Measurement of Angles and Direction: Reference: Elementary Surveying 3rd Edition by Juny Pilapil La Putt

MEASUREMENT OF
ANGLES AND
DIRECTION
Reference: Elementary Surveying 3rd Edition by Juny Pilapil La Putt

Direction of Lines
• The direction of a line is defined as the
horizontal angle the line makes with an
established line of reference.
• In surveying, directions may be defined by
means of: interior angles, deflection
angles, angles to the right, bearings,
and azimuths.
Interior Angles
• Angles between adjacent lines in a closed
polygon.
• An interior angle greater than 180 degrees
is referred to as a re-entrant angle.
• For any closed polygon, the sum of the
interior angles is equal to (n-2)x180
degrees, were n is the number of sides.
Interior Angles
As shown in Figure
1, angles a, b, c, d,
and e are the interior
angles. Angle e is a
Figure 1. Interior angles re-entrant angle.
Also, the sum of the
interior angles is
(5-2) x 180 = 540
degreees.
Interior Angles
• Exterior angles are located outside a
closed polygon and are referred to as
explements of interior angles.
• An explement is the difference between
360 degrees and any one angle.
Deflection Angles
• Angle between a line and a prolongation of
the preceding line.
• It may be turned to the right (clockwise,
positive) or to the left (counterclockwise,
negative) and it is always necessary to
append the letters R or L to the numerical
value to determine the direction in which
the angle has been turned.
Deflection Angles
Figure 2. Deflection angles

Deflection Angles
• In Figure 2, angles b(R), c(L), and d(R) are
deflection angles.
• Deflection angles may have a value of 0 to
180 degrees, but often are not used in
angles greater than 90 degrees.
• In any closed polygon, the algebraic sum
of the deflection angles should always be
equal to 360 degrees.
Angles to the Right
• Measured clockwise from the preceding
line to the succeeding line. In Figure 3,
angles b, c, and d are angles to the right.
Figure 3. Angles to the right

Bearings
• Acute horizontal angle between the
reference meridian and the line.
Figure 4. Quadrantal system for defining bearings

Bearings
• Either the letters N or S precedes the
bearing angle and the letters E or W
follows the indicated value of the angle.
• In Figure 4, the N-S line is called the
reference meridian while the E-W line is
called the reference parallel.
Bearings
• Quadrants 1, 2, 3, and 4 are called the
North-East, North-West, South-West, and
South-East quadrants, respectively.
Bearings
Figure 5. Bearings
Bearings
• Line pa = N 44°30’ E
• Line pb = N 50°15’ E
• Line pc = Due South
• Line pd = S 60°16’ W
• Line pe = Due West
• Line pf = N 20°40’ W
Forward and Back Bearings
• Forward bearing – bearing of a line is
observed in the direction in which the
survey progresses
• Back bearing – observed in the opposite
direction of the survey
Figure 6. Forward and back bearings

Azimuths
• The azimuth of a line is its direction given
by the angle between the meridian and the
line measured in a clockwise direction
from either the north or south branch of
the meridian.
• It may range from 0 to 360 degrees and
letters are not required to identify
quadrants.
Azimuths
• Since both the north and south branches
are used, it is important to always specify
and record which branch is used
whenever azimuths are recorded.
Azimuths
Figure 7. Azimuth from north

Azimuths
• Line pa = 45°10’
• Line pb = 145°05’
• Line pc = 230°52’
• Line pd = 342°48’
Azimuths
Figure 8. Azimuth from south

Azimuth
• Line pa = 56°18’
• Line pb = 155°44’
• Line pc = 225°29’
• Line pd = 270°00’
• Line pe = 325°05’
Forward and Back Azimuths
• Rule 1 – If the forward azimuth of the line
is greater than 180 degrees, subtract 180
degrees to obtain the back azimuth
• Rule 2 – When the forward azimuth of the
line is less than 180 degrees, add 180
degrees to obtain the back azimuth
Figure 9. Forward and back azimuths

Quiz
1. (Interior angles, 3 pts) What is the sum of
the interior angles of a polygon with 20
sides?
2. (Bearings, 5 pts) Lines OA and OB meet
at point O. Line OA has a bearing of N
39°25’ E while Line OB has a bearing of
N 75°50’ E. What is the measurement of
angle AOB?
Quiz
For numbers 2 – 4, refer to Figure Q.1.
Figure Q.1.
Quiz
Angle 1 = N 45°00’ E
Angle 2 = 120° (azimuth observed from
north)
Angle 3 = 210° (azimuth observed from
south)
Angle 4 = S 75°00’ E
Quiz
2. (Deflection angles, 7 pts) What is the
deflection angle to the right from Line GH
to Line HI?
3. (Bearings, 12 pts) What is the bearing of
Line HI? Line IJ? (Note: there are 2
answers for each line, both forward and
back bearing)
Quiz
4. (Azimuths, 13 pts) What is the azimuth
observed from north of Line IJ? (Note: two
answers, forward and back azimuths)

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MEASUREMENT OF

Reference: Elementary Surveying 3rd Edition by Juny Pilapil La Putt

Figure 2. Deflection angles

Figure 3. Angles to the right

Figure 4. Quadrantal system for defining bearings

Figure 6. Forward and back bearings

Figure 7. Azimuth from north

Figure 8. Azimuth from south

Figure 9. Forward and back azimuths

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