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    Cathode Ray Oscilloscope - Cro

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    meenakshi sharma
    This document describes how to use a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) to measure the frequency and amplitude of signals. It explains that a CRO displays waveforms on its screen using a cathode ray tube, vertical amplifier, horizontal amplifier, sweep generator, and trigger circuit. It provides procedures for using the CRO to measure the frequency, time period, peak-peak voltage, and amplitude of input signals by counting graticule divisions and using the time base and voltage scales. Observations are recorded in tables and the input and output frequencies and voltages are compared to check for errors. Precautions for safe and proper use of the CRO are also outlined.

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    Cathode Ray Oscilloscope - Cro

    Uploaded by

    meenakshi sharma
    4K views2 pages
    This document describes how to use a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) to measure the frequency and amplitude of signals. It explains that a CRO displays waveforms on its screen using a cathode ray tube, vertical amplifier, horizontal amplifier, sweep generator, and trigger circuit. It provides procedures for using the CRO to measure the frequency, time period, peak-peak voltage, and amplitude of input signals by counting graticule divisions and using the time base and voltage scales. Observations are recorded in tables and the input and output frequencies and voltages are compared to check for errors. Precautions for safe and proper use of the CRO are also outlined.

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    cathode ray oscilloscope _cro_

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    This document describes how to use a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) to measure the frequency and amplitude of signals. It explains that a CRO displays waveforms on its screen using a cathode ray tube, vertical amplifier, horizontal amplifier, sweep generator, and trigger circuit. It provides procedures for using the CRO to measure the frequency, time period, peak-peak voltage, and amplitude of input signals by counting graticule divisions and using the time base and voltage scales. Observations are recorded in tables and the input and output frequencies and voltages are compared to check for errors. Precautions for safe and proper use of the CRO are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4K views2 pages

    Cathode Ray Oscilloscope - Cro

    Uploaded by

    meenakshi sharma
    This document describes how to use a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) to measure the frequency and amplitude of signals. It explains that a CRO displays waveforms on its screen using a cathode ray tube, vertical amplifier, horizontal amplifier, sweep generator, and trigger circuit. It provides procedures for using the CRO to measure the frequency, time period, peak-peak voltage, and amplitude of input signals by counting graticule divisions and using the time base and voltage scales. Observations are recorded in tables and the input and output frequencies and voltages are compared to check for errors. Precautions for safe and proper use of the CRO are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    OBJECT: To study the CRO and measure the frequency and amplitude.

    APPARATUS: CRO, Function generator.


    THEORY: The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a very useful and versatile laboratory
    instrument used for display, measurement and analysis of waveforms and other phenomenon
    in electrical and electronics circuits.
    A CRO consists of the following parts.

    FIG: Block diagram of Cro

    (i) CRT: To produce high intense penciled beam on its fluorescent screen.
    (ii) Vertical Amplifier: To amplify electrically the electrical wave form to be
    viewed through ‘Y’ plates of CRT.
    (iii) Horizontal Amplifier: To amplify the wave form to be displayed through X-
    plates of CRT, which is internally connected through time base saw-tooth voltage
    (sweep voltage) if desired through a control switch for display of a signal wave
    form.
    (iv) Sweep Generator: To produce sweep voltage on X-plates if desired as above.
    (v) Trigger Circuit: To start horizontal sweep or time base voltage.
    (vi) HT and LT supply: High tension (or voltages) and low tension (or voltages)
    desired at different points in CRT, horizontal and vertical amplifiers, sweep
    generator etc., in the whole assembly of CRO.
    There are other provisions on front panel of CRO such as intensity control, focus control,
    horizontal control and vertical control.
    PROCEDURE: The CRO can be used for measurement of voltage, current frequency, time-
    period etc. the screen of CRT is provided with a measuring graticule with vertical and
    horizontal divisions. These divisions are generally centimeter division and are calibrated for
    voltage measurement (horizontal division) this graticules is used for all measurement carried
    out by using CRO.

    FIG 1: Frequency on Cro screen FIG 2: Amplitude on Cro screen


    FREQUENCY AND TIME PERIOD MEASUREMENT:
    1. Proper adjustment is made.
    2. Apply the signal to Y-plates.
    3. The time base control is adjusted to get waves (complete) on the screen.
    4. The numbers of division for one complete cycle of the displayed waveform on X-
    scale represent its time period.
    5. Time period = Time base setting × Horizontal displacement.
    6. The frequency for a given waveform can be calculated from time period.
    7. Frequency = 1/T Hz where is T is the time period.
    VOLTGE MEASUREMENT:
    1. Voltage is shown on the vertical y-axis and the scale is determined by the Y-
    amplifier (volts/cm).
    2. Usually peak-peak voltage is measured because it can be read correctly even if the
    position of 0V is not known.
    3. The amplitude is half the peak-peak voltage.
    4. To read the amplitude voltage directly you must check the position of 0V (normally
    halfway up the screen).
    5. Move the AC/GND/DC switch to GND (0V) and use Y-SHIFT (up/down) to adjust
    the position of the trace if necessary, switch back to DC afterwards so you can see the
    signal again.
    6. Count the number of division between Positive and Negative peaks.
    7. Peak-Peak Voltage = Deflection amplitude ×Volts / cm.
    8. Amplitude (Peak Voltage) = ½ × peak-peak voltage.
    OBSERVATION TABLE:
    FREQUENCY MEASURMENT
    S.No. Input Horizontal Time period Output Error
    frequency displacement Time/Division (T = Hd × T / d ) frequency
    (f) Hz (Hd) (T/d) (f=1/T) Hz

    VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
    S. No. Input Vertical Peak-Peak Amplitude (Peak
    frequency displacement Volt/Division Voltage Voltage)
    (f) Hz (Vd) (V/d) Vpp = Vd ×V / d 1
    Vp = × V pp
    2

    RESULT: The input and output frequencies are compared and voltage is found out.
    PRECAUTIONS:
    1. Do not allow the spot on the screen (central spot) nor take more intensity of wave pattern.
    This may spoil the screen.
    2. Always avoid shock especially with mains.
    3. First learn all the controls on CRO panel.
    4. An oscilloscope should be handled gently to protect its fragile (and expensive) vacuum
    tube.
    5.Oscilloscopes use high voltages to create the electron beam and these remain for some time
    after switching off - for your own safety do not attempt to examine the inside of an
    oscilloscope.

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