Determinat 2020

4 DETERMINANT
CONTENT DEFINITION
 Introduction A Determinant is a value associated with a square matrix. It can be expressed
a1 b1 c1
 Difference Between a1 b1
in bracket. Like or a 2 b2 c 2
Matrix & determinant a2 b2
a3 b3 c3
 Expansion of Determinant Difference between Matrix and Determinant
 Application of Matrix Determinant
1. A matrix is just an A determinant has a particular
Determinant arrangement of elements. It value, which can be obtained by
 Minor & Cofactor does not have any value. its expansion.
2. A matrix may have any order. Determinant must be a square
 Adjoint of Matrix matrix.
 Properties of Adjoint 3. If we multiply a matrix by any If we multiply a determinant by
value, it’s all elements get constant ‘k’ only a row or a column
 Inverse of Matrix multiplied by it. get multiplied.
 Properties of Inverse Sign System for Expansion of Determinant:
 
 Relation between Matrix Sign system for a determinant of order 2  2 are given by and
 
and its Determinant
  
 Solution of Linear Sign system for a determinant of order 3 3 are given by    .
Equations by Matrix.   
Expansion of Determinants.
 Criteria for Consistency
Expansion of 2  2 determinants: Suppose we have a 2  2 determinants
of System of Equations then its value is obtained by cross multiplication.
 Properties of a1 b1
 a1b2  a2b1
a2 b2
Determinant.
Expansion of 3 3 determinants: Suppose we have a 3 3 determinant then
 Proof of determinants its value is obtained by expansion along any row or column using proper sign
Without Expansion system.
Expansion along first row:
TO DO a1 b1 c1
b c a c a b
a2 b2 c2 = a1 2 2  b1 2 2  c1 2 2
 Worked Out Examples b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3
 Try Yourself Expansion along second row:
 M.C.Q. a1 b1 c1
b c a c1 a b1
a 2 b2 c 2   a 2 1 1  b 2 1  c2 1
 Board Corner b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3
 Same method will be used for expansion along column.
 Value remains same on expansion along any row or column.
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Bodhi Sattva – INSTITUTE Determinant 97
5 5
sin cos
Example 1: Evaluate 12 12
 
sin cos
12 12
5  5 
Solution:   sin cos  cos sin
12 12 12 12
 5    3
 sin     sin 
 12 12  3 2
1 2 3
Example 2: Evaluate 4 5 6
7 8 9
5 6 4 6 4 5
Solution:  1 2 3
8 9 7 9 7 8
 1(40  42)  2(36  42)  3(32  35)  0
x2 x 1
Example 3: Find the integral value of x , if 0 2 1  28.
3 1 4
Solution: x 2 (8  1)  x(0  3)  1(0  6)  28

 7 x 2  3x  34  0  7 x 2  17 x  14 x  34  0  (7 x  17)( x  2)  0
17
Hence x   & x  2. Therefore, integral value of x  2
7
5 4
Example 4: If A    verify that 2 A  4 A .
3 2
5 4
Solution: A  10  12  2
3 2
10 8 10 8
2A    then 2 A   40  48  8
 6 4 6 4
Hence 2 A  4 A
1 sin x 1
Example 5: If x is a real number and    sin x 1 sin x then prove that 2    4 .
1  sin x 1
Solution:   1(1  sin 2 x)  sin x( sin x  sin x)  1(sin 2 x  1)
  2(1  sin 2 x )
 1  sin x  1
 0  sin 2 x  1  1  1  sin 2 x  2  2  2(1  sin 2 x)  4
 24
 Singular Matrix.
It is a square matrix whose determinant is always equal to zero.
1 2 3
Like if matrix A  4 5 6 then,
 
7 8 9
1 2 3
| A | 4 5 6  1(45  48)  2(36  42)  3(32  35)  0
7 8 9
Hence A is a singular matrix.
 Application of Determinants
x1 y1 1
1
1. Area of triangle: Area of triangle with vertices ( x1 y1 ), ( x2 y2 ), ( x3 y3 ) is   x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
x1 y1 1
2. Collinearity of three points: If three points ( x1 y1 ), ( x2 y2 ), ( x3 y3 ) are collinear then x 2 y2 1  0
x3 y3 1
3. Equation of straight line: The equation of a straight line passing through two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y 2 ) is
x y 1
x1 y1 1  0
x2 y2 1
Example 6: Find  if area of triangle formed by ( , 1), (5, 3) & (7,  2) is 10 square units.
 1 1
1
Solution:   5 3 1  10
2
7 2 1
  (3  2)  1(5  7)  1(10  21)  20  5  2  31  20  5  29  20
49 9
 & .
5 5
h k
Example 7: If (a,0), (0, b) & (h, k ) are collinear prove that  1
a b
a 0 1
Solution: 0 b 1 0
h k 1
 a(b  k )  1(0  bh)  0  ab  ak  bh  0  ak  bh  ab
a b
Divide both side by ‘ ab ’ we get 
 1
h k
Example 8: Using determinant find equation of line passes through (5,1) & (2,3)
x y 1
Solution: 5 1 1 0
2 3 1
 x(1  3)  y (5  2)  1(15  2)  0
 2 x  7 y  17  0
Try Yourself – Type-I Expansion and Application of Determinant
1. Evaluate the following determinants:
cos15 sin 15 x2  x 1 x 1
(i) (ii) [NCERT]
sin 75 cos 75 x 1 x 1
2 3 2 0 sin   cos
(iii) 1 2 3 (iv)  sin  0 sin  [NCERT]
2 1 3 cos  sin  0
x2 3
2. If  3, find the values of x .
3x 2x
1 2
3. If A   then verify 2 A  4 A [NCERT]
4 2
2 5 4  3
4. If A    and B   , verify that AB  A B
2 1 2 5 

x sin  cos
5. Find the value of determinant  sin  x 1 and prove that its value is independent of  . [NCERT]
cos 1 x
1 1 1
6. Find the maximum and minimum value of determinant: 1 1  sin  1
1  cos 1 1
1 1 sin 3
7. Find the value of  if  4 3 cos 2  0
7 7 2
 1 2 3 
8. For what value of x matrix A   1 2 1  is a singular matrix ?

 x 2  3 
9. Using determinant find the area of triangle formed by the points ( 2,  3) , (3, 2) and (1,  8) . [NCERT]
10. Prove that the points a, b  c, (b, c  a) & (c, a  b) are collinear.
11. Find  if area of triangle formed by the points (2,  3) , ( ,  1) and (0, 4) is 10 square units.
12. Prove that the points a, b, (a, b) & (a  a, b  b) are collinear if ab  ab.
13. Using determinants, find value of k so that the points (k , 2  2 k ), (k  1, 2k ) and (4  k , 6  2 k ) are collinear.
14. Using determinants find equation of line passes through the points (1, 2) and (3, 6) .
15. Using determinants find equation of line making intercept of 2 and 3 units on positive axes.
16. If A ( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are vertices of an equilateral triangle whose each side is equal to ‘ a ’, then
2
x1 y1 2
prove that x2 y2 2  3a 4 .
x3 y3 2
 Minors and Cofactors.
Minor of an element: If we take the element of the determinant and delete (remove) the row and column
containing that element, the determinant left is called the minor of that element. It is denoted by M ij .
a11 a12 a13
Consider the determinant   a 21 a 22 a 23 , then the minors are
a31 a32 a33
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
M 11  , M 12  M 12 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
M 21  , M 22  M 23 
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a12 a13 a11 a13 a11 a12
M 31  , M 32  M 33 
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
Using minor value of determinant can be obtained by any of relation given below
  a11M11  a12M12  a13M13   a21M 21  a22M 22  a23M 23   a31M 31  a32M32  a33M33 .
Cofactor of an element: The cofactor of an element aij is defined as Cij  (1) i  j M ij
a11 a12 a13
If   a21 a22 a23 , then determinant of cofactors are obtained by multiplying minors by ( 1) i j . Like
a31 a32 a33
C11  (1)11 M 11  M 11 , C12  (1)1 2 M 12   M 12 , C13  (1)13 M 13  M 13
C 21  (1) 21 M 21   M 21 , C 22  (1) 2 2 M 22  M 22 , C 23  (1) 23 M 23   M 23
C 31  (1) 31 M 31  M 31 , C 32  (1) 3 2 M 32   M 32 , C 33  (1) 33 M 33  M 33

 The sum of products of the element of any row with their corresponding cofactor is equal to the value of
determinant i.e.   a11C11  a12C12  a13C13  a11C11  a21C21  a31C31
 The sum of products of the element of any row/column with cofactors of other row is always zero.
a11C21  a12C22  a13C23  a11C31  a21C32  a31C33  0
5 1 1
Example 9: Find the cofactors of 4  2  3 and find the value of determinant using cofactors of IInd Row also find
7 2 2
the value of a11C21  a12C22  a13C23 .
2 3 4 3 4 2
Solution: Cofactors are: C11  (1)11 2 C12  (1)12  29 C13  (1)13  22
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C21  (1) 2 1  4 C22  (1) 22  17 C23  (1) 23  3
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C31  (1) 31  5 C32  (1) 22  11 C33  (1)3 3  14
2 3 4 3 4 2
Now   a21C21  a22C22  a23C23  4(4)  2(17)  3(3)  41
Now a11C21  a12C22  a13C23  5  4  1 17  1 3  20  17  3  0
 Adjoint of a Square Matrix.

It is a matrix formed by transpose of cofactors of a matrix.
Let A  [ aij ] be a square matrix of order n  n and let C ij be cofactor of element aij of matrix A .
T
 a11 a12 a13   C11 C12 C13  C11 C 21 C 31 
Like for matrix A  a 21 a 22 
a 23  , Adjoint is given by adj A  C 21 C 22 C 23   C12 C 22 C 32 

a31 a32 a33  C 31 C 32 C 33  C13 C 23 C 33 
 Properties of Adjoint matrix: For any square matrix A and B
(i). A(adj A)  (adj A) A | A | I n
(ii). adj ( AB)  adjBadjA
(iii). If A is a diagonal matrix then (adjA ) is also a diagonal matrix.
(iv). If A is a singular matrix then (adjA ) is also a singular matrix.
(v). If A is a symmetric matrix then (adjA ) is also a symmetric matrix.
 Adjoint of a square matrix of order 2  2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and
changing sign of non-diagonal elements.
1 2
Example 10: Find the Adjoint of matrix A   
3 4
T
C11  4 C12  3  4  3  4  2
Solution: Cofactors are:  adj A     
C 21  2 C 22  1  2 1   3 1 
5 1  1
Example 11: Find the Adjoint of matrix A  4  2  3 and verify that: A(adjA)  (adjA) A  A I .
 
7 2 2 

Solution: A  5(4  6)  1(8  21)  1(8  14)  10  29  22  41
Cofactors are:
2 3 4 3 4 2
C11  (1)11  2 C12  (1)12  29 C13  (1)13  22
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C21  (1) 2 1  4 C22  (1) 22  17 C23  (1) 23  3
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C31  (1) 31  5 C32  (1) 22  11 C33  (1)3 3  14
2 3 4 3 4 2
T
 2  29 22   2 4 5

adjA   4 17  3    29 17 11 
 
  5 11  14  22  3  14
 2  4  5  5 1  1  10  16  35 2  8  10  2  12  10 
AadjA   29 17 11  4  2  3   145  68  77  29  34  22 29  51  22 
    
 
 22  3  14 7 2 2   110  12  98 22  6  28  22  9  28
 41 0 0 

A(adjA)   0  41 0   41 I | A | I
 0 0  41
 2  4  5  5 1  1  10  16  35 2  8  10  2  12  10 
  29  34  22 29  51  22 
adjAA   29 17 11  4  2  3   145  68  77

 22  3  14 7 2 2   110  12  98 22  6  28  22  9  28
 41 0 0 

(adjA) A   0  41 0   41 I | A | I
 0 0  41
3 7  6 8
Example 12: If matrix A    and B    then verify that: adj ( AB)  adjBadjA
2 5 7 9 
3 7 6 8 18  49 24  63 67 87
Solution: AB      
2 5 7 9 12  35 16  45 47 61
C11  61 C12  47
Cofactors of AB are:
C 21  87 C 22  67
T
 61  47  61  87
 adj AB     
 87 67   47 67 
C 5 C12  2
Cofactors of A are 11
C 21  7 C 22  3
T
 5  2  5  7
 adj A     
 7 3   2 3 
C 9 C12  7
Cofactors of B are 11
C 21  8 C 22  6
T
 9  7  9  8
 adj B     
 8 6   7 6 
 9  8  5  7  45  16  63  24  61  87
Now (adjB)(adj A)      
 7 6   2 3   35  12 49  18   47 67 
Hence adj ( AB)  adjBadjA .

 Inverse of a Matrix.
A non-singular square matrix A of order n  n is invertible if | A | 0
1
The inverse of matrix A is given by A 1  (adj A) .
| A|
 Properties of inverse of a matrix: If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
(i). ( A 1 ) 1  A
(ii). ( AT ) 1  ( A 1 ) T
(iii). ( AB) 1  B 1 A 1
(iv). ( A k ) 1  ( A 1 ) k , k  N
(v). adj ( A 1 )  (adj A) 1
(vi). If A is a symmetric matrix then its inverse A1 is also a symmetric matrix.
(vii). A  Diagonal (a1a2 ...an )  A 1  diag (a11a21...an1 )
5 1  1
Example 13: Find inverse of matrix A  4  2  3 .
 
7 2 2 
5 1 1
Solution: A  4  2  3  5(4  6)  1(8  21)  1(8  14)  41
7 2 2
 | A | 0 . Hence A1 exist.
Cofactors are:
2 3 4 3 4 2
C11  (1)11 2 C12  (1)12  29 C13  (1)13  22
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C21  (1) 2 1  4 C22  (1) 22  17 C23  (1) 23  3
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C31  (1) 31  5 C32  (1) 22  11 C33  (1)3 3  14
2 3 4 3 4 2
T
 2  29 22   2 4 5
 
adjA   4 17  3    29 17 11 
 
  5 11  14  22  3  14
 2 4 5
1 
 29 17 11  .
1 1 1
 A  .adj A  A 
| A|  41 
 22  3  14
3 7  6 8 1 1  1
Example 14: If matrix A    and B    then verify that: ( AB)  B A [NCERT]
 2 5   7 9 
3 7 6 8 18  49 24  63 67 87
Solution: AB      
2 5 7 9 12  35 16  45 47 61
67 87
Now AB   4087  4089  2
47 61
C11  61 C12  47
Cofactors of AB are:
C 21  87 C 22  67

T
 61  47  61  87
 adj AB     
 87 67   47 67 
1 1  61  87
 ( AB) 1  (adjAB)  ( AB) 1   
| AB |  2  47 67 
3 7
Now | A |  15  14  1
2 5
C11  5 C12  2
Cofactors of A are:
C 21  7 C 22  3
T
 5  2  5  7
 adj A     
 7 3   2 3 
1  5  7
 A 1  (adjA)  A 1   
| A|  2 3 
6 8
Now B  54  56  2
7 9
C11  9 C12  7
Cofactors of B are:
C 21  8 C 22  6
T
 9  7  9  8
 adj B     
 8 6   7 6 
1 1  9  8
 B 1  (adj B)    B 1 
|B|  2  7 6 
1  9  8  5  7 1  45  16  63  24 1  61  87
Now, B 1 A 1        
 2  7 6   2 3   2  35  12 49  18   2  47 67 
Hence ( AB) 1  B 1 A 1 .
 Relation Between Matrix and its Determinant
If A and B are square matrices of order n  n then,
m
(i) AB  A B (ii) Am  A (iii) AT  A (iv) kA  k n A
n 1 1
(v) A(adjA)  A
n
(vi) adj A  A (vii) I 1 (viii) A 1 
| A|
 Students are advised to prove above properties for better concept.
 4 2
Example 15: If A    , then find | A 4 |
 3 4
4 2
Solution: A  16  6  10
3 4
 | A m || A | m
4
 A 4  A  (10) 4  10000
Example 16: If ‘ A ’ is a square matrix of order 3 3 and A  5 then find the value of followings.
(i) 2A (ii) 3 AT (iii) A AT (iv) adjA
(v) A.adjA (vi) A 1
Solution(i): 2 A  23 A  8 A  40 As k A  k n A .
(ii) 3 AT  33 AT  27 A  135 . As k A  k n A and AT  A .

(iii) A AT  A AT  A A  25 As A B  A B and AT  A .
n1
(iv) adjA  A  5 2  25
n
(v) A. adjA  A  53  125
1 1
(vi) A 1  
A 5
 2 
Example 17: If A    and | A |  125 then find the value of  .
3
 2  
Solution: 125  | A 3 |  | A |3  | A| 5
Now | A |  2  4  5  2 9
   3
Try Yourself –Type-II Minor, Cofactor, Adjoint & Inverse of a Matrix
 1 3 2 
1. Find the minors and cofactors of elements of the matrix A   4  1 2  .
 
 3 5 2 
2 3 2
2. Evaluate the determinant 1 2 3 using cofactor of third column.
2 1 3
 3  10  1
3. If A    2 8 2  , Find adjA and verify that: A(adj A)  (adj A) A | A | I n

 2  4  2
 3  10  1
4. If A    2 8 2  , Find A1 .

 2  4  2
2 3  1  2
If A    and B  
3 
5. verify that:
1  4  1
1 1 1
(i) adj ( AB)  (adjB)(adjA) (ii) ( AB)  B A [NCERT]
 3 1 1  1 2  2
1   
6. If A   15 6  5 and B   1 3
   0  find  AB 1 . [NCERT]
 5  2 2   0  2 1 
 1  2 1
7. If A   2 3 1 verify that adjA  adjA
 
1 1
  [NCERT]
 1 1 5
2  3
8. If A    verify that AT
1
  T
 A 1 .  
4 6 
 2 1 1 
9. If A   1 2  1 , Find that A3  6 A2  5 A  11I  0 . Hence find A1 .
 
 2  1 3 
 3  2
10. If A    , verify that Find the value of '  ' so that A2  A  2I . Hence find A1 .
 4  2
11. If A is a square matrix of order 3 3 and A  5 then find the value of :
(i) 2A (ii) adjA (iii) A.adjA
(iv) AT (v) A 1 (vi) A2

 System of Simultaneous Linear Equations.
Consider the following system of linear equations
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1 a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2 a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3
 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
Step I. The system of equations can be written in matrix form as a2 b2 c2   y   d 2 

 a3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
 a1 b1 c1   x  d1 
Consider A  a2 b2   
c2  , X   y  and B  d 2 

 a3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
Hence we have AX  B  X  A1 B

Step II : Find | A | . If | A | 0 , then equations are consistent with unique solution.
Step III : Find cofactors of A .
Step IV: Find adjA
1 1
Step V: Find A1 by using A  adj A .
| A|
Step VI: Find x, y , z using X  A1B
Criterion of consistency: Let AX  B be a system of linear equations.
(i). If | A | 0, then the system is consistent and has a unique solution given by X  A1B
(ii). If | A | 0 and adjAB  0 , then the system is consistent with infinitely solutions.
Put z  k and find x, y , z in term of k.
(iii). If | A | 0 and (adj A) B  0 , then the system is inconsistent with no solution.
5x  y  z  4
Example 18: Solve system of equation by matrix: 4 x  2 y  3z  9
7 x  2 y  2 z  17
5 1  1  x   4 
Solution: Above equation can be written as 4  2  3  y    9
    
7 2 2   z   17 
5 1  1  x 4
Consider, A  4  2  3 , X  y and B   9 .
   
     
7 2 2   z   17 
 AX  B  X  A1B
5 1 1
Now, A  4  2  3  5(4  6)  1(8  21)  1(8  14)  41
7 2 2
 | A | 0 . Hence A1 exist and equations are consistent with unique solution.
Cofactors are:
2 3 4 3 4 2
C11  (1)11 2 C12  (1)12  29 C13  (1)13  22
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C21  (1) 2 1  4 C22  (1) 22  17 C23  (1) 23  3
2 2 7 2 7 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
C31  (1) 31  5 C32  (1) 22  11 C33  (1)3 3  14
2 3 4 3 4 2
T
 2  29 22   2 4 5
 
adjA   4 17  3    29 17 11 
 
  5 11  14  22  3  14
 2 4 5
1 
 29 17 11 
1 1 
 A  .adj A  A 1
| A|  41 
 22  3  14
 x  2 4 5 4 
 XA B 1 
  y   1 
 29 17 11   9
 41 
 z   22  3  14  17 
 x  8  36  85    41   x  1
  1   1    y    2 .
  y   41  116  153  187   41   82      
 z   88  27  238   123  z  3
Hence x  1, y  2, z  3 .
2 x  y  3z  5
Example 19: Solve system of equation by matrix: 3x  2 y  z  7 .
4 x  5 y  5z  9
 2  1 3   x  5 
Solution: Above equation can be written as 3 2  1  y   7
    
4 5  5  z  9
2  1 3   x 5 
Consider, A  3 2  1 , X  y and B  7 
   
     
4 5  5  z  9 
 AX  B  X  A1B
2 1 3
Now, A  3 2  1  2(10  5)  1(15  4)  3(15  8)  10  11  21  0 .
4 5 5
 | A | 0 . Hence A1 doesn’t exist. Equations doesn’t have unique solution.
Cofactors are:
2 1 3 1 3 2
C11  (1)11  5 C12  (1)1 2  11 C13  (1)13 7
5 5 4 5 4 5
1 3 2 3 2 1
C 21  (1) 21  10 C 22  (1) 2 2  22 C 23  (1) 23  14
5 5 4 5 4 5
1 3 2 3 2 1
C31  (1) 31  5 C32  (1) 2 2  11 C33  (1) 33 7
2 1 3 1 3 2
T
 5 11 7   5 10  5
 adjA   10  22  14   11  22 11 
 
 5 11 7   7  14 7 
 5 10  5 5  25  70  45 0
Now, (adjA ) B   11  22 11  7   55  154  99   0
      
 7  14 7  9  35  98  63  0
 (adj A) B  0 .
Hence equations are consistent with infinite many solutions.
2 x  y  5  3k 2  1  x  5  3k 
Put z  k in first two equations we get:  3 2   y    7  k 
3x  2 y  7  k     
 AX  B  X  A1B
2  1  x 5  3k 
where A  , X    and B   
3 2   y 7k 
2 1 1
Again A   7  0 . Hence A exist.
3 2
C11  2 C12  3
Cofactors are:
C 21  1 C 22  2
T
2  3  2 1 1 1  2 1
 AdjA      and A 1  adjA   
1 2    3 2 | A| 7   3 2
 x  1  2 1 5  3k 
 X  A 1 B   y    3 2  7  k 
  7  
 x  1  10  6k  7  k  1 17  5k 
  y    15  9k  14  2k   11k  1 
  7  7 
17  5k 11k  1
Hence x  , y , z  k where k  R .
7 7
3x  y  2 z  2
Example 20: Solve system of equation by matrix: 2 y  z  1 [NCERT]
3x  5 y  3
3  1  2  x   2 
Solution: Above equation can be written as 0 2  1  y    1
    
3  5 0   z   3 
3  1  2  x 2
   
Consider, A  0 2  1 , X  y and B   1
     
3  5 0   z   3 
 AX  B  X  A1B .
3 1  2
Now, A  0 2  1  3(0  5)  1(0  3)  2(0  6)  15  3  12  0
3 5 0
 | A | 0 .
Hence A1 doesn’t exist. Equations doesn’t have unique solution.
Cofactors are:
2 1 0 1 0 2
C11  (1)11  5 C12  (1)12 3 C13  (1)13  6
5 0 3 0 3 5
1  2 3  2 3 1
C 21  (1) 21  10 C 22  (1) 2 2  6 C 23  (1) 23  12
5 0 3 0  3 5
1  2 3 2 3 1
C31  (1) 31 5 C32  (1) 22 3 C33  (1) 33 6
2 1 0 1 0 2
T
  5 3  6   5 10 5
 adjA   10 6 12    3
  6 3
 5 3 6   6 12 6
 5 10 5  2   10  10  15  5
Now, (adjA) B   3 6 3  1   6  6  9    9 

 6 12 6  3   12  12  18  6
 (adj A) B  0 .
Hence equations are inconsistent with no solutions.
 2 3 1  2 x  y  3z  13
Example 21: If A   1 2 2  find A 1 and use it to solve the following equations: 3x  2 y  z  4 .
 
  3 1  1  x  2y  z  8
2 3 1
Solution: A  1 2 2  2(2  2)  3(1  6)  1(1  6)  8  15  7  16
 3 1 1
Cofactors are:
2 2 1 2 1 2
C11  (1)11  4 C12  (1)1 2  5 C13  (1)13 7
1 1  3 1 3 1
3 1 2 1 2 3
C 21  (1) 21 4 C 22  (1) 2 2 1 C 23  (1) 23  11
1 1  3 1 3 1
3 1 2 1 2 3
C31  (1) 31 4 C32  (1) 2 2  3 C33  (1) 33 1
2 2 1 2 1 2
T
 4  5 7   4 4 4
 
adjA   4 1  11    5 1  3
 
 4  3 1   7  11 1 
 4 4 4
1 
 5 1  3
1 1 1
 A  (adjA)  A  
A  16
 7  11 1 
2 1  3  x  13
Here system of equation can be written as: 3 2 1   y    4  where,
    
1 2  1  z   8 
2 1  3  x 13
     
A  3 2 1  , X   y  and B   4 
T
1 2  1  z   8 
 AT X  B   1 B
X  AT   T B
X  A1

As

AT 1  A1 T 
T
 x  4 4 4  13  x  4  5 7  13
  y   1   5 1  3  4    y  1  4 1  11  4 
   16        16 
 z   7  11 1   8   z   4  3 1   8 
 x  52  20  56   16 
   1   1  
 y    16  52  4  88    16  32 .
 z   52  12  8   48 
Hence, x  1, y  2, z  3 .
1  1 2   2 0 1  x  y  2z  1
Example 22: Use the product of 0 2  3  9 2  3 to solve the equations: 2 y  3z  1 . [NCERT]
  
3  2 4   6 1  2 3x  2 y  4 z  2
1  1 2   2 0 1    2  9  12 0  2  2 1  3  4  1 0 0
Solution: Consider AB  0 2  3  9 2  3   0  18  18 0  4  3 0  6  6  0 1 0  I
      
3  2 4   6 1  2  6  18  24 0  4  4 3  6  8  0 0 1
1  1 2   x  1
Above equation can be written as 0 2  3  y   1 where
    
3  2 4   z  2

1  1 2   x 1 
   
A  0 2  3 , X   y  and C  1 
3  2 4   z  2
 AX  C  X  A1C
 AB  I  A1 AB  A1I  IB  A1  A1  B .
 2 0 1 
 A  B   9 2  3 .
1
 6 1  2
 x   2 0 1  1  2  0  2 0
 XA C 1
  y    9 2  3 1   9  2  6   5
        
 z   6 1  2 2  6  1  4  3
 x  0, y  5, z  3.
Try Yourself –Type-III Solution of Simultaneous Equations
2x  y  z  6
1. Solve the equation using matrix: 3x  2 y  z  5
4 x  5 y  5 z  2
 1 2 1 x  2y  z  4
2. If A    1 1 1  find A 1 and use it to solve the following equations:  x  y  z  0 .
 
 1  3 1  x  3 y  z  6
3 2 1  3x  4 y  7 z  14
3.   1
If A  4  1 2 find A and hence solve the system of linear equations 2 x  y  3z  4 .
 
7 3  3 x  2 y  3z  0
 1 1 1  x yz2
4. A   2  1 0  , find A1 use it to solve system of equation: 2y  z 1
 0 2  1  2x  y  0
 4 4 4   1 1 1  x yz4

5. Find the product  7 1   
3   1  2  2  and use it to solve the system of equations: x  2 y  2 z  9 .

 5  3  1  2 1 3  2 x  y  3z  1
6. Show that the following system of equations are consistent. Also, find the solution.
2 x  y  3z  5 3x  2 y  z  7 4 x  5 y  5z  9
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
7. Solve using matrices :    4;    1,    2.
x y z x y z x y z
8. Sum of three number is 6. If twice of third number is subtracted from sum of other two result is 3 and if difference
of first and third is equal to the second number. Find the numbers using matrix. [NCERT]
9. In a Legislative assembly election, a political party hired a public relation firm to promote its candidate in by three
methods; telephone, house calls and letters. The numbers of contacts of each type in three cities A, B and C are
(500, 1000, and 5000), (3000, 1000, 10000) and (2000, 1500, 4000), respectively. The party paid ₹ 3700, ₹ 7200
and ₹ 4300 in cities A, B and C respectively. Find cost of every method per contact using matrix method.
10. A school has to reward the students participating in co-curricular activities (Category I) and with 100% attendance
(Category II) brave students (Category III) in a function. The sum of the numbers of all the three category students
is 6. If we multiply the number of category III by 2 and added to the number of category I to the result, we get 7.
By adding second and third category would to three times the first category we get 12. Form the matrix equation
and solve it.
11. For being Fit X people believes in morning walk, Y people believe in yoga and Z people join Gym. Total no of people
are 70. Further 20% 30% and 40% people are suffering from any disease who believe in morning walk, yoga and
GYM respectively. Total number of such people is 21. If morning walk cost ₹ 0 Yoga cost ₹ 500/month and GYM
cost ₹ 400/ month and total expenditure is Rs23000.
(i) Formulate a matrix problem. (ii) Calculate the no. of each type of people.
 Properties of Determinants.
P-1 : The value of determinant remains unchanged, if the rows and the columns are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
Like if D  a2 b2 c2 and D'  b1 b2 b3 . Then D'  D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
P-2 : Sign of determinant changed if any two rows (or columns) are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Like if D  a 2 b2 c 2 and D'  a1 b1 c1 . Then D '   D
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
P-3 : If all elements of any row or any column is zero then value of determinant is always zero.
0 0 0 a 0 b
Like D  a b c  0 Or D  c 0 d  0
d e f e 0 f
P-4 : If a determinant has two rows (or columns) identical or in same ratio then its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
Like D  a1 b1 c1  0 and D  ka1 kb1 kc1  0 .
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
P-5 : We can take any value common from any row or column.
ka1 kb1 kc1 a1 b1 c1 2a1 3b1 4c1 a1 b1 c1
Like D  a 2 b2 c2  k a2 b2 c 2 or D  2a 2 3b2 4c 2  (2)(3)(4) a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 2a 3 3b3 4c3 a3 b3 c3
P-6 : If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms, then the determinant can be
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
expressed as the sum of the determinants. Like a2 b2 c2 = a 2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
P-7 : Value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) same multiples of the
corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
a1 b1 c1 a1  ma2 b1  mb2 c1  mc2
Like D  a2 b2 c2 and D'  a2 b2 c2 . Then D '  D
a3 b3 c3 a3  na1 b3  nb1 c3  nc1
 Determinant of a skew symmetric matrix is always zero.
 Students are advised to prove above properties for better concept.
ab bc ca
Example 23: Prove without expanding: x  y y  z z  x  0
pq qr r p
a b bc ca
Solution: L.H.S.    x  y y  z z  x
pq qr r p
Applying ( C1  C1  C2  C3 ) we get:
a bbcca bc ca
 x y yzzx yz zx
pqqrr p qr r p

0 bc ca
  0 y  z z  x  0  R.H.S.
0 qr r  p
1 bc a(b  c)
Example 24: Prove without expanding: 1 ca b(c  a)  0 [NCERT]
1 ab c(a  b)
1 bc a(b  c)
Solution: L.H.S.    1 ca b(c  a)
1 ab c(a  b)
1 bc ab  bc  ca
Applying ( C3  C3  C2 ) we get:   1 ca ab  bc  ca
1 ab ab  bc  ca
1 bc 1
Take (ab  bc  ca ) common from C3 we get:   (ab  bc  ca ) 1 ca 1  0
1 ab 1
Example 25: If a  b  c  0 and it is given that a, b, c are p th , q th and r th terms of a G.P. respectively, then show
log a p 1
that log b q 1  0
log c r 1
Solution: Let for the given G.P. first term is A and common difference is D , then
p th term of G.P.  AR p1  a
q th term of G.P.  AR q1  b
r th term of G.P.  AR r 1  c
log a p 1 log AR p 1 p 1
Therefore   log b q 1  log AR q 1 q 1
log c r 1 log AR r 1 r 1
log A  log R p 1 p 1
  log A  log R q 1 q 1 [ As log mn  log m  log n ]
log A  log R r 1 r 1
log A p 1 log R p 1 p 1
On breaking along first column, we get:   log A q 1  log R q 1 q 1
log A r 1 log R r 1 r 1
log A p 1 ( p  1) log R p 1
  log A q 1  (q  1) log R q 1 [ As log m n  n log m ]
log A r 1 (r  1) log R r 1
1 p 1 ( p  1) p 1
  log A 1 q 1  log R (q  1) q 1
1 r 1 (r  1) r 1
Since in first determinant C1  C3 hence its value is 0, also apply C1  C1  C3 in second
p p 1
determinant, we get:   0  log R q q 1
r r 1
  0  R.H.S. [As C1  C2 ]
Try Yourself –Type-IV Properties of Determinant-I
Prove the following determinant without expanding: (a x  a  x ) 2 (a x  a  x ) 2 1
1 a bc 6. (a y  a  y ) 2 (a y  a  y ) 2 1  0
(a z  a  z ) 2 (a z  a  z ) 2 1
1. 1 b c  a  0.
1 c ab 7. If  is one of the root of equation x 2  x  1  0 ,
a b c 1  2
2. a  2 x b  2 y c  2 z  0. [NCERT] then prove that:  2 1  0 .
x y z 2 1 
1 8. If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that:
a2 bc
a 2y  4 5y  7 8y  a
1 3y  5 6 y  8 9 y  b  0
3. b2 ca  0 [NCERT]
b
1 4 y  6 7 y  9 10 y  c
c2 ab 9. If a1 , a2 , a3 , ...ar are in G.P., then prove that
c
a r 1 a r 5 a r 9
b2c 2 bc b  c
a r 7 a r 11 a r 15  0 .
4. c2a2 ca c  a  0.
a r 11 a r 17 a r  21
a 2b 2 ab a  b
(1  x)17 (1  x)19 (1  x) 23
sin  cos cos(   )
10. If (1  x) 23 (1  x) 29 (1  x) 34  A  Bx  Cx 2  ...
5. sin  cos  cos(   )  0 [NCERT]
(1  x) 41 (1  x) 43 (1  x) 47
sin  cos  cos(   )
then prove that A  0 .
1 a a2
Example 26: Prove without expanding: 1 b b 2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a) [NCERT]
1 c c2
1 a a2
Solution: L.H.S.    1 b b 2
1 c c2
0 a  c a2  c2
Applying R1  R1  R3 & R2  R2  R3 we get:   0 b  c b2  c2
1 c c2
0 1 ac
Taking (a  c)(b  c) common from R1 & R2 we get:   (a  c)(b  c) 0 1 b  c
1 c c2
  (a  c)(b  c)(b  c  a  c)
  (a  c)(b  c)(b  a)
  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  R.H.S.
x  y  2z x y
Example 27: Prove without expanding: z y  z  2x y  2( x  y  z )3 [NCERT]
z x z  x  2y
x  y  2z x y
Solution: L.H.S.    z y  z  2x y
z x z  x  2y

2x  2 y  2z x y
Applying ( C1  C1  C2  C3 ) we get:   2x  2 y  2z y  z  2x y
2x  2 y  2z x z  x  2y
1 x y
Take 2( x  y  z ) common from C1 we get:   2( x  y  z ) 1 y  z  2 x y
1 x z  x  2y
1 x y
Applying R2  R2  R1 & R3  R3  R1 we get:   2( x  y  z ) 0 yzx 0
0 0 zx y
  2( x  y  z )[(x  y  z ) 2  0]
  2( x  y  z )3  R.H.S.
1 x x2
Example 28: Prove without expanding: x 2 1 x  (1  x 3 ) 2 [NCERT]
x x2 1
1 x x2
Solution: L.H.S.    x 2 1 x
x x2 1
1  x3 x x2
Applying C1  C1  xC3 we get:  0 1 x
0 x2 1
1 x x2
3
Take (1  x 3 ) common from C1 we get:   (1  x ) 0 1 x
0 x2 1
  (1  x 3 )(1  x 3 )  (1  x 3 ) 2  R.H.S.
1 a2  b2 2ab  2b
2 2
Example 29: Prove without expanding: 2ab 1 a  b 2a  (1  a 2  b 2 )3 [NCERT]
2b  2a 1  a2  b2
1  a2  b2 2ab  2b
2 2
Solution: L.H.S.    2ab 1 a  b 2a
2b  2a 1  a2  b2
Apply R1  R1  bR3 & R2  R2  aR3 :
1  a2  b2 0 b(2  1  a 2  b 2 ) 1  a 2  b 2 0  b(1  a 2  b 2 )
 0 1  a  b2
2 2 2
a(2  1  a  b )  0 1  a  b2
2
a(1  a 2  b 2 )
2b  2a 1  a2  b2 2b  2a 1  a2  b2
1 0 b
2 2 2
Take (1  a  b ) common from both R1 and R2 :
2 2
  (1  a  b ) 0 1 a
2b  2a 1  a  b 2
2
1 0 0
Apply C3  C3  bC1 we get: 2 2 2
  (1  a  b ) 0 1 a
2b  2a 1  a  b 2
2

  (1  a 2  b 2 ) 2 (1  a 2  b 2  2a 2 )
  (1  a 2  b 2 ) 3  R.H.S.
a ab abc
Example 30: Prove without expanding: 2a 3a  2b 4a  3b  2c  a 3 [NCERT]
3a 6a  3b 10a  6b  3c
a ab abc
Solution: L.H.S.    2a 3a  2b 4a  3b  2c
3a 6a  3b 10a  6b  3c
a a abc a b abc
On Breaking along C 2 we get:   2a 3a 4a  3b  2c  2a 2b 4a  3b  2c
3a 6a 10a  6b  3c 3a 3b 10a  6b  3c
In first determinant take a common from both C1 , C 2 and from second determinant take a, b common
1 1 abc 1 1 abc
from C1 and C 2 respectively:   a 2 2 3 4a  3b  2c  2 2 4a  3b  2c
3 6 10a  6b  3c 3 3 10a  6b  3c
Break first determinant along C3 while value of second determinant becomes 0 as C1  C2 .
1 1 a 1 1 b 1 1 c
2 2 2
  a 2 3 4a  a 2 3 3b  a 2 3 2c  0
3 6 10a 3 6 6b 3 6 3c
Take a, b, c common from C3 of three determinants respectively:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2 2
a 2 3 4 a b 2 3 3 a c 2 3 2
3 6 10 3 6 6 3 6 3
In first determinant apply C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1 while second and third determinant are
equal to 0 as C2  C3 and C1  C3 respectively.
1 0 0
3
  a 2 1 2 00
3 3 7
  a 3 (7  6)  a 3  R.H.S.
x x2 1  x3
Example 31: If x  y  z and y y 2 1  y 3  0 , then prove that xyz  1 . [NCERT]
z z2 1  z3
x x2 1 x x2 x3
Solution: Break along C3  y y2 1  y y2 y3  0
z z2 1 z z2 z3
Apply C1  C3 in first determinant and in second determinant take x, y , z common from
1 x2 x 1 x x2
R1 , R2 and R3 respectively.   1 y 2 y  xyz 1 y y2  0
1 z2 z 1 z z2
1 x x2 1 x x2 1 x x2
Apply C2  C3 in first determinant  1 y y  xyz 1 y
2
y  0  (1  xyz ) 1 y
2
y2  0
1 z z2 1 z z2 1 z z2

1 x x2
Apply R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1  (1  xyz ) 0 yx y2  x2  0
0 zx z2  x2
 (1  xyz )[( y  x)( z 2  x 2 )  ( z  x)( y 2  x 2 )]  0

 (1  xyz )[( x  y )( z  x)( z  x)  ( z  x)( x  y )( x  y )]  0
 (1  xyz )( x  y )( z  x)[ z  x  x  y ]  0
 (1  xyz )( x  y )( y  z )( z  x)  0
 (1  xyz )  0 or ( x  y )  0 or ( y  z )  0 or ( z  x)  0
 xyz  1 or x  y or y  z or z  x
  
not pos s i bl ea s x  y  z
 (1  xyz )  0
xa x x
Example 32: Solve the equation: x xa x 0 when a  0 [NCERT]
x x xa
3x  a 3x  a 3x  a
Solution: Apply R1  R1  R2  R3  x xa x 0
x x xa
1 1 1
Take (3x  a) common from R1  (3x  a) x x  a x 0
x x xa
1 0 0
Apply C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1  (3x  a) x a 0  0
x 0 a
 (3 x  a )(a 2  0)  0
 (3 x  a )  0 or a2  0  a  0
a
x is the only solution as it is given that a  0
3
Try Yourself –Type-V Properties of Determinant-II
Prove the following determinant without expanding:

1 1 1
1. a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(a  b  c) [NCERT]
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
2. a2 b2 c 2  (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) (ab  bc  ca ). [NCERT]
a3 b3 c3
x y z
3. x2 y2 z 2  xyz ( x  y) ( y  z ) ( z  x)
x3 y3 z3
a 2  2a 2a  1 1
4. 2a  1 a  2 1  (a  1) 3 .
3 3 1

 2  
5.   2     (   )(   )(   )(     )
 2 
a bc 2a 2a
6. 2b bca 2b  ( a  b  c) 3 [NCERT]
2c 2c c a b
3a ab ac
7. b a 3b  b  c  3(a  b  c) (ab  bc  ca ) [NCERT]
ca cb 3c
a b c
8. a  b b  c c  a  a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc
bc ca ab
(b  c)2 a 2 bc
9. (c  a) 2 b 2 ca  (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c 2 )
(a  b) 2 c 2 ab
abc c b
10. c abc a  2 (a  b) (b  c) (c  a)
b a abc
x x 2 1  px 3
11. y y 2 1  py 3  (1  pxyz )( x  y )( y  z )( z  x) [NCERT]
z z 2 1  pz 3
1 1 p 1 p  q
12. 2 3  2 p 4  3 p  2q  1 [NCERT]
3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q
ax ax ax
13. Solve for x : a x a x a x 0
ax ax ax
x  2 2 x  3 3x  4
14. Solve for x : x  4 2 x  9 3x  16  0
x  8 2 x  27 3x  64
0 xa xb
15. If a  b  c and x  a 0 x  c  0 then find the value of x .
xb xc 0
1 x 1 1
 1 1 1
Example 33: Prove without expanding: 1 1 y 1  xyz 1     [NCERT]
1 1 1 z  x y z
1 x 1 1
Solution: L.H.S.    1 1  y 1
1 1 1 z

1 1 1
1
x x x
1 1 1
On dividing R1, R2 , R3 by x, y, z respectively we get:   xyz 1
y y y
1 1 1
1
z z z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1   1   1  
x y z x y z x y z
1 1 1
Apply R1  R1  R2  R3   xyz 1
y y y
1 1 1
1
z z z
1 1 1
1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1
On Taking 1    common from R1 :   xyz 1     1
x y z  x y z y y y
1 1 1
1
z z z
1 0 0
 1 1 1 1
Apply C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1 :   xyz 1     1 0
 x y z y
1
0 1
z
 1 1 1
  xyz 1     (1  0)
 x y z
 1 1 1
  xyz 1      R.H.S.
 x y z
0 a b
Example 34: Prove without expanding:  a 0 c  0 [NCERT]
b c 0
0 a b
Solution: L.H.S.     a 0 c
b c 0
0 ab ab
1
Multiply C2 by b and C3 by a respectively:  a 0 ac
ab
 b  bc 0
0 1 1
(ab)(ab)
Take ab common from both C2 and C3 :  a 0 ac
ab
 b  bc 0
0 0 1
Apply C2  C2  C3 :   ab  a  ac ac
 b  bc 0
  ab(abc  abc)  0  R.H.S.
a 2  1 ab ac
Example 35: Prove without expanding: ab b  1 bc  1  a 2  b 2  c 2 .
2
[NCERT]
ac bc c2 1

a 2  1 ab ac
2
Solution: L.H.S.    ab b  1 bc
ac bc c2 1
a(a 2  1) a 2b a 2c
1
Multiply R1 , R2 and R3 by a, b, c repectively :   ab 2 b(b 2  1) b 2c
abc
ac 2 bc 2 c(c 2  1)
a2 1 a2 a2
abc
Take a, b, c common from C1 , C2 and C3 respectively :   b2 b2 1 b2
abc
c2 c2 c2 1
1  a2  b2  c2 1  a2  b2  c2 1  a2  b2  c2
Apply R1  R1  R2  R3 :  b2 b2 1 b2
c2 c2 c2 1
1 1 1
Take (1  a  b  c ) common from R1 :
2 2 2
  (1  a  b  c ) b 2
2 2 2
b  1 b2
2
c2 c2 c2 1
1 0 0
Apply C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1 :   (1  a  b  c ) b 2
2 2 2
1 0
c2 0 1
  (1  a 2  b 2  c 2 )(1  0)
  (1  a 2  b 2  c 2 )  R.H.S.
Try Yourself –Type-VI Properties of Determinant-III
Prove the following determinant without expanding: b2  c2 a2 a2
1 a 1 1 5. b2 c2  a2 b2  4a 2b 2 c 2
1. 1 1 b 1  abc  ab  bc  ca c2 c2 2
a b 2
1 1 1 c
b2  c2 ab ac
bc a a 6. ba c  a2
2
bc  4a 2b 2 c 2
2. b ca b  4abc [NCERT]
ca cb a2  b2
c c ab
2  bc b 2  bc c 2  bc
a ab ac
7. a 2  ac  ac c 2  ac  (ab  bc  ca )3
3. ab  b2 bc  4a 2b 2c 2 . [NCERT]
a 2  ab b 2  ab  ab
ac bc  c2
a bc cb
a2 bc ac  c 2 8. ac b c  a  ( a  b  c) ( a 2  b 2  c 2 )
4. a 2  ab b2 ac  4a 2 b 2 c 2 a b b a c
ab b 2  bc c2
a b c
Example 36: If a, b, c are positive then prove that b c a is always negative. [NCERT]
c a b
a b c
Solution:  b c a
c a b

abc abc abc
Apply R1  R1  R2  R3 :  b c a
c a b
1 1 1
Take (a  b  c) common from R1 :   ( a  b  c) b c a
c a b
1 0 0
Apply C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1 :   ( a  b  c) b c  b a  b
c ac bc
  (a  b  c)[(c  b)(b  c)  (a  b)(a  c)]
  (a  b  c)[(bc  c 2  b 2  bc )  (a 2  ac  ab  bc)]
  (a  b  c)(bc  c 2  b 2  bc  a 2  ac  ab  bc)
  (a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca  c 2  b 2  a 2 )
   (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ac)
1
   (a  b  c)(2a 2  2b 2  2c 2  2ab  2bc  2ac)
2
1
   (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  2ab  b 2  c 2  2bc  c 2  a 2  2ac)
2
1
   (a  b  c)[(a  b) 2  (b  c) 2  (c  a) 2 ]
2
As a, b, c are positive then (a  b  c) is positive.
Since (a  b) 2 , (b  c) 2 and (c  a ) 2 are perfect square hence positive.
1
   (a  b  c)[(a  b) 2  (b  c) 2  (c  a) 2 ] is negative.
2
(b  c) 2 a2 a2
Example 37: Prove without expanding: b2 (c  a ) 2 b2  2abc(a  b  c) 3
c2 c2 ( a  b) 2
(b  c) 2 a2 a2
Solution: L.H.S.    b2 (c  a ) 2 b2
c2 c2 ( a  b) 2
Apply C1  C1  C3 and C2  C2  C3 :
(b  c) 2  a 2 0 a2 (b  c  a)(b  c  a) 0 a2
 0 (c  a ) 2  b 2 b2  0 (c  a  b)(c  a  b) b2
c  ( a  b) 2
2
c 2  ( a  b) 2 (a  b) 2 (c  a  b)(c  a  b) (c  a  b)(c  a  b) (a  b) 2
(b  c  a) 0 a2
Take (a  b  c) common from C1 and C2 :   ( a  b  c) 2 0 (c  a  b ) b2
(c  a  b ) (c  a  b ) ( a  b ) 2
2b 2a  2ab
Apply R1  R1  R2  R3 : 2
  ( a  b  c) 0 (c  a  b ) b2
(c  a  b) (c  a  b) (a 2  b 2  2ab)
2ab 2ab  2ab
( a  b  c) 2 2
Multiply C1 by a and C2 by b :  0 (bc  ab  b ) b2
ab
(ac  a 2  ab) (bc  ab  b 2 ) (a 2  b 2  2ab)
Take 2ab common from R1 :
1 1 1
2ab(a  b  c) 2 2
 0 (bc  ab  b ) b2
ab
(ac  a 2  ab) (bc  ab  b 2 ) (a 2  b 2  2ab)
Apply C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1 :
1 0 0
2 2
  2(a  b  c) 0 (bc  ab  b ) b2
(ac  a 2  ab) (bc  b 2  ac  a 2 ) (b 2  ab  ac)

  2(a  b  c) 2 (bc  ab  b 2 )(b 2  ab  ac )  b 2 (bc  b 2  ac  a 2 ) 
  2(a  b  c) b c  ab c  abc  ab
2 3 2 2 3
 a 2b 2  a 2bc  b 4  ab 3  ab 2 c  b 3c  b 4  ab 2 c  a 2b 2 
  2(a  b  c) abc  a bc  ab c 
2 2 2 2
  2(a  b  c) 2 abca  b  c 
  2abc (a  b  c) 3  R.H.S.
p b c
p q r
Example 38: If a q c  0, then prove that    2 , ( p  a, q  b, r  c).
pa qb r c
a b r
p b c
Solution: a q c 0
a b r
pa 0 cr
Apply R1  R1  R3 and R2  R2  R3 we get: 0 q b c r  0
a b r
a( p  a) 0 a (c  r )
Multiply R1 by a and R3 by ( p  a ) : 0 q b cr 0
a ( p  a ) b( p  a ) r ( p  a )
a( p  a) 0 a (c  r )
Apply R3  R3  R1 : 0 q b cr 0
0 b ( p  a ) r ( p  a )  a (c  r )
 a( p  a)r( p  a)(q  b)  a(q  b)(c  r)  b( p  a)(c  r)  0
 a( p  a)r( p  a)(q  b)  a(q  b)(c  r)  b( p  a)(c  r)  0
 r ( p  a)(q  b)  a(q  b)(c  r )  b( p  a)(c  r )  0
 r ( p  a)(q  b)  a(q  b)(r  c)  b( p  a)(r  c)  0
Divide numerator and denominator by ( p  a)(q  b)(r  c) :
r a b
   0
r c p a q b
r  a   b 
    1    1  2  0
r c  p a   q b 
r a  p a b q b
   2
r c pa q b
p q r
   2
p a q b r c

1 1 1
Example 39: In a ABC , if value of determinant 1  sin A 1  sin B 1  sin C  0 , then prove
sin A  sin A sin B  sin B sin C  sin C
2 2 2
that ABC is an isosceles triangle.

1 1 1
Solution: 1  sin A 1  sin B 1  sin C 0
2 2 2
sin A  sin A sin B  sin B sin C  sin C
(Apply C1  C1  C3 and C2  C2  C3 )
0 0 1
 sin A  sin C sin B  sin C 1  sin C 0
2 2 2 2 2
sin A  sin C  sin A  sin C sin B  sin C  sin B  sin C sin C  sin C
0 0 1
 sin A  sin C sin B  sin C 1  sin C 0
2
(sin A  sin C )(1  sin A  sin C ) (sin B  sin C )(1  sin B  sin C ) sin C  sin C
0 0 1
 (sin A  sin C )(sin B  sin C ) 1 1 1  sin C 0
2
(1  sin A  sin C ) (1  sin B  sin C ) sin C  sin C
 (sin A  sin C)(sin B  sin C)(1  sin B  sin C)  (1  sin A  sin C)  0
 (sin A  sin C)(sin B  sin C)1  sin B  sin C  1  sin A  sin C)  0
 (sin A  sin C )(sin B  sin C )(sin B  sin A)  0
 (sin A  sin C )  0 or (sin B  sin C )  0 or (sin B  sin A)  0
 sin A  sin C or sin B  sin C or sin B  sin A

 AC or BC or B A
Therefore in any case from above result ABC is an isosceles triangle.
a  bx c  dx p  qx a c p
2
Example 40: Prove without expanding: ax  b cx  d px  q  (1  x ) b d q [NCERT]
u v w u v w
a  bx c  dx p  qx
Solution:   ax  b cx  d px  q
u v w
a  bx  ax 2  bx c  dx  cx 2  dx p  qx  px 2  qx
Apply R1  R1  xR2 :  ax  b cx  d px  q
u v w
a(1  x 2 ) c(1  x 2 ) p(1  x 2 ) a c p

2
  ax  b cx  d px  q  (1  x ) ax  b cx  d px  q
u v w u v w
a c p
2
Apply R2  R2  xR1 :   (1  x ) b d q
u v w

Try Yourself –Type-VII Properties of Determinant-IV
bc ca ab

1. Prove without expanding: c  a a  b b  c  2(ab  bc  ca  a 2  b 2  c 2 )(a  b  c)
ab bc ca
a b c
2. If b c a  0 then prove that either a  b  c  0 or a  b  c .
c a b
ab bc ca

3. If b  c c  a a  b  0 then prove that either a  b  c  0 or a  b  c . [NCERT]
ca ab bc
bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2
4. Prove that: ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2 is divisible by (a  b  c) .
ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2
(b  c) 2 ab ac
5. Prove without expanding: ab (c  a ) 2 bc  2abc (a  b  c) 3 [NCERT]
ac bc ( a  b) 2
a2 ( s  a) 2 ( s  a) 2
6. If a  b  c  2s then prove that: ( s  b) 2 b2 ( s  b) 2  2 s 3 ( s  a )(s  b)(s  c) .
( s  c) 2 ( s  c) 2 c2
1 cos C cos B
7. If A  B  C  0 then prove that: cos C 1 cos A  0 .
cos B cos A 1
sin( A  B  C ) sin( A  C ) cos C

8. If A  B  C   then prove that:  sin B 0 tan A  0 .
cos(A  B) tan( B  C ) 0
1 1 1
9. If 1  cos A 1  cos B 1  cos C  0 , then prove that ABC is an isosceles triangle.
cos A  cos A cos B  cos B cos C  cos C
2 2 2
xa yb zc a b c
10. If x  y  z  0 , prove that yc za xb  xyz c a b
zb xc ya b c a
a b c y b q
11. Prove without expanding: x y z  x a p
p q r z c r
12. Let three-digit numbers A28, 3B9, 62C , where A, B, C are integers between 0 to 9, be divisible by fixed
A 3 6
integer k . Show that 8 9 C is divisible by k .
2 B 2

Try Yourself –Type-VIII M.C.Q.
cos15  sin 15  (c) 3k k 3

(d)
1. Value of determinant is
sin 75  cos 75  1 a bc
(a) 0 (b) 5 10. The value of the determinant 1 b c  a is
(c) 3 (d) 7 1 c ab
log 3 512 log 4 3
2. Value of determinant is (a) (a  b  c) (b) (a  b  c)2
log 3 8 log 4 9
(c) (a  b  c) 3 (d) 0
15 14
(a) (b) bc ca ab
2 3
(c) 12 (d) 6 11. c  a a  b b  c 
1 2 3 ab bc ca
3. Value of determinant 0 4 5 is (a) 0 (b) 1
0 0 6 (c) 2 (d) 3
bc ca ab a b c
(a) 0 (b) 10
(c) 12 (d) 24 12. If c  a a  b b  c  k b c a , then k 
0 a b ab bc ca c a b
4. Value of determinant  a 0  c is (a) 0 (b) 1
b c 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 b 2c 2 bc b  c
(c) abc (d) a  b  c 13. c2a 2 ca c  a 
1 1 1 a 2b 2 ab a  b
5. The maximum value of 1 1  sin  1 is
1  cos 1 1 (a) a 2  b 2  c 2 (b) ( a  b  c) 2
(c) (a  b  c) (d) 0
(where  is a real number)
14. The value of determinant:
1 3
(a) (b) cos(   )  sin(   ) cos 2
2 2
sin  cos sin 
2 3
(c) 2 (d)  cos sin   cos
4
6. Consider the following statements with reference to is independent of
determinants (a)  (b) 
(I) The value of determinant is unchanged if the (c)  ,  (d) None of these
rows and columns are interchanged
(II) If any two rows or columns of a determinant are (1  x)17 (1  x)19 (1  x) 23
interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed. 15. If (1  x) 23 (1  x) 29 (1  x) 34  A  Bx  Cx 2  ...
(III) If any two rows or columns are identical, the (1  x) 41 (1  x) 43 (1  x) 47
value of determinant is zero
(a) I and III are correct (b) II and III are correct then A 
(c) Only I is correct (d) I, II and III are correct (a) 0 (b) 1
7. The value of an even order skew symmetric (c) 2 (d) x
determinant is x3 x4 x 
(a) 0 (b) Perfect square 16. If  ,  ,  are in A.P, then x  2 x  3 x   
(c)  1 (d) None of these
x 1 x  2 x  
8. The value of an odd order skew symmetric
determinant is (a) 0 (b) x y z
(a) 0 (b) Perfect square (c)    (d) None of these
(c)  1 (d) None of these
17. If a, b, c are respectively the p th , q th and r th
a b c ka kb kc
a p 1
9. If   x y z , then kx ky kz is equal to
terms of an A.P., then b q 1 
p q r kp kq kr
c r 1
(a)  (b) k
(a) 1 (b) 0

(c) abc (d) pqr 1 2
th th th 26. Find the adjoint of the matrix A   
18. l , m, n are the p , q and r term of a G.P., all 3 4
log l p 1  4 2  4  2
(a)   (b)  
positive, then log m q 1  3 1   3 1 
log n r 1 1 2  1  2
(c)   (d)  
(a) –1 (b) 2 3 4  3 4 
(c) 1 (d) 0
cos   sin  0
27. If A   sin  0, then adjA 
10 ! 11! 12 !
 cos 
19. The value of the determinant 11! 12 ! 13!
 0 0 1
12 ! 13! 14 !
 cos  sin  0
(a) 2( 10 !)(11!)(12 !) (b) 2( 11!)(12 !)(13!)  sin 
(a)
 cos  0
(c) 2( 12 !)(13!)(14 !) (d) 0
 0 0 1
0 a b a c
20. The value of b  a 0 b  c is  cos   sin  0
(b)  sin  cos  0
ca cb 0  
(a) 0 (b) abc  0 0 1
(c) a  b  c (d) None of these cos sin  0
21. If A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C( x3 , y3 ) are the (c)  sin  cos 0
 
vertices of an equilateral triangle whose each side is  0 0 1
x1 y1 4
 cos  sin  0
(d)  sin  0
equal to ‘ a ’, then x 2 y2 4 is equal to
 cos
x3 y3 4
 0 0 1
(a) 3a 4 (b) 12a 4
2 0 0
(c) 9a 4 (d) 16a 4 28. If A  2 2 0, then A (adjA) is equal to
22. If the points ( 2,  3 ), ( k ,  1 ) and ( 0, 4 ) are 
2 2 2
collinear, then find the value of 4k is.
(a) 4 (b) 7/140 1 0 0 1 0 0
(c) 47 (d) 40/7 (a) 8 1 1 0 (b) 8 0 1 0
23. If the area of a triangle ABC , with vertices 1 1 1 0 0 1
A ( 1, 3 ), B ( 0, 0 ) and C ( k , 0 ) is 3 sq. units, then
k 1 0 0
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 16 1 1 0 (d) None of these
(c) 4 (d) 5 1 1 1
24. If Aij denotes the cofactor of the element a ij of the
1 2 x 
29. If 1 1 1  is a singular matrix then x 
1 2 3
determinants  
0 4 5 then value of
2 1 1
0 0 6
(a) 1 (b) 2
a11 A11  a12 A12  a13 A13 is (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 0 (b) 10 3  x 2 2 
(c) 12 (d) 24 30. If  4 x 1  is a non-invertible matrix
25. If Aij denotes the cofactor of the element a ij of the  2
  2  4  1  x
a11 a12 a13 then x 
determinants a 21 a 22 a 23 then value of (a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 3
a 31 a 32 a 33 (c) 0, 3 (d) 3, 2
a11A31  a12 A32  a13A33 is 3 2 4
31. If matrix A  1 2  1 and A1  adj ( A) ,
1
(a) 0 (b) 5   K
(c) 10 (d) –5 0 1 1
then k 

(a) 7 (b) –7 (a) 0 (b) 6
(c) 1/7 (d) 11 (c) - 6 (d) 12
32. If B is a 2  2 matrix such that:  4 6
40. If A    then A10 
1  2 6 0  3 5
B   then B 
1 4  0 6 (a) 0 (b) 20
(c) 512 (d) 1024
4 2 4 2
(a)  1 (b)
1  1 1
41. If A is a square matrix of order 3 3 , such that
  A  5 , then 2 A 
1 2 1  2
(c) (d) (a) 5 (b) 10
 1 4  1 4 
  (c) 20 (d) 40
33. If for the non-singular matrix A , A  I , then A1
2
A  5 , then adj A 
is
(a) A (b) I (a) 5 (b) 10
(c) O (d) None of these (c) 25 (d) 125
2   3
A  5 , then A adj A 
34. If A  0 2 3  , then A 1 exists if
  (a) 5 (b) 10
1 1 3 
(c) 25 (d) 125
(a)   2 (b)   2 4 6
44. If A   then A 1 
(c)   2 (d) None of these
3 5
35. If A and B are two invertible matrices, then which (a) 2 (b) 4
of the following is not correct? 1 1
(c) (d)
(a) adj A  A  A 1 2 4
4 6
det( A) 1  [det( A)] 1 45. If A   then AAT 
5
(b)
3
(c) ( AB) 1  B 1 A 1 (a) 2 (b) 4
1 1
(d) ( A  B ) 1  B 1  A 1 (c) (d)
2 4
36. If the system of equations: 46. If A and B square matrix of order 3 , such that
x  2 y  3z  1 (k  3) z  3 (2k  1) x  z  0 A  2 and AB  2 I , then B 
is inconsistent, then the value of k is (a) 2 (b) 4
1 1 1
(a) –3 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4
(c) 0 (d) 2 47. If A is a square matrix of order 3 3 , such that
37. The existence of unique solution of the system of the A  2 , then 2  adjA 
linear equations: (a) 2 (b) 4
x  y  z  b, 2 x  3 y  z  6, 5 x  y  az  10 (c) 16 (d) 32
depends on 48. If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 3
(a) b only (b) a only such that A  1 and B  3 then 2 AB 
(c) Both a and b (d) Neither a nor b (a) - 6 (b) - 12
38. The system of the linear equations: (c) - 24 (d) - 32
x  y  z  2, 2 x  y  z  3, 3x  2 y  kz  4 49. If A is a square matrix of order 2  2 such that,
8 0
has a unique solution if A (adj A)   , then A 
(a) k  0 (b) 1  k  1 0 8
(c)  2  k  2 (d) k 0 (a) 8 (b) 4
4 3 2 11 6 4 1 1
(c) (d)
39. If A    , B  and C    8 4
7 5 3 15 5 3
then ABC 

50. If A is a 3 3 invertible matrix such that (a) 1 (b) - 1
1 k (c) 3 (d) -3
|A || A | , then k 
Try Yourself –Type-IX Board Corner
1 or 2 Marks Questions
1. If A and B square matrix of order 3 , such that A  2 and AB  2 I . Write the value of B . [CBSE-2019 D]
2. If A is a square matrix of order 3 3 , such that A  9 . Write the value of 2  adjA . [CBSE-2019 D]
 2  3
3. Given A    , compute A 1 and show that 2 A 1  9I  A . [CBSE-2018 D]
 4 7 
2 3 
4. If A    be such that A 1  kA , then find the value of k. [CBSE-2018 C]
 5  2
5. If A is a 3 3 invertible matrix, then what will be the value of k if | A 1 || A | k . [CBSE-2017 D]
8 0
If for any 2  2 square matrix A, A (adj A)  
8
6. , then write the value of A . [CBSE-2017 AI]
0
7. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove that | A | 0 . [CBSE -2017 AI]
 3  1
8. If A  3 and A 1   5 2  , then write the value of adj ( A) [CBSE-2017 F]
 3 3 
9. If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 such that A  1 and B  3 then find value of 2AB . [CBSE-2017F]
1 1 1
10. Find the maximum value of 1 1  sin  1 [CBSE-2016 D]
1 1 1  cos
11. If A is a square matrix such that A  5, write the value of AAT . [CBSE-2016 AI]
1 2 1  4 
12. If A    and B    , find AB . [CBSE-2016 AI]
 3 1  3  2 
x sin  cos
13. If  sin  x 1  8 , write the value of x . [CBSE-2016 F]
cos 1 x
2 7 65
14. Write the value of 3 8 75 [CBSE-2016 C]
5 9 86
 cos sin   n
15. If A    , then for any natural number n , find the value of A . [CBSE-2015 D]
 sin  cos 
x y yz zx
16. Write the value of   z x y . [CBSE-2015 AI]
3 3 3
 5 6  3

17. If A   4 3 2  , then write the Cofactors of the element a21 of the 2 row.
nd
[CBSE-2015 F]

 4  7 3 
1 2   1 3
18. If A    and B    , write the value of AB . [CBSE-2015 C]
3  1  1 1

2x 5 6  2
19. If  , write the value of x . [CBSE-2014 D]
8 x 7 3
3x 7 8 7
20. If  then find x . [CBSE-2014 AI]
2 4 6 4
21. If A is a 3 3 matrix, A  0 and 3 A  k A , then write the value of k. [CBSE-2014 F]
p p 1
22. Write the value of the determinant [CBSE-2014 C]
p 1 p
x 1 x 1 4 1
23. If    , then write value of x . [CBSE-2013 D]
x3 x2 1 3
2 3 5
24. If Aij is cofactor of the element aij of determinant 6 0 4 , then write value of a32 . A32 . [CBSE-2013 AI]
1 5 7
25. If A is a square matrix and A  2 then find value of AAT where AT is transpose of matrix A . [CBSE-2013 F]
3 10
26. If A  , then write A 1. [CBSE-2013 F]
2 7
5 3 8
27. If A  2 0 1 , then write the minor of a23 [CBSE-2012 D]
1 2 3
28. If A is a square matrix of order 3  3 and A  4 , then find value of 2 A [CBSE-2012 AI]
5  x x  1
29. For what value of x ,  is a singular matrix. [CBSE-2011 D]
 2 4 
cos15 o sin 15 o
30. Evaluate . [CBSE-2011 AI]
cos 75 o sin 75 o
x x 3 4
31. Find positive value of x if  . [CBSE-2011 F]
1 x 1 2
4 Marks Questions
a b c
32. Using property of determinant prove that a  b b  c c  a  a 3  b3  c 3  3abc . [CBSE-2019 D]
bc ca ab
abc c b
33. Using property of determinant prove that c abc a  2(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) .[CBSE-2019
b a abc
D]
a 2  2a 2a  1 1
34. Using property of determinant prove that 2a  1 a  2 1  (a  1) 3 . [CBSE-2019 D]
3 3 1
1 1 1  3x
35. Using properties of determinants, prove that 1  3 y 1 1  93xyz  xy  yz  zx  [CBSE-2018 D]
1 1  3z 1

5a  2a  b  2a  c
36. Without expanding prove that  2b  a 5b  2b  c  12(a  b  c) (ab  bc  ca ) [CBSE-2018 C]
 2c  a  2c  b 5c
x x y x  2y
37. Without expanding, prove that x  2 y x x  y  9 y 2 ( x  y) [CBSE-2017 D]
x y x  2y x
a 2  2a 2a  1 1
38. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 2a  1 a2 1  (a  1) 3 [CBSE-2017 AI]
3 3 1
1 1 1 x
39. Using properties of determinants show that: 1 1 y 1  ( xyz  yz  zx  xy ) . [CBSE-2017 F]
1 z 1 1
a b y cz
a b c
40. If a  x b c  z =0, then prove that    2 [CBSE-2017 C]
x y z
ax b y c
41. A trust invested money in two type of bonds. The first bond pays 10% interest and second bond pays 12% interest.
The trust received ₹2800 as interest. However, if trust interchange the money in bonds, they would have got ₹100
less. Using matrix method, find the amount invested by the trust in different bonds. [CBSE-2016 AI]
42. A coaching institute of English conduct classes in two batches I and II and fees for rich and poor children are
different. In batch I, it has 20 poor and 5 rich children and total monthly collection is ₹9000, whereas in batch II, it
has 5 poor and 25 rich children and total monthly collection is ₹26000. Using matrix method find monthly fee paid
by each child of two types. [CBSE-2016 F]
Ax x 2 1 A B C
43. Show that   1 , where   By y 1 & 1  x
2
y z [CBSE-
Cz z 2 1 zy zx xy
2016 C]
a 1 0
44. If f ( x)  ax a  1 , using properties of determinants find the value of f (2 x)  f ( x). [CBSE-2015 D]
ax 2 ax a
a3 2 a
45. Using properties of determinants, prove that: b 3 2 b  2(a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(a  b  c). [CBSE-2015 AI]
c3 2 c
a2 bc ac  c 2
46. Using properties of determinants, prove that: a 2  ab b2 ac  4a 2 b 2 c 2 [CBSE-2015 AI]
ab b 2  bc c2
1 a a2
47. Using properties of determinants, prove that: a 2 1 a  (1  a 3 ) 2 [CBSE-2015 F]
a a2 1
(a  1)(a  2) a2 1
48. Using properties of determinants, prove that: (a  2)(a  3) a  3 1  2 [CBSE-2015 C]
(a  3)(a  4) a4 1

2y yzx 2y
49. Using properties of determinant, prove that: 2z 2z z  x  y  x  y  z 3 [CBSE-2014 D]
x yz 2x 2x
a  b  2c a b
50. Using properties of determinant, prove that: c b  c  2a b  2a  b  c 3 [CBSE-2014 D]
c a c  a  2b
x2 1 xy xz
51. Using properties of determinant, prove that: xy y 1
2
yz  1  x 2  y 2  z 2 [CBSE-2014 D]
xz yz z2 1
x y x x
52. Using properties of determinants, prove that 5 x  4 y 4 x 2 x  x 3 [CBSE-2014 AI]
10 x  8 y 8 x 3x
bc ca ab a b c
53. Using properties of determinants, prove that : q  r r  p pq 2p q r [CBSE-2014 AI]
yz zx x y x y z
1 a 1 1
54. Using properties of determinants, prove that : 1 1 b 1  abc  ab  bc  ca [CBSE-2014 AI]
1 1 1 c
ax y z
55. Using properties of determinants, prove that: x a y z  a 2 (a  x  y  z ) [CBSE-2014 F]
x y az
x 2x 2x
56. Using properties of determinants, prove that 2 x x 2 x  (5 x   )(  x) 2 [CBSE-2014 F]
2x 2x x
a2 bc ac  c 2
57. Using properties of determinants, prove that: a 2  ab b2 ac  4a 2 b 2 c 2 [CBSE-2014 F]
ab b 2  bc c2
a a2 bc
58. Using properties of determinants, prove that: b b 2 ca  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(ab  bc  ca ) [CBSE-2014 C]
c c2 ab
1 x x2
59. Using the properties of determinants, prove that: x 2 1  2
x  1  x3 .  [CBSE-2013 D]
x x2 1
x x y x  2y
60. Using properties of determinants, prove that: x  2 y x x  y  9 y 2 ( x  y) [CBSE-2013 AI]
x y x  2y x
a 2 1 ab ac
61. Using properties of determinants, prove that: ab b 2  1 bc  1  a 2  b 2  c 2 [CBSE-2013 F]
ca cb c 2 1

bc qr y z a p x
62. Using properties of determinant prove that : c  a r  p z  x  2 b q y [CBSE-2012 D]
ab pq x y c r z
1 1 1
63. Using properties of determinant prove that: a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(a  b  c) [CBSE-2012 D]
a3 b3 c3
1 a 1 1
64. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 1 1  b 1  abc  ab  bc  ca . [CBSE-2012 D]
1 1 1 c
bc a a
65. Using properties of determinants, prove that: b ca b  4abc . [CBSE-2012 AI]
c c ab
a ab abc
66. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 2a 3a  2b 4a  3b  2c  a 3 . [CBSE-2012 F]
3a 6a  3b 10a  6b  3c
 3 1 1  1 2  2
67. If A 1   
  15 6  5 and B   1 3 0  , find ( AB) 1 [CBSE-2012 F]
 5  2 2   0  2 1 
x  4 2x 2x
68. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 2 x x  4 2 x  (5 x  4)(4  x) 2 . [CBSE-2011 D]
2x 2x x  4
 a2 ab ac
69. Using properties of determinants, prove that: ab  b2 bc  4a 2 b 2 c 2 . . [CBSE-2011 D]
ac bc  c2
x y z
70. Using properties of determinants, prove that: x 2 y2 z 2  xyz ( x  y) ( y  z ) ( z  x) . [CBSE-2011 D]
x3 y3 z3
71. Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations.
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
   4;    1,    2. [CBSE-2011 D]
x y z x y z x y z
ax ax ax
72. Using properties of determinants, solve for x : a  x a  x a  x  0 . [CBSE-2011 AI]
ax ax ax
x  2 2 x  3 3x  4
73. Using properties of determinants, solve for x : x  4 2 x  9 3x  16  0 . [CBSE-2011 AI]
x  8 2 x  27 3x  64
xa x x
74. Using properties of determinants, solve for x : x xa x  0. [CBSE-2011 AI]
x x xa

x  y  2z x y
75. Using properties of determinants, prove : z y  z  2x y  2( x  y  z ) 3 . [CBSE-2011 F]
z x z  x  2y
abc 2a 2a
76. Using properties of determinants, prove that: 2b bca 2b  ( a  b  c) 3 . [CBSE-2011 F]
2c 2c cab
yk y y
77. Using properties of determinants, prove that: y yk y  k 3 (3 y  k ) . [CBSE-2011 F]
y y yk
x x 2 1  px 3
78. Using properties of determinants, prove that: y y 2 1  py 3  (1  pxyz )( x  y )( y  z )( z  x) [CBSE-2010 AI]
z z 2 1  pz 3
a  bx 2 c  dx 2 p  qx 2 b d q
79. Using properties of determinants, prove that: ax 2  b cx 2  d px  q  ( x  1) a c
2 4
p [CBSE-2010 F]
u v w u v w
bc ca ab

80. Using properties of determinants, prove that: c  a a  b b  c  2(3abc  a 3  b 3  c 3 ) [CBSE-2010 F]
ab bc ca
6 Marks Questions
1 1 1 x y z 6
  1
81. If A  1 0 2 find A . Hence solve the system of equations: x  2z  7 . [CBSE-2019 D]
 
3 1 1 3x  y  z  12
2  3 5  2 x  3 y  5 z  11
82. If A  3 2  4 find A 1 . Hence solve the system of equations: 3x  2 y  4 z  5 . [CBSE-2019 D]
 
1 1  2 x  y  2 z  3
2  3 5  2 x  3 y  5 z  11
  1
83. If A  3 2  4 , find A . Use it to solve the system of equations: 3x  2 y  4 z  5 . [CBSE-2018 D]
 
1 1  2 x  y  2 z  3
2 3 1 2 x  y  3z  13
  1
84. If A  1 2 2 , find A . Use it to solve the system of equations: 3x  2 y  z  4 . [CBSE-2017 D]
 
 3 1  1 x  2y  z  8
2 3 10 

85. If A  4  6 5  , find A 1 . Use it to solve the system of equations:

6 9  20
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
  2   5    4 . [CBSE-2017 D]
x y z x y z x y z
1  1 2  2 0 1  x  3z  9
86. Use product 0 2  3  9 2  3 to solve system of equations:  x  2 y  2 z  4 [CBSE-2017 D]
  
3  2 4   6 1  2 2 x  3 y  4 z  3
 4 4 4 1  1 1  x yz4
87. Use the product  7 1 3  1  2  2 to solve system of equations: x  2 y  2 x  9 [CBSE-2017 AI]
  
5  3  1 2 1 3  2 x  y  3z  1

1 1 0 2 2  4 x y 3
88. Use product 2 3 4   4 2 
 4  to solve system of equation: 2 x  3 y  4 z  17 [CBSE-2017 F]
 
0 1 2 2 1 5  y  2z  7
yz  x 2 zx  y 2 xy  z 2
89. Prove that zx  y 2 xy  z 2 yz  x 2 is divisible by ( x  y  z ) . [CBSE-2016 D]
xy  z 2 yz  x 2 zx  y 2
8 4 3 
 
90. Using Elementary Row Transformation, find the inverse of the matrix A   2 1 1  and use it to solve the system
1 2 2 
 
8 x  4 y  3x  19
of equation: 2 x  y  z  5 [CBSE-2016 D]
x  2 y  2z  7
91. Using properties of determinant, Show that ABC is an isosceles triangle if:
1 1 1
1  cos A 1  cos B 1  cos C 0 [CBSE-2016 AI]
cos A  cos A cos B  cos B cos C  cos C
2 2 2
92. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens A, B and C. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety for a total of ₹21. Jeevan
purchased 4 pens of A, 3 pens of B and 2 pens of C variety for ₹60. While Shikha purchased 6 pens of A, 2 pens of
B and 3 pens of C variety for ₹70. Using matrix method, find cost of each variety of pen.
1 a 1 1
1 1 1
93. If a, b and c are non-zero and 1 1 b 1  0 , then prove that    1  0 [CBSE-2016 F]
a b c
1 1 1 c
94. Two schools, P and Q, want to award their selected students for the values of sincerity, truthfulness and hard work
at the rate of ₹ x , ₹ y and ₹ z for each respective value per student. School P awards its 2, 3 and 4 students on
the above respective values with a total prize money of ₹ 4600. School Q wants to award its 3, 2 and 3 students on
the respective values with a total award money of ₹ 4100. If the total amount of award money for one prize on
each value is ₹ 1500, using matrices find the award money for each value. [CBSE-2016 C]
95. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values of Discipline, Politeness and Punctuality.
The school P wants to award ₹ x , ₹ y and ₹ z each for the three respective values to its 3,2 and 1 students with
a total award money of ₹ 1000. School Q wants to spend ₹ 1500 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective
values (by giving the same award money for the three values as before). If the total amount of awards for one prize
on each value is ₹ 600, using matrices, find the award money for each value. [CBSE-2014 D]
96. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of sincerity, truthfulness and helpfulness.
The school A wants to award ₹ x , ₹ y and ₹ z -- each for the three respective values to 3, 2 and 1 students
respectively with a total award money of ₹ 1600. School B wants to spend ₹ 2300 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students
on the respective values (by giving the same award money to the three values as before). If the total amount of
award for one prize on each value is ₹ 900, using matrices, find the award money for each value. [CBSE-2014 AI]
97. Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on values of Tolerance, Kindness and Leadership. The
school P wants to award ₹ x , ₹ y and ₹ z each for the three respective values to 3, 2 and 1 students respectively
with a total award money of ₹ 2200. School Q wants to spend ₹ 3100 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the
respective values. If the total amount of award for one prize on each value is ₹ 1200, using matrices, find the award
money for each value. [CBSE-2014 F]

98. A total amount of ₹ 7000 is deposited in three different savings bank accounts with annual interest rates of 5%, 8%
and 8.5% respectively. The total annual interest from these three accounts is ₹ 550. Equal amounts have been
deposited in the 5% and 8% savings accounts. Find amount deposited in each of the three accounts, with the help
of matrices. [CBSE-2014 C]
99. A school wants to award its student for the values of Honesty, Regularity and Hard work with a total cash award of
₹ 6000 Three times the award money for Hard work added to that given for honesty amounts to ₹ 11000. The
award money given for Honesty and Hard work together is double the one given for Regularity. Represent the
above situation algebraically and find the award money for each value, using matrix method. [CBSE-2013 D]
100. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x) for honesty,
some (say y) for helping others and some others (say z) for supervising the workers to keep the colony neat and
clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees for cooperation and supervision added
to two times the number of awardee for honesty is 33. If the sum of number of awardees for honesty and
supervision is twice the number of awardees for helping others, using matrix method, find the number of awardees
of each category. [CBSE-2013 AI]
101. 10 students were selected from a school on the basis of values for giving awards and were divided into three
groups. The first group comprises hard workers, the second group has honest and law abiding students and the
third group contains vigilant and obedient students. Double the number of students of the first group added to the
number in the second group gives 13, while the combined strength of first and second group is four times that of
the third group. Using matrix method, find the number of students in each group. [CBSE-2013 F]
102. Using matrices, solve the equations: x  y  2 z  7 , 3x  4 y  5 z  5 , 2 x  y  3 z  12 [CBSE-2012 D]
103. Using matrices, solve the equations: 2 x  3 y  3z  5 , x  2 y  z  4 , 3x  y  2 z  3 [CBSE-2012 AI]
104. Using matrices, solve the equations: x  y  z  4 , 2 x  y  3z  0 , x  y  z  2 [CBSE-2012 F]
1  1 2   2 0 1  x  y  2z  1
   
105. Use the product of 0 2  3 9 2  3 to solve the equations: 2 y  3z  1 . [CBSE-2011 F]
  
3  2 4   6 1  2 3x  2 y  4 z  2
(b  c) 2 ab ac
106. Using properties of determinant prove that: ab (c  a ) 2 bc  2abc (a  b  c) 3 [CBSE-2010 D]
ac bc ( a  b) 2
a b c
107. If a, b, c are positive and unequal, show that the value of determinant b c a is negative. [CBSE-2010 AI]
c a b

Answer Sheet
Type-I
1. (i) 0 8. -1.
(ii) x  x  2
3 2 9. 15 square units.
30 10
(iii) -37 11.   or 
(iv) 0 7 7
1 1
2. x  ,  3. 13. k  1,
2 2
14. 2 x  y  0
5.  x3
x y
6.
1
Minimum value   , Maximum value 
1 15.  1
2 2 2 3

7.   n or   n  (1) n n  Z
6
Type-II
  12 2 23  9  3 5
1. Minor of A    16  4 14  6.  AB   2
1
1 0
 
  4  6 11   1 0 2
  12  2 23   25  10  15
Cofactors of A   16  4  14 
1 
  9. A 1
 10 4 11 
25 
  4 6 11   15 1 9 
2. -37 1  2 2
10.   1, A1 
  8  16  12 2  4 3
3. adjA   0  4  4  11. (i) 40 (ii) 25
  8  8 4  (iii) 125 (iv) 5
  8  16  12 1
(v) (vi) 25
1 
1
0  4  4 
5
4. A  
 16
  8  8 4 
Type-III
8. x3 y2 z 1
1. x2 y 1 z 3
2. x 1 y2 z  1 9. Cost per Contact: Telephone = ₹ 0.40
3. x 1 y 1 z 1 House calls = ₹ 1 Letters = ₹ 0.50
10. x  y  z  6 x  2 z  7 3x  y  z  12
4. x 1 y2 z 3
where x, y , z represent the number of students in
5. x3 y  2 z  1
categories I,II,III respectively.
17  5k 11k  1
6. x y zk x3 y 1 z2
7 7
11. x  y  z  70 , 2 x  3 y  4 z  210 ,
7. x2 y 3 z 5
5 y  4 z  230 Where x  20, y  30, z  20
Type-V
13. x  0, 3a 15. x  0
14. x  4
Type-VIII
1. A 7. B 13. D 19. A 25. A
2. A 8. A 14. C 20. A 26. B
3. D 9. D 15. A 21. B 27. A
4. D 10. D 16. A 22. D 28. B
5. A 11. A 17. B 23. A 29. D
6. D 12. C 18. D 24. D 30. C
31. D 35. D 39. C 43. D 47. D
32. A 36. A 40. D 44. C 48. C
33. A 37. B 41. D 45. B 49. A
34. D 38. A 42. C 46. A 50. B
Type-IX
1. B 1  9  3 5
67.  2 1 0
2. 2  adjA  648  
 1 0 2
7 3
A 1   2 71. x  2 y 3 z 5
3. 2
2 1 
 72. x  0, 3a
1 73. x  4
4. k
19 a
74. x  
5. k  1 3
6. A 8 81. x  3 y 1 z2
 9  3 82. x  1 y2 z 3
8.  5 2  83. x  1 y2 z 3
 
9.  24 84. x  1 y2 z  3
1 85. x  2 y  3 z 5
10.
2 86. x  0 y 5 z 3
11. 25 87. x  3 y  2 z  1
12. -70
88. x  2 y  1 z4
13. x  2
0 2  1
14. 0 1
90. A 1
3  13 2 
15. 1 3
 3 12 0 
16. 0
17. 3 x 1 y2 z 1
18. -28 92. Variety A = ₹ 5 Variety B = ₹ 8 Variety C = ₹ 8
19. x  6 94. x  500 y  400 z  600
20. x  2 95. x  100 y  200 z  300
21. k  27 96. x  200 y  300 z  400
22. 1
97. x  300 y  400 z  500
23. x  2
24. 110 98. x  1125 y  1125 z  4750
25. 4 99. x  500 y  2000 z  3500
 7  10 100. x  3 y4 z 5
26. 
 2 3  101. x  5 y 3 z2
27. 7 102. x  2 y 1 z 3
28. 32
103. x  1 y2 z  1
29. x  3
104. x  2 y  1 z 1
30. 0
31. x  2 105. x  0 y 5 z 3
41. Bond A=₹10000 Bond B=₹15000
42. Rich Student=₹1000 Poor Student=₹200
44. ax(3x  2a)


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4 DETERMINANT

Solution: x 2 (8  1)  x(0  3)  1(0  6)  28

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

C 21  (1) 21 M 21   M 21 , C 22  (1) 2 2 M 22  M 22 , C 23  (1) 23 M 23   M 23

C 31  (1) 31 M 31  M 31 , C 32  (1) 3 2 M 32   M 32 , C 33  (1) 33 M 33  M 33

 Adjoint of a Square Matrix.

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

(v) A.adjA (vi) A 1

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Hence we have AX  B  X  A1 B

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

 (1  xyz )[( y  x)( z 2  x 2 )  ( z  x)( y 2  x 2 )]  0

Prove the following determinant without expanding:

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

that ABC is an isosceles triangle.

 (sin A  sin C )  0 or (sin B  sin C )  0 or (sin B  sin A)  0

 sin A  sin C or sin B  sin C or sin B  sin A

a(1  x 2 ) c(1  x 2 ) p(1  x 2 ) a c p

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

bc ca ab

ab bc ca

sin( A  B  C ) sin( A  C ) cos C

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

cos15  sin 15  (c) 3k k 3

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

bc ca ab

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

Head Office: D2/5 GF, Janak Puri, Main Pankha Road

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