PASSAGE 1 :

It is an unfortunate fact that most North Americans know little about American Indian culture and history.
Scholars have studied such matters, but they have not succeeded in broadcasting their conclusions widely.
Thus, it is still not widely known that American Indians have epics, that they performed plays long before
Europeans arrived, and that they practiced politics and carried on trade.

One way to gain a fuller appreciation of this rich culture is to examine American Indian poetry, for poetry is in
all cultures the most central and articulate of the arts. It is especially important that we study American Indian
poetry as this poetry can create a context that gives cohesive expression to the crafts, the artifacts, and the
isolated facts that many Americans have managed to notice willy-nilly . Even a survey of American Indian
poetry reveals a range of poetic thought and technique that defies easy generalization. Jarold Ramsey hazards
a summary, however, which serves at least to give the uninitiated reader some sense of what American Indian
poetry is like. Overall, he writes, it represents “an oral, formulaic, traditional, and anonymous art form,” whose
approach is to emphasize the “mythic and sacred” components of reality. It “flourished through public
performances... by skilled recitalists whose audiences already knew the individual stories” and valued the
performers for their “ability to exploit their material dramatically and to combine them ?their stories? in
longer cycles” rather than for their “plot invention.” Because this poetry belongs to highly ethnocentric tribal
peoples, whose cultures “we still do not know much about,” it “is likely to seem all the more terse, even
cryptic.”

American Indian poetry has another feature that Ramsey ignores: it is always functional. Whether sung,
chanted, or recited; whether performed ceremonially, as entertainment, or as part of a task such as curing a
patient or grinding corn; or whether recited individually or by a group, it is always fully woven into the fabric of
ordinary life.

For complicated reasons, American Indian poetry has basically been ignored by non-Indian cultures. Kenneth
Lincoln writes that failure to hear American Indian voices results “partly...from the tragedies of tribal
dislocation, partly from mistranslation, partly from misconceptions about literature, partly from cultural
indifference.” Brian Swann suggests an additional explanation: tribal poetry is oral, whereas Europeans arrived
in the New World with a deeply ingrained belief in the primacy of the written word. As a result, European
settles found it hard to imagine that poetry could exist without written texts and thus that the American
Indians had achieved something parallel to what Europeans called literature long before Europeans arrived. As
a consequence, Europeans did not fully respond to the rich vitality of American Indian poetry.

1. According to the passage, American Indian cultures have produced all of the following forms of artistic
expression EXCEPT
a. crafts
b. dramas
c. songs
d. written poems
2. According to Jarold Ramsey, American Indian poetry is an art form characterized by its
a. unusual depictions of landscapes
b. integration with everyday affairs
c. universal accessibility
d. adaptability to public performance
3. According to Kenneth Lincoln, one of the reasons that non-Indians have had little knowledge of
American Indian poetry is that American Indian poems
 a. have been poorly translated
b. have not yet attracted the scholarly attention they deserve
c. can be appreciated only when presented orally
d. are too stylistically complex
4. Question: According to the passage, it would be unusual for American Indian poetry to be
a. attributed to specific authors
b. sung by a group of performers
c. chanted while working
d. sung during a sacred ceremony
5. It can be inferred from the passage that Brian Swann believes which of the following about the
European settlers of America?
a. They probably were more literate, on the average, than the general European population they
left behind.
b. They probably thought it necessary to understand American Indian politics before studying
American Indian literature.
c. They probably did not recognize evidence of an oral poetic tradition in the American Indian
cultures they encountered.
d. They probably could not appreciate American Indian poetry because it was composed in long
narrative cycles.
6. The tone of lines 12-16 suggests that the author believes that most Americans’ knowledge of American
Indian culture can best be characterized as
a. spotty and contradictory
b. stereotyped and limited
c. confused and inaccurate
d. unsystematic and superficial
7. Question: Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?
a. An observation is made and qualifications of it are provided.
b. A phenomenon is noted and explanations for it are presented.
c. A hypothesis is presented and arguments against it are cited.
d. A prognosis is made and evidence supporting it is discussed.

PASSAGE 2

Early models of the geography of the metropolis were unicellular: that is, they assumed that the entire urban
district would normally be dominated by a single central district, around which the various economic functions
of the community would be focused. This central business district is the source of so-called high-order goods
and services, which can most efficiently be provided from a central location rather than from numerous widely
dispersed locations. Thus, retailers of infrequently and irregularly purchased goods, such as fur coats, jewelry,
and antique furniture, and specialized service outlets , such as theaters, advertising agencies, law firms, and
government agencies, will generally be found in the CBD. By contrast, less costly, more frequently demanded
goods, such as groceries and housewares, and low-order services, such as shoe repair and hairdressing, will be
available at many small, widely scattered outlets throughout the metropolis.

Both the concentric-ring model of the metropolis, first developed in Chicago in the late nineteenth century,
and the sector model, closely associated with the work of Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, make the CBD the focal
point of the metropolis. The concentric-ring model assumes that the varying degrees of need for accessibility
to the CBD of various kinds of economic entities will be the main determinant of their location. Thus,
wholesale and manufacturing firms, which need easy accessibility to the specialized legal, financial, and
governmental services provided in the CBD, will normally be located just outside the CBD itself. Residential
areas will occupy the outer rings of the model, with low-income groups residing in the relatively crowded older
housing close to the business zone and high-income groups occupying the outermost ring, in the more
spacious, newer residential areas built up through urban expansion.

Homer Hoyt’s sector model is a modified version of the concentric-ring model. Recognizing the influence of
early established patterns of geographic distribution on the later growth of the city, Hoyt developed the
concept of directional inertia. According to Hoyt, custom and social pressures tend to perpetuate locational
patterns within the city. Thus, if a particular part of the city becomes a common residential area for higher-
income families, perhaps because of a particular topographical advantage such as a lake or other desirable
feature, future expansion of the high-income segment of the population is likely to proceed in the same
direction. In our example, as the metropolis expands, a wedge-shaped sector would develop on the east side
of the city in which the higher-income residence would be clustered. Lower-income residences, along with
manufacturing facilities, would be confined, therefore, to the western margins of the CBD.

Although Hoyt’s model undoubtedly represented an advance in sophistication over the simpler concentric-ring
model, neither model fully accounts for the increasing importance of focal points other than the traditional
CBD. Recent years have witnessed he establishment around older cities of secondary nuclei centered on
suburban business districts. In other cases, particular kinds of goods, services, and manufacturing facilities
have clustered in specialized centers away from the CBD, encouraging the development of particular housing
patterns in the adjacent areas. A new multicellular model of metropolitan geography is needed to express
these and other emerging trends of urban growth.

8. Question: The primary purpose of the passage is to

a. explain the significance of Hoyt’s concept of directional inertia and its effect on patterns of
urban growth
b. emphasize the inadequacy of past attempts to explain patterns of urban geography
c. analyze two varying theories concerning the distribution of residential areas within and around
the metropolis
d. describe two models of metropolitan geography and suggest their limitations
9. Question: It can be inferred from the passage that according to a unicellular urban model, law firms are
commonly located near the center of a city mainly because
a. law firms benefit from the proximity to financial and governmental services that a center city
location provides
b. the demand for legal services is too irregular to support many small law firms in the outer
districts of the city
c. law firms require accessibility to the wholesale and retail businesses that provide a major
share of their clientele
d. the high-income groups that make up the primary users of legal services demand easy access
to the firms’ offices
10. Question: According to the concentric-ring model, in which of the following orders would the areas of
the typical city be arranged?
a. central business district, low-income housing, wholesale and manufacturing businesses, high-
income housing
b. central business district, wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-income housing, high-
income housing
 c. wholesale and manufacturing businesses, central business district, low-income housing, high-
income housing
d. central business district, high-income housing, wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-
income housing
11. Question: According to the passage, the sector model differs from the concentric-ring model primarily in
that it
a. stresses the role of topographic features in determining patterns of urban development
b. emphasizes the continuing expansion of the city as an influence on urban development
c. assumes that the need for access to the central business district is the main determinant of
urban developmental patterns
d. takes into account the influence of certain social factors on urban geographical patterns
12. Question: The passage states that both the concentric-ring model and the sector model
a. inadequately represent the forms of urban development emerging in today’s cities
b. need to be considerably refined to be of real use to students of urban growth
c. have been superseded by more recently developed models of urban growth
d. fail to explain the rapid outward growth of cities that has occurred in recent years
13. Question: According to the passage, an updated model of urban geography would indicate the
a. phenomenal growth in population and area of suburban residential districts beyond the limits
of the city itself
b. recent decline in the influence of business and industry over the geographical patterns of
urban growth
c. growing importance of urban business and service centers located away from the central
business district
d. clustering of business facilities in recently built areas, while older districts are turned into
residential areas
14. Question: All of the following are examples of the emerging trends of urban growth described in the last
paragraph of the passage EXCEPT
a. the construction in a suburban community of a large shopping mall where many of the local
residents do most of their buying
b. the opening of an industrial park on the outskirts of a declining older city
c. the construction of hospital-medical school complex near a highway fifteen miles from a
downtown business district
d. the creation of a luxury housing development in a rural setting thirty miles from the center of a
city
15. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?
a. It summarizes the information presented in the first three paragraphs and draws some
conclusions.
b. It outlines a new model, applies it to recent phenomena, and argues in favor of its adoption.
c. It introduces no evidence in support of an existing model.
d. It evaluates two models in the light of recent evidence and advocates the development of a
third model.