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‫جمهورية العراق‬
‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫جامعة الموصل‪/‬كلية الهندسة‬
‫‪Equal Area Sudden Short Circuit‬‬

‫‪on One of Parallel Lines (short‬‬
‫)‪Circuit at One End of Line‬‬
‫تقرير مقدم كجزء من متطلبات االمتحان النهائي لمادة‬

‫(‪)POWER SYSTEM ANLYSIS‬‬
‫للمرحلة الرابعة ‪/‬القدرة والمكائن‬

‫في قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬
‫التقرير مقدم من قبل الطالب‬

‫مروان محمد علوان هزاع‬
‫بأشراف‬
‫د‪ .‬شاكر محمود‬
‫‪2019-202‬‬
Introduction
The early stability problems of ac systems were experienced in 1920 when insufficient
damping caused spontaneous oscillations or hunting. These problems were solved
using generator damper winding and the use of turbine-type prime movers.
The stability of a system refers to the ability of a system to return back to its steady
state when subjected to a disturbance. As mentioned before, power is generated by
synchronous generators that operate in synchronism with the rest of the system. A
generator is synchronized with a bus when both of them have same frequency, voltage
and phase sequence. We can thus define the power system stability as the ability of the
power system to return to steady state without losing synchronism. Usually power
system stability is categorized into Steady State, Transient and Dynamic Stability.
Power system stability
Steady state Transient Dynamic

stability stability stability
Steady State Stability studies are restricted to small and gradual changes in the
system operating conditions. In this we basically concentrate on restricting the bus
voltages close to their nominal values. We also ensure that phase angles between
two buses are not too large and check for the overloading of the power equipment
and transmission lines. These checks are usually done using power flow studies.
Transient Stability involves the study of the power system following a major
disturbance. Following a large disturbance, the synchronous alternator the machine
power (load) angle changes due to sudden acceleration of the rotor shaft. The
objective of the transient stability study is to ascertain whether the load angle returns
to a steady value following the clearance of the disturbance. The ability of a power
system to maintain stability under continuous small disturbances is investigated
under the name of Dynamic Stability (also known as small-signal stability). These
small disturbances occur due random fluctuations in loads and generation levels. In
an interconnected power system, these random variations can lead catastrophic
failure as this may force the rotor angle to increase steadily.
1
Equal Area Criterion for Stability
The equal-area criterion (EAC) is an old graphical method that allows assessing the
transient stability of electric power systems in a simple and comprehensive way. This
method was developed and popularized at the end of the 30's and its origin is not very
well known. Most of the first references to EAC are often made in books like [Dahl,
1938, Skilling and Yamakawa, 1940, Kimbark, 1948], which are among the first to
describe and use it, mainly for the assessment of transient stability of one-machine
connected to an "infinite" bus (or of a two-machine system).
One of the main appealing characteristics of EAC is that its use eliminates the need of
computing the swing curves of the system, thus saving a considerable amount of work,
even if, in its "pure" statement, very simplified assumptions were made regarding
power system modeling. Indeed, the system was represented by the classical model
having the following features2 :
• synchronous machines are represented by a constant voltage source behind
the transient reactance.
• synchronous machines have constant mechanical power and negligible
damping
• loads are represented by constant impedance characteristics.
Application of the Equal Area Criterion

1- Sudden short circuit on one of parallel lines
a) Short circuit at one end of line
b) Short circuit at the middle of a line
a) Short circuit at one end of line: -

Another interesting situation is when we have a fault on one of the parallel
lines but close to either end of that line. See the Figure1 below.
Fig.1. Short circuit at the end of the line
2
From the last figure above we see that there is no power transfers to the infinite bus
because the voltage just after the machine reactance becomes zero. See Figure3 below.
During the fault the operating point is as shown in figure2 as PeII
Figure 2: Equal area criterion for the loss of one parallel line
Figure 3: Power angle relationship after a fault at either end of the

parallel line
3
In this case when a fault occurs the operating point suddenly shifts from point a to point
b. Before the fault the power angle relationship is given by Pelect = PmaxI Sinδ and during
the fault the power transfer is zero and after the fault is cleared by opening the faulted
line the power transfer becomes; PmaxII Sinδ as shown in Figure3 above.
The rotor angle won’t change immediately owing to the inertia and it will move along
the zero line to δ1 when the fault is cleared. At this point the new operating point will
be at c. and because rotor speed is greater than the synchronous speed the rotor
continues to accelerate until point d where the rotor speed is equal to the synchronous
speed. At this point the Electrical power is higher than the mechanical power hence the
deceleration in the rotor speed which gives out some oscillations until the oscillations
are dumped. From the figure above we see that if we increase the clearing time the
acceleration area becomes larger and this limits the deceleration area available to a
critical clearing angle δ1. Similarly if we reduce the fault clearing angle the smaller is
the accelerating area compared to the deceleration area available and hence more
chance of the system remaining stable. And if the initial operating point is raised a
similar situation occurs where the decelerating area available becomes smaller
compared to the acceleration area. We therefore conclude that the stability of the
system is dependent on two things in this case, the initial operating angle and the fault
clearing time.
|𝐸𝑔||𝑉|
𝑃𝑒𝐼 = 𝑋 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ
𝑑 +𝑋1 //𝑋2
Thus during the period the fault lasts.

PeII =0
The rotor therefore accelerates and angles δ increases. Synchronism will be lost unless
the fault is cleared in time. The circuit breakers at the two ends of the faulted line open
at time tc (corresponding to angle δc), the clearing time, disconnecting the faulted line.
The power flow is now restored via the healthy line through higher line reactance X2
in place of (X1//X2), with power angle curve
|𝐸𝑔 ||𝑉|
𝑃𝑒𝐼𝐼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ
𝑋𝑑 + 𝑋1
4
From fig3.
A1=A2
δ1 δ2
𝑃𝑖𝑛 ∫ 𝑑δ = ∫ (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑖 )𝑑δ
δ° δ1
δ δ
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (δ1 − δ° ) = ∫δ 2 𝑃𝑒 𝑑δ − 𝑃𝑖 ∫δ 2 𝑑δ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ
1 1
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (δ1 − δ° ) = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (−cosδ2 + cosδ1 ) − 𝑃𝑖 (δ2 − δ1 )
𝑃𝑖 δ1 − 𝑃𝑖 δ° = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) − 𝑃𝑖 δ2 + 𝑃𝑖 δ1
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) = 𝑃𝑖 (δ2 − δ° ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ°
1
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )] ∗
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
(cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )
cosδ1 = cosδ2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )
δ1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 [cosδ2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )]
2𝐻(δ1 − δ° )
𝑡𝑐 = √
𝜋𝑓𝑃𝑖
5
Example: - Find the critical clearing angle for the system shown in Fig.4. for a three
phase fault at point P. The generator is delivering 1.0 pu. Power under prefault
conditions.
Fig.4
Solution: -
1. Prefault Operation: - Transfer reactance between generator and infinite bus
0∙15+0∙28+0∙15
Is X I = 0 ∙ 25 + 0 ∙ 17 + = 0 ∙ 71
2
1∙2∗1
P𝑒𝐼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ = 1 ∙ 69𝑠𝑖𝑛δ
0 ∙ 71
The operating power angle is given by 1 ∙ 0 = 1 ∙ 69𝑠𝑖𝑛δ or δ° = 0 ∙ 633 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2. During Fault: -
P𝑒𝐼𝐼 = 0
3. Post fault operation (faulty line switched off): -
𝑋𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 0 ∙ 25 + 0 ∙ 15 + 0 ∙ 28 + 0 ∙ 15 + 0 ∙ 17 = 1
1∙2∗1
𝑃𝑒𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ = 1 ∙ 2sinδ
1
1
δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = 2 ∙ 155𝑟𝑎𝑑
1∙2
δ𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 − δ° )]
δ𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [cos(2 ∙ 155) + sin(0 ∙ 633) (2 ∙ 155 − 0 ∙ 633)]

δ𝑐𝑟 = 1 ∙ 2144 𝑟𝑎𝑑 → 69 ∙ 58°
6
References
1- IJ Nagrath.Dpkotharj.power system Engineering,3e,2019
2- Murthy. P.S.R. Power System Analysis,2007.
3- John J. Grainger, WUliam D. Stevenson, Jr, POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS1994.
4- Yonghua Song & Malcolm Irving , Modern Power Systems Analysis (Power
Electronics and Power Systems),2008.

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‫جمهورية العراق‬

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫‪Equal Area Sudden Short Circuit‬‬

‫تقرير مقدم كجزء من متطلبات االمتحان النهائي لمادة‬

‫للمرحلة الرابعة ‪/‬القدرة والمكائن‬

‫التقرير مقدم من قبل الطالب‬

Power system stability

Steady state Transient Dynamic

Application of the Equal Area Criterion

a) Short circuit at one end of line: -

Fig.1. Short circuit at the end of the line

Figure 3: Power angle relationship after a fault at either end of the

Thus during the period the fault lasts.

𝑃𝑖𝑛 (δ1 − δ° ) = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (−cosδ2 + cosδ1 ) − 𝑃𝑖 (δ2 − δ1 )

𝑃𝑖 δ1 − 𝑃𝑖 δ° = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) − 𝑃𝑖 δ2 + 𝑃𝑖 δ1

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 (cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) = 𝑃𝑖 (δ2 − δ° ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ°

(cosδ1 − cosδ2 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )

cosδ1 = cosδ2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )

δ1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 [cosδ2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ° (δ2 − δ° )]

δ𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [cos(2 ∙ 155) + sin(0 ∙ 633) (2 ∙ 155 − 0 ∙ 633)]

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