Computer Architecture & Organization

Explain any state of the art computer’s architecture and
organization
Introduction
1. Computer Organization and Architecture is the study of internal working,

structuring and implementation of a computer system. Architecture in computer
system refers to the externally visual attributes of the system i.e., the way a system
is visible to the logic of programs. Organization of computer system is the way of
practical implementation which results in realization of architectural specifications of
a computer system. In more general language, Architecture of computer system can
be considered as a catalog of tools available for any operator using the system,
while Organization will be the way the system is structured so that all those
cataloged tools can be used, and that in an efficient fashion
Von Neumann diagram
2. Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann in 1945.
His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic
Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs. This architecture is based
on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data
are stored in the same memory. This design is still used in most computers
produced today
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU). The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the
electronic circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program. It
is sometimes referred to as the microprocessor or processor. The CPU contains the
ALU, CU and a variety of registers.
4. Registers. Registers are high speed storage areas in the CPU. All data
must be stored in a register before it can be processed.
Memory Address Holds the memory location of data that needs to be
MAR
Register accessed
Holds data that is being transferred to or
MDR Memory Data Register
from memory
Where intermediate arithmetic and logic results are
AC Accumulator
stored
Contains the address of the next instruction to be
PC Program Counter
executed
Current Instruction
CIR Contains the current instruction during processing
Register
5. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU allows arithmetic (add,
subtract etc) and logic (AND, OR, NOT etc) operations to be carried out.
6. Control Unit (CU). The control unit controls the operation of the computer’s ALU,
memory and input/output devices, telling them how to respond to the program instructions it
has just read and interpreted from the memory unit. The control unit also provides the timing
and control signals required by other computer components.
7. Buses. Buses are the means by which data is transmitted from one part of a
computer to another, connecting all major internal components to the CPU and memory. A
standard CPU system bus is comprised of a control bus, data bus and address bus.
8. Memory Unit. The memory unit consists of RAM, sometimes referred to as
primary or main memory. Unlike a hard drive (secondary memory), this memory is fast and
also directly accessible by the CPU. RAM is split into partitions. Each partition consists of
an address and its contents (both in binary form).
State of the Art / Latest Processor Intel Core i9-9900K
Intro:
The new Intel Core i9-9900K is the step forward in mainstream processors with high-core
counts and massive multi-threading performance. Intel has recently launched it in 2018-19.
As Intel’s first-ever mainstream Core i9 chip, this processor comes equipped with eight-
cores, 16-threads and the ability to boost up to a maximum 5.0GHz clock speed. This new
octa-core processor not only closes the gap with AMD’s best processor, but runs past it.
The dominating features of this processor are:-
 Dominating hyper-threading performance

 Runs significantly cooler
 Tight energy consumption
Architecture and orgnisation:

Intel Core i9-9900K is intel’s mainstream octa-core 9th
generation processor which has outpaced its market
competitors like Coffee Lake Refresh and Ryzen 2nd
Generation processors.
The most impressive thing about the Intel Core i9-9900K is that it integrates all these cores
and threads, – and 400MHz higher clock speeds – into chips with the same 95-watt (W)
thermal package as previous Coffee Lake CPUs.
One other exciting point is that it features a soldered, integrated heat spreader (IHS). This
new solder-based thermal interface material has helped immensely with heat dissipation.
Unlike Coffee Lake, users won’t necessarily have to splurge on a new motherboard just to
install this Core i9 chip. The Intel Core i9-9900K will be fully compatible with existing Z370
motherboards. The only thing Intel’s new Z390 platform brings is USB 3.1 Gen 2 support for
10Gbps data transfer speeds through traditional full-sized USB ports and integrated 802.11ac
Wi-Fi 5 for gigabit wireless speeds.
At Computex this year, Intel announced that it would release a new S-series processor by the end of
the year. It's time for that. Coffee Lake started as 8th gen six-core processors and now this is
expanding to eight-core processors. These are based on the LGA1151 socket and will require a Z370
or new Z390 motherboard chipset. They have a TDP at 95W. There will be two 8-core models and
one 6-core version. The 9600K and 9700K will not get hyper-threading enabled, the Core i9 9900K as
tested in this review however does.
While not mandatory, the Z390 chipset based motherboards are recommended for the 8-core
parts. These have an improved VRM design. The Coffee Lake 9000 are also based on a 14nm
fabrication node, now with desktop models in 6-core and 8-core variants. The initial three
launched are all K models (which are unlocked) in this Coffee Lake-S (9th generation series).
Architecture changes
The Coffee Lake series processors are a refresh of the exsisting architecture and, as such, the
core basis is the same (as well as IPC). If we look back a little further, Coffee Lake-S shares
design elements found in the Kaby Lake and Skylake architecture, but now scaled upwards to
6 and 8 cores.
Intel processor caches then; for Coffee Lake the L2 cache is 256 kB per core. The L3 cache is
dependent on cores, but also whether or not the proc has SMT (Hyper-threading) enabled.
 9900K - 8c/8t has 16MB L3

 9700K - 8c/8t has 12MB L3
 9600K - 6c/6t has 9MB L3
If you've already purchased a Z370 motherboard with the LGA 1151 socket you can re-use it with the
9th Gen six-core processors. Z390 is preferred for the 8-core parts but they should work fine on most
Z370 motherboards as well (after a BIOS upgrade). There are only small changes that you will need
to be aware of. Z390 encompasses Intel Wireless AC WIFI and upgrades the chipset with USB 3.1
Gen2 (six ports). And yes, that pretty much is it. The Z390 board will have a more advanced VRM
design to better cope with the 8-core processors. The Z390 chipset has high-speed I/O lanes with
port flexibility with up to 24 PCIe 3.0 lanes from the chipset for connections in the I/O like SATA,
M.2, USB and so on.
The Processor and PCI-Express
 Coffee Lake Quad, Six and Eight core procs get 16 PCI-Express Lanes 3.0
 Kaby Lake-X Quad core procs get 16 PCI-Express Lanes 3.0
 Skylake-X six and eight core procs get 28 PCI-Express Lanes 3.0
 Skylake-X ten core procs gets 44 PCI-Express Lanes 3.0
The Coffee Lake procs will support dual-channel DDR4 and 16 PCIe 3.0 lanes. The new
platform also offers support for Intel Optane. The chipset will add additional PCIe lanes for
your storage connectivity. In-between the processor and the chipset is an updated
DMI (revision 3.0) link (equivalent to a full PCIe 3.0 x4 link). Now, you will probably have
noticed that many motherboards will offer two or three M.2 storage units. So how would that
work out with a x16 gen 3.0 processor you wonder? Well, the Z390 chipset offers 24 PCIe
lanes. Extra 3rd party SATA / USB controllers and thus M.2 storage units can draw their
bandwidth from here.
Final verdict
The Intel Core i9-9900K's incredible increase in processing power can’t be understated, and
this CPU will be a boon to any video editor, Photoshop master or other types of creatives.
Despite the 9900K featuring the biggest specs we’ve seen on a mainstream Intel processor, it
still sips power as economically as Intel’s last generation chips. The reintroduction of a
soldered heat spreader has also amounted to one of Intel’s coolest-running chips in years.
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Explain any state of the art computer’s architecture and

1. Computer Organization and Architecture is the study of internal working,

State of the Art / Latest Processor Intel Core i9-9900K

The dominating features of this processor are:-

 Dominating hyper-threading performance

Architecture and orgnisation:

 9900K - 8c/8t has 16MB L3

The Processor and PCI-Express

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