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    Microbiology

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    Lovely Sarangi
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope for visualization. Some key developments in microbiology include Pasteur's work showing that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, as well as diseases in animals. Koch later established criteria to prove that specific microbes cause specific diseases. Important applications include pasteurization to kill harmful microbes in foods like milk and wine, as well as the germ theory of disease and development of vaccines and antibiotics like penicillin. In nursing, microbiology is used for diagnosis, treatment effectiveness, handling infectious samples, and identifying microbes responsible for disease.

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    Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Lovely Sarangi
    48 views2 pages
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope for visualization. Some key developments in microbiology include Pasteur's work showing that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, as well as diseases in animals. Koch later established criteria to prove that specific microbes cause specific diseases. Important applications include pasteurization to kill harmful microbes in foods like milk and wine, as well as the germ theory of disease and development of vaccines and antibiotics like penicillin. In nursing, microbiology is used for diagnosis, treatment effectiveness, handling infectious samples, and identifying microbes responsible for disease.

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    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope for visualization. Some key developments in microbiology include Pasteur's work showing that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, as well as diseases in animals. Koch later established criteria to prove that specific microbes cause specific diseases. Important applications include pasteurization to kill harmful microbes in foods like milk and wine, as well as the germ theory of disease and development of vaccines and antibiotics like penicillin. In nursing, microbiology is used for diagnosis, treatment effectiveness, handling infectious samples, and identifying microbes responsible for disease.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    48 views2 pages

    Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Lovely Sarangi
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope for visualization. Some key developments in microbiology include Pasteur's work showing that microbes cause fermentation and spoilage, as well as diseases in animals. Koch later established criteria to prove that specific microbes cause specific diseases. Important applications include pasteurization to kill harmful microbes in foods like milk and wine, as well as the germ theory of disease and development of vaccines and antibiotics like penicillin. In nursing, microbiology is used for diagnosis, treatment effectiveness, handling infectious samples, and identifying microbes responsible for disease.

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    HISTORY AND SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

    Microbiology - Study of Microorganisms


    Microorganisms are tiny creatures which can not be seen by the naked eye
    and can only be visualized under microscope

    Golden age of Microbiology (1857-1914) Beginning with Pasteur’s


    work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease,
    immunity, and antimicrobial drugs Fermentation and Pasteurization

    Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation.

    Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and


    wine.
    Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food.
    Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it
    to vinegar (acetic acid).

    Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat


    that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of
    a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.

    The Germ Theory of Disease


    1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.

    1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a


    protozoan.

    1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission


    of puerperal fever from one obstetric patient to another.

    1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical


    wound infections after looking at Pasteur’s work showing microbes are in
    the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.

    1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and
    provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used to prove that a
    specific microbe causes a specific disease.
    Koch’s postulates

    Pathogen must be present in all cases of disease


    Pathogen must be isolated and grown in lab in pure culture
    Pathogen from pure cultures must cause disease when inoculated into
    healthy, susceptible lab animal
    Same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased lab animal
    HISTORY AND SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

    Vaccination

    1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person
    was then protected from smallpox.

    Called vaccination from vacca for cow

    The protection is called immunity


    The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
    Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
    Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic
    drugs or antibiotics.
    Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or
    kill other microbes.
    Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.
    1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat
    syphilis.
    1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
    1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.
    He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that
    killed S. aureus.
    1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.

    IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY IN NURSING:


    Use of microbiology in nursing is concerned with diagnosis. It also helps to
    see how the patient’s health progresses during the treatment.

     Nurses use hot water or anti-septic as a measure to sterilize the


    surgical knives, needles, scissors and  other metals instruments to free
    from microbes.
     Microbiology also gives knowledge to nurses on how to handle a
    patient and his samplesinfected with communicable diseases.
     Many patients admitted in the hospital are prescribed
    with antibiotic as part of treatment. But not all of them will be effective to
    the patients. Then to test effectiveness, the patients sputum, fecal, urine or
    blood samples taken. This sample is examined for the type of microbe and
    based on the identification, the right antibiotic is given.
     Further nurse can also identify blood groups of the people by simple
    immune reactions.
     It also helps detect diseases like Tuberculosis by simple skin
    test namely the Mantoux test.
     Also diagnostic tests like Elisa, electrophoreis and radioimmuno
    assay also use principles of microbiology for identification of disease.

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