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نظريه مكائن ... دكتور نبيل

There are different types of balancing that can be used to eliminate unwanted forces in rotating masses. Static balancing ensures the center of gravity remains stationary during rotation, while dynamic balancing ensures there are no residual forces or couples. Balancing can be achieved by redistributing masses or adding/removing mass. It provides several benefits including reducing vibration, noise, fatigue, and increasing machine life and bearing life.

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Ali Mahmoud
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130 views13 pages

نظريه مكائن ... دكتور نبيل

There are different types of balancing that can be used to eliminate unwanted forces in rotating masses. Static balancing ensures the center of gravity remains stationary during rotation, while dynamic balancing ensures there are no residual forces or couples. Balancing can be achieved by redistributing masses or adding/removing mass. It provides several benefits including reducing vibration, noise, fatigue, and increasing machine life and bearing life.

Uploaded by

Ali Mahmoud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Types of Balance and its Benefits‬‬

‫اعداد الطالب ‪ -:‬مصطفى محمود عيال ابراهيم‬

‫المرحلة‪ -:‬الثالثة‬

‫الفرع ‪ -:‬طائرات ‪ -‬صباحي‬

‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‬

‫‪1‬‬
-:Introduction

Balancing is the technique of correcting or eliminating unwanted


inertia forces or moments in rotating or reciprocating masses and is
achieved by changing the location of the mass centers. The objectives of
-:balancing an engine are to ensure

That the centre of gravity of the system remains stationery during a _1


.complet revolution of the crank shaft and

That the couples involved in acceleration of the different moving parts _2


. balance each other

If these parts are not properly balanced the dynamic forces are set up
and forces not only increase loads on bearings and stresses in the various
components, but also unpleasant and dangerous vibrations. Balancing is a
process of designing or modifying machinery so that the unbalance is
.reduced to an acceptable level and if possible eliminated entirely

-: BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSE

When a mass moves along a circular path, it experiences a centripetal


acceleration and a force is required to produce it. An equal and opposite
force called centrifugal force acts radially outwards and is a disturbing
force on the axis of rotation. The magnitude of this reamins constant but
the direction changes with the rotation of the mass., In a revolving rotor
the centrifugal force remains balanced as long as the centre of the lies on

2
the axis of rotation of the shaft. When this does not happen, there is an
eccentricity and an unbalance force is produced. This type of unbalance
is common in steam turbine rotors, engine crankshafts, rotors of
.compressors, centrifugal pumps etc

.Figure (1) The axis of rotation of the shaft

Balancing involves redistributing the mass which may be carried out by


addition or removal of mass from variouse machine members removal

Balancing of rotating masses can be of

Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the -1


.same plane

Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in -2


.different planes

-Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane 3.

Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes-4

-:Types of balancing

a) Static Balancing

3
A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the
combined mass centre of the system lies on the axis of rotatio

b) Dynamic balancing

When several masses rotate in different planes, the centrifugal forces,


in addition to being out of balance, also form couples. A system of
rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there does not exist any
resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple

CASE 1

BALANCING OF A SINGLE ROTATING MASS BY A SINGLE

.MASS ROTATING IN THE SAME PLANE

4
Consider a disturbing mass m1 which is attached to a shaft rotating at ω
.rad/s

.Let

.r1 = radius of rotationof themassm

distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the center of =
.gravity of the mass m1

; The centrifugal force exerted by mass m1 on the shaft is given by

This force acts radially outwards and produces bending moment on


the shaft. In order to counteract the effect of this force Fc1 , a balancing
mass m2 may be attached in the same plane of rotation of the disturbing
mass m1 such that the centrifugal forces due to the two masses are equal
.and opposite

,Let

=radius of rotationof the mass. r2

distance between the axis of rotation of the shaft and the center of =
.gravity of the mass m2

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, Therefore the centrifugal force due to mass m2 will be

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get

The product (m2,r2) can be split up in any convenient way. As for as


possible the radius of rotation of mass m2 that is r2 is generally made
.large in order to reduce the balancing mass m2

:CASE 2

BALANCING OF A SINGLE ROTATING MASS BY TWO


. MASSES ROTATING IN DIFFERENT PLANE

There are two possibilities while attaching two balancing :


masses

The plane of the disturbing mass may be in between the planes of the.1
. two balancing masses

The plane of the disturbing mass may be on the left or right side of two .2
.planes containing the blaancing masses

In order to balance a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in


different planes which are parallel to the plane of rotation of the
disturbing mass i) the net dynamic force acting on the shaft must be equal

6
to zero, i.e. the centre of the masses of the system must lie on the axis of
rotation and this is the condition for static balancing ii) the net couple due
to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft must be equal to zero, i.e. the
algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
)The conditions i) and ii

. together give dynamic balancing

:CASE 2(I)

THE PLANE OF THE DISTURBING MASS LIES IN BETWEEN


. THE PLANES OF THE TWO BALANCING MASSES

Consider the disturbing mass m lying in a plane A which is to be


balanced by two rotating masses m1 and m2 lying in two different planes
. M and N which are parallel to the plane A as shown

Let r, r1 and r2 be the radii of rotation of the masses in planes A, M and


. N respectively

7
Let L1, L2 and L be the distance between A and M, A and N, and M and
. N respectively

, Now

, The centrifugal force exerted by the mass m in plane A will be

, Similarly

The centrifugal force exerted by the mass m1 in plane M will be ,

, And the centrifugal force exerted by the mass m2 in plane N will be

, For the condition of static balancing

8
Now, to determine the magnitude of balancing force in the plane ‘M’ or
the dynamic force at the bearing ‘O’ of a shaft, take moments about ‘ P ’
.which is the point of intersection of the plane N and the axis of rotation

, Therefore

For dynamic balancing equations (5) or (6) must be satisfied along with
. equation (4)

: CASE 2(II)

WHEN THE PLANE OF THE DISTURBING MASS LIES ON ONE


END OF THE TWO PLANES CONTAINING THE BALANCING
. MASSES

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, For static balancing

For dynamic balance the net dynamic force acting on the shaft and the
net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero . ..
To find the balancing force in the plane ‘M’ or the dynamic force at the
.. bearing ‘O of a shaft , take moments about ‘P’. i.e

Similarly, to find the balancing force in the plane ‘N’ , take moments
,. about ‘O’, i.e

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-:Benefits of dynamic balancing

When a machine is operating in balance, it is functioning as designed.


Numerous consequences could result from having a machine in a smooth,
-: well-balanced operating order. These outcomes include the following

 Low vibration: One of the greatest sources of vibration is


unbalance.
 Low noise: Mechanical vibration is also one of the leading causes
of airborne noise.
 Operator fatigue: The exposure to high levels of noise and
vibration can affect the efficiency of the operator.
 Operator safety: Machine failure is less likely to occur, personal
safety is increased.
 Bearing life: Balancing the machine can extend the bearing life as
it is affected most by unbalance.
 Structural stress: Due to the fact that vibration associated with
unbalance is absorbed by the surrounding structure, having a
machine operating in balance will reduce structural stress.
 Operating cost: Many facilities will keep extra machines on hand
in case a breakdown occurs. Because machines operate longer and
with fewer problems, you can keep fewer machines on hand.
 Productivity: The increase in uptime improves productivity .

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,Benefits of machine Balancing

 Increase quality of operations .

 Increase machine life .

 Minimize vibrations .

 Minimize noise .

 Minimize structural fatigue stresses .

 Minimize operator annoyance and fatigue .

 Increase bearings life .

 Increase sealing element life .

 Minimize power loss .

 Decrease maintenance .

 Smooth operation of machine .

 Cast saving in sense of spares, time, labor etc.

-: Reference

Theory of Machines by S.S.Rattan, Third Edition, Tata McGraw Hill )1(


Education . Private Limited

Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery by R. L. Norton, First )2(


.Edition in SI units, Tata. nMcGraw Hill Education Private Limite

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Primer on Dynamic Balancing “Causes, Corrections and )3(
Consequences” By Jim Lyons International Sales Manager IRD
.Balancing Div. EntekIRD International

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