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ng

FURTHER MATHEMATICS/MATHEMATICS (ELECTIVE)

AIMS OF THE SYLLABUS

The aims of the syllabus are to test candidates’

(i) development of further conceptual and manipulative skills in Mathematics;

(ii) understanding of an intermediate course of study which bridges the gap between
Elementary Mathematics and Higher Mathematics;

(iii) acquisition of aspects of Mathematics that can meet the needs of potential
Mathematicians, Engineers, Scientists and other professionals.

(iv) ability to analyse data and draw valid conclusion

(v) logical, abstract and precise reasoning skills.

EXAMINATION SCHEME

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which must be taken.

PAPER 1: will consist of forty multiple-choice objective questions, covering the entire
syllabus. Candidates will be required to answer all questions in 1 hours for 40
marks. The questions will be drawn from the sections of the syllabus as follows:

Pure Mathematics - 30 questions

Statistics and probability - 4 questions

Vectors and Mechanics - 6 questions

PAPER 2: will consist of two sections, Sections A and B, to be answered in 2 hours for 100
marks.

Section A will consist of eight compulsory questions that areelementary in type for 48
marks. The questions shall be distributed as follows:

Pure Mathematics - 4 questions

Statistics and Probability - 2 questions

Vectors and Mechanics - 2 questions

Section B will consist of seven questions of greater length and difficulty put into three
parts:Parts I, II and III as follows:

Part I: Pure Mathematics - 3 questions

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Part II: Statistics and Probability - 2 questions

Part III: Vectors and Mechanics - 2 questions

Candidates will be required to answer four questions with at least one from each
part for 52 marks.

DETAILED SYLLABUS

In addition to the following topics, more challenging questions may be set on topics in the
General Mathematics/Mathematics (Core) syllabus.

In the column for CONTENTS, more detailed information on the topics to be tested is given
while the limits imposed on the topics are stated under NOTES.

Topics which are marked with asterisks shall be tested in Section B of Paper 2 only.

KEY:

* Topics peculiar to Ghana only.

** Topics peculiar to Nigeria only

Topics Content Notes

I. Pure Mathematics

(1) Sets (i) Idea of a set defined by a (x : x is real), ∪, ∩, { },∉, ∈,

property, Set notations and their ⊂, ⊆,
meanings.
(ii) Disjoint sets, Universal set and U (universal set) and
complement of set A’ (Complement of set A).

(iii) Venn diagrams, Use of sets More challenging problems

And Venn diagrams to solve involving union, intersection,
problems. the universal set, subset and
complement of set.

(iv) Commutative and Associative Three set problems. Use of De

laws, Distributive properties Morgan’s laws to solve related
over union and intersection. problems

(2) Surds Surds of the form √ , a√ and All the four operations on surds
a+b√ where a is rational, b is a Rationalising the denominator
√
positive integer and n is not a of surds such as , ,
√ √
perfect square.
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√
(3) Binary Operations √ √
.
Properties:
Closure, Commutativity, Use of properties to solve
Associativity and Distributivity, related problems.
Identity elements and inverses.

(4) Logical Reasoning (i) Rule of syntax:

true or false statements, Using logical reasoning to
rule of logic applied to determine the validity of
arguments, implications and compound statements involving
deductions. implications and connectivities.
Include use of symbols: ~P
p ν q, p ∧ q, p ⇒ q
(ii) The truth table
Use of Truth tables to deduce
conclusions of compound
statements. Include negation.
(5) Functions (i) Domain and co-domain of a
function. The notation e.g. f : x →
3x+4;
(ii) One-to-one, onto, identity and g : x → x2 ; where x ∈R.
constant mapping;
Graphical representation of a
function ; Image and the
range.
(iii) Inverse of a function.
Determination of the inverse of
a one-to-one function e.g. If
f: x →sx + , the inverse
relation f-1: x → x - is also a
function.
(iv) Composite of functions.
Notation: fog(x) =f(g(x))
Restrict to simple algebraic
functions only.
(6) Polynomial (i) Linear Functions, Equations and
Functions Inequality Recognition and sketching of
graphs of linear functions and
equations.
Gradient and intercepts forms
of linear equations i.e.
ax + by + c = 0; y = mx + c;
+ = k. Parallel and
Perpendicular lines. Linear
Inequalities e.g. 2x + 5y ≤ 1,
x + 3y ≥ 3
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Graphical representation of
linear inequalities in two
variables. Application to Linear
Programming.
(ii) Quadratic Functions, Equations
and Inequalities Recognition and sketching
graphs of quadratic functions
e.g.
f: x → ax2 +bx + c, where a, b
and c Є R.
Identification of vertex, axis of
symmetry, maximum and
minimum, increasing and
decreasing parts of a parabola.
Include values of x for which
f(x) >0 or f(x) < 0.
Solution of simultaneous
equations: one linear and one
quadratic. Method of
completing the squares for
solving quadratic equations.
Express f(x) = ax2 + bx + c in
the form f(x) = a(x + d)2 + k,
where k is the maximum or
minimum value. Roots of
quadratic equations – equal
roots (b2 - 4ac = 0), real and
unequal roots (b2 – 4ac > 0),
imaginary roots (b2 – 4ac < 0);
sum and product of roots of a
quadratic equation e.g. if the
roots of the equation 3x2 + 5x
+ 2 = 0 are and β, form the
equation whose roots are and
. Solving quadratic
inequalities.
(ii) Cubic Functions and Equations
Recognition of cubic functions
e.g. f: x → ax3 + bx2 +cx + d.
Drawing graphs of cubic
functions for a given range.
Factorization of cubic
expressions and solution of
cubic equations. Factorization
of a3 ± b3. Basic operations on
polynomials, the remainder and
factor theorems i.e. the
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remainder when f(x) is divided

by f(x – a) = f(a). When f(a) is
zero, then (x – a) is a factor of
f(x).

(7) Rational Functions (i) Rational functions of the form

( ) g(x) may be factorised into
Q(x) = !( ,g(x) ≠ 0.
)
linear and quadratic factors
where g(x) and f(x) are (Degree of Numerator less than
polynomials. e.g.
that of denominator which is
f:x → less than or equal to 4).
" # $ %
The four basic operations.
Zeros, domain and range,
sketching not required.
(ii) Resolution of rational
functions into partial
fractions.

(8) Indices and

(i) Indices
Logarithmic Laws of indices.
Functions Application of the laws of
indices to evaluating products,
quotients, powers and nth root.
Solve equations involving
indices.
(ii) Logarithms
Laws of Logarithms. Application
of logarithms in calculations
involving product, quotients,
power (log an), nth roots (log
1/n
√&, log a ).
Solve equations involving
logarithms (including change of
base).
Reduction of a relation such as
y = axb, (a,b are constants) to
a linear form:
log10y = b log10x+log10a.
Consider other examples such
as
log abx = log a + x log b;
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log (ab)x = x(log a + log b)

= x log ab
*Drawing and interpreting
graphs of logarithmic functions
e.g. y = axb. Estimating the
values of the constants a and b
from the graph

(9) Permutation (i) Simple cases of arrangements Knowledge of arrangement and

And Combinations.
selection is expected. The
notations: nCr, '(%) and nPr for
(ii) Simple cases of selection of selection and arrangement
objects. respectively should be noted
and used. e.g. arrangement of
students in a row, drawing balls
from a box with or without
replacements.
n
pr = n!
(n-r)!
n
Cr= n!
r!(n-r)!

Expansion of (a + b)n.
(10) Binomial Use of (1+x)n ≈1+nx for any Use of the binomial theorem for
Theorem rational n, where x is sufficiently positive integral index only.
small. e.g (0.998)1/3 Proof of the theorem not
required.

(i) Finite and Infinite sequences.

(11) Sequences e.g. (i) u1, u2,…, un.
and Series (ii) u1, u2,….
(ii) Linear sequence/Arithmetic
Progression (A.P.) and Recognizing the pattern of a
Exponential sequence. e.g.
sequence/Geometric (i) Un = U1 + (n-1)d, where
Progression (G.P.) d is the common difference.
(ii) Un= U1 rn-1 where r is the
common ratio.

(iii) Finite and Infinite series.

(i) U1 + U2 + U3 + … + Un
(ii)U1 + U2 + U3 + ….
(iv) Linear series (sum of A.P.) and
exponential series (sum of (
(i) Sn = (U1+Un)
G.P.) (
(ii) Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
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(iii) Sn= U1(1-rn) , r<1

l-r

(iv) Sn=U1(rn-1) , r>l.

r–1
(v) Sum to infinity (S) = %
r<1
*(v) Recurrence Series
Generating the terms of a
recurrence series and finding
an explicit formula for the
sequence e.g. 0.9999 =
*
+ *# + *+ + *, + ....
(12) Matrices and (i) Matrices
Linear
Transformation Concept of a matrix – state the
order of a matrix and indicate
the type.
Equal matrices – If two
matrices are equal, then their
corresponding elements are
equal. Use of equality to find
missing entries of given
matrices
Addition and subtraction of
matrices (up to 3 x 3 matrices).
Multiplication of a matrix by a
scalar and by a matrix (up to 3
(ii) Determinants x 3 matrices)

Evaluation of determinants of
2 x 2 matrices.
**Evaluation of determinants of
3 x 3 matrices.

Application of determinants to
solution of simultaneous linear
(iii) Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrices equations.

&
e.g. If A = , then
- .
. −
(iv) Linear Transformation A-1 =
−- &

Finding the images of points

under given linear
transformation
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Determining the matrices of

given linear transformation.
Finding the inverse of a linear
transformation (restrict to 2 x 2
matrices).
Finding the composition of
linear transformation.
Recognizing the Identity
transformation.
1 0
(i) reflection in the
0 −1
x - axis
−1 0
(ii) reflection in the
0 1
y - axis
0 1
(iii) reflection in the line
1 0
y=x
cos 5 − sin 5
(iv) for anti-
sin 5 cos 5
clockwise rotation through θ
about the origin.
-8925 sin 25
(v) , the
9; 25 −-8925
general matrix for reflection in
a line through the origin
making an angle θ with the
positive x-axis.
*Finding the equation of the
image of a line under a given
linear transformation

(13) Trigonometry (i) Trigonometric Ratios and Rules

Sine, Cosine and Tangent of
general angles (0o≤θ≤360o).
Identify trigonometric ratios of
angles 30O, 45O, 60o without
use of tables.
Use basic trigonometric ratios
and reciprocals to prove given
trigonometric identities.
Evaluate sine, cosine and
tangent of negative angles.
Convert degrees into radians
and vice versa.
Application to real life situations
such as heights and distances,
perimeters, solution of
triangles, angles of elevation
and depression,
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bearing(negative and positive

angles) including use of sine
and cosine rules, etc,
Simple cases only.
(ii) Compound and Multiple
Angles. sin (A± B),cos (A ± B),
tan(A ± B).
Use of compound angles in
simple identities and solution of
trigonometric ratios e.g. finding
sin 75o, cos 150oetc, finding tan
45o without using mathematical
tables or calculators and
leaving your answer as a surd,
etc.
Use of simple trigonometric
identities to find trigonometric
ratios of compound and
multiple angles (up to 3A).
(iii) Trigonometric Functions and
Equations
Relate trigonometric ratios to
Cartesian Coordinates of points
(x, y) on the circle x2 + y2 = r2.
f:x →sin x,
g: x → a cos x + b sin x = c.
Graphs of sine, cosine, tangent
and functions of the form
asinx + bcos x. Identifying
maximum and minimum point,
increasing and decreasing
portions. Graphical solutions of
simple trigonometric equations
e.g. asin x + bcos x = k.
Solve trigonometric equations
up to quadratic equations e.g.
2sin2x – sin x – 3 =0, for 0o ≤ x
≤ 360o.
*Express f(x) = asin x + bcos x
in the form Rcos (x ± ) or Rsin
(x ± ) for 0o ≤ ≤ 90oand use
the result to calculate the
minimum and maximum points
of a given functions.
(14) Co-ordinate (i) Straight Lines
Geometry
Mid-point of a line segment
Coordinates of points which
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divides a given line in a given

ratio.
Distance between two points;
Gradient of a line;
Equation of a line:
(i) Intercept form;
(ii) Gradient form;
Conditions for parallel and
perpendicular lines.
Calculate the acute angle
between two intersecting lines
e.g. if m1 and m2 are the
gradients of two intersecting
= =
lines, then tan θ = >= =# . If
> #
m1m2 = -1, then the lines are
perpendicular.
*The distance from an external
point P(x1, y1) to a given line
ax + by + c using the formula
d = | > # ># |.
√
(ii) Conic Sections

Loci of variable points which

move under given conditions
Equation of a circle:
(i) Equation in terms of
centre, (a, b), and
radius, r,
(x - a)2+(y - b)2 = r2;
(ii) The general form:
x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c = 0, where
(-g, -f) is the centre and radius,
r = √& + − -.
Tangents and normals to circles
Equations of parabola in
rectangular Cartesian
coordinates (y2 = 4ax, include
parametric equations (at2, at)).
Finding the equation of a
tangent and normal to a
parabola at a given point.
*Sketch graphs of given
parabola and find the equation
(15) Differentiation of the axis of symmetry.
(i) The idea of a limit

(i) Intuitive treatment of limit.

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Relate to the gradient of

a curve. e.g. f1(x) =
( C) ( )
limC→* .
C
(ii) The derivative of a function
(ii) Its meaning and its
determination from first
principles (simple cases
only).
e.g. axn + b, n ≤ 3, (n ∈I )
(iii)Differentiation of polynomials
e.g. axm – bxm - 1+ ...+k, where
m Є I , k is a constant.
(iv) Differentiation of trigonometric
Functions
e.g. sin x, y = a sin x ± b cos
x. Where a, b are constants.
(v) Product and quotient rules.
Differentiation of implicit
functions such as
including polynomials of the
ax2 + by2 = c
form (a + bxn)m.
**(vi) Differentiation of
Transcendental Functions
e.g. y = eax, y = log 3x,
y = ln x
(vii) Second order derivatives and
Rates of change and small
changes (∆x), Concept of
(i) The equation of a tangent to
Maxima and Minima
a curve at a point.

(ii) Restrict turning points to

maxima and minima.

(iii)Include curve sketching (up

to cubic functions) and linear
(16) Integration
kinematics.
(i) Indefinite Integral

(i) Integration of polynomials of

the form axn; n ≠ -1. i.e.
E >
∫xn dx = (
+ c, n ≠ -1.

(ii) Integration of sum and

difference of polynomials.
e.g. ∫(4x3+3x2-6x+5) dx

**(iii)Integration of polynomials
of the form axn; n = -1.
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-1
i.e. ∫ x dx = ln x
(ii) Definite Integral

Simple problems on integration

by substitution.
Integration of simple
trigonometric functions of the
(iii) Applications of the Definite form F sin G .G .
Integral
(i) Plane areas and Rate of
Change. Include linear
kinematics.
Relate to the area under a
curve.

(ii)Volume of solid of revolution

II. Statistics and (iii) Approximation restricted to
Probability trapezium rule.
(17) Statistics
(i) Tabulation and Graphical
representation of data
Frequency tables.
Cumulative frequency tables.
Histogram (including unequal
class intervals).
Cumulative frequency curve
(Ogive) for grouped data.
(ii) Measures of location

Central tendency: mean,

median, mode, quartiles and
percentiles.
Mode and modal group for
grouped data from a histogram.
Median from grouped data.
Mean for grouped data (use of
(iii) Measures of Dispersion an assumed mean required).

Determination of:
(i) Range, Inter- Quartile and
Semi inter-quartile range
from an Ogive.

(ii) Mean deviation, variance

and standard deviation for
grouped and ungrouped
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data. Using an assumed

(iv)Correlation mean or true mean.

Scatter diagrams, use of line of

best fit to predict one variable
from another, meaning of
correlation; positive, negative
and zero correlations,.
Spearman’s Rank coefficient.
Use data without ties.
*Equation of line of best fit by
least square method. (Line of
(18) Probability regression of y on x).
(i) Meaning of probability.

Tossing 2 dice once; drawing

from a box with or without
(ii) Relative frequency. replacement.

Equally likely events, mutually

exclusive, independent and
(iii) Calculation of Probability using conditional events.
simple sample spaces.
Include the probability of an
event considered as the
(iv) Addition and multiplication of probability of a set.
probabilities.

(v) Probability distributions.

(i) Binomial distribution

P(x=r)=nCrprqn-r , where
Probability of success = p,
Probability of failure = q,
p + q = 1 and n is the
number of trials. Simple
problems only.

**(ii) Poisson distribution

H I JK
P(x) = !
, where λ = np,
III. Vectors and
Mechanics n is large and p is small.

(19) Vectors
(i) Definitions of scalar and vector
Quantities.

(ii) Representation of Vectors.

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Representation of vector ' ) in

the form ai + bj.
(iii) Algebra of Vectors.
Addition and subtraction,
multiplication of vectors by
vectors, scalars and equation of
vectors. Triangle, Parallelogram
and polygon Laws.

(iv) Commutative, Associative and Illustrate through diagram,

Distributive Properties. Illustrate by solving problems in
elementary plane geometry e.g
con-currency of medians and
diagonals.

(v) Unit vectors. The notation:

i for the unit vector 1 and
0
j for the unit vector 0
1
along the x and y axes
respectively. Calculation of unit
vector (â) along a i.e. â = | |.

(vi) Position Vectors. Position vector of A relative to

PPPPPQ.
O is NO
Position vector of the midpoint
of a line segment. Relate to
coordinates of mid-point of a
line segment.
*Position vector of a point that
divides a line segment
internally in the ratio (λ : μ).
(vii) Resolution and Composition
Applying triangle,
of Vectors.
parallelogram and polygon laws
to composition of forces acting
at a point. e.g. find the
resultant of two forces (12N,
030o) and (8N, 100o) acting at
a point.
*Find the resultant of vectors
by scale drawing.

Finding angle between two

vectors.
(viii) Scalar (dot) product and its
Using the dot product to
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application. establish such trigonometric

formulae as
(i) Cos (a ± b) =
cos a cos b ∓ sin a sin b

(ii) sin (a ± b)=

sin a cos b ± sin b cosa

(iii) c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C

STU V STU W STU Y

(iv) = = .

**(ix) Vector (cross) product and

its application.

(20) Statics
(i) Definition of a force.

(ii) Representation of forces.

(iii) Composition and resolution of

coplanar forces acting at a
point.

(iv) Composition and resolution of

general coplanar forces on
rigid bodies.

Apply to simple problems e.g.

(v) Equilibrium of Bodies.
suspension of particles by
strings.
(vi) Determination of Resultant.
Resultant of forces, Lami’s
theorem
(vii) Moments of forces.
Using the principles of
moments to solve related
problems.
(viii) Friction.
Distinction between smooth
and rough planes.
Determination of the coefficient
of friction.

(21) Dynamics
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(i) The concepts of motion The definitions of displacement,

velocity, acceleration and
speed.
Composition of velocities and
accelerations.

(ii) Equations of Motion Rectilinear motion.

Newton’s laws of motion.
Application of Newton’s Laws
Motion along inclined planes
(resolving a force upon a plane
into normal and frictional
forces).
Motion under gravity (ignore air
resistance).
Application of the equations of
motions: V = u + at,
S = ut + ½ at 2;
v2 = u2 + 2as.

(iii) The impulse and momentum Conservation of Linear

equations: Momentum(exclude coefficient
of restitution).
Distinguish between
momentum and impulse.

**(iv) Projectiles. Objects projected at an angle

to the horizontal.

1. UNITS
Candidates should be familiar with the following units and their symbols.

( 1 ) Length
1000 millimetres (mm) = 100 centimetres (cm) = 1 metre(m).
1000 metres = 1 kilometre (km)

( 2 ) Area
10,000 square metres (m2) = 1 hectare (ha)

( 3 ) Capacity
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1000 cubic centimeters (cm3) = 1 litre (l)

( 4 ) Mass
1000 milligrammes (mg) = 1 gramme (g)

1000 grammes (g) = 1 kilogramme( kg )

1000 ogrammes (kg) = 1 tonne.

( 5) Currencies

The Gambia – 100 bututs (b) = 1 Dalasi (D)

Ghana - 100 Ghana pesewas (Gp) = 1 Ghana Cedi ( GH¢)

Liberia - 100 cents (c) = 1 Liberian Dollar (LD)

Nigeria - 100 kobo (k) = 1 Naira (N)
Sierra Leone - 100 cents (c) = 1 Leone (Le)
UK - 100 pence (p) = 1 pound (£)
USA - 100 cents (c) = 1 dollar ($)
French Speaking territories 100 centimes (c) = 1 Franc (fr)
Any other units used will be defined.

2. OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION

( 1) Use of Mathematical and Statistical Tables

Mathematics and Statistical tables, published or approved by WAEC may be used in the
examination room. Where the degree of accuracy is not specified in a question, the
degree of accuracy expected will be that obtainable from the mathematical tables.

(2) Use of calculators

The use of non-programmable, silent and cordless calculators is allowed. The calculators
must, however not have a paper print out nor be capable of receiving/sending
any information. Phones with or without calculators are not allowed.

(3) Other Materials Required for the examination

Candidates should bring rulers, pairs of compasses, protractors, set squares etc required
for papers of the subject. They will not be allowed to borrow such instruments and any
other material from other candidates in the examination hall.
Graph papers ruled in 2mm squares will be provided for any paper in which it is
required.

( 4) Disclaimer
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In spite of the provisions made in paragraphs 2 (1) and (2) above, it should be noted
that some questions may prohibit the use of tables and/or calculators.