Microprocessing Systems and Interfaceing
(EEE-342)
Muhammad Faizan Malik
Week 1 - Introduction
2 M. Faizan COMSATS Attock Dept EE
Course Introduction
Microprocessor and Microcontroller – EEE342
4 Credit Hours
Theory 3
Lab 1
Instructor
M. Faizan Malik
Lab
Microprocessor LAB, LAB Block
3 M. Faizan COMSATS Attock Dept EE
Tentative Breakdown
4 M. Faizan COMSATS Attock Dept EE
Books
8051 Microcontroller
I. Scott Mackenzie and R.C. Phan, “The 8051 Microcontroller”,
Fourth Edition, Pearson Education 2007
Muhammad Ali Mazidi and J. G. Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller
and Embedded Systems”, Pearson Education 2006
PIC 18F Microcontroller
M. Ali Mazidi, R. D. Mickinlay and D. Causey, “PIC Microcontrollers
and Embedded Systems”, Pearson Education 2008
7 M. Faizan COMSATS Attock Dept EE
Tutorials
Tough and demanding course with much information
Weekly Tutorial Session
Students can discuss the problems / queries
Participation is compulsory
Students are welcome to discuss queries any time other
than Tutorial Session as well
10 M. Faizan COMSATS Attock Dept EE
Prerequisites
Number Systems
Binary
Decimal
Hexadecimal
Electronics
Basic concepts
DLD
Logical Gates
Multiplexer, De-multiplexer
Encoder, Decoder
Basic Concepts
Computer Programming
C
Basic Concepts
Clear and practice these topics before this course
11 M. Faizan COMSATS Attock Dept EE
Introduction
What is a Computer?
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Introduction
What is a Computer?
Computer
Device capable of
Performing computations
Making Logical Decisions
Works billions of times faster than human beings
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Introduction
What is a Computer?
Programs
Set of instructions that process data
Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by
“Programmer”
Computer System
Consists of various hardware devices
Keyboard
Screen
Disks
Memory
Processing Units
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Introduction
Computer
RAM
Inputs
Central Processing
ALU Unit
Outputs
ROM
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Introduction
Every computer consists of
1. Input Unit
Receiving section of computer
Gets data from input devices e.g. Keyboard, Mouse etc
2. Output Unit
Puts information on various output devices
Monitors
Printouts
Speakers
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Introduction
Every computer consists of
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Administrative section of computer
Supervises other sections
4. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division)
Can make decisions and comparisons
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Introduction
Every computer consists of
5. Memory Unit
Rapid access, Fast
Temporarily retains information; lost when powered off
Also called Memory, Primary Memory or Random Access Memory
(RAM)
6. Secondary Storage Units
Long-term high capacity storage
Stores programs Or data not currently being used
Hard drives, Disks, CDs etc
Slower than primary memory
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Introduction
Computer Architecture
Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Instruction = Program / Code
Data = Information being used
RISC Vs CISC
Instruction Set = Set of Instructions (low level) that CPU can process
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Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Von Neumann Architecture
A single memory has
DATA: the information being used
Instructions: Program to be executed
A single Bus connects CPU with the memory
At a time, either Instruction can be read OR data can be read
or written
2 cycles complete an
instruction
1st : Read instruction
2nd : Read/Write Data
20 Image courtesy Dr. Javaid
Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Harvard Architecture
Separate Memories for
DATA: the information being used
Instructions: Program to be executed
Separate Buses connects CPU with the memory
When an instruction is being executed, data for next
instruction is fetched,
known as Pipelining.
21 Image courtesy Dr. Javaid
Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Von Neumann Harvard
Same memory keeps Data Separate memories for data
and instructions
and Instructions
A single bus connects CPU Two buses between memory
with memory and CPU
At a time, either reading Reading / Writing memory
an instruction OR reading and reading an Instruction
can be done simultaneously
/ writing data
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RISC Vs CISC
CISC
Complex Instruction Set Computer
Instruction Set is set of all Instructions (low level Commands)
that CPU can execute
Primary goal of CISC Architecture is to complete task in as few
lines of assembly as possible
Processor that understands and performs series of actions for
each assembly command
Instructions may be variable in length
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RISC Vs CISC
RISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Compact Uniform instructions
Reduces chip complexity by using simpler instructions
Few types of instructions to operate at high speed
Requires more RAM
Has become more popular due to decreasing RAM cost
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RISC Vs CISC
CISC RISC
Large Instruction set Small and Compact
Instruction set
Less lines of code More lines of Code
Variable length of Uniform length of
instructions instructions
Complex architecture Simple architecture
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Programming Languages
Programming Language: A set of rules, symbols and
special words used to construct a computer program
High Level Language
A computer language that is more intuitive to the humans. Closer to
plain English
Low Level (Assembly Language)
In which a mnemonic is used to represent each machine language
instruction
Machine Language
The binary representation of instructions a computer can perform
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Programming Languages
High Level Languages
Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
Translated to machine language
Compilers convert to machine language
Conversion takes much time
Instructions comprehensible to humans
Looks mostly like general English
Contains common mathematical notations
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Programming Languages
Low Level (Assembly Language)
English-like abbreviations
Represent basic operations of computer
Translated to machine language
Assemblers convert to machine language
High speed conversion
Easier for human interpretation as compared to Machine
language
Still tedious and difficult
Many instructions for simple tasks
These problems led to High Level languages
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Programming Languages
Machine Language
Only language understood directly by computer
Defined by computer’s hardware design
Machine-dependent
Difficult to understand for human readers
Ultimately reduced binary code i.e. 0s and 1s
Slow, tedious and error prone
Led to assembly language
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Programming Languages
Assembly is a Low Level Language
FORTRAN
High Level Pascal
COBOL
BASIC
C++
Middle Level C
Low Level Assembly
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Programmer’s Model of Computer
It does not matter whether the machine is
microprocessor / microcontroller based or a larger
machine
Programmers see the computer as having 3
characteristics
Address Space
Registers
Instruction Set
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Address Space
Address Space is set of storage locations, each of which
has an Address
The size of Address Space is defined by number of bits the
computer uses to form an address
A machine that uses 8 bits for address can access at most
28 = 256 locations
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Registers
Registers serve many important functions, including
temporary storage of data
The register set of a computer is fundamental to its
operation
Registers may be:
General Purpose
Special Function
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Instruction Set
Set of commands that computer can obey
Machine codes are generated from instruction set
Very simple commands
Instruction set specifies set of operations e.g. ADD,
SUBTRACT, JUMP and Addressing Modes etc
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Buses
Bus – Collection of wires through which data is
transmitted from one part of computer to another
Buses can be thought of as highways of computer on
which data travels
Types of Buses
1. Data Bus
2. Address Bus
3. Control Bus
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Data Bus
Data is shared among various components inside a
computer using wires known as Data Lines
Group of data lines is called Data Bus
Each data line carries a bit i.e. it can be Off or On
Data bus is Bi-Directional
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Address Bus
Addresses are accessed in a computer using wires known
as Address Lines
Group of address lines is call Address Bus
Address bus is Uni-directional
It only specifies the address of the target location
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Control Bus
These lines control the operation of a computer
For example, CPU uses these lines to specify whether a
read or write is required
This is done by different Control Lines
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Acknowledgement
Material used with permission of
Dr. Javaid Iqbal
Head of Department, Mechatronics Engineering
College of EME, NUST
I am extremely thankful to Dr. Javaid who has been a great
teacher and still helps and supports me
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