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Java Generics Cheat Sheet: Producer Extends Consumer Super (PECS)

This document provides a cheat sheet on Java generics including basics like type parameters, wildcards, producer extends consumer super, method overloading, and more advanced topics like recursive generics, intersection types, and covariance.

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Balaji Vengatesh
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893 views1 page

Java Generics Cheat Sheet: Producer Extends Consumer Super (PECS)

This document provides a cheat sheet on Java generics including basics like type parameters, wildcards, producer extends consumer super, method overloading, and more advanced topics like recursive generics, intersection types, and covariance.

Uploaded by

Balaji Vengatesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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For m ore

awesom
Java Generics cheat sheet vis it rebe e cheat s heets
ll abs.org!

Basics Producer Extends Consumer Super (PECS) Method Overloading


Generics don’t exist at runtime! Collections.copy(List<? super T> dest, List<? extends T> src) String f(Object s) {
return "object";
class Pair<T1, T2> { /* ... */ } src -- contains elements of type T or its subtypes. }
-- the type parameter section, in angle String f(String s) {
dest -- accepts elements, so defined to use T or its supertypes. return "string";
brackets, specifies type variables.
}
Type parameters are substituted when <T> String generic(T t) {
Consumers are contravariant (use super). Producers are covariant (use extends).
objects are instantiated. return f(t);
}
Pair<String, Long> p1 = new
Pair<String, Long> ("RL", 43L); If called generic("string") returns "object".

Avoid verbosity with the diamond operator:


Pair<String, Long> p1 =
Recursive generics
new Pair<>("RL", 43L); Recursive generics add constraints to
your type variables. This helps the compiler
to better understand your types and API.
Wildcards
interface Cloneable<T extends
Collection<Object> - heterogenous,
Cloneable<T>> {
any object goes in.
T clone();
Collection<?> - homogenous collection
}
of arbitrary type.
Now cloneable.clone().clone()
Avoid using wildcards in return types! will compile.

Intersection types Covariance


<T extends Object & List<Number> > ArrayList<Integer>
Comparable<? super T>> T
max(Collection<? extends T> coll) Collections are
not covariant!
The return type here is Object!

Compiler generates the bytecode


for the most general method only.

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