r)aykarN_sþIBI

karsikSaBInirnþrPaBkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;
RbCaensaT nig ksikr
enAPUmi
ekaHb£sSI XMuRbLaymas RsukkMBg;Elg
extþkMBg;qñaMg

]btßmÖeday
KMeragKaMRTdl;karRKb;RKgFnFanvarICatikñúgtMbn;
shkarCamYy
kariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaTénnaykdæanClpl nig
kmµviFI esál

sIha 2002
 esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
RkumsikSasþIBIkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;RbCaCnPUmiekaHb£sSI XMuRbLaymasRsukkMBg;Elg
extþkMBg;qñaMg sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH ³
-m©as;KMerag STREAM EdlCaGñkpþl;karKaMRTdl;RkumsikSaRsavRCavkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;
RbCaCnRkIRk eGaymandMeNIrkarBIcab;epþImrhUtdl;)anbBa©b; .
- elak elakRsI RkumsMrbsMrYlkmµviFI SCALE )ancuHmkCYybNþúHbNþalGMBIrebob
RsavRCav RbmUl Bt’man viFIsa®sþsMrbsMrYl nig eFVICaGñksegátkarpþl;nUvRbwkSal¥²eFVIeGay
dMeNIrkarcuHRsavRCav RbRBwtþieTA cMeKalbMNgEdl)aneRKagTuk .
kariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaTénnaykdæanClplEdl)ansMrbsMrYleGaymandMe
NIr kar .
- GaCJaFrEdndI PUmi XMu Edl)anbgálkçN³gayRsYl nig karRbmUlpþúMGñkPUmi
karsñak;enA kar pþl;Bt’manCMrujeGaykarcuHsikSa)andMeNIrkarl¥ .
-RbCaCnkñúgPUmiekaHb£sSITaMgGs;EdlcMNayeBlevlaBIkic©karciBa©wmCIvitedIm,Imk
cUlrYmpþl; nUvmtieyabl; nig cg¥úlbgðajenAcMNucxøaMg cMNucexSay esckþIRtUvkar
PaBrgeRKaH nig karERbRbYlkñúgmux rbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi ktþaxagelIenH)anCMrujelIk
Twkcitþdl;RkumkargarcuHRsavRCav)anRbRBwtþieTATTYl)andMeNIrkarcb;cugcb;edIm .
RkumsikSa
- elak G‘uy esaPa ClplextþþkMBg;qñaMg
- elakRsI QMu can;sux kic©karnarIextþkMBg;qñaMg
- elak hY bUNa ClplextþkMBg;qñaMg
- elakRsI hgS can;far:a kic©karnarIextþkMBg;qñaMg
- kBaØa mIu can;FU mnÞIrksikmµrukçaRbmaj; nig
ensaTextþkMBg;qñaMg
- kBaØa Gwug sulkçiNa naykdæanClpl
- elak Gwum esdæa ClplextþkMBg;qñaMg
RkumBieRKaHeyabl; ¬esál ¦
- elak ehg da
- GñkRsI yI c½nÞFarI
- elak h‘un cinþa
 matikar
matikar
segçb nigsnñidæan 1
1-bribTénkarsikSa
1>1 TItaMgPUmisaRsþ 3
1>2 RbvtþiPUmi 4
2-lT§pl
2>1 karcat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi 7
2>2 FnFansMxan;²rbs;PUmi 9
2>2>1 FnFanmnusS 9
2>2>2 FnFanehdæarcnasm<n§½ 9
2>2>3 FnFanFmµCati 9
2>2>4 FnFansgÁm 13
2>2>5 FnFanhirBaØvtßú 18
2>3 PaBrgeRKaH 20
2>4 sßabn½ nig dMeNIrkar 25
2>5 yuT§saRsþciBa©wmCIvit 28
2>6 karviPaKedayeyageTAtamKMeragnirnþrPaBénkarciBa©wmCIvit 35
3-karsnñidæan 35

tarag
tarag1³ Rbvtþikal 5
tarag2³ cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi 7
tarag3³ FnFansMxan;²rbs;PUmi 19
tarag4³ karviPaKelIsßabn½ nigdMeNIrkar 25
tarag5³ EpnkarCYsCulRbBn§½eRsacRsB 34

rUbPaB³
v
rUbPaBTI1³ TItaMgRsukkMBg;Elg 2
rUbPaBTI2³ EpnTIkat;TTwg 11
rUbPaBTI3³ EpnTIFnFan 12
rUbPaBTI4³ EpnTIsgÁm 15
rUbPaBTI5³ Ev:ndüaRkamburs 16
rUbPaBTI6³ Ev:ndüaRkamRsþI 17
rUbPaBTI7³ karERbRbYl 23
rUbPaBTI8³ rdUvkal burs 30
rUbPaBTI9³ rdUvkalRsþI 31
rUbPaBTI10³ karviPaKbBaða 33

v
 segçb nigsnñidæanCadMbUg
karsikSasþIBIkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;RbCaensaT nigksikrenAPUmiekaHbJsSI)anpþl;eGayRkum
eyIg´dwgc,as;tamry³énkarpþl;B’tmanBIdMeNIrkarrs;enArbs;GñkPUmi.BYkKat;sµ½RKcitþcMNayeBlevla
ry³eBl 5 éf¶cab;taMgBIéf¶TI 27 Ex mifuna dl;éf¶TI 01 Ex kkáda qñaM 2002 edIm,IcUlrYm eFVIkarCamYy
RkumeyIg´. RkumsikSa)aneFVIkarCamYyGñkPUmiRbmaNBI 15 nak;eTA 60 nak; man TaMg burs RsþI ekµg
cas;RBwT§acarü EdltMNageGayGñkPUmi TaMg 135 RKYsar .
karsikSa)anGnuvtþeTAtamkmµviFIEdlRkumsMrbsMrYlrbs;GgÁkar SCALE bgðat;beRgontam
viFIsaRsþ PRA enAmUldæan nig mankarCYy]btßmÖBI STREAM nig DFID . karpþl;Bt’manCaeRcInnUv
skmµPaBBIkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi RkumsikSaeyIg´)anRbmUlpþúMerobcMcgRkg edIm,IsresrCar)aykarN_ .
eKalbMNgsMxan;rbs;RkumsikSaKW edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaBeGayGñkPUmiekaHbJsSI eFVIkarbgðajBIkMrit
CIvPaBrs;enA / karlM)ak karTTYl\T§iBlBIxageRkA nig esckþIRtUvkarkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ nigeBl GnaKt
dl;mCÄdæanxageRkA .
PUmiekaHbJsSImanmuxrbrsMxan;KWeFVIcMkarEdlmanépÞdI 299 hikta karensaTRtI nig eFVIERsR)aMg
61/8 hikta . eRkABIenH BYkKat;manmuxrbrbnÞab;bnSMmYycMnYneTotdUcCakar t,ajEfb Cag CYsCul . l.
kMrityl;dwgkñúgkareRbIR)as;CMnajepSg²KWeRbIeTAtamTMlab;ecHt²KñaBuMmankareronsURtBIbec©keTs
c,as;las;elIral;muxrbrRbcaMéf¶rbs;BYkKat; .
kñúgPUmimanFnFanFmµCatiCaeRcIndUcCabwg 1kEnøg manTenøCapøÚvKmnaKmn_d_sMxan;EdlGacensaT
RtI)an nig CaRbPBpþl;TwkeRsacRsB cMkarb¤ERsR)aMg .
TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIsasna nig karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgeBlmanBiFIb¤Fur³epSg²kñúgPUmiBiess
karRbvas;édKñarvagGñkmanmeFüa)ay nig GñkmankMlaMgBlkmµkñúgrdUveFVIcMkarERs . karkarBarRbPB
FnFanFmµCatiBYkKat;)anbegáItCashKmn_ensaT edIm,ITTYlxusRtUvnigRKb;RKg. begáItCa KN³kmµkarPUmi
edIm,ICabEg¥krwgmaM kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaekItmaneLIgkñúgPUmi.
skmµPaBnigkarERbRbYlepSg²RtUv)anbgðajkñúgrdUvkalelIkargarepSgBIKñab¤dUcKñarvag burs nig
RsþI . rIÉkarERbRbYlelIFnFan BwtþikarN_epSg²rbs;BYkKat;)anbgðajelIdüaRkamcMnYn 8 sþIBIbMErbMrYlkMeNIn
RbCaCnkarERbRbYlBIpldMNaMkarfycuHénbrimaNRtIkñúgFmµCatikarERbRbYltMélksipl karbMpøajénstVl¥it
elIpldMNaM kareRbIR)as;fñaMBul kar)ak;dIRcaMgTenø nig kar eRbIR)as;eKaynþ CaedIm .
plb:HBal;F¶n;F¶reTAGnaKtEdlKYreGayRBYy)armÖKWkMeNInRbCaCnkar)ak;RcaMgTenø
1
 stVl¥itbMpøajdMNaM plb:HBal;nigkareRbIR)as;fñaMBlu ksikmµ . eRkABIenHenAmanCYbkarlM)akCa eRcIneTot
dUcCaxVHTIpSarlk;plitpl edayQµÜjkMNt;tMéleRscEtcitþG®takarR)ak;x<s; xVHRKUbeRgon nig
mnÞIreBTüsMrab;Büa)alCMgWenAq¶ayBIPUmi . ktþaTaMgenHCamUlehtubNþaleGaycMnYnGñkRk nig GñkT½lRkkñúg
PUmiekaHbJsSImanGRtakan;EtekIneLIg cMENkdIeFVIERscMkarenAdEdl .
kñúgdMeNIrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmibc©úb,nñenHmanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgsßab½n 3Edlman\T§iBleTAelI
BYkKat; dUcCa ³ sßab½nrdæaPi)al / GñkCMnYj nigsgÁmsuIvil . karcab;GarmµN_sMxan; elIbBaða
EdlBYkKat;CYbRbTH BiessGñkT½lRk GñkRk nig GñkmFüm man15bBaða . bBaðacMbgEdlRtUvTamTar
eFVIEpnkaredaHRsaybnÞan;man 4bBaða . bBaðaTaMgenHtMrUveGaymankarCYy]btßmÖTan;eBlevlaBIsMNak; sßab½n
rWGgÁkar nanaxageRkA dUc Capþl;\NTan nig pSBVpSaybec©keTsksikmµ .
cMeBaHplGviC¢manQµÜjEtgEtbnÞabtMélplitplksikmµEdlKat;eFVI)an nig manGRtakarR)ak;x<s;
enAeBlEdlBYkKat;x©I .
Ep¥ktamBt’man nig skmµPaBEdlGñkPUmipþl;eGay)anbgðajsßanPaBrs;enAplb:HBal; nig
ral;bBaðaEdlekItmaneLIgdUcxageRkam ³
-KN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaT Edl)anbegáIteLIg BuMTan;mansmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFan
FmµCatirbs;xøÜn . ehIyGñkPUmimYycMnYnFMBuMTan;yl;BGI tßRbeyaCn_énkarbegáItshKmn_ ensaT enAeLIy.
-kic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;GñkPUmisßitenAeRkam\T§iBlénTIpSarnigFmµCatiktþaTaMgenHehIy
EdlCamUlehtubNþaleGayBYkKat;RkIRk .
- kareRbIR)as;fñaMBul nig CIKImI rbs;GñkPUmieRbIeTAtamTMlab;t²Kña BuM)anGnuvtþeTAtam
bec©keTs CaehtueFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;pldMNaM nig suxPaBBYkKat; .
-dIPUmi dIcMkar nigCMrkRtI BgkUnEdlenAtamdgTenø )at;bg;bnþicmþg² edaysarrlkén
k)a:l;rU:ya:l; .
-kMenInRbCaCnT½lRk nig Rk mankarekIneLIgCalMdab; .

2
 1> esckþIepþIm
1>1 TItaMgPUmisa®sþ
extþkMBg;qñaMg CaextþmYyEdlsßitenAcMkNþalénépÞRbeTskñúgcMeNamextþRkugTaMg 24 én
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa EdlmanRBMRbTl;xagekItCab;extþkMBg;cam/ xagt,ÚgCab;extþkMBg;s<W nig extþkNþal
xaglicCab;extþeBaF×sat; nig xageCIgCab;extþkMBg;FM . extþmanépÞdIsrubcMnYn 552>100ht kñúgenaHépÞ
dIsMrab;kargarksikmµmancMnYn 136>000 ht.
eyIgGaceFVIdMeNIrBIRkugPñMeBjmkextþkMBg;qañ MgtampøÚvCatielx5 mancMgayRbEvg 93 Km
ebItampøÚvTwkvijeyIgGacCiHTUktamTenøsabEdlmancMgayRbEvg 110 Km nig pøÚvEdk mancMgayRbEvg 73
Km . ePJóvCati nig GnþrCatiTaMgLaykalNaQaneCIgcUlmkdl;extþkMBg;qñaMgeKEtgEtnaMKñamk
TsSnaPñMnagkRgI EdlCasm,tþivb,Fm’d¾l,Il,ajsMrab;extþenH ehIyextþmanFnFansMxan;mYyeTotKWman
TenøsabnigmYyPaKeTotCab;nwgbwgTenøsabEdlsMbUreTAedaymcäaCatiRKb;RbePTminEtb:ueNÑaHmcäaTaMgenH
RtUv)annaMecjeTARbeTseRkAeTotpgEdleFVIeGayGnþrCatiTTYlsÁal;EfmeTotpg .
extþkMBg;qñaMgmanRsukcMnYn 8 EckecjCa 69 XMu nig 546 PUmi manRbCaCnsrubcMnYn
487>993 nak; ¬CMerOnCatiqñaM 1998 ¦ . kñúgcMeNamRsukTaMg 8 enHmanRsuk cMnYn6 EdlmanEdnensaT
KWRsukkMBg;RtLac/ RsukClKIrI/ Rsukrlaeb¥ór/ RsukkMBg;Elg/ Rsuk bribUN’nig RsukkMBg;qñaMg . eyIg)an
eRCIserIsykPUmiekaHb£sSImkeFVIkarsikSaEdlPUmienHsßitenAkñúgXMu RbLaymas RsukkMBg;Elg .
PUmiekaHb£sSICaPUmidIekaHlicTwkenArdUvvsSamancMgay 12Km BITIrYmextþkMBg;qñaMg sßitenA
Eb:kxaglicQagxageCIg . PUmienHmanRBMRbTl;xagekItCab;PUmiekaHRkbI/xaglicCab;PUmisÞwgeRCA/xageCIg
Cab;PUmitaedak nigxagt,ÚgCab;PUmiRkeBIBul . PUmimanépÞdIsrubKW 399/38ht kñúgenaHEckecjCadIsMrab;
sg;lMenAdæanmancMnYn 14/52 ht/ dIsMrab;eFVIERsR)aMgmancMnYn61/80ht/ dIsMrab;daMdMNaMcMkarmancMnYn
299/23ht nig dITMenrmancMnYn 23/83ht . eRkABIenHman dIEdlkab;ranenAeRkAPUmitaMgBIqñaM1979
mancMnYn 91/94 hikta / dIEdl)anTijbEnßmenAeRkAPUmi mancMnYn 13/47 ht nigdIEdl)aneTACYleKenA
eRkAPUmimancMnYn 148/89 ht .

3
1>2 RbvtþiPUmiekaHb¤sSI
tamsMdIrbs;cas;²RBwT§acarüenAkñúgPUmi)anrayr:a: b;BIRbvtþiPUmiekaHb£sSIfa PUmienHmanGayu
RbEhlCa60qñaMmkehIy. kalBIedImeLIyPUmienHCadIekaHEdlsMbUreTAedayedImb¤sSIéRBy:ageRcIn ehIy
KµanmnusSrs;enATIkEnøgenHCaGciéRnþy_eT KWmanEtGñkeFVIensaT nig Gñkkab; b¤sSImkQb;sMrakenAeBléf¶
Etb:ueNÑaH . enAeBlenaHPUmienHBMuTan;maneQµaHdUceBlbc©úb,nñenH eLIyKWmaneQµaHfa {ekaHrasI} BIeRBaH
eKmanCMenOfa GñkEdlmkensaT b¤ eFVIERscMkarmksñak;enAelIekaHenHEtgEt)anesckþIsuxCanic©BMumanCYb
bBaðab¤eRKaHfñak;GVIeLIy . edImb¤sSIenAelIdIekaHenH)anRtUv)at;mþgbnþic²edaysarkareRbIR)as;rbs;mnusS
BIRKb;TIkEnøg .
luHeRkaymkenAqñaM 1960 manRbCaCncMnYn 4 RKYsar EdlmaneQµaH takwm yayBMu taR)ak;
yayFwm/ taKg;yaye)aH nigtaEh yaym:m GñkTaMgGs;enH)ancakecjBIRsukkMeNIt XMu sVay RbTal nig
XMuekaHKr Rsuks¥ag extþkNþalmktaMgTIlMenAbegáItCakUnPUmitUcmYymaneQµaHfa { PUmirasI }
bnþbnÞab;mkBaküPUmirasIenHk_)ankøaymkCaPUmiekaHb¤sSIrhUtmkTl;bc©úb,nñ .
enAqñaM 1975 BYkb:ulBt)anCnøasGñkPUmiTaMgGs;ecjBIPUmieTAkan;tMbn;epSg² luH)an
b:unµanExenAkñúgqñaMenHdEdleKk_)aneGayGñkPUmimYycMnYn nig GñkPUmiepSg²eTotmkenAkñúgPUmienHvijedIm,I
eFVIdMNaMyuT§sa®sþ . mkdl;qñaM 1978 eKk_)anCenøosGñkkñúgPUmienHecjmþgeToteday [eTArs;enAeFVIERs
enAPUmifµI XMupSar RsukbribUN’ extþkMBg;qñaMg .
enAqñaM 1979 eRkayéf¶rMedaHRbCaCnEdlFøabrs;enAPUmienHBMuTan;mannrNamñak;mkrs;enA
kñúgPUmienHvijeT KWBYkeKeTArs;enAkEnøgepSg²Kña mYycMnYneTArs;enAPUmiGMBileTal XMuBRg Rsukrlaeb¥ór .
enAqñaM 1980 BYkeKTaMgGs;Kña)anmkrs; enAPUmiBamjr)anb:unµanExBYkKat;TaMgGs; k_)ancakecjeTArs;
enAPUmieBaF×GENþtbnþeTot.enAqñaM 1981 BYkeKTaMgGs;)ancuHmkrs;enA PUmiRbLaymas XMuRbLaymas
Ek,rPUmiekaHb¤sSIenH ehIyenA qñaM1982 BYkeKTaMgGs;Kña)anvilRtLb;mkrs;enAPUmiekaHb¤sSIEdlCaPUmi
kMeNItrbs;xøÜnvij kalenaHmanRbCaCnRbmaNCa 80 RKYsarb:ueNÑaH .

4
 RbtiTinsegçbRBwtþikarN_rbs;GñkPUmiekaHb£sSI
taragTI1³ Rbvtþikalrbs;PUmiekaHb£sSI
1960 PUmiekaHb£sSImanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn 4 RKYsar GñkTaMgenaHcakecjBIPUmisVaybnÞal XMu
ekaHKr Rsuks¥ag extþkNþalmktaMgTIlMenAbegáItCakUnPUmimYymaneQµaHfa PUmi rasI
eRkaymkedaysarkarehAeQµaHt²Kñamk eQµaHPUmienH)ankøayeTACaPUmiekaH b£sSI .
1975 CMnan;b:ulBt GñkPUmiRtUv)aneKCenøosecjeTAtMbn;epSg²Kña eRkaymkenAkñúgqñaMdEdlBYk
b:ulBt)ankMNt;ykPUmiekaHb£sSICaPUmiyuT§sa®sþedayeGayGñkPUmiekaHb£sSIrYmCamYyGñk
PUmiepSgeTotcuHmkeFVIdMNaMyuT§sa®sþenAkñúgPUmienaHvij .
1979 enAkñúgqñaMenHRbCaCnRtUv)ancakecjBIPUmimkrs;enAtMbn;GMBileTal Rsukrlaeb¥ór .
1980 GñkPUmi)anRtLb;mkBIPUmiGMBileTalmkrs;enAPUmiBamjrmYyry³ eRkaymkk_mkrs;enA
PUmieBaF×GENþt RsukkMBg;Elg .
1981 enAkñúgqñaMenHGñkPUmi)ancakecjBIPUmieBaF×GENþtmkenAPUmiRbLaymas XMuRbLaymas
1982 GñkPUmi)anRtLb;mkBIPUmiRbLaymasmkrs;enAPUmiekaHb£sSIEdlCaPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜnvij
RbmaNCa 80 RKYsar .

5
 RsukbribUN’ RsukkMBg;Elg

RsukkMBg;qñaMg
Rsukrlaeb¥ór

RsukTwkpus
RsukkMBg;RtLac

RsuksamKÁImanC½y

rUbPaBTI 1 ³ TItaMgPUmisaRsþRsukkMBg;Elg

6
 2> lT§pl
2>1 cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþi
PUmiekaHb£sSI KWCaPUmimYyEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enARbmUlpþúMKñaedaysg;pÞHCab;²Kña ehIypÞH
PaKeRcIneFVIGMBIeQIRbk;ek,Og sg½ásI nigsøwk sg;x<s;²putBIdIedIm,IkarBarTwkCMnn; . ebIeyIg RkeLkemIlBI
xageRkAhak;dUcCaRbCaCnPUmienHmanCIvPaBFUrFarKYrsmEdr . k¾b:uEnþkúñgkarsikSaelIcMNat;fñak;;RTBüsm,tþi
GñkPUmi)ant¥ÚjEt¥rfaBYkKat;PaKeRcInCaGñkRkIRk ehIyKat;)anEbgEcksßanPaBrs;enA rbs;BYkKat;Ca 3
Rkum KW RkumT½lRk RkumGñkRk nig RkumGñkmFüm.
RKYsarT½lRkmancMnYn 78 RKYsar RKYsarEdlmanCIvPaBRk mancMnYn 49RKYsar nigRKYsar
EdlmanCIvPaBmFümmancMnYn 8 RKYsar.
taragTI2³ cMNat;fñak;RTBüsm,tþiRbCaCnPUmiekaHb£sSI
RbePT RKYsarT½lRk RKYsarRk RKYsarmFüm
pÞH - KµanpÞHb¤enACamYy« - pÞHRbk;ek,Óg/s½gásICBa¢aMg - pÞHeQI b¤ fµ dMbUl
Bukmþay/ bgb¥Ún . )aMgedayEfbb¤søwk Rbk;ek,Ógnig s½gásI .
- pÞH b¤ xÞmRbk;søwk - mankarCYsCulCaerogral;qñaM - CBa¢aMgkþar
-pøas;bþÚr b¤CYsCulCa
erogral;qñaM .
dIcMkar - manBI 0/32 ht - mandIcMkarBI 1 - 2 ht - manBI 2-5 ht
eTA 1 ht
]bkrN_ensaT - mg 1-2 éd - mg 1-3 éd - mg 1-2 éd
- GRgut 1 - GRgut 1-2 - GRgut 1
meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr - TUk 1 b¤ Gacman - TUk 1 - TUk 1
kaNUttUc 1 - kaNUt 1 - kaNUt 1-2
sMPar³ksikmµ cb/kaMbit/ BUefA - cb/ kaMbit/ BUefA - cb/kaMbit/BUefA
- eKaynþ 1 eRKOg - eKaynþ 1 eRKOg
smaCikkñúgRKYsar mancMnYnBI4-12 nak; mancMnYnBI 4-8 nak; cMnYn 4 - 6 nak;

7
 kMlaMgBlkmµ kMlaMgBlkmµtic¬kUn mankMlaMgBlkmµeRcIn manTunCYlkMlaMg
tUceRcIn ¦ ¬CYlkMlaMgbEnßm¦ BlkmµbEnßm
\N³Tan KµankareGayx©IR)ak;b¤ GaccgkarR)ak;b¤ x©IR)ak;eK manlkçN³gayRsYlkñúgkar
cgkarR)ak; )anedaymansMPar³xøHbBa©aM cgkar b¤ x©IR)ak;
suvtßiPaBes,óg hUbminRKb;RKan; hUbminsUvRKb;RKan; hUbRKb;RKan;
suxPaB - QWeRcIn - QWeRcIn - minsUvQW
- kMlaMgexSay - hUbminRKb;RKan; - hUbRKb;RKan;
- hUbminRKb;RKan; - CMgWRtUv)anBüa)al - manlT§PaBkñúgkarkarBar
- CMgWminRtUv)anBüa suxPaBrbs;xøÜn .
)aledayecHEtRTaM
ebIF¶n;RtUvlk;TUkedIm,I
Büa)alCMgW .
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- manTUrTsSn_ - manTUrTsSn_
- m:asIunePIøg
- viTüúTak;Tg
R)ak;cMNUlCamFüm - BI 800>000`00 - BI 2>000>000`00 eTA 7>000>000`eTA
RbcaMqñaM eTA 1>000>000`00 2>500>000`00 10>000>000`
RKYsarT½lRk
kñúgcMeNamGñkT½lRkcMnYn 78RKYsar man33RKYsarminmanpÞHpÞal;xøÜneTedayBYkeKrs;enA
CamYy «Bukmþay b¤bgb¥Ún . RkumenHPaKeRcInmanxÞm b ¤pÞHRTuDeRTam dMbUlRbk;søwk)aMg CBa¢aMgEfb b¤søwk
ehIyenAeBlTwkeLIglicPUmiRKYsarmYycMnYnRtUvbENþtxÞmb¤pÞHelITwk edays‘k edImbe)asCMnYsedImb£sSI nig
mYycMnYneToteTArs;enAbeNþaHGasnñCamYy«Bukmþay rg;caMTwkRsk nwgvilmkenAkEnøgedImvij . BYk
Kat;mandIcMkartictYcdl;eBlrdUvdaMduHKat;RtUvCYldIBIeKenAeRkAPUmiedIm,IeFVIdMNaMcMkar dUcenHcMNUlBIkarlk;
plitplRtUvEbgEckeTAelIkarsgbMNul nigéføCYldIEdleFVI[BYkKat;xVHxat . kñúgkarensaTBYkKat;eRbI
]bkrN_ensaTmanmgBI 1-2 éd ¬1 éd esµI 60-80 m ¦/ GRgut 1 mgTaMgenHRtUv)anBYkKat;TijeCOeK
edIm,IykmkeRbIR)as;b¤QµÜjykmkdak;eGay eBl)anplRtUvykeTAlk;eGayQµÜjTaMgenaH ehIyeKKit
8
TaMgkarR)ak;kñúgenaHEdr . RtIEdllk;eGayQµÜjTaMgenHmin)anéføeTGaRs½yedayQµÜjCaGñkkMNt;éfø ebII
ykeTAlk;eGayGñkepSgeBlQµÜjdwgeKRtUvTarykR)ak;CMBak;TaMgkarTaMgedImb¤rwbGUsyksMPar³Edlman
ehIy Qb;eGayx©IR)ak; nig ykmgmkdak;eGaydUcmuneTot eRkABI]bkrN_ensaTRkumenHmanTUk1 nig
GñkxøHGacmandl;eTAkaNUtpgEdr cMeBaHkarhUbcukRbcaMéf¶mankarlM)akminRKb;RKan;RBmTaMgminGaccg
karR)ak;eK)anedayKµansMPar³bBa©aM . RkumenHGaccgkarR)ak;eK)anedayGaRs½yeTAelIRkumRKYsarRkecj
muxeTAcgkarR)ak;CMnYseRBaHRkumRKYsarRkGñkxøHmansMPar³bBa©aM)an .
RKYsarRk ³ manpÞHenAEdlmandMbUlRbk;ek,Óg/ s½gsá I/ søwk nig CBa¢aMg)aMgeday Efb b¤ søwk
ehIypÞHxøHmansrsreFVIGMBIfµ/ mandIpÞal;xøÜnsMrab;eFVIcMkarBI 1-2ht/ manmgBI 1-3 éd/ GRgut 1-2
RkumenHmanlT§PaBCagRkumRKYsarT½lRk edayBYkeKGacTijedayxøÜnÉgxøH nig cgkareKxøH ehIyRtIEdl
eKensaT)anBYkKat;ykeTAEkécñeFVI CaRbhuk / p¥k/ RtIeq¥Ir . cMeBaHmeFüa )ayeFVIdMeNIrRkumenHmanTUk
mYynigkaNUtmYy/ Gacx©IR)ak;eK)anedaymanrbs;xøHGacbBa©aM)an .
RKYsarmFüm ³ manpÞHenARtwmRtUvpÞal;xøÜn pÞHRbk;ek,Óg/ s½gásI nig manrhUtdl; pÞHfµµ
/kareFVIpÞHrbs;BYkeKKWminCMBak;eKdUcRKYsarRkeT / mandIsMrab;eFVIcMkarBI 2-5 ht / manTUk 1 nig kaNUt 1 b¤
2 manlkçN³l¥CagRkumBIrxagelI nig maneKaynþmYy . manlkçN³gayRsYl kñúgkarx©IR)ak;eK
b:uEnþRkumenHminGacx©IeKeT .

9
2>2 FnFan
2>2>1 FnFanmnusS
GñkPUmiekaHb£sSImankMrityl;dwgTabPaKeRcInmanCMnajsMxan;KWeFVIcMkar nig ensaT . TnÞwm
enHmanmuxrbrepSg²eTotbnÞab;bnSMdUcCa ³ CMnajCYsCulTUkkaNUt/ecHbBa©ÚlGaKuy/ecHeRbIR)as;eKaynþ/
CYsCultUcnUveRKOgm:asIun/ecHt,ajEfb/ eFVIlb/ EkécñplitpldMNaM/ EkécñplensaT nig ciBa©wmRtI . eRkA
BIenHenAmanqµbbUraN 1nak; eBTüPUmi 1 nak;/ RKUbeRgón 5nak;mkBIeRkAPUmi/ manGacarü/ manGñkkat;edr
6nak;EdlGacrkR)ak;kMér)anBI 20 $ - 40 $ manemPUmiTMnak;TMngxageRkAPUmiCabEg¥ky:agmaMrbs;RbCaCn .
2>2>2 FnFanehdæarcnasm½<n§
PUmiekaHb£sSImanpøÚvlMmYyExS sMrab;TMnak;TMngCamYyPUmiCitxag nig pøÚvTwkB½T§CMuvijGaceFVI
cracr)anTaMgrdUvR)aMg nig vsSa/ salaeron 1xñg man 5bnÞb; TTYlsisScUleron)anBI 150-200nak;/ man
tUblk;cab;hYy 6 kEnøg CagEdk 1kEnøg/ kEnøgsakGaKuy 1kEnøg nig salabuNü mYykEnøgsMrab;R)arBV
BiFIbuNüTanepSg²kñúgPUmi .
2>2>3 FnFanFmµCati ³
kñúgPUmiekaHb£sSImanépÞdIsrub 191/5 ht kñúgenaHdIsMrab;sg;lMenAdæanmancMnYn 10/8 ht
dIsMrab;eFVI dMNaMcMkarmancMnYn174ht/ dIERsR)aMgcMnYn 5ht/dIéRBlicTwkcMnYn5htB½T§CMuvijbwg/manbwgmYy
kEnøgsMrab;eFVIensaTenArdUvR)aMg nig eRbIR)as;TwksMrab;eRsacRsb;dMNaMenArdUvR)aMg FnFanTaMgenHRtUv)an
RbCaCneRbIR)as;kñúgkarRb kbrbrciBa©wmCIvit eRkABIenHmanstVéRBdUcCa Bs;/ GeNþIk . l.
tamkarsikSaelIEpnTI)aneGaydwgfa épÞdIsrubEdlPUmimanKW 399/38 ht kñúgenaHEck
ecjCadIsMrab; sg;lMenAdæanmancMnYn14/52 ht/ dIsMrab;eFVIERsR)aMgmancMnYn61/80ht/dIsMrab;dMNaMcMkar
mancMnYn 299/23ht nig dITMenrmancMnYn 23/83ht . eRkABIenHmandIEdlkab;ranenAeRkAPUmitaMgBIqñaM
1979 mancMnYn 91/94 hikta/ dI Edl)anTijbEnßmenAeRkAPUmimancMnYn 13/47 ht nig dIEdl)aneTA
CYleKenAeRkAPUmimancMnYn 148/89 ht .

10
rUbPaBTI 2³ EpnTIkat;TTwgPUmiekaHb£sSI

11
rUbPaBTI 3³ EpnTIkareRbIR)as;dI

12
 2>2>4 FnFansgÁm
pÞHrbs;GñkPUmisg;esÞIrEtCab;²KñaEdlCaviFIsaRsþTb;Tl;nwgxül;enArdUvvsSarbs;GñkPUmi Et
vak¾CakarbgðajfaGñkPUmirs;enAkñúgPaBsamKÁICitsñiT§ ehIymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkargarTMnak;TMngeBlman
bBaða . eKmanCMenOsasnaEtmYyKWsasnaRBHBuT§ EdlelIkTwkcitþ[GñkPUmirs;enArYbrYmKñaminebotebonGñk
d¾éT. elIkargarRKb;RKgPUmimanKN³kmµkarPUmi nigKN³kmµkarshKmn¾ensaTEdleTIbnwgbegáIt. KN³
kmµkarPUmimantYnaTI emIlkargarTUeTA nig edaHRsaybBaðaepSg²EdlekItmaneLIgenAkñúgPUmi ÉshKmn_
ensaTepþatsMxan;eTAelIkarRKb;RKgEfTaMFnFanFmµCati .
kñúgkargarbgábegáInplGñkPUminiymrebobRbvas;édCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk dUcCaGñkRkIRkEdl
Kµanm:asuIneKaynþkat;esµAb¤P¢ÜrdIGaceFVIkar[eK4éf¶ edIm,I[eKkat;esµA[mYyéf¶vij ehIyenAeBlm:asuInxUc
bnþicbnþÜceKCYyCYsCul edayminKitéfø.
edIm,Ikaryl;dwgbEnßmeTAelIkarTMnak;TMngsgÁm RkumsikSa)aneFVIkarsikSadac;edayELkBI
KñarvagRkumburs nigRsþþI ¬sUmemIldüaRkam burs nig RsþI¦ .
kñúgkarsikSaelIkarTMnak;TMngCamYysßabn½epSg²EdlBak;Bn§½nwg RbCaCnenAPUmienHRkum
GñksikSa)ansMrbsMrYl[GñkPUmieRbITMhMRkdas;ragrgVg;EdlmanTMhMbIxusKña ³ sßabn½ b¤
buKÁlEdlsMxan;tagedayRkdas;FMCageKTMhMmFümsMrab;sßabn½b¤buKÁlEdlmantYnaTIsMxan;bnÞab; nig tUc
CageKsMrab;GñkminsUvsMxan; . rIÉcMgaybgðajBIPaBCitsñit b¤ ecjcUljikjab;CamYyGñkPUmi . enAkñúg
düaRkamTaMgBIIr)anbgðaj[eXIjfa GñkPUmiTaMgbursnigRsþImankarTMnak;TMngCamYynwgbuKÁl b¤ sßabn½mYy
cMnYndUcKñadUcCa kñúgcMeNamGñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§ nig sMxan;bMput BYkKat;)aneRCIserIsykemPUmi
GacarüRkumRbwkSaemXMu eBTüXMu qµbbUraN \NTan nigshKmn¾ensaT . emPUmiCaGñkCYykargarTMnak;TMng
eTAnwgGaCJaFrfñak;Rsukb¤extþnigCYyedaHRsaybBaðaenAkñúgPUmi eFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYyKat;)anqab; rh½s .
GacarümantYnaTIsMxan;kñúg karcat;EcgBiFIbuNüRbéBNIepSg². emXMuk¾dUcCaRbFanPUmiEdrTaMgenACitGñkPUmi
nig gayRsYlTMnak;TMng ehIyeFVIkargarEdlRbFanPUmiminGacsMerc)an . enAkñúgPUmiminmaneBTüqµbeTkar
sMralkUnKWBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIqµbburaNdUcenHTaMgbursnigRsþIcat;TukfaKat;sMxan;; . eTaHbICaenAkñúgPUmi
enHminmanGgÁkarNamYymkeFVI\NTank¾eday k¾GñkPUmi)ansMercfasßab½n\NTanenHsMxan; ehIyCitsñiT§
EdredaysarKat;Føab;eTAx©IluyBIGgÁkarR)asak;EdleFVIenAPUmiCitxag . shKmn¾ensaTEdleTIbbegáItman

13
sar³sMxan;sMrab;Kat; eRBaHknøgmkmuneBlBMuTan;manshKmn_ GñkPUmimanbBaðaCamYyQܵjkñúgkareRbIR)as;
TwkbwgsMrab;eFVIERsR)aMgenAeBlmanshKmn¾GñkPUmiGaceRbIR)as;TwkbwgenH)anvij .
RkumRsþI)anKitKUrfaRbFanRkumsMxan;enAeBlEdlbursmin)anykcitþTukdak;elIcMnucenH. RsþI
yl;fa RbFanRkumCaGñkCYysMrYlkargarrvagKat;nigRbFanPUmi EdlmincaM)ac;[Kat;eTATak;TgRbFanPUmi
edaypÞal; . eRkABI enHKat;)anKitKUreTAelIsßabn½ sMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlenAq¶ay² ehIyesÞIrEtminFaøb;eXIj
mkdl; PUmiKat; dUcCa fñak;Rsuk ksikmµ rdæaPi)al.
burs)ancat;Tukfa salaeronsMxan;sMrab;[kUnecAKat;eTAeron EtnarImin)anKitKUelIbBaðaenH
ehIybursk¾mankarKitKUreTAelIQµÜj TIpSar nig vtþGaram enAeBlEdlRsþIminKitfasMxan;sMrab;Kat;eRBaHfa
narI minsUvmanlT§PaB ebIkkaNUteTApSardUcenHbursRtUveFVIkargarenHeRcIn .

rUbPaBTI 4³ EpnTIsgÁm

14
rUbPaBTI 5³ Ev:ndüaRkamburs nig RsþI
15
 2>2>5 FnFanhirBaØvtßú
RbPBcMNUlsMxan;²rbs;GñkPUmiKW)anmkBIkarlk;plitplksikmµdUcCa eBat sENþk emÞs
«Lwk Rtb; nigbEnøepSg² nig plensaT . R)ak;cMNUlrbs;GñkT½lKW)anmkBIkarensaT eRcInCagkarlk;
ksiplEdlCamFümmYyRKYsarGac)anR)ak;BI 80-90muWnerol¼qñaM GñkRk)anmkBIksipleRcInCag KWBI 2-
2>5 lanerol¼qñaM ehIyGñkmFüm vijeKminsUveFVIensaTeT cMkarCa muxrbrsMxan;bMputrbs;eKehIyeKGac
)ancMNUlrhUtdl; BI 7-8 lanerol¼qñaM .
eRkABIenHGñkT½l nigGñkRkGaceFVIkarlk;BlkmµenAkñúgPUmidUcCakarkat;esµAvaysENþkkab;
éRBCMrHesµA Edl)ancMNUl BI 3500-4000erol¼éf¶ . GñkEdlmanm:asuIneKaynþGacsuI QñÜlkat;esµA)an
50000-60000erol kñúgmYyéf¶ . enArdUvTwktMeLIgeKGaceTArkGusGENþttamTwk TenøykeTAlk;)anBI
2000-3000erol¼éf¶ . eRkABIenHcMNUltamry³kargareragcRkkat;edrGac)ankMérbEnßmmFümRbcaMEx
kñúgmñak;BI 20 $-40 $ . enAmanmuxrbrbnÞab; bnSMmYycMnYneTotdUcCa kart,ajEfb/ bBa©ÚlGaKuy/karCYs
CulTUkkaNUt/ karCYsCulpÞH GacbegáIncMNUlmYycMENk EfmeTot .
eTaHbICaGñkPUmimYycMnYn)anR)ak;cMNUlBIkarlk;ksiply:ageRcIndUcenHk¾edayk¾BYkKat;enA
Etmankar xVHxateRcInEdr CaBiesskñúgb:unµanqñaMcgu eRkayenH Kat;RtUvcMNayR)ak;eRcInelIkarTijfñaMsMlab;
stVl¥it ehIykareRbIfñaMstVl¥iteRcInenHb:HBal;dl;suxPaB EdleFVI[Kat;cMNayR)ak;kan;EteRcIn elIkar
Büa)al . ktþaenHehIyEdleFVI[Kat;RtUveTAx©IbuleK Kat;Gacx©IeK)ankñúgGRtakarR)ak;BI 10-15 °¼ Ex
ehIyGacx©I)anRtwm 30muWnerol nig GñkTl½minGacx©IluyeK)aneLIy.

16
taragTI3³ FnFansMxan;²rbs;PUmiekaHb¤sSI
FnFanmnusS FnFanehdæarcnasm½<n§ FnFanFmµCati FnFansgÁm FnFanhirBaØvtßú
- sisSsala - manpøÚvTwksMrab;eFVIdMeNIr - manTenøB½T§CMuvijPUmi - KN³kmµkarPUmi - lk;plitpl
- ecHeFVIERs nig cMkar - salabzmsikSa 1 xñg - manbwgmYykEnøg - shKmn_ensaT - lk;plensaT
- ecHensaTRtI nig Ekécñ - pøÚvlMmYyExS - mandIcMkar - kMlaMgRbv:as;éd - tMélBlkmµ ¬2000`-4000`¦
- CageFVITUkkaNUt - tUblk;cab;hYy 6 kEnøg - mandIERsR)aMg - karsamKÁIkñúgPUmi - CYleKaynþ
- qµbbUraN 1 nak; - kEnøgsakGaKuy - manstVéRB - sasnaRBHBuT§ - kab;Gus
- GñkebIkeKaynþ - kEnøgCagEdk - manéRBERtg - GñksIuQñÜleK - lk;cab;hYy
- ciBa©wmRtI 3 RKYsar - salabuNü - mandITukenATMenr - eFVIEfblk;
- CageFVIm:asIun¬CYsCul¦ - manéRBkab;Gus - kmµkrkat;edr
- GñkeTAkat;edr - manéRBlicTwk
- Gñkt,ajEfb
- emPUmidwknaM
- Gacarü
- GñkeFVIlb 1 nak;
- GñkbBa©ÚlGaKuy 1 nak;
- RKUeBTüPUmi 1 nak;
- CagEdk

17
2>3 PaBrgeRKaH
2>3>1 ksikmµnigrdUvkal
skmµµPaBbgábegáInpl kargarsgÁÁm nig karERbRbYlkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaMRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgdüaRkam
rdUvkalEdleFVIeLIgedayRkumbursnigRsþIdac;edayELkBIKña . RkumsikSa)ansMrbsMrYl[GñkPUmidak;RKab;eBatedIm,I
sMKal;PaBrvl; minsUvrvl;tamExnimYy² edaykMNt;fa 5RKab;rvl;xøaMg ehIymin sUvrvl; 4 b¤ 3 eTAtamlMdab;rhUt
dl;minmanskmµPaBesaHedayTuk enATMenr . RkumTaMgBIr)aneRCIserIs ykExtamRbtiTincnÞKti EdleKniymehAfa
ExExµrmkeRbI edaycab;epþImBIExGsSúC RtUvnwgEx 10-11 énEx sakl . enAkñúgExmaX-busS EdlRtUvnwg
Ex12nigEx1ExsaklGñkPUmiTaMgbursRsþImankarmmajwky:agxøaMgCageKkñúgenaHmankardaMdMNaMdUcCasENþk)ay«Lwk
fñaMCk; emÞs Rtb; el<A nig RsUvR)aMg .l. enAkñúgeBlenaHEdrk¾CaeBlEdlGñkPUmiTUeTARtUveFVIkarensaT eRBaHCardUv
sMbUrRtICaeBlEdlRtUvcab;RtIedIm,IeFVI karEkécñTuknigCaeBlEdlGaccab;RtIlk;ykR)ak;eTAeFVIERscMkarEdlRtUvcMNay
edImTuneRcInenAeBlenH.cab;BIExbusSdl;Ex maX ¬mkrakumÖ³¦ KWCakargarEfTaMdMNaM RkumburseRcIneFVIkar)aj;fñaM
sMlab;stVl¥it ÉnarIvijeRcIneFVIkarCMrHesµA . eBlenHKat;GacRbmUlpldMNaMlk;xøH² CaBiessRtsk; .
cab;taMgBIExplÁún-ecRt Kat;GacbnþRbmUlpldMNaMepSg²eTot dUcCa «LwksENþk)ay emÞs
ehIydMNaMemÞsenHebIKµankarbMpøajBIstVl¥iteT Kat;GacbnþRbmUlplrhUtdl;TwkeLIglic KWenARb EhlEx eCsæ
b¤GasaF . CaTUeTAeKniymdaMeBat cab;BIExBisax b¤¤ eCsæ GaRs½yeTAtamTwkePøogqab;Føak;eKqab;)andaM .
dMNaMeBatenHeKdaMenAelIdIRsUvR)aMgsENþk)ay nigdMNaMepSg²eTotEdlRbmUlplbBa©b;enAkúñgExecRtehIykardaMeBat
enHGac)anplb¤Gt;enaHvaGaRsy½eTAelIFmµCatiTaMgRsugeRBaHfaebIePøogFøak;yWteBlehIyTwkTenøeLIgelOnenaHvanwg
licxUcGs;. enAkñúgExenHk¾CaeBlEdlGñkPUmimankarmmarjwkxøaMgNas;EdrehIyminGacxkxan)aneT Kat;RtUvkat;esµA
nigéRBtUc²EdlduHelIdIcMkarKat;[)anmunTwklicehIyesµAenHKat;RtUveFVIeyageTAelIel,OnTwkTenøeLIgeRBaHebIkab;
ehIyTwkRkeLIglicdIenHesµAnwgduHeLIgvijdEdl . enAExRsaBnigExPRTbuT GñkPUmiTaMgburs®sþInaMKñaMGUskMe)øakcUl
cMkarsMrab;eRbIR)as;nardUv TwksMrk nig eqøót»kasrkGusTuksMrab;dut . cab;BIEx busS dl;ExmaX RtUvnwgEx mkra
nigExkumÖ³GñkPUmimankarrvl;xøaMgkñúgkarkarBarTb;Tl;nigstVl¥itbMpøajdMNaM. eRkABIenHBYkKat;enAmankargarEkécñpl
dMNaMdUcCa han;fñaMCk;/ eq¥IremÞs/ haleBatTukBUCsMrab;qañ MeRkay . GñkPUmiKat;GacrkR)ak;cMNUlcab;BIEx miKsirdl;Ex
maX ¬Ex 12dl;Ex 2 ¦ KWKat;lk;RtIRss; nig RtIeq¥IrTTYl)ancMNUlxøHGaceGayKat;edaH Rsay)anmYycMENk .

18
19
rUbPaBTI 6³ RbtiTinrdUvkal

20
 2>3>2 ninñakar b¤ karERbRbYl
ninñakar b¤ karERbRbYl)anekItmaneLIgenAPUmiekaHb£sSI ekItmaneLIgCaeRcInktþa . ktþaTaMgenHKat;
)anbgðajBIkarERbRbYledaydüaRkamcMnYn 8 KWkMeNInRbCaCn/ TinñpldMNaM/ karfycuHén brimaNRtIkñúgFmµCati/
karERbRbYltMélksikpl/ karbMpøajénstVcéRg/ kareRbIR)as;fañ MBul/ kareRbIR)as; eKaynþ nig kar)ak;dIRcaMgTenø .
- karERbRbYléncMnYnRbCaCn ³ enAqñaM 1970 RbCaCnPUmiekaHb£sSImancMnYn 120 RKYsar mkdl;qñaM
1975 enAsm½yb:ulBtPUmienHmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn 75 RKYsar . enAqñaM 1980 PUmiekaHb£sSI KµanmnusSmkrs;
enAeTKWmanEtGñkmkrkensaT b¤ kab;GuscMnYnbYneTAR)aMnak;b:ueNÑaH eRBaHtMbn;enHCakEnøgkan;kab;rbs;BYkExµrRkhm
dUcenHKµanRbCaCnNah‘anmkrs;enAkñúgPUmienHeLIy luHQancUlmkqñaM1982 PUmienHmanRbCaCncMnYn80 RKYsar
)anvilRtLb;mkrs;enAvij . karrs;enArbs;BYkeKeBl enaHmankar PitP½yCamYyExµrRkhmy:agxøaMg b:uEnþedayman
eKalCMhr samKÁIKña nig karts‘Urbs;BYkeK )aneFVIeGayBYk ExµrRkhmenATIenaHRtUvcakecjeTAenAkEnøgepSg vij .
eRkaymkenAqñaM 1990 RbCaCnenAPUmienHman kMeNInrhUtdl; 116RKYsar EdlkarekIn cMnYnenHbNþalmkBIkar
EbkRKYsar nigmankUnecArIksaykan;Et eRcIn . enAqñaM 2000RbCaCnekIneLIgrhUtdl;cMnYn120RKYsarnigQan
mkdl;qñaM2002¬bc©úb,nñ¦ RbCaCnmancMnYn 135RKYsar .
- karfycuHénbrimaNRtIkñúgFmµCati ³ enAqñaM 1979 mcäaCatienAkñúgFmµCatisMbUrdl;kMrit Gtibrma
b:uEnþmcäaTaMgenHRtUv)anfycuHbnþicmþg²edaysarkareRbIR)as;mnusS . enAqñaM1985RtIkñúgFmµ CatimanRbmaNCa 80 °
ebIeRbobeFobeTAqñaM 1979 ehIybrimaNRtIecHEtmankarfycuHCalMdab;rhUt mkdl;qñaM 1995 RtIkñúgFmµCati
)anfycuHmkenARtwm 40 ° ebIeRbobeFobCamYyqñaM1979 mUlehtukareRbIR)as;kan;EtxøaMgeFVIeGay karcab;BI FmµCati
k_kan;EtxøaMg nigkareRbI]bkrN_ensaTk_kan;EtmaneRcIneLIg²nig manlkçN³TMenIbbnþicmþg² . cab;BIqñaM 2000
rhUtmkdl;qñaM 2002 ¬bc©úb,nñ¦RtIkñúgFmµCati)anmankarfycuHy:agxøaMgebIeRbobeFobeTAqñaM 1979 KWenAEtRbmaN
Ca 20° b:ueNÑaHedaysartMrUvkarhUbcukrbs;mnusSkan;ekIneLIgCalMdab;BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM/ karcab;BIFmµCatikan;Et
xøaMg/ ]bkrN_ensaTkan;EtTMenIb CaBiesskareRbIR)as;]bkrN_ensaTxusc,ab;dUcCa kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_GaMgEvkT½r
qk;RtIkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_GYnés,mugCaedIm>>. eRkABIenHmanCnkMlaMgRbdab;GavuFeFVICaxñgbEg¥keGayCnelµIsensaT
dUcenH eFVIeGayPaBGanaFibetyüensaTmanCalMdab; b:uEnþedaymaneKalneya)ayEkTMrg;vis½yClplrbs; raC
rdæaPi)almkPaBGanaFibetyü enH)anRtUvlubbM)at;esÞIrTaMgRsug .

21
 - tMélplitpl ³ plitplEdlBYkKat;plit)an Kat;lk;kñúgtMélmYyGtibrma KWenAqñaM 1985-
1997 edaysartMrUvkareRbIR)as;kñúgRsukmancMnYneRcIn/ plitplmanKuNPaBl¥ nig KµankarnaM cUlplitpldMNaMBI
RbeTseRkA ehIycab;BIqñaM 1997-2000 tMélplitplcab; RsutcuHy:agxøaMgdl; kMritGb,rimaebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg
qñaM 1985-1997 edaysarplitplKµanKuNPaB / karnaMcUlplitpl enHBIRbeTseRkAmancMnYneRcInlk;
kñúgtMélefakCagpldMNaMkñúgRsuk/ BMusUvmankarniymeRbIR)as;plitpl kñúgRsuk rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ tMélplitpl
rbs;Kat; enATabdEdl .
- stVcéRgbMpøajdMNaM ³ enAqñaM 1985-1990 karbMpøajdMNaMrbs;stVcéRgmansPaB
FmµtaBMumanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r . cab;BIqñaM 1997-2002 ¬bc©úb,nñ ¦ karbMpøajdMNaMrbs;stVcéRgmankarekIn eLIgy:ag
F¶n;F¶reFVIeGaypldMNaMhinehacTTYl)anpltictYc .
- kareRbIR)as;fñaMBul ³ enAqñaM 1985-1990 kareRbIR)as;fñaMBulmankMritTabKWRb maNBI 5°-15°
edaysarl½kçx½NÐFmµCatiGMeNaypll¥eTIbBYkKat;minsUveRbIR)as;fñaMBul . cab;BIqñaM 1997-2002 ¬bc©úb,nñ ¦ kar
eRbIR)as;fñaMBulmankarekIneLIgy:agxøaMg edaysarFmµCatiminGMeNayplekItstVcéRgbMpøajdMNaMmancMnYneRcIn .
- TinñpldMNaM ³ cMeBaHpldMNaMEdlGñkPUmiRbkbkardaMduHnaqñaM 1981 -1995 TTYl)an plRbmaN
Ca 60° eTA 80 ° . cab;BIqñaM1997-2000 TinñpldMNaMRKb;RbePTrbs; BYkKat;mankar fycuHy:agxøaMg edaysar
stVcéRgbMpøaj/)at;bg;nUvRbePTstVmanRbeyaCn_EdlsIustVcéRgCaGahar¬KIgÁk;/ kEgáb/ stVsøab nigBs; ¦ .
enAqñaM2002 ¬bc©úb,nñ ¦ pldMNaMmankar ekIneLIgbnþicbnÞÜc edaysarkar eRbIR)as;fñaMBulEdlmankMritBulx<s; .
- eRKOgynþksikmµ ³ enAqñaM1981 karkab;éRB/randI/P¢ÜrdI GñkPUmieRbIedaykMlaMgmnusS b:uEnþcab;BIqñaM
1989-1995 eTIbmankareRbIR)as;eKaynþcMnYn 2 eRKOg nig cab;BIqñaM 1995 mkdl;bc©úb,nñ mankarekIneLIgCa
bnþbnÞab;rhUtdl;mancMnYn 48 eRKOg .
- kar)ak;dIRcaMgTenø ³ kar)ak;dIRcaMgTenøKWbNþalmkBIkaNUtr:Uy:al; . kar)ak;dIRcaMgEdlKYreGay
kt;sMKal;enaHKWenAqñaM 1996 EdlmanvtþmankaNUtr:Uy:al; ehIydIRcaMgenHecHEtbnþ)ak;rhUtnigmankar)ak;xøaMgenAqñaM
1999 . cab;BIqñaM 1999-2002 kar)ak;dIRcaMgmansnÞúHkan;EtxøaMgKWmanRbEvg 5m ¬RcaMg Tenømçag ¦ .
2>3>3 ktþargeRKaH
eyagtamkarsikSaxagelIenH )anbgðajeGayeXIjnUvPaBrgeRKaHrbs;GñkPUmidUcCa ³

22
 -RbCaCnkan;EtelIneLIg épÞdIksikmµeRbIR)as;minRKb;RKan; épÞdIeFVIcMkarRtUvykmkeFVICadIsg;
lMenAdæanvij .
- QµÜjbnÞabtMélplitpl nig manGRtakarR)ak;x<s;
- RKYsarRk nig RKYsarT½lRk kan;EtmanGRtaekIneLIgCalMdab;
- stVl¥itbMpøajdMNaMbNþaleGayTTYl)anpltic
- kareRbIR)as;fñaMBuleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;pldMNaM nig suxPaBrbs;RbCaCn
- k):al;r:Uy:al;)anbMpøajeGayxUcRTBüsm,tþi nig CMrkRtIBgkUn

23
24
rUbPaBTI7 ³ karERbRbYl

25
2>4 sßab½n nig dMeNIrkar
rdæaPi)al
- emRkum
- emPUmi
- mNÐlsuxPaBXMu sgÁmsIuvil
- RkumRbwkSaXMu - KN³kmµkarPUmi GñkCMnYj
- salaeron - cas;RBwT§acarü -QµÜj ¬eGayx©Iluy¦
- shKmn_ensaT - qµbbUraN - \NTanR)asak;
- ksikmµ - eBTüÉkCn - FnaKarRsUv
- GaCJaFrRsuk - salabuNü
- RKUbeRgon

taragTI4³karviPaKelIsßab½nBak;B½n§kñúgPUmiekaHb£sSI
viC¢man GBüaRkitü GviC¢man
- emRkum 9
- emPUmi 9
- mNÐlsuxPaBXMu 9
rdæaPi)al - RkumRbwkSaXMu 9
- salaeron 9
- shKmn_ensaT 9
- ksikmµ 9
- GaCJaFrRsuk 9
- RKUbeRgon 9
- QµÜj ¬eGayx©IR)ak;¦ 9
GñkCMnYj - \NTanR)asak; 9
- GgÁkarTsSn³BiPBelakpþl;
RsUveGayx©I 9

26
 - KN³kmµkarPUmi 9
- cas;RBwT§acarü 9
sgÁmsIuvil - qµbbUraN 9
- eBTüÉkCn 9
- salabuNü 9
kareFVIEv:ndüaRkam)anbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa ³ TMnak;TMngrvagGñkPUmi CamYynwgsßab½nepSg²
GñkeFVICMnYj nig sgÁmsuIvilrYmman ³
- rdæaPi)al ³
÷ emRkummantYnaTIsMxan; CaGñkBaMnaMnUvEpnkarEdlPUmidak;cuH nig edaHRsayral;bBaðaekIt
maneLIgkñúgRkum .
÷ emPUmi CaGñkRKb;RKgTTYlxusRtUvTaMgRsug edaHRsayral;bBaðaEdlekItmaneLIg nig
BaMnaM nUvral;sMNUmBrrbs;GñkPUmieTAfñak;XuM cat;Ecgral;kargarTUeTABiessCaGñkTMnak;TMngCamYynigsßab½n
xageRkA .
+ mNÐlsuxPaBXMu mantYnaTIcuHGb;rMsuxPaBdl;RbCaCn nig kumarkñúgPUmi
÷ emXuM nig GaCJaFrRsuk RtUv)anGñkPUmicat;Tukfa CaGaCJaFr edIrtYya:gsMxan; kñúgkareFVI
GnþraKmn_ ral;bBaðaTaMgLayEdlPUmiekItmaneLIg .
÷ salaeronCafñal bNþúHbNþalFnFanmnusS .
÷ shKmn_ensaT manTYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarkarBarRbPBFnFanFmµCati ¬BiessFnFan
Clpl¦ EdlmanenAkñúgPUmi .
÷ ksikmµ GñkPUmicat;TukfaCasßab½nmYyya:gsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;bec©kviTüakñúgkarRbkbmux
rbrksikmµ b:uEnþsßab½n enHBuMEdlmanTMnak;TMngkñúgPUmiKat;eLIy .
- GñkCMnYj ³
÷ QµÜj mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHGñkPUmi kñúgkarCYypþl;CaTun sMPar³ nig Tijplitpl
rbs;BYkKat;b:uEnþQµÜjk_kab;sgát;edayykkarR)ak;x<s;KitEtykcMeNjKµanR)ak;sgrwbGUsykRTBüsm,tþi
nig benßaktMélksipl .
÷ GgÁkarR)asak;sMxan;Edr kñúgkarpþl;TuneGayx©ImYydgmYykal eBlx©IRtUvmanRkum nig
sMPar³Fana ¬BuMmanenAkñúgPUmienHeT GñkPUmieTAx©IenARsukEdlmankmµviFIR)asak; ¦.
27
 ÷ GgÁkarTsSn³BiPBelak CYypþl;RsUvBUC eGayGñkPUmicMnYn 8 RKYsar edayykGRtakar
RsUv 15 ° ry³eBl 3Ex ¬eTIbnwgsakl,g¦ .
- sgÁmsIuvil ³
÷ KN³kmµkarPUmi nig cas;RBwT§acarü manTYnaTIsMxan;Nas; kñúgkarGb;rM pþl;dMbUnµan .
÷ qµbbUraN mansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;GñkPUmi kñúgkarCYysMralkUn dl;RsþI nigpþl;dMbUnµan
tamviFIbUraN .
÷ eBTüÉkCn sMxan;Edr kñúgkarCYyBüa)alCMgWeGayGñkPUmi ¬edayKitéføBüa)al ¦ .

28
2>5 yuT§saRsþénkarciBa©wmCIvit
tamkarsikSaGMBI karciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmiekaHb£sSI )anqøøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjnUvyuT§saRsþ
sMxan; KW ³
- kardaMdMNaMcMkar nig rbrensaTRtI . cMeBaHGñkT½lRk nig GñkRk)aneqøót»kasecjeTAsuIQñÜl
eK dUcCa kab;éRB / eFVIesñµA /kat;edr. l. eRkABIenHGñkPUmimYycMnYn)anEkécñplensaT }eFVIRbhuk p¥keq¥Ir
RtI { nig daMdMNaMGnupl }eFVIemÞseq¥IrhalfñaMCk; { .
cMeBaHGñkmanCMnajpÞal;xøÜnRbkbmuxrbrepSg²eTot dUcCa CYlCulma:suInTUkkaNUt bBa©ÚlGaKuy
dMEdk tm,ajEfb . l.
2>5>1 bBaðaCYbRbT³ nig karcat;fñak;
eTaHbIGñkPUmimanmuxrbrdUcxagelIenHk_eday lT§plEdlTTYl)ank_BuMGacbMeBjnUvesckþI
RtUvkarkñúgCIvPaBrbs;BYkKat;)anEdr Kat;CYbRbT³nUvbBaðaCaeRcIndUcCa ³ xVHBUCdMNaM / \NTan / ]bkrN_
ensaT / ma:suInbUmTwk/TUkkaNUt/dIcMkar/stVl¥itbMpaø j/ mNÐlsuxPaB / kUneRcIn / RKUbeRgón /plitpl
cuHefak / xVHbec©keTseRbIR)as;fñaMBul/ )ak;RcaMgTenø/ xVHcMeNHdwg / xVHbec©keTsdaMduHdak;rUbPaB .
viFIsa®sþeRCIserIsbBaða nig karviPaK
-GñkPUmicUlrYmcMnYn 47 nak; RsI 28 nak;
-GñkPUmimñak;²manRKab;eBat 10RKab; bnÞab;mkGñksMrbsMrYl)ankMNt;fa ³ bBaðaEdlGñk
PUmicat;TukfasMxan; RtUvdak;RKab;eBatcMnYn 5RKab; bBaðasMxan;bnþbnÞab;GñkPUmiRtUvdak;RKab;eBatbnßybnþ
bnÞab; . ¬rUbPaB viPaKbBaða¦
GñkPUmieFVIkarviPaKbBaðaxagelI edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsay nwgeFVIEpnkarskmµPaBelIbBaðacMbg
caM)ac;sMrab; BYkKat;mandUcxageRkam ³
÷ bBaða\NTan
÷ bBaðaBUCdMNaM
÷ bBaðaTUkkaNUt
÷ ]bkrN_ensaT
2>5>2 karviPaKelIbBaða
tamkarsikSaelIbBaðasMxan;TaMgbYnxagelIeXIjfa bBaðaTaMgGs;Tak;TgeTAnwg\NTandUc
29
Kña GñkPUmisMercykbBaðasMxan;BIrmkviPaK ³
- bBaðaxVH\NTan ³
tamlT§plénkarcat;fñak;bBaðaEdleFVIeLIgtamkare)aHeqñat GñkPUmicab;GarmµN_sMxan;Cag
eK KWxVH\NTaneRBaH muxrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkKat; RtUvEp¥keTAelIfvikaEdlbc©úb,nñKat;kMBugxVHxatesÞIrTaMg
RsugeRkABImeFüa)ayepSg²EdlmanRsab; .
b£sKl;énbBaðaKW xVH\NTansMrab;eFVIksikmµ nig eFVIensaTRtIbNþaleGayxVHedImTuneRBaH
knøgmkGñkPUmiCYbRbT³nUveRKaHFmµCati ¬stVl¥itbMpøaj/ ekþAxøaMgePøógxusrdUv ¦ KµanGgÁkarsßab½nmkCYy
pþl;Tun[ x©IedaysarPUmiCatMbn;pøÚvTwklM)akkñúgkarTMnak;TMng .
ebIx©ITunBIQµÜj²RtUvkarsMPar³ b¤ mrtkbBa©aM eRBaH ¬dImantictYc ¦
EmkFagbBaðaepþImecjBIkarxVH\NTanxagelIenHbNþaleGayGñkPUmiCYbRbT³karlM)akeFVI
eGayBYkKat;ecjeTAsIuQñÜleKedIm,IrkkMérbEnßm xVHes,óghUbenArdUvvsSa xVH]bkrN_ensaT GñkPUmiRtUv
bgçMcitþeTAx©IQµÜjxageRkA QµÜjykkarR)ak;x<s; plitplEdlGñkPUmieFVI)anRtUvlk;eGaym©as;luykñúgkMér
TabeBlRbmUlluy ebIGñkPUmiKµanluysgeGayeKQµÜjRtUvrwbGUssMPar³ kat;ykTUkkaNUt rW dItamkic©
snüadak;eGayeK .
- bBaðaxVHTUkkaNUt ³
cMNat;fñak;xVHTUkkaNUtCabBaðacMbgTIBIrEdlRtUvedaHRsaybnÞan;. bBaðaenHmanb£sKl;bIKW
1- xVH\NTan BIeRBaHKµanGgÁkareGayx©IR)ak;
2- xVHedImTun mUlehtuknøgmkeRKaHFmµCati ¬stVl¥itbMpøaj/ ePøógxusrdUv ¦ pl
TTYl)antic/ tMélplitplTab/ FnFanFmµCatienAkñúgPUmimankarfycuH .
3- xVHGñkeGayCYlTUkkaNUt eGay b¤ x©I eRBaHeKRtUvkarrRbIR)as;sMrab;bMerIkar
garpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK .
EmkFagénbBaðaxVHTUkkaNUtenH bNþaleGaymanPaBTMenrKµankargareFVI xkxanmin)an
ecjeTAeFVIkargar ebIeTAedaysarCamYyeKCYn)an b¤ min)aneTA m:üageTotBYkKat;GacCYl b¤ Rbv:as;)an
edayCYyelIkdak;lIEsgRbmUlpleGayGñkmanTUkkaNUt .
ral;b£sKl; nig EmkFagbBaðaxVHTUkkaNUt)anbgðajeGayeXIjdl;karb:HBal;mYycMnYndUc
Ca pldMNaMfycuH tMélplitplTab nig xatbg;eBlevla .

30
rUbPaBTI 8³ karviPaKEmkFagénbBaða
31
 2>5>3 EpnkarskmµPaB
eRkayBI)ancat;fñak; nigviPaKbBaðaEdlTak;TgeTAelImuxrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmiekaHb£sSI
mancMnYn 4 kúñúgenaHman ³ xVHBUCdMNaM/ xVHTUkkaNUt/ xVH]bkrN_ensaT nig xVH\NTan . edaybBaðaTaMg
enHTak;TgeTAnwgfvika GñkPUmi)anBiPakSaÉkPaBKñaelIkykbBaða\NTanEtmYymkeFVIEpnkarskmµPaB .

32
taragTI5³ EpnkarskmµPaB
CMh‘an GñkpþÜcepþIm GñkcUlrYm sMPar³ bBaða eBlevla
CMh‘an 1
-begáItKN³kmµkarRKb;RKg GñkPUmi GñkPUmi b‘íuc-esovePA KµanbBaða 1-8-2002
-cgRkgRkum GñkPUmi smaCikRkum bBa¢I¢-b‘íuc-esovePA -mþgeGaycUl/mþgeGayecj
-rt;ecalRkum
-cg;manEtRkumRKYsarrbs;xøÜnÉg 1-8-2002
-begáItc,ab; / lkçnþik³ /KN³kmµkar GñkPUmi GñkPUmi b‘íuc-esovePA xøøacminFanaenAeBlc,ab;ekIteLIg 7-8-2002
-begáItc,ab;sMrab;Rkum GñkPUmi smaCikRkum b‘íuc-esovePA KµanbBaða 7-8-2002
-TMnak;TMngCamYyGñkpþl;edImTun KN³kmµµkar RbFanRkum - Éksar - xVHfvikaeFVIdMeNIr 15-8-2002
{GgÁkar / ÉkCn } - TUk-kaNUt - eTAeRcInelIk
- sMeNIsuMx©IR)ak; - mankarxwgBIGñkPUmi
- bBa¢IeQµaHGñkPUmi
- kic©snüa
- sñameméd
CMh‘anTI 2
- TMnak;TMngelIkTI 2 KNkmµkar RbFanRkum - Éksar - Kµanfvika 20-8-2002
- TUk-kaNUt - CYbb¤minCYb
- TMnak;TMngelIkTI 3- 4 30-8-2002
CMha‘nTI 3
karTTYlR)ak; KN³kmµkar KN³kmµkarnigRbFanRkum manlixitRbKl;nigTTYl xøac)at;bg;
33
rUbPaBTI 9³ TMrg;nirnþPaBénkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmiekaHb£sSI

34
 3> snñidæan nig Gnusasn_
3>1 snñidæan
qøgtamkarsikSaGMBIkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;GñkPUmiekaHb¤sSI )anbgðajeGayeXIjGMBIsßanPaB
rs;enA plb:HBal; nig ral;bBaðaEdlekItmandUcxageRkam ³
-karRKb;RKgFmµCatieGaymannirnþrPaB BiessRtI GacCYypþl;plRbeyaCn_ sMxan;dl;Gñk T½lRkenA
kñúgPUmi .
-PUmienHsMbUredayFnFanFmµCati b:uEnþsmtßPaBmnusSkñúgkarTajykplBIFmµCatienAman kMrit .
-KN³kmµkarshKmn_ensaT Edl)anbegáIteLIg BuMTan;mansmtßPaBkñúgkarRKb;RKgFn FanFmµCati
rbs;xøÜn . ehIyGñkPUmimYycMnYnFMBuMTan;yl;BIGtßRbeyaCn_énkarbegáItshKmn_ ensaTenAeLIg.
-kic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;GñkPUmi sßitenAeRkam\T§iBlénTIpSar nig FmµCati ktþaTaMgenHehIy EdlCa
mUlhtubNþaleGayBYkKat;RkIRk .
-kareRbIR)as;fñaMBul nig CIKImIrbs;GñkPUmieRbIeTAtamTMlab;t²KñaBuM)anGnuvtþeTAtambec©keTsCaehtu
eFVIeGay b:HBal;dl;pldMNaM nig suxPaBBYkKat; .
-dIPUmi dIcMkar nigCMrkRtI BgkUnEdlenAtamdgTenø )at;bg;bnþicmþg² edaysarrlkén k)a:l;rU:ya:l; .
-kMenInRbCaCnTl½RkmankarekIneLIgCalMdab; .
3>2 Gnusasn_
eyagtamEpnkarskmµPaBelIbBaða\NTanrbs;GñkPUmiEdl)anelIkeLIg suMeGaymanGnþraKmn_
BIxageRkAeTIbmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarRbkbmuxrbrrbs;Kat; .
-sßab½n nig GgÁkarnanaEdlBak;B½n§emtþaCYyeFVIGnþraKmn_cMeBaHk)a:l;rU:yal;RtUvbnßyel,Ón kñúgkar
eFVIdMeNIreTAmkkEnøgEdlmanPUmiRbCaCnrs;enAtamdgTenø .
-sUmsßab½n nig GgÁkarnanaCYyGnþraKmn_Pñak;garcuHCYypSBVpSayGMBIbec©keTseRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;
stVl¥it-CIKImI nig bec©keTsdaMduH .
-sßab½n raCrdæaPi)al KYrykcitþTukdak;elIFnFanmnusSedIm,IGPivDÆn_PUmi .
-sßab½n Clpl KYrbegáIt lkçnþik³ shKmn_ensaTedaymankarcUlrYmBIRbCaCneGay)an qab;rh½s
edIm,IFananUvkarRKb;RKgnigeRbIR)as;FnFanFmµCatieGayman nirnþrPaB .

35