Homework #1: Ittools

HOMEWORK #1
ITTOOLS
Submitted by: Princess Mariejoie V. Zuñiga

Submitted to: Ms. Raquel G. Ofreneo
What is Relational Model?
The relational model is the conceptual basis of relational databases. It is a method
of structuring data using relations, which are grid-like mathematical structures
consisting of columns and rows.
In the relational model, all data must be stored in relations (tables), and each
relation consists of rows and columns. Each relation must have a header and body. The
header is simply the list of columns in the relation. The body is the set of data that
actually populates the relation, organized into rows. You can extrapolate that the
junction of one column and one row will result in a unique value - this value is called a
tuple.
What is Entity-Relationship Model?

An Entity–relationship model (ER model) describes the structure
of a database with the help of a diagram, which is known as
Entity Relationship Diagram (ER Diagram). An ER model is a
design or blueprint of a database that can later be
implemented as a database. The main components of
E-R model are: entity set and relationship set.
An ER diagram shows the relationship among
entity sets. An entity set is a group of similar entities and
these entities can have attributes. In terms of DBMS, an
entity is a table or attribute of a table in database, so by
showing relationship among tables and their attributes, ER
diagram shows the complete logical structure of a database.
What is Object-Based Data Model?
In object-based data models, the focus is on how data is represented. The data is
divided into multiple entities each of which have some defining characteristics.
Moreover, these data entities are connected with each other through some relationships.
So, in object-based data models the entities are based on real world models, and
how the data is in real life. There is not as much concern over what the data is as
compared to how it is visualized and connected.
Object based data models use concepts such as entities, attributes, and
relationships. An entity is a distinct object (a person, place, concept, and event) in the
organization that is to be represented in the database. An attribute is a property that
describes some aspect of the object that we wish to record, and a relationship is an
association between entities.
Some examples of object-based
data models are
1. Entity Relationship Data
Model
2. Object Oriented Data Model
3. Semantic Data Model
4. Functional Data Model
What is Semi-structured Data
Model (XML)?
Semi-structured data is the data which does not conforms to a data model but
has some structure. It lacks a fixed or rigid schema. It is the data that does not reside in
a rational database but that have some organizational properties that make it easier to
analyze. With some process, we can store them in the relational database.
In this model, the structural data usually contained in the database schema is
embedded with the data itself. Here the distinction between data and schema is vague
at best. This model is useful for describing systems, such as certain Web-based data
sources, which we treat as databases but cannot constrain with a schema. It’s also useful
for describing interactions between databases that don’t adhere to the same schema.
What is Network Model?
A network model is a database model that is designed as a flexible approach to
representing objects and their relationships. A unique feature of the network model is
its schema, which is viewed as a graph
where relationship types are arcs and
object types are nodes. Unlike other
database models, the network model's
schema is not confined to be a lattice or
hierarchy; the hierarchical tree is replaced
by a graph, which allows for more basic
connections with the nodes.
The network model builds on the
hierarchical model by allowing many-to-
many relationships between linked
records, implying multiple parent records.
Based on mathematical set theory, the model is constructed with sets of related records.
Each set consists of one owner or parent record and one or more member or child
records. A record can be a member or child in multiple sets, allowing this model to
convey complex relationships.
What is Hierarchical Model?

The hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where each
record has a single parent or root. Sibling records are sorted in a particular order. That
order is used as the physical order for storing the database. This model is good for
describing many real-world relationships.
What is the difference between DDL and DML?
DDL DML
Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language
A type of SQL command that helps to A type of SQL command that helps to
define database schemas or structure. It retrieve and manage data in relational
basically deals with how the data gets databases i.e. retrieve, update and delete
stored in the database. the data in the database.
It basically defines the column It adds or update the row of the table.
(Attributes) of the table. These rows are called as tuple.
Basic command present in DDL are BASIC command present in DML are
CREATE, DROP, RENAME, ALTER etc. UPDATE, INSERT, MERGE etc.
Commands affect the entire database or Commands affect one or more records in
table. a table.
SQL statements cannot be rolled back. SQL statements can be rolled back.
It is further classified into Procedural and
It doesn’t have any further classification.
Non-Procedural DML.
SQL provides the flexibility of defining the schema and then modifying it
according to the requirement in a database by using the Data Definition Language and
Data Manipulation Language. With the usage of simple DDL statements, it becomes
easier for the developer to define the database schema, table structure for large amounts
of data. Also, with usage of the DML statements, we can manipulate the data i.e.
retrieve the data, modify the existing data, etc. whenever the need arises. There are
certain important points to keep in view while working with the various DDL and DML
commands. The software developer or designer needs to get a thorough understanding
of the working of various DDL and DML operations as they play a vital role in building
an efficient database as required by the business.
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query language, pronounced as "S-Q-L" or

sometimes as "See-Quel". SQL is a standard computer language for relational database
management and data manipulation. SQL can be used to insert, search, update and
delete database records. SQL can do lots of other operations including optimizing and
maintenance of databases. Relational databases like MySQL Database, Oracle, Ms SQL
server, Sybase, etc uses SQL. Most relational databases support SQL, which is an added
benefit for database administrators (DBAs), as they are often required to support
databases across several different platforms.
SQL code is divided into four main categories:
 Queries are performed using the ubiquitous yet familiar SELECT statement,
which is further divided into clauses, including SELECT, FROM, WHERE and
ORDER BY.
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to add, update or delete data and is
actually a SELECT statement subset and is comprised of the INSERT, DELETE
and UPDATE statements, as well as control statements, e.g., BEGIN
TRANSACTION, SAVEPOINT, COMMIT and ROLLBACK.
 Data Definition Language (DDL) is used for managing tables and index
structures. Examples of DDL statements include CREATE, ALTER, TRUNCATE
and DROP.
 Data Control Language (DCL) is used to assign and revoke database rights and
permissions. Its main statements are GRANT and REVOKE.
The uses of SQL include modifying database table and index structures; adding,
updating and deleting rows of data; and retrieving subsets of information from within a
database for transaction processing and analytics applications. Queries and other SQL
operations take the form of commands written as statements -- commonly used SQL
statements include select, add, insert, update, delete, create, alter and truncate.
References:
DDL vs DML: Learn the Top 6 Difference Between DDL and DML. (2020, January 13).
Retrieved from https://www.educba.com/ddl-vs-dml/
ER Diagram Tutorial in DBMS (with Example). (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.guru99.com/er-diagram-tutorial-dbms.html
Know The Difference-Learn How Object Oriented Database is different from RDBMS.
(2018, March 7). Retrieved from http://www.odbmsfacts.com/articles/object-
oriented_databases/
Object Based Data Models. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Object-based-Data-Models
Rouse, M. (2016, September 7). What is SQL (Structured Query Language)? - Definition
from WhatIs.com. Retrieved from
https://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/SQL
Singh, C., Gurudevi, Gurudevi, Kumar, B., Kumar, B., Jahan, T., & Jahan, T. (2018,
November 16). Entity Relationship Diagram - ER Diagram in DBMS. Retrieved
from https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/e-r-model-in-dbms/
What is a Database Model. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/database-diagram/database
models#section_3
What is a Relational Model? - Definition from Techopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24559/relational-model-database
What is Semi-structured data? (2019, April 15). Retrieved from
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-semi-structured-data/

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HOMEWORK #1

Submitted by: Princess Mariejoie V. Zuñiga

What is Entity-Relationship Model?

What is Hierarchical Model?

SQL stands for Structured Query language, pronounced as "S-Q-L" or

SQL code is divided into four main categories:

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