuring 1,700 by 1,500 feet the Indonesian archipelago differ from the
development of Southeast Asia?
(518 by 457 m), Angkor Wat rises like a 200-foot-high
(61-m-high) mountain in a series of three great terraces. 5. Considering How would an increase in
The construction of Angkor Wat, which took 40 years to trade and exporting cause a region to
complete, required an enormous quantity of stone—as develop more complex forms of political
much as it took to build Egypt’s Great Pyramid. and social organization? Use examples
Hindu and Buddhist ideas began to move into Southeast from the text to support your answer.
Asia in the first millennium a.d. However, the new religions 6. Analyzing Visuals Compare the temple on
did not entirely replace existing beliefs. In all Southeast page 288 with Angkor Wat on page 294.
Asian societies, as in China and Japan, old beliefs were What features do they have in common?
blended with those of the new faiths. In this process, the
king played a central role. The ruler of Angkor, for example, Writing About History
was seen as a living link between the people and the gods. 7. Descriptive Writing When Vietnam was
Buddhism also spread to Southeast Asia. It made little conquered by China, the people clung to
impact, however, until the introduction of Theravada Bud- their own identity. Write a paragraph
dhism in the eleventh century. From Burma, Theravada describing the aspects of conquered
spread rapidly to other areas of Southeast Asia. peoples that conquerors would want to
Eventually, Theravada Buddhism became the religion of change and why.
the masses in much of Southeast Asia. Why did it have
such appeal? For one thing, it teaches that people can seek
nirvana through their own efforts; they do not need
priests or rulers. Moreover, it tolerated local gods and
posed no threat to established faith. (ISTORY /.,).%
✓Reading Check Identifying Which countries most influenced History, go to glencoe.com and click Study Central.
the cultural development of Southeast Asia?
295
Visual Summary
You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes
and flash cards to your PDA from glencoe.com.
The Song Dynasty

CHINA’S DYNASTIES
• The Tang dynasty, stable for 300 years, renewed trade in
silk and porcelain over the Silk Road.
• The Song dynasty took over in the 900s and vastly
increased crop yields and trade.
• In the 800s, the scholar-gentry class emerged, an influen-
tial group down to 1911, while a revived, practical
Confucianism was dominant in religion.
• Northern invaders, always a threat, finally triumphed with
the Mongol Invasion in 1270.
• Chinese poetry and ceramics were inspired by nature and
Confucian philosophy.
Silk played an important role in
China’s economy and society.
a Period
The Kamakur
JAPAN AND KOREA

• The islands of Japan are isolated and mountainous.
• The heads of Japanese noble families, daimyos, competed
for power with fighting samurai, which led to frequent
civil wars.
• The religion of Shinto contributed to emperor worship,
while Buddhism’s spirituality appealed to other Japanese.
• Korea, dominated by nearby China, and borrowing many
cultural elements, finally gained its independence in
the 900s.
This Japanese battle scene

reflects the frequent civil
chaos of the 1200s.
Buddhism in So
utheast Asia
Wat Arun, in Bangkok, is one

of the thousands of Buddhist
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA temples in Thailand.
• India fragmented into many states in the medieval

period; later rulers from the north introduced Islam,
but Hinduism remained the religion of most Indians.
• In Southeast Asia, new states were influenced by
the Chinese and Indian examples in both govern-
ment and religion.
• The trade in spices was profitable for several south-
eastern Asian states.
296 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

(t) Burstein Collection/CORBIS, (c) Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (b) Steve Vidler/Superstock
Assessment
STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
TEST-TAKING TIP
If you do not immediately know the right answer to a question, look at each answer choice carefully. Try to recall the context
in which these events were discussed in class. Remembering this context may help you eliminate incorrect answer choices.
Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas

Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions.
the sentence.
Section 1 (pp. 264–269)
1. is a type of translucent ceramic made from very 5. What emperor used forced labor to build the Grand Canal?
fine clay.
A Wu Zhao
A Dowry
B Sui Yangdi
B Archipelago
C Tang Xuanzang
C Porcelain
D Kublai Khan
D Daimyo
6. When a girl in early China married, how would her life

2. The heirs of Genghis Khan divided up his empire into change?
.
A She became part of her husband’s family.
A khanates
B She remained with her parents.
B samurais
C She was able to participate in business and trade.
C dowries
D She was able to take the civil service examination.
D trading societies
Section 2 (pp. 270–275)

3. was the name for the strict code of behavior fol-
7. Which of the following best describes the Mongol Empire?
lowed by the warrior class of early Japan.
A Militarily powerful, but poor
A Bushido
B The largest land empire in history
B Shogunate
C The last government to control China
C Daimyo
D An Islamic state
D Mahayana
8. Which of these was most often the philosophical basis of

4. In early Chinese society, produced most of the can-
Chinese government?
didates for civil service.
A Buddhism
A artisans
B Daoism
B farmers
C Islam
C scholar-gentry
D Confucianism
D traders
Need Extra Help?

If You Missed Questions . . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Go to Page . . . 275 270 280 269 264 269 270 273
GO ON

Section 3 (pp. 278–283) Critical Thinking
9. Who was the author of The Tale of Genji, one of the finest Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions.
achievements of world literature?
A Yi Sŏng-gye Use the following information to answer question 15.
B Minamoto Yoritomo
Read the following quote about the Japanese samurai.
C Shōtoku Taishi
“I spurred my horse on, careless of death in the face of the foe.
D Murasaki Shikibu
I braved the dangers of wind and wave, not reckoning that my
body
10. After a long struggle, which kingdom gained control over
the Korean peninsula? might sink to the bottom of the sea, and be devoured by
monsters of the deep.”
A Silla
B Paekche 14. How does this quote reflect the code of the samurai?
C Koguryo A It describes the riding ability of the samurai.
D Kamakura B It shows the importance placed on honor and loyalty,
above all other concerns.
Section 4 (pp. 284–289) C It portrays the most common initiation ritual of the
samurai.
11. Which of these introduced the idea that the Buddha was not
just a wise man, but a divine figure? D It displays the samurai’s hatred of the sea.
A Theravada Buddhism
B Mahayana Buddhism 15. Which of the following religions did not play a major role in
the history of Southeast Asia?
C Zen Buddhism
A Islam
D Daoism
B Theravada Buddhism
C Mahayana Buddhism
12. Who were the Hindu warriors who led the resistance
against the advances of Mah.mūd and his successors into D Hinduism
northern India?
A Moguls 16. In early Japan, why was prose fiction written primarily by
B Samurai women?
C Uighurs A All men were samurai and therefore had little time for
artistic pursuits.
D Rajputs
B Women were better educated than men.
C Men believed prose fiction was beneath them.
Section 5 (pp. 290–295)
D The Shinto religion forbade the writing of fiction by men.
13. Who founded the kingdom of Angkor?
A Jayavarman
17. What was a major cause of the expansion of trade through-
B Dai Viet out Southeast Asia?
C Timur Lenk A The construction of stronger vessels
D Dan.d.in B The blessings of important religious figures
C The growing demand for spices
D The construction of beautiful temples
Need Extra Help?
If You Missed Questions . . . 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Go to Page . . . 282 283 284 286 292 280 295 282 294
GO ON
298 CHAPTER 8 The Asian World

Assessment
18. Which of the following images would you most likely see in Document-Based Questions
an early Chinese painting?
Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short answer
A A small figure in the midst of a nature scene questions that follow the document. Base your answers on the
B An aristocrat at home with his family document and on your knowledge of Chapter 8.
C Warriors in battle
Chang Tsai, a neo-Confucian philospher, wrote the following in the
D People worshiping at a temple eleventh century:
Analyze the map and answer the question that follows. Base your
answer on the map. “Heaven is my father and Earth is my mother, and even
such a small being as I finds a central abode in their midst.
Therefore that which fills the universe I regard as my body
Population Growth in China, 750–1250 and that which directs the universe I consider as my nature.
0 400 kilometers All people are my brothers and sisters, and all things are my
0 400 miles companions.”
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection Yellow — Chang Tsai
Sea
g He
Huan River)
(Ye l l o w 20. Can you detect any echoes of Daoism in this excerpt? What
are they?
East 21. How do the ideas in this quotation conflict with the basic
g
)
an
Ji ideas of Buddhism?
r
China
ve
g
ian e
Ri
Ch z Sea
gt
(Yan
N Extended Response
Xi River Taiwan W E
22. Imagine that you are a Korean person who is traveling
through the states of Southeast Asia during the fifteenth
S
century. Which states will seem most familiar to you? Which
Decrease will seem most foreign? Why?
0–100%
Hainan
100%–300%
South 301%–1,000%
China More than 1,000%
Sea
19. In what geographic direction did the population shift during

this period?
A To the northeast
B To the northwest
C To the southeast
D To the southwest
(ISTORY /.,).%
For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes—
Chapter 8 at glencoe.com.
Need Extra Help?

If You Missed Questions . . . 18 19 20 21 22
Go to Page . . .
STOP
275 269 273 273 290

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The Asian World 400–1500

Section 1 China Reunified

c. 600 802 c. 1000

500 700 900

THE WORLD 565 c. 800

The Tang Dynasty

70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E

1. Location What was the length of the

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 265

589 618 690 755

266 SECTION 1 China Reunified

907 960 1127 1211

1. Summarizing What pattern is shown by the rise

(t) akg-images, (b) Roger-Viollet/The Image Works

1. Making Generalizations How did the

268 SECTION 1 China Reunified

Due in large part to their military prowess, the Mongols rose to

The Mongols brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a

Border of the Mongol Empire

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 271

THE MONGOL DYNASTY IN CHINA

The Yuan Dynasty included most (Y

AL In 1279 Kublai Khan, grandson of

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 273

The Development of Printing in China

1. Drawing Inferences What effect

(l) Bettmann/CORBIS, (r) The British Library/HIP/The Image Works

Painting and Ceramics Critical Thinking

A Mongol tumen moved very

Each cavalry rider had two to

THE MONGOLS ON THE MOVE

Children were taught how

Cavalry members were equipped with

MONGOL MEALS 1. Evaluating What do you

Kuri 0 200 miles

Chinese Influences rural village was the basic unit of govern-

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 279

Mongol emperor Kublai Khan expected an easy victory when he attacked

40°N Sea of JAPAN

Khanbalik (East Sea) Mongol dynasty in 1260

(Beijing) Edo PACIFIC

Mongol acquisitions by 1279

KOREA Mongol campaigns

e 1274 Present-day China

AAAC/Topham/The Image Works

Collapse of Central Rule The Role of Women

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 281

The Tale of Genji covers four generations of a fictitious imperial

“The young Prince, whom we now style Genji (the Gen),

Religion in Early Japan Culture in Early Japan

282 SECTION 3 Early Japan and Korea

The Decline of Buddhism

The Impact of Religions on India

Aum symbol Dharma wheel Star and crescent

HINDUISM BUDDHISM ISLAM

• Temples with towers • Stupas and pillars • Architecture

1. Analyzing Why would Buddhism and

CHAPTER 8 The Asian World 285