Text book questions

Chapter 1 - Matter in Our Surroundings

Q) Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Ans) When a liquid evaporates, the particles of the liquid absorb energy from the
surroundings to compensate the loss of energy during evaporation. Since
evaporation causes cooling, this makes the surroundings cool.
 
In a desert cooler, the water inside it is made to evaporate. This leads to absorption
of energy from the surroundings, thereby cooling the surroundings. Evaporation
depends on the amount of water vapour present in air (humidity). If the amount of
water vapour present in air is less, then evaporation is more. On a hot dry day, the
cooler evaporates more, thereby cooling the surroundings more. That is why a
desert cooler cools better on a hot dry day.
Q)How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during
summer?
Ans)1)Earthen pots are made of soil which is porous in nature.

2)There are a large number of extremely small pores in an earthen pot through
which the water kept inside the pot keeps on evaporating and takes the latent heat
required for vaporisation from the earthen pot and remaining water. The earthen
pot and water hence loses heat and this makes the water inside the pot cool.
The property of evaporation that it causes cooling.

Q)Why does our palm feel cold when we put on some acetone or petrol or
perfume on it?

Ans) When we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on our palm, it evaporates.
During evaporation, particles of the liquid absorb energy from the surface of the
palm to compensate for the loss of energy, making the surroundings cool. Hence,
our palm feels cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it.
The property of evaporation that it causes cooling.

Q) Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a
cup?
A liquid has a larger surface area in a saucer than in a cup. One of the factors
affecting evaporation is surface area. Larger is the surface area more is the
evaporation. Thus evaporation is faster in a saucer causing more cooling than in a
cup. For this reason, we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than a
cup.Evaporation and the property of evaporation that it causes cooling.  The more
the surface area the more is the cooling.

Q) Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?

We should wear cotton clothes and light coloured clothes in summers. We sweat a
lot in summers. Cotton is a good absorber of water. Thus, it absorbs sweat from
our body and exposes the sweat to the atmosphere, making its evaporation faster.
During this evaporation, particles on the surface of the sweat gain energy from our
body surface, making the body cool. Further light coloured clothes are poorer
absorber of heat and would be better for summer.

1. Convert the following temperatures to the celsius scale. (a) 293 K (b) 470 K.

2. Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale. (a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
 (a) 293 K = (293 - 273)
= 20 C
(b) 470 K = (470 - 273)
= 197 C
 
Concept insight: Remember the relationship:
Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in C + 273

Solution 2
(a) 25°C = (25 + 273) K
= 298 K
(b) 373°C = (373 + 273) K
= 646 K

Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in oC + 273

3. Give reason for the following observations

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.

Ans) (a) Naphthalene undergoes sublimation easily i.e., the change of state of
naphthalene from solid to gas without intervention of liquid state. Thus,
naphthalene balls keeps on forming naphthalene vapours which disappear into the
air with time without leaving any solid.
(b) Gaseous particles possess high speed and move very rapidly in all directions.
When perfume is sprayed, its particles diffuse into the particles of air at a very fast
rate and reach our nostrils. This enables us to smell the perfume from a distance.
 
Q.4) Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of
attraction between the particles— water, sugar, oxygen.
Ans)Sugar is a solid; the forces of attraction between the particles of sugar are
strong.
Water is a liquid; the forces of attraction here are weaker than sugar.
Oxygen is a gas; the forces of attraction are the weakest in gases.
 
Thus, the increasing order of forces of attraction between the particles of water,
sugar and oxygen is
 
Oxygen < Water < Sugar

Oxygen is a gas, water is a liquid and sugar is a solid.

Q.5) What is the physical state of water at— (a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C ?

Ans) (a)Water at 25 C is present in the liquid state.

 
(b) At 0 C, water can exist as both solid and liquid.
NOTE: At 0 C temperature, after getting the heat equal to the latent heat of fusion,
the solid form of water i.e., ice starts changing into its liquid form i.e., water.
(c) At 100 C, water exists in liquid state at 100oC. At this stage, if we keep on
supplying heat energy, water can change to gaseous state.

6. Give two reasons to justify— (a) water at room temperature is a liquid. (b) an
iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
(a) At room temperature (25 C), water is a liquid because it has the following
characteristics of liquid:
(i) At room temperature, water has no shape but has a fixed volume i.e., it occupies
the shape of the container in which it is kept.
(ii) At room temperature, water flows easily.
 
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature (25 C) because:
(i) It has a definite shape and volume like a solid at room temperature.
(ii) It is rigid as solid at room temperature.
 
7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same
temperature?

Ans) Cooling takes place when heat is removed from a system. In case of ice at
0oC, it will first take heat (latent heat) from the medium to convert itself into water
at 0oC and then into water at higher temperature. In short, in case of ice at 0oC,
there will be change in phase so more energy will be required, whereas in case of
water at 0oC, there will be no change in phase. Hence, lesser energy will be taken
from the surroundings. So, at same temperature of 273 K, large amount of heat will
be removed by ice from the surroundings than in case of water. Hence, ice at 273
K is more effective in cooling than water at the
Q)8 What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

Steam has more energy than boiling water. It possesses the additional latent heat of
vaporisation. So, when steam falls on skin and condenses to produce water it gives
out 22.5 x 105 J/kg more heat than boiling water at the same temperature.
Therefore, burns produced by steam are more severe than those produced by
boiling water.
  In comparison to water, steam contains more heat in the form of latent heat of
vaporisation.

9. Name A,B,C,D,E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state
Solution 9

 
 
 
A. Fusion
B. Vaporisation
C. Condensation
D. Solidification
E. Sublimation
F. Sublimation
Blue line text book questions

1. Which of the following are matter? Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds,
thought, cold, lemon water, smell of perfume.
Solution 1
Chair - It is matter
Air -  It is matter
Love - It is not matter
Smell - It is not matter
Hate - It is not matter
Almonds - It is matter
Thought - It is not matter
Cold - It is not matter
Cold drink - It is matter
Smell of perfume - It is matter
Reason:Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter. Chair, air,
almonds, cold drink and smell of perfume are matter since they have mass and
occupy space. You might get confused with smell of matter. Is it matter or not?
The sense of smell is not matter. However, the smell or odour of a substance is
classified as matter. The smell of any substance (say, perfume) is the gaseous form
of that substance which our olfactory system can detect (even at very low
concentrations). Hence, smell of perfume is matter.
2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food
reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to
go close.
Solution 2
Particles of hot sizzling food possess large kinetic energy and diffuse in air rapidly
and reach several metres away whereas particles of cold food possess less kinetic
energy and are not able to reach several metres away.
 Particles of matter possess kinetic energy and keep moving constantly. At lower
temperature, particles have low kinetic energy and thus move slowly. Particles in
cold food have low kinetic energy due to low temperature. At higher temperature,
particles have high kinetic energy and move faster hence, the particles of hot
vapors from hot food move faster.

3.A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of
matter does this observation show?
Solution 3
This shows that the particles of matter have spaces between them and the
interparticle forces of attraction between liquid particles are not very strong hence
the force applied by diver is enough to overcome these forces of attraction.A diver
will be able to pass through water if there is availability of space between the
particles and the forces of attraction between the liquid particles are not very
strong. The diver will not be able to cut through solid ice because of less spaces
between the solid particles and strong forces of attraction.

4.What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Solution 4
The characteristics of particles of matter are:
(i)    All matter is composed of very small particles which can exist independently.
(ii)    Particles of matter have spaces between them.
(iii)    Particles of matter are continuously moving.
(iv)    Particles of mater attract each other.

Q.1)The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. (density =

mass/volume). Arrange the following in order of increasing density – air, exhaust
from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Solution 1
The given substances in the increasing order of their densities can be represented
as:
Exhaust from chimney < Air < Cotton < Water < Honey < Chalk < Iron
Reason: gases have lowest densities, liquids have higher densities than gases but
lower than that of solids and solids have highest densities.

Q)Give reasons (a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept. (b) A gas
exerts pressure on the walls of the container. (c) A wooden table should be called a
solid. (d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid
block of wood we need a karate expert.
Solution 3
(a)    A gas completely fills the vessel in which it is kept because there is negligible
force of attraction between the particles of gas. Thus, the gas particles move freely
in all directions.
 
(b)    A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the particles of
gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As a result, the particles hit each
other and also hit the walls of the container with a force. These collisions of the gas
particles with the walls of the container exert pressure on the walls of the
container.

(c)    A wooden table should be called a solid because it has a definite shape and
volume. It is very rigid and cannot be compressed i.e., it has the characteristics of a
solid.

(d)    We can easily move our hand in air, but to do the same through a solid block
of wood, we need a karate expert because the particles of air have large
intermolecular spaces and least force of attraction between them. Thus, one can
easily move the hand in air and push the particles of air apart. However, the
particles of solid have minimum amount of intermolecular space and maximum
force of attraction between them. Thus, a greater amount of force is required to
move the particles of solid apart. Thus, a much greater force is required to move
hand through a solid block of wood.
 
Q)Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Solution 4
The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density (density = mass/volume).
As the volume of a substance increases, its density decreases.

Though ice is a solid, but it has a cage like structure hence there are large number
of empty spaces between its particles. These spaces are larger as compared to the
spaces present between the particles of water. Thus for a given mass of water,
volume of ice is greater than that of water. Hence, the density of ice is less than
that of water. A substance with lower density than water can float on water.
Therefore, ice floats on water.
A substance with lower density than water will float on water. A substance with
higher density than water will sink in water.

1. Convert the following temperature to celsius scale: a. 300 K b. 573 K. 2. What

is the physical state of water at: a. 250ºC b. 100ºC ?
Solution 1
(a) 300 K = (300 - 273)
               = 27 C

(b) 573 K = (573 - 273)

               = 300 C

(a) Water at 250 C exists in gaseous state.

(b) At 100 C, water exists in liquid state. At this stage, if we keep on supplying
heat energy, water can change to gaseous state.

 
**Solve using the steps taught

3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change
of state?
Solution 2
During a change of state, the temperature remains constant. This is because all the
heat supplied to increase the temperature is utilised in changing the state by
overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. This heat is called the
latent heat. Latent heat does not contribute in increasing the temperature of the
substance.The forces of attraction between the particles and the heat required to
overcome these.
Solution 4

Q)Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases

Ans)By increasing pressure and reducing the temperature, atmospheric gases can
be liquefied .To decrease the intermolecular space between the particles and
increase the intermolecular forces of attraction between them , liquifiecation is
required.