Full Length Research Paper

EVALUATION OF FABA BEANS (Vicia faba L.) VARIETIES AGAINST CHOCOLATE

SPOT (Botrytis fabae SARD.) DISEASE IN HORRO GUDURU WOLLEGA ZONE,
WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Fikiru Wakoya1 Tola Abdissa1 Alemayehu Dugasa1

Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource,

Wollega University Shambu Campus, P. O. Box 38, Shambu, Ethiopia.

ABSTRACT
Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sard.) is one of the major diseases threatening faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
production and limiting its productivity in Ethiopia. Even if a lots of improved faba bean varieties were
released by agricultural research institution, actually, regarding this work aim more researches were not
done yet, in this areas, thus, it has to be checked different varieties against chocolate spot disease at
Guduru and Shambu experimental sites. Therefore, this works in lined with evaluating the released
varieties against chocolate spot disease having with the objectives of assess the response of faba bean
varieties to chocolate spot diseases and select the promising varieties of faba bean for the study area.
Based on these objectives, 14 improved varieties and one local check were evaluated against chocolate
spot disease and the research was conducted at Guduru and Shambu, Horro Guduru Wollega zone,
western Ethiopia, in 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons. From these field experiments disease
severities, PSI, AUDPC and apparent infection rates were tried to assed and these disease parameters
were significant different (P<0.05) among the varieties in both locations and seasons. The results
revealed that, in 2016 cropping season at Shambu the disease host reaction show as Mesay, Moti, Kasa
and Tumsa varieties were relatively moderately susceptible whereas, FB Didia and Degaga varieties were
moderately resistance. In 2017 Moti, Gora and Obse varieties were moderately susceptible whereas,
relatively Dosha and Kasa were moderately resistance. At Guduru location Obse, Hachalu and Tesfa
varieties were moderately susceptible whereas, Kasa and Bulga-70 varieties were moderately resistance
in 2016 cropping season. However, based on the assed disease parameters, all varieties were moderately
resistance in 2017 main cropping season. For the disease progressive curves, the Logistic model (R²=97)
was better described the disease progression from the analysis of epidemiological data than the
Gompertz model (R²=95). The disease progress and apparent infection rate were varied among all
varieties. This study indicated that improved faba bean varieties reacted differently to chocolate spot
disease.

Key words: Chocolate Spot, Faba Bean, PSI, AUDPC, Disease Severity, Disease epidemics

1
 1. INTRODUCTION
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) also referred to as broad bean, horse bean and sometimes field bean
occupies nearly 3.2 million hectare worldwide (Torres et al., 2006). In 2003, the worldwide
production was 2.6 million metric tons (Mt); China leads the world in faba bean production in
both area coverage and production. Other major production areas are Ethiopia (0.37 million ha,
0.45 Mt), Egypt (0.14 million ha, 0.44 Mt) and Australia (0.16 million ha, 0.27 Mt) (FAOSTAT,
2010).

In Ethiopia, faba bean is grown in the highlands (1800-3000 m.a.s.l) where the need for cold
temperature is met (Yohannes, 2000). It is believed that the crop was introduced to Ethiopia
from the Middle East via Egypt around 5000 B.C., immediately after domestication (Asfaw et
al., 1994). Ethiopia is now considered as one of the centers of secondary diversity for faba bean
(Asfaw et al., 1994; Yohannes, 2000 Torres et al., 2006). Currently the crop is grown in several
regions of the country receiving annual rainfall of 700-1000 mm (ICARDA, 2006). The Amhara
Region has the largest pulse area (43.7%) and contributes to the highest production (47%) in
the country followed by Oromiya Region that has 38% of the area and contributes 39% to
national production (CSA, 2006).

Over the last century, however, there has been a steady reduction in the cultivated area of
faba bean in many countries due to several reasons. Under Ethiopian conditions, biological
limitations include inherently low grain yielding potential of the indigenous cultivars and
susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses (Mussa et al., 2008). Among the diseases, chocolate
Spot disease is a major one which characterized by initially appears as reddish brown spots on
leaves, which enlarge and even merge and subsequently lead to sever premature defoliation.
Under favorable conditions, it appears on stems, flowers and pods, which directly affect seed
production. The prevalence of chocolate spot in main faba bean growing areas of Ethiopia is
about 94.6% (Endale et al., 2014) and the disease caused up to 34% and 61% yield losses on
tolerant and susceptible faba bean varieties, respectively (Dereje and Yaynu, 2001).

Variety screening is most promising methods of disease management strategies which is

environmentally sound, cost effective and pesticide free. Therefore, searching efficient means

2
for controlling the foliar diseases is so urgent for improving faba bean yield and its components.
Due to this reason selection of resistant varieties to foliar diseases is the appropriate means to
increase the yield of the crop. Thus, this work in line with evaluating the released varieties
against chocolate spot disease having with the objectives of assess the response of faba bean
varieties to chocolate spot diseases andselect the promising varieties of faba bean for the study
area
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Site Description
Horro Guduru Wollega Zone is found in Oromia National Regional State, at location of longitude
36o39’28.8”-37o40’11.2”E and latitude 9o9’24.6”-10o 20’59.9”N, temperature 8-32 oC, annual
rainfall 900mm-2000mm and altitude 1350-3170m a.s.l. where the experiment was conducted
at two sites (Shambu and Guduru) during 2016/17 main cropping season.

2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design

The experiments were conducted in 2016/17 during main cropping season at Guduru and
Shambu sites, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, western Ethiopia at experimental sites. The
treatments were evaluated with 14 faba bean released varieties and local check. The varieties
were obtained from Holeta and Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center. The plot size was 2m x
2m having 6-seedling rows 1m spacing between blocks and 0.5m and 0.3m spacing between
plots and rows, respectively. The seed and fertilizer rate were based on standard seed rate
(30kg/ha or 160lb/acre) and DAP 75-90kg/ha and UREA 30kg/ha, respectively. The treatments
were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
Table 1. Agronomic characteristics of Faba bean varieties used in the study areas (EIAR, 2018)

Varieties Released year Maturity date Production domain Yield (qt/ha)

CS20DK 1977 145-160 2300-3000 15-30
Bulga-70 1994 143-150 2300-3000 15-35
Holeta- 2 2001 140-150 2200-2800 15-35
Kasa 1980 120-135 1900-2300 15-30
Tesfa 1995 125-135 1900-2300 15-35
Mesay 1995 125-135 1900-2300 30-35
Degaga 2002 116-135 1800-3000 20-37
Moti 2006 116-135 1900-2800 20-35
Obse 2007 103-166 1900-3000 21-35

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 Dosha 2009 120-130 1900-2800 21-30
Tumsa 2010 120-130 1900-2800 21-35
Gora 2013 126-168 1900-2800 20-40
Hachalu 2010 122-156 1900-2800 20-38
FB Didia 2014 122-145 1900-2800 20-44

2.3. Data Collection

2.3.1. Disease Assessment
Chocolate spot severity was assessed on 20 randomly selected and pre-tagged plants per plot at weekly
interval from the time disease first appeared until the crop attained its physiological maturity. The
average severity from the 20 plants per plot was used for analysis. Disease severity was rated by
using 1-9 rating scale (Bernier et al.,1993), where 1= no disease symptoms or very small specks;
3= few small discrete lesions; 5= some coalesced lesions with some defoliation; 7= large
coalesced sporulating lesions, 50% defoliation and some dead plant; and 9= Extensive lesions
on leaves, stems and pods, severe defoliation, heavy sporulation, stem girdling, blackening and
death of more than 80% of plants (ICARDA, 1986; Hanounik, 1986), the disease severity scores
was converted in to Percentage severity index (PSI) for analysis using the following formula.

nxv
Disease severity= ∗100
9N
Where:
n = Number of plants in each category.
v = Numerical values of symptoms category.
N = Total number of plants.
9 = Maximum numerical value of symptom category
The disease was scored at seven days intervals starting from the first chocolate spot symptom
appearance and continued until the final podding stage when the disease attained maximum
(Sahile et al., 2008; Villegas–Fernandez et al., 2012). Finally, the scores were converted into
disease severity index (PSI) for the analysis (Hanounik, 1986; Ayman et al., 2009; Abo-Hegazy et
al., 2012). Based on PSI values, the response of tested varieties were classified into six reaction
groups following Abo-Hegazy et al. (2012); where 0 – 2% is highly resistant (HR), >2 – 15%

4
resistant (R), >15 – 40% moderately resistant (MR), >40 – 60% is moderately susceptible (MS)
and >60 – 80% is susceptible (S) >80 – 100% highly susceptible (HS).

PSI =
∑ of numericalratings x 100
No . of plants scored x maximum score on scale

The progress of chocolate spot was plotted over time using mean severity indices for each faba
bean variety at each location, and the PSI values were also used for the two important
epidemiological analyses, namely, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC).

x + x )( t
n
AUDPC=∑ [0. 5( i i+1 i+1 −t i )]
i−1
Where:

Xi= the average coefficient of infection of the i th note, Xi+1 = the average coefficient of
infection of the i+1th note and, ti+1- ti= the number of days between the i th note and the
i+1th note, n= number of observations.

2.4. Data analysis

The collected data from experimental sites were subjected to analysis of variance with SAS
computer software version 9.1.3 (SAS, 2008). The progress of disease was transformed with
either logistic model, ln[y/(1 − y)] (Vanderplank, 1963) or Gompertz model −ln[−ln(y)] (Berger,
1981). Means were compared with Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level.

3. Results
3.1.1. Disease severity
The mean disease severity in both years of 2016 and 2017 was significantly different (P<0.05) at
Shambu and Gudru both experimental site. From statistical analysis at Shambu experimental
site the disease severity was highly significant different (P<0.05) among the varieties in both
2016 and 2017 main cropping season. In this location the highest mean disease severity, was
recorded from Mesay and Moti 48.33% and 43.33%, respectively while, the lowest disease
severity was recorded from FB Didia and Degaga varieties 30.67% and 31.33%, respectively in
2016 main growing season (Table 2). In this area about nine varieties were highly infected as
compared to local cultivar 35.33%. In 2017 growing season, the highest mean disease severity

5
was recorded from Obse, Moti and Gora varieties 46% similar value, while, minimum disease
severity was recorded from Dosha and Kasa varieties 28% and 29.67, respectively (Table 2). In
this area, about ten varieties were highly infected as compared to local cultivar 31.33%..

The mean disease severity at Guduru experimental site in both 2016 and 2017 growing season,
was significantly different (P<0.05) (Table 3). In 2016 main growing season the highest disease
severity, was recorded from Obse and Hacalu varieties 43.67% and 41.33%, respectively, while,
the minimum mean disease severity, was recorded from Kasa and Bulga-70 varieties 33%and
34% , respectively (Table 3). In 2017 main growing season the maximum disease severity was
recorded from Tumsa and Dosha varieties both 40.67%, whereas, the minimum was from Gora
and Mesay varieties 30.67% (Table 3). The interaction of both location and years, was not
presented under this experiment because of from the combine analysis data the error variances
were not homogenized and the mean was not significance different among the varieties.

3.2. PSI

The mean percent severity index in both two cropping seasons was significantly different
(P<0.05) among the varieties at Shambu experimental site (Table 2). In fact, in 2016 main
growing season the mean PSI was less significance different, but in 2017 highly significance
different among the varieties (P<0.05). In 2016 main growing season at Shambu experimental
site, the highest PSI was recorded from Mesay and Kasa varieties 65% and 61%, respectively,
while, the lowest PSI was recorded from FB Didia and Degaga varieties 34% and 39%,
respectively (Table 2). Based on the PSI calculation, the varitiety reaction against diseases on
Mesay, Moti, Kasa, Tumsa and Hachalu varieties were moderately susceptible, while the lefts
were moderately resistance. In year of 2017 main growing season, the highest PSI was calculated
from Obse and Moti varieties 73.81% and 60.62%, respectively while, the minimum PSI was
calculated on Dosha and Local cultivar 27.33% and 38.33%, respectively (Table 2). The reaction
of the host on Mesay, Moti, Tumsa, Holeta-02, Obse and Gora varieties were moderately
susceptible, while the lefts were moderately resistance.

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At Guduru experimental site the mean of PSI was less significant different among the varieties
(P<0.05) in both 2016 and 2017 cropping season (Table 3). In 2016 year, the highest PSI was
calculated on Obse and Holeta-02 varieties 52.86%, while, the minimum PSI was on Kasa and
CS20DK varieties 35.33% and 39%, respectively (Table 3). The reaction of the host on Obse,
Hachalu, Tesfa, Holeta-02 and Dosha varieties were moderately susceptible, while the lefts
were moderately resistance. In 2017 cropping season the highest PSI was calculated on Tumsa
and Dosha varieties 56.24% and 50.33%, respectively, whereas, the minimum PSI was on
Degaga and Gora varieties 27.33% 31%, respectively (Table 3). In this year of field experiment
results were shown as all varieties was moderately resistance to chocolate spot disease.

Table 2. Chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae) faba beans (Vicia faba) varieties at Shambu Site
in main growing season

Shambu
2016 2017
Varieties DSa
PSI b
Host DS PSI Host
Reactionc Reactio
n
Mesay 48.33a 65.00a MS 43.00bac 55.95bac MS
Moti 43.33ba 57.52bdac MS 46.00a 60.62ba MS
Kasa 43.00ba 61.91ba MS 29.67e 34.67ed MR
Tumsa 43.00ba 51.91ebdac MS 45.67a 58.81ba MS
f
Hachalu 42.33ba 58.33bac MS 32.67ed 31.67ed MR
Bulga70 40.67bc 51.91ebdac MR 37.00dc 40.33edc MR
f
CS20DK 40.67bc 44.14ebdcf MR 31.00ed 34.67ed MR
Dosha 40.33bc 52.38ebdac MR 28.00e 27.33e MR
Holeta02 35.67dc 42.67edcf MR 44.00ba 54.67bc MS
Local 35.33dc 44.00ebdcf MR 31.33ed 30.33ed MR
Tesfa 35.00dc 40.33edf MR 31.33ed 35.33ed MR
Obse 35.00dc 40.48edcf MR 46.00a 73.81a MS
Gora 33.67d 41.71edcf MR 46.00a 55.95bac MS
Degaga 31.33d 34.00f MR 37.67bdc 46.09bdc MR
FB Didia 30.67d 39.00ef MR 32.33ed 34.67ed MR
CV (%) 10.171 22.257 11.033 23.931
LSD (5%) 6.559 18.000 6.910 18.009
P<value 0.0001 0.0326 <.0001 0.0001

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Means with the same letter at the same column are not significantly different at 5% LSD, CV= Coefficient of
Variation, LSD= Least Significant difference, MS= moderately susceptible, MR= Moderate Resistance
a = Disease severity
b = Percent Severity Index
c= Disease host reaction against response of crop varieties

Table 3. Chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae) faba beans (Vicia faba) varieties at Guduru Site
in main growing season

Guduru
2016 2017
Varieties DS a
PSIb Host DS PSI Host
Reactionc Reaction
Obse 43.67a 52.86a MS 33.33bdc 31.00de MR
Hachalu 41.33ba 51.09a MS 30.67d 31.00de MR
Tesfa 41b.00ac 51.57a MS 31.33dc 35.33dec MR
Holeta02 41.00bac 52.86a MS 33.00bdc 31.00de MR
Dosha 41.00bac 52.38a MS 40.67a 50.33ba MR
Local 39.67bdc 45.96bac MR 31.33dc 35.33dec MR
Mesay 39.33bdc 45.48bac MR 30.67d 31.67dec MR
FB Didia 38.67bedc 41.62bd MR 31.00d 31.00de MR
c
Tumsa 38.33bedc 49.00ba MR 40.67a 56.24a MR
Moti 37.33fedc 46.72bac MR 33.67bdc 31.00de MR
Degaga 36.33fedg 41.62bd MR 31.33dc 27.33e MR
c
Gora 35.33feg 40.33bd MR 30.67d 31.00de MR
c
CS20DK 35.00feg 39.00dc MR 33.00bdc 36.62bde MR
c
Bulga70 34.00fg 40.33bd MR 38.00bac 44.67bda MR
c c
Kasa 33.00g 35.33d MR 38.33ba 45.95bac MR
CV (%) 5.962345 11.7899 12.23473 23.78377
4
LSD (5%) 3.8226 9.0202 6.9255 14.572
P<value <.0001 0.0027 0.0253 0.0079
Means with the same letter at the same column are not significantly different at 5% LSD, CV= Coefficient of
Variation, LSD= Least Significant difference, MS= moderately susceptible, MR= Moderate Resistance
a = Disease severity
b = Percent Severity Index
c = Disease host reaction against response of crop varieties

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3.3. AUDPC

Statistically, there was highly significant difference (p<0.05) for the area under disease
progressive curve (AUDPC) among the varieties at Shambu experimental site in both 2016 and
2017 main cropping season. In 2016 year, the maximum AUDPC was calculated Mesay and Moti
varieties 3125 and 2775, respectively, while the minimum AUDPC was on FB Didia and Degaga
varieties 1937.5 and 1962.5, respectively (Figure 1). In year 2017 main growing season, the
highest of AUDPC was computed on Obse, Moti and Gora varieties 2962.5, while, minimum
AUDPC was computed on Dosha and Kasa varieties 1762.5 and 1887.5, respectively (Figure1).

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 3500
3125
3000 2775 2737.5 2775
2662.52612.5
2562.52537.5
2500 2300 2275 2250
2200
2100
1962.51937.5
2000
AUDPC (% days)

1500

1000

500

0
ay sa sa l
es oti
Ka ha
lu
a7
0
0D
K
sh
a
a0
2 ca sfa se r a ga di
a
M M Tum c lg 2 Do let Lo Te Ob Go ega Di
Ha Bu CS Ho
D FB
Varieties

3500
2962.5 2925 2962.52962.5
3000 2775 2837.5

2500 2400 2387.5

2075 1987.5 1987.52012.5 2050
2000 1887.5
AUDPC (% days)

1762.5
1500

1000

500

0
ay sa sa l se ra ga a
oti alu 70 DK ha a0
2 ca sfa di
es M Ka m ch lga 20 os et Lo Te Ob Go ga Di
M Tu a u S D l De
FB
H B C Ho
Varieties

10
Figure 1. Area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC) of chocolate spot on faba bean varieties in 2016
and 2017 cropping season at Shambu

Statistical result shows, there was significance different (p<0.05) among the varieties in both
2016 and 2017 at Guduru experimental site (Figure 2). In 2016 year the maximum mean
AUDPC, was computed on Obse and Hacalu varieties 2800 and 2650, respectively, and whereas,
the minimum mean AUDPC was on Kasa and Bulga-70 varieties 2087.5 and 2162.5, respectively.
In 2017 cropping season the maximum mean AUDPC, was computed on Tumsa and Dosha
varieties 2625 and 2612.5, respectively, while the minimum AUDPC, was computed on Gora
and Hacalu varieties 1937.5 and 1950, respectively (Figure 2)

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 3000 2800
2650 2612.52612.5 2600
2537.5 2525 2475 2475
2500 2387.5 2300
2250 2225 2162.5
2087.5
2000
AUDPC (% days)

1500

1000

500

0
l
se alu sfa ta02 ha ca es
ay di
a sa oti ga ra DK 70
Ka
sa
Ob ach Te le Dos Lo M Di Tum M ega Go S20 lga
H Ho FB D C Bu
Varieties

3000
2612.5 2625
2462.5 2475
2500
2125 2100 2150
1950 2025 2000 1962.51962.5 1987.51937.5 2075
2000
AUDPC (% days)

1500

1000

500

0
se

ra
oti
sfa

sa

ga

sa
a

a
alu

ay

DK
2

70
ca
sh

di
a0

Ka
Go
Ob

ga
es

lga
Lo
Te

20
ch

Di
Do
let

Tu
M

De
Ha

CS

Bu
FB
Ho

Varieties

12
Figure 1. Area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC) of chocolate spot on faba bean varieties in 2016
and 2017 cropping season at Guduru

3.4. Disease progress rate

For the disease progressive curves, the Logistic model (R²=97) was better described the disease
progression from the analysis of epidemiological data than the Gompertz model (R²=95). The
disease progress rate ( units day -1) was calculated for the varieties in both 2016 and 2017
cropping season at both location Guduru and Shambu experimental site ( Table 4). At Shambu
experimental site the disease progress rate on Mesay, Moti and Kasa varieties was faster by
0.0441 logits day-1, and 0.0371 logits day-1, respectively, whereas relatively slower was
calculated on FB Didia and Degaga varieties 0.0271 logits day -1 and 0.0294 logits day-1,
respectively, in 2016 main cropping season (Table 4 and Figure 2). The initial percent severity
index was higher on Hachalu, Tumsa, Local, Dosha, CS20DK and Kasa varieties >15%, while the
lefts were low 10%. Minimum final PSI was calculated from Degaga, Bulga-70 and Gora varieties
45% and others were accounted from ranges of 50-65%. In this area, in 2017 main cropping
season, on Obse, Moti, Gora and Tumsa varieties, the disease progress rate was faster by
0.0459 logits day-1, 0.0409 logits day-1, 0.0405units day-1 and 0.0403 logit day-1, respectively,
whereas, on Dosha, Kasa, CS20DK varieties and Local cultivar, the disease progress rate
relatively slower 0.0222 logits day -1, 0.0251 logits day-1, 0.0268 logits day-1 and 0.0284 logits day-
1
(Table 4 and Figure 2). Generally, the disease progression was supported by the disease
severity and area under disease progressive curve against the varieties at both sites. The initial
percent severity index was higher on FB Didia, Local, Dosha, Kasa, Obse and Gora varieties
>15%, while the lefts were low 10%. Minimum final PSI was calculated from FB Didia, Degaga,
Bulga-70 and Holeta-02 varieties 45% and others were accounted from ranges of 50-65%.

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Table 4. Disease parameter estimates for chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae) of faba beans
(Vicia faba) varieties at Shambu experimental site in 2016 and 2017 years of main
growing season
Shambu
2016 2017
varieties
PSI-ia PSI-fb rc Sd R²e PSI-i PSI-f r S R²
FB Didia 0.100 0.500 0.0319 0.0026 0.96 0.150 0.450 0.0271 0.0036 0.91
Hachalu 0.150 0.550 0.0321 0.0041 0.93 0.100 0.500 0.0354 0.0043 0.92
Degaga 0.100 0.450 0.0353 0.0039 0.93 0.100 0.450 0.0294 0.0048 0.86
Tumsa 0.150 0.650 0.0403 0.0042 0.95 0.100 0.550 0.0362 0.0052 0.90
Local 0.200 0.650 0.0284 0.0038 0.93 0.150 0.600 0.0311 0.0038 0.94
Dosha 0.150 0.600 0.0222 0.0044 0.87 0.150 0.600 0.0337 0.0044 0.92
CS20DK 0.150 0.550 0.0268 0.0032 0.94 0.100 0.600 0.0345 0.0046 0.92
Bulga70 0.100 0.450 0.0331 0.0029 0.95 0.100 0.450 0.0353 0.0048 0.89
Kasa 0.150 0.550 0.0251 0.0031 0.94 0.150 0.650 0.0371 0.0064 0.88
Holeta02 0.100 0.500 0.0384 0.0029 0.96 0.100 0.450 0.0326 0.0028 0.95
Gora 0.100 0.450 0.0405 0.0031 0.95 0.150 0.500 0.0301 0.0024 0.97
Mesay 0.100 0.600 0.0366 0.0044 0.93 0.100 0.650 0.0441 0.0044 0.95
Obse 0.100 0.600 0.0459 0.0036 0.97 0.150 0.500 0.0304 0.0027 0.96
Moti 0.100 0.550 0.0409 0.0048 0.92 0.100 0.550 0.0371 0.0042 0.93
Tesfa 0.150 0.550 0.0316 0.0035 0.95 0.150 0.600 0.0305 0.0051 0.90
Parameter estimates are from a linear regression of logistic model ln(y/1-y)) disease severity proportion on time (days after
planting
a Percent severity index initial
b Percent severity index final
c Disease progress rate from logistic transformation represent the equation of the line d Standard error of the parameter
estimates both in 2016 and 2017 at both experimental site
e Coefficient of determination for the logistic model both in 2016 and 2017 at both experimental site

At Guduru experimental site, in 2016 the disease progress rate was higher on Obse and Hacalu
-1 -1
varieties 0.0421 logits day and 0.0391 logits day , respectively, while slower disease
progress rate was calculated on Kasa and Bulga-70 varieties 0.0284 logits day -1, and 0.0296
logits day -1, respectively (Table 4 and Figure 1). Higher initial PSI was calculated on Local,
Dosha, Kasa, Mesay and Moti varieties (15%), while the others were low 10%. Minimum final
PSI was calculated from Hachalu, Degaga and Gora varieties 45% and others were accounted
from ranges (50-65%). In year 2017 cropping season the faster disease progress rate was
-1 -1
competed on Tumsa and Dosha varieties 0.0354 logits day and 0.0351 logits day ,
respectively, whereas, on Gora and Hacalu varieties slower disease progress rate 0.0283 logits
day -1 and 0.0287 logits day -1 , respectively (Table 4 and Figure 1). The initial PSI was higher on

14
Local, Tumsa, CS20DK, Kasa, Mesay and Tesfa varieties (15%), while the others were low (10%).
Minimum final PSI was calculated from Degaga, Bulga-70 and Gora varieties 45% and others
were accounted from ranges (50-65%) Table 5.

Table 5. Disease parameter estimates for chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae) of faba beans
(Vicia faba) varieties at Guduru experimental site in 2016 and 2017 years of main
growing season
Guduru
varieties 2016 2017
a b
PSI-i PSI-f ra S b c
R² PSI-i PSI-f r S R²
FB Didia 0.029 0.004 0.88 0.034 0.003 0.96
0.100 0.500 4 9 0.100 0.500 8 1
Hachalu 0.028 0.003 0.93 0.039 0.003 0.96
0.100 0.450 7 8 0.100 0.600 1 5
Degaga 0.029 0.003 0.95 0.031 0.002 0.97
0.100 0.450 8 8 0.100 0.450 1 2
Tumsa 0.035 0.004 0.97 0.033 0.003 0.95
0.100 0.550 4 7 0.150 0.600 5 6
Local 0.030 0.004 0.96 0.036 0.004 0.94
0.150 0.650 9 8 0.150 0.650 9 6
Dosha 0.035 0.005 0.95 0.037 0.003 0.96
0.150 0.650 1 1 0.100 0.550 2 2
CS20DK 0.031 0.004 0.95 0.029 0.002 0.96
0.150 0.600 2 8 0.150 0.550 8 9
Bulga 70 0.033 0.004 0.95 0.029 0.003 0.93
0.100 0.500 8 5 0.100 0.450 6 3
Kasa 0.034 0.005 0.92 0.028 0.002 0.96
0.150 0.650 1 1 0.150 0.550 4 6
Holeta 02 0.032 0.004 0.96 0.037 0.003 0.95
0.100 0.500 1 2 0.100 0.500 6 5
Gora 0.028 0.003 0.83 0.030 0.002 0.96
0.100 0.450 3 9 0.100 0.450 1 4
Mesay 0.028 0.004 0.96 0.035 0.003 0.97
0.150 0.600 9 3 0.150 0.650 1 2
Obse 0.032 0.004 0.92 0.042 0.003 0.97
0.100 0.500 1 3 0.100 0.600 1 1
Moti 0.032 0.004 0.96 0.031 0.005 0.88
0.150 0.550 6 6 0.100 0.500 5 1
Tesfa 0.030 0.004 0.95 0.038 0.002 0.98
0.100 0.550 9 3 0.150 0.650 1 8
Parameter estimates are from a linear regression of logistic model ln(y/1-y)) disease severity proportion on time (days after
planting
a Percent severity index initial
b Percent severity index final
c Disease progress rate from logistic transformation represent the equation of the line

15
d Standard error of the parameter estimates both in 2016 and 2017 at both experimental site
e Coefficient of determination for the logistic model both in 2016 and 2017 at both experimental site

The appearance and amount of inoculums changes in varieties during growing period, or the
epidemic dynamics over time among varieties (Agrios, 2005), might be environmental
conducive of where the field experiment was conducted and susceptibility of the hosts were
used for the experiments.

0.7

0.6

0.5
Proportion of PSI

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
40 55 70 85 100 115
Days after planting
FB Didia Hachalu Degaga Tumsa Local Dosha
CS20DK Bulga 70 Kasa Holeta 02 Gora Mesay
Obse Moti Tesfa

16
 0.7

0.6

0.5
Proportion of PSI

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
40 55 70 85 100 115
Days after Planting
FB Didia Hachalu Degaga Tumsa Local Dosha
CS20DK Bulga 70 Kasa Holeta 02 Gora Mesay
Obse Moti Tesfa

Figure 3. The average Disease Progress curve (DPC) for chocolate spot diseases (Botrytis fabae) on faba
bean (Vicia faba) varieties at Shambu experimental site in 2016 and 2017 growing year

17
 0.7

0.6

0.5
Proportion of PSI

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
40 55 70 85 100 115
Days After Planting
FB Didia Hachalu Degaga Tumsa Local Dosha
CS20DK Bulga 70 Kasa Holeta 02 Gora Mesay
Obse Moti Tesfa

0.7

0.6

0.5
Proportion of PSI

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
40 55 70 85 100 115
Days After Planting

FB Didia Hachalu Degaga Tumsa Local Dosha

CS20DK Bulga 70 Kasa Holeta 02 Gora Mesay
Obse Moti Tesfa

Figure 4. Disease Progress curve (DPC) for chocolate spot diseases (Botrytis fabae) of faba bean
(Vicia faba) varieties at Guduru experimental site in 2016 and 2017 growing year

3.5. Association of disease parameters with location and cropping season

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The correlation matrix of the disease severity, percent severity index and area under disease
progress curve with the two locations at Guduru and Shambu experimental site as well as both
two years in 2016 and 2017 main cropping season was positive. At Shambu experimental site
always the estimated disease parameters of the same year were positively significant (p<0.01)
and highly correlated (r = >0.85). However, the correlation among the estimated disease
parameters of 2016 with 2017 were not significant different. In fact, there was positive
correlated among all parameters (Table 6).

Table 6. Correlation analysis among chocolate spot disease severity, PSI and AUDPC at Shambu site for
two years of 2016 and 2017 cropping season
Shambu
Disease DS16 a
DS17 b
PSI16c PSI17d AUDPC16 AUDPC17f
Parameter e

DS16 - .227 ns .869** .027 .992** .232 ns

DS17 .227ns - .016 ns .915** .224ns .997**
PSI16 .869** .016ns - .180 ns .852** .021 ns
PSI17 .027ns .915** .180ns - .022 ns .914**
AUDPC16 .992** .224ns .852** .022ns - .228 ns
AUDPC17 .232ns .997** .021ns .914** .228ns -
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level and ns = non significant
a= Disease severity recorded in 2016 main cropping year
b= Disease severity recorded in 2017 main cropping year
c= Percent severity index in 7 days interval calculated from disease severity in 2016 main cropping year
d= Percent severity index in 7 days interval calculated from disease severity in 2017 main cropping year
e= Area under disease progress curve from PSI in 2016 main cropping year
f= Area under disease progress curve from PSI in 2017 main cropping year

At Guduru experimental site always the estimated disease parameters among the years and
between two years were positively significant (p<0.01) and highly correlated (r = >0.85); in fact
in between two years relatively weakly correlated r = <0.659 (Table 7).

Table 7. Correlation analysis among chocolate spot disease severity, PSI and AUDPC at Guduru site for
two years of 2016 and 2017 cropping season
Guduru

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 Disease DS16a DS17b PSI16c PSI17d AUDPC16e AUDPC17f
Parameter
DS16 - .656** .896** .588** .994** .659**
DS17 .656** - .515** .935** .663** .998**
PSI16 .896** .515** - .416** .884** .519**
PSI17 .588** .935** .416** - .586** .935**
AUDPC16 .994** .663** .884** .586** - .665**
AUDPC17 .659** .998** .519** .935** .665** -
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level and ns = non significant
a= Disease severity recorded in 2016 main cropping year
b= Disease severity recorded in 2017 main cropping year
c= Percent severity index in 7 days interval calculated from disease severity in 2016 main cropping year
d= Percent severity index in 7 days interval calculated from disease severity in 2017 main cropping year
e= Area under disease progress curve from PSI in 2016 main cropping year
f= Area under disease progress curve from PSI in 2017 main cropping year

4. DISCUSSION
In these two field experiments in two years, the disease progress rate, disease severity, PSI and
AUDPC influences greatly varied against among faba bean varieties at Shambu and Guduru
areas in both 2016 and 2017 main cropping season. For disease progress curve, the logistic
model was a better descriptor of the natural epidemics in both crop growing seasons and
location than the Gompertz model because logistic model has been reported to be most
appropriate for temporal analysis of disease development of these field experiments (Campbell
and Madden, 1989). This indicates that chocolate spot infection rate was related to the
logarithm of the ratio of the amount of diseased and health tissues. Error mean squares from
each environment and times were tested for homogeneity of variance to ensure that the
combined analysis of variance across environments and times appropriate. The occurrence and
intensity of recorded and estimated disease severity, PSI and AUDPC were higher in Shambu,
48.33% (in 2016), 73.8%(in 2017) and 3125 (2016), respectively, than Guduru, 43.67% (2016),
56.24% (2017) and 2650 (2016), respectively. Generally, disease severity and AUDPC were
higher in 2016 than 2017 cropping season in both location, but PSI was higher in 2017 than
2016 cropping season. The results of this work had shown that, in 2016 at Shambu, disease
severity is high on Mesay, Moti, Kasa, Tumsa and Hachalu varieties, respectively, whereas, low
on FB Didia, Degaga, Gora, Obse and Tesfa varieties, respectively, which in lined with Mesele et
al (2016) reports, however, except Degaga variety, opposite results also reported on Hachalu,
Tumsa and Moti, which is not coincided with these results.(Mekuria et al (2015). The estimated

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disease parameter of PSI and AUDPC are varying among the varieties in both in 2016 and 2017
cropping years. For instance, in 2016 of cropping season at Shambu location the results on Kasa
and Gegaga varieties are high which in lined with the report of Mesele et al (2016) and Getnet
Yitayih and Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018), however, opposite results were reported on Moti and
Degaga varieties by Degife Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018) and Mekuria et al
(2015). In 2017 cropping season at the same location it had sever on Moti, Obse, Gora, Holeta-2
and Tumsa varieties, respectively, while, low on Dosha, Kasa, CS20DK, Local and Tesfa varieties,
respectively, which in lined again with Mesele et al (2016) reports from southwest Ethiopia in
2011/2012. The same results also reported on CS20DK and Degaga varieties by Degife Asefa
Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018) and Getnet Yitayih and Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018). In
2017 cropping season of the same location the estimated disease assessments are high on Gora
and Moti varieties, whereas, low on Dosha and CS20DK varieties, which is supported by reports
of Degife Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018) and Mesele et al (2016). However,
opposite results were reported by Mekuria et al (2015) and Getnet Yitayih and Yehizbalem
Azmeraw (2018). In 2016 main cropping season at Guduru location, the disease severity is high
on Obse, Hachalu and Tesfa varieties, respectively, while, low on Kasa, Bulga-70, CS20DK and
Gora varieties, respectively, which in lined with Mesele et al (2016) and Mekuria et al (2015)
except Tesfa variety. However, opposite to this, on Hachalu variety low disease severity was
reported by Degife Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018). The same report is coincided
with Getnet Yitayih and Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018) on Tesfa variety, but not in lined with
Mesele report. This result also coincided with reports of Mesele et al (2016) are revealed on
Bulga-70 and Degaga varieties. Chocolate spot is a polycyclic disease so, to evaluate the
resistances of the varieties in this field experiments AUDPC parameter was used for quantifying
of disease intensity or give average disease intensity over time and location (Madden et al.,
2007). At this location PSI and AUDPC are also varying among the varieties in both years. In
2016 cropping season, high PSI and AUDPC are calculated from Hachalu varities which
supported by the report of Mesele et al (2016) and Mekuria et al (2015),while, opposite results
was reported by Degife Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018). Whereas, low estimation is
obtained from Dosha and Bulga-70 varieties, which in lined with Mesele et al (2016) and Degife

21
Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018), while, on Bulga-70 variety, opposite result was
reported by Getnet Yitayih and Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018). At the same area in 2017 main
cropping season, the intensity is high on Dosha, Tumsa and Kasa, varieties, respectively,
whereas, on Gora, Mesay, FB Didia and Holeta-2 varieties, respectively, the intensity is low
(Degife Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018); Mesele et al (2016); Getnet Yitayih and
Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018), however, Tumsa variety is not coincided with reprts of Getnet
Yitayih and Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018).. In 2017 cropping season, PSI and AUDPC high values
are obtained from Tumsa and Kasa varieties, which in lined with Mesele et al (2016) and Getnet
Yitayih and Yehizbalem Azmeraw (2018) report, whereas, Hachalu variety is the lowest value of
estimated disease, which supported by Degife Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018)
report. However, on Dosha, Tumsa and Gora varieties, opposite result had been reported by
Asefa Zebire and Kiya Adare Tadesse (2018) and Mekuria et al (2015). In general, the obtained
results of this study are also coincided with reported by Mekuria et al (2015) who indicated that
the response of the varieties against chocolate spot had revealed individually, however, all
varieties are influenced by the disease.

The presented results supported by Dagne Kora et. El., (2016) reports, the symptoms appeared
and performed through the times varies among varieties, even with the local check. Similarly
the work of Bouhassan et al.(2004) reports that the disease progress curves of the resistant and
susceptible varieties with checks were similar scoring. Although slight difference in disease
onset might have passed during inspection before the disease was first observed. The
experiments revealed that the figures of disease growth curves were almost similar for all
during cropping season. The appearance and amount of inoculums changes in varieties during
growing period, or the epidemic dynamics over time among varieties (Agrios, 2005), might be
environmental conducive of where the field experiment was conducted and susceptibility of the
hosts were used for the experiments. The present field data obtained under these conditions
provides empirical evidence that the disease influenced by seasonal condition shows varying in
progress and host reaction among the varieties. The presented result of this works indicates for
all experiments the disease epidemic was increased over the time increased. However, the
contradictions between the present and the previous results might some because of prolonged

22
rainfall is conducive for chocolate spot development leading to complete crop loss and strongly
influenced by climatic conditions (Dereje et al., 1994 and Villegas-Fernández et al., 2010).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors, we would like to thank Wollega University Research and community service
Directorate for their financial support and Shambu Campus College of Agriculture and natural
resources coordinator and all Plant Science staff for their active participation when the
experiment was conducted.

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