10/9/2018 List of SQL Commands | Codecademy

BACKGROUND

SQL, Structured Query Language, is a programming language designed to manage data

stored in relational databases. SQL operates through simple, declarative statements. This
keeps data accurate and secure, and it helps maintain the integrity of databases, regardless
of size.

Here's an appendix of commonly used commands.

COMMANDS

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE  lets you add columns to a table in a database.

AND

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_1 = value_1
AND column_2 = value_2;

AND  is an operator that combines two conditions. Both conditions must be true for the row
to be included in the result set.

AS

SELECT column_name AS 'Alias'

FROM table_name;

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AS  is a keyword in SQL that allows you to rename a column or table using an alias.

AVG()

SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name;

AVG()  is an aggregate function that returns the average value for a numeric column.

BETWEEN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value_1 AND value_2;

The  BETWEEN  operator is used to filter the result set within a certain range. The values can be
numbers, text or dates.

CASE

SELECT column_name,
CASE
WHEN condition THEN 'Result_1'
WHEN condition THEN 'Result_2'
ELSE 'Result_3'
END
FROM table_name;

CASE  statements are used to create different outputs (usually in the  SELECT  statement). It is
SQL's way of handling if-then logic.

COUNT()
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SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name;

COUNT()  is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and counts the
number of rows where the column is not  NULL .

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column_1 datatype,
column_2 datatype,
column_3 datatype
);

CREATE TABLE  creates a new table in the database. It allows you to specify the name of the
table and the name of each column in the table.

DELETE

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column = some_value;

DELETE  statements are used to remove rows from a table.

GROUP BY

SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;

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GROUP BY  is a clause in SQL that is only used with aggregate functions. It is used in
collaboration with the  SELECT  statement to arrange identical data into groups.

HAVING

SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > value;

HAVING  was added to SQL because the  WHERE  keyword could not be used with aggregate
functions.

INNER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_1
JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name;

An inner join will combine rows from different tables if the join condition is true.

INSERT

INSERT INTO table_name (column_1, column_2, column_3)

VALUES (value_1, 'value_2', value_3);

INSERT  statements are used to add a new row to a table.

IS NULL / IS NOT NULL

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SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

IS NULL  and  IS NOT NULL  are operators used with the  WHERE clause to test for empty
values.

LIKE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

LIKE  is a special operator used with the  WHERE  clause to search for a specific pattern in a
column.

LIMIT

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;

LIMIT  is a clause that lets you specify the maximum number of rows the result set will
have.

MAX()

SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name;

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MAX()  is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and returns the largest
value in that column.

MIN()

SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name;

MIN()  is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and returns the
smallest value in that column.

OR

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = value_1
OR column_name = value_2;

OR  is an operator that filters the result set to only include rows where either condition is
true.

ORDER BY

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC | DESC;

ORDER BY  is a clause that indicates you want to sort the result set by a particular column
either alphabetically or numerically.

OUTER JOIN

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SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_1
LEFT JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name;

An outer join will combine rows from different tables even if the join condition is not met.
Every row in the left table is returned in the result set, and if the join condition is not met,
then  NULL values are used to fill in the columns from the right table.

ROUND()

SELECT ROUND(column_name, integer)

FROM table_name;

ROUND()  is a function that takes a column name and an integer as an argument. It rounds
the values in the column to the number of decimal places specified by the integer.

SELECT

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name;

SELECT  statements are used to fetch data from a database. Every query will begin with
SELECT.

SELECT DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT column_name

FROM table_name;

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SELECT DISTINCT  specifies that the statement is going to be a query that returns unique
values in the specified column(s).

SUM

SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name;

SUM()  is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and returns the sum
of all the values in that column.

UPDATE

UPDATE table_name
SET some_column = some_value
WHERE some_column = some_value;

UPDATE  statements allow you to edit rows in a table.

WHERE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

WHERE  is a clause that indicates you want to filter the result set to include only rows where
the following condition is true.

WITH

WITH temporary_name AS (
SELECT *
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FROM table_name)
SELECT *
FROM temporary_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

WITH  clause lets you store the result of a query in a temporary table using an alias. You can
also define multiple temporary tables using a comma and with one instance of
the  WITH keyword.

The  WITH  clause is also known as common table expression (CTE) and subquery factoring.

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