Problem Set No.

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

1. In a 25 kVa, 2000/200 V, single phase

transformer, the iron and full load
copper losses are 350 and 400 W
respectively. Calculate the efficiency at 2. If P1 and P2 be the iron and copper
unity power factor on losses of a transformer on full load, find
a. Full load the ratio of P1 and P2 such that
b. Half-full load maximum efficiency occurs at 75% full
load.
Sol’n:
Sol’n:
Po
a. η= x 100% P1 2
Po + P cu+¿ P ¿
co =x
P2
η=97.09 % P1
=(0.75)2
P2
b. . η=¿ P1 9
=
25(0.5) P 2 16
x 100 %
25(0.5)+350(0.5)2 +400
25
η=¿ x 100 %
25+350+400
η=96.34 %
 Problem Set No. 4

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

3. A 11000/230 V, 150 kVa, 1 phase, 50 Hz

transformer has core loss of 1.4 kW and
full load Cu loss of 1.6 kW. Determine
a. The kVa load for max. efficiency and
value of max. efficiency at unity of.
b. The efficiency at half full load 0.8 pf
leading.

Sol’n: 4. A 5 kVa, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz transformer

was tested for the iron losses with
a. η=¿ normal excitation and Cu losses at full
load these were found to be 40 W and
112 W respectively. Calculate the
15 x 103 efficiencies of the transformer at 0.8 pf
x 100 %
15 x 103 +1.6 x 103 +1.4 x 103 for the following kVa outputs: 1.25, 2.5,
3.75, 5, 6.25, 7.5.

Sol’n:
η=¿ 98.04% @1.25
1.25
P CU
KVA@max = KVA FL
√ PCUFL
5
=0.25
Pc = 0.252(112) = 7
1.4
= 150
√ 1.6 η=¿
5 x 103 (0.8)
3
5 x 10 ( 0.8 ) +40+7
x 100 %
S = 140.31 kVa
η=¿ 95.51%

( 0.5 ) ( 15 x 103 ) ( 0.8 )

b. η= @2.5
(0.5)(15 x 103 )(0.8)+(1.6 x 103 )¿ ¿
2.5
=0.5
η=¿ 97.1% 5
Pc = 0.52(112) = 28

5 x 103 (0.8)
η=¿ x 100 %
5 x 103 ( 0.8 ) +40+28
η=¿ 96.71%

@3.75
3.75
=0.75
5
Pc = 0.752(112) = 63

5 x 103 (0.8)
η=¿ x 100 %
5 x 103 ( 0.8 ) +40+63
η=¿ 96.96%
 Problem Set No. 4

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

@5
5
=1
5
5. A 200 kVa transformer has an efficiency
Pc = 12(112) = 112 of 98% at full load. If the maximum
efficiency occurs at three quarters of
5 x 103 (0.8)
η=¿ x 100 % full load, calculate the efficiency at half
5 x 103 ( 0.8 ) +40+112 load. Assume negligible magnetizing
η=¿ 96.33% current and p.f. 0.8 at all loads.

Sol’n:

@6.25 3 2
Pco = PcuFL( ¿ ¿
4
6.25
=1.25 9
5 Pco = (PcuFL)
16
Pc = 6.252(112) = 175
9
3 ∴ P co= (2.09 )
5 x 10 (0.8) 16
η=¿ x 100 %
5 x 103 ( 0.8 ) +40+175 = 1.18kW
η=¿ 95.87% 160
0.98 = 9
160+ PcuFL + P
16 cuFL
@7.5
PcuFL = 2.09kW
7.5
=1.5
5
Pc = 1.52(112) = 252 P 1 =¿
cuFL
2
5 x 10 3 (0.8) = 522.5W
η=¿ x 100 %
5 x 103 ( 0.8 ) +40+252 η=¿
η=¿ 95.35% 100 x 103 ( 0.8)
x 100 %
100 x 103 (0.8)+1.18 x 103 +522.5
η=¿ 97.9%
 Problem Set No. 4

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
20,000
η= x 100 %
20,000+ 464.4
η=97.7 %

6. A 25 kVa 1 phase transformer, 2000

volts to 220 volts, has a primary
resistance of 1.0 ohm and a secondary 7. A 4 kVa, 200/400 V, 1 phase
resistance of 0.1 ohm. Find the transformer has equivalent resistance
equivalent secondary resistance and the and reactance referred to low voltage
full load efficiency at 0.8 pf if the iron side equal to 0.5 ohm and 1.5 ohms
loss of the transformer is 80% of the full respectively. Find the terminal voltage
load Cu loss. on the high voltage side when it
Sol’n: supplies ¾ full load at power factor of
0.8, the supply voltage being 220 V.
2200 1 Hence, find the output of the
a= =
220 10 transformer and its efficiency of the
Rs = Rs+arp core losses are 100 W.
1
= 0.01 + Sol’n:
100
Rs = 0.02 Ω 400
a= =2
25000 200
I2 = =113.6 A
220 2
R =a R p
= 22 (0.5)
Pcu = I22Rs R=2Ω
= 113.62(0.02)
X2 = a 2 X p
Pcu = 258 W
= 22 (1.5)
X2 = 6 Ω
PI = 258(0.8)
= 206.4 W 3
1000(4 )( )
Is = 4
PT = 258 + 206.4
400
PT = 464.4 W
Is = 7.5 A
Po = 25(0.8)
= 20 kW
V = I2( Rscos∅ + Xssin∅ )
= 7.5(2(0.8)+6(0.6))
 Problem Set No. 4

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
V = 39 V

VT = 400 – 39
= 361 V

Pcu = I22Rs
= 7.52(2)
Pcu = 112.5 W

Total Loss = 212.5 W

Pi = 2,400 + 212.5
= 2,612.5

3
Po = 4( ¿(0.8)
4
= 2.4 kW

2400
η= x 100 %
2,612.5
η=91.87 %

8. A 20 kVa, 440/220 V, 50Hz transformer

has iron losses of 324 W. the Cu is 9. Consider a 4 kVa, 200/400 V single
found to be 100 W when delivering half phase transformer supplying full load
full load current. Determine current at 0.8 lagging power factor. The
a. Efficiency when delivering full load O.C/S.C test result are as follows: O.C
current at 0.8 lagging pf and test: 200 V, 0.8 A, 70 W (L.V side); S.C.
b. The percent of full load when the test: 20 V, 10 A, 60 W (H.V side).
efficiency will be maximum Calculate the efficiency, secondary
Sol’n: voltage and current into primary at the
above load. Calculate the load at unity
Pcu = 22 (100) power factor corresponding to
maximum efficiency.
= 400 W
Sol’n:
20(0.8)
η= x 100 %
20 ( 0.8 ) +0.724 4 x 102
I2 = =10 A
400
η=95.67 %
Full Load Losses = 60 + 70
= 130 W
324
kVA@max =
√ 400
Po = 4(0.8)
= 3.2 kW
= 0.9 or 90% 3.2
η= x 100 %
3.3
η = 96%
20
Z= =2Ω
10
 Problem Set No. 4

TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
I22Rs = 60
60
R= =0.6 Ω
102
X = √ 22−0.6 2
= 1.9 Ω

I2(Rcosϕ +Xsinϕ )
= 10(0.6(0.8)+1.9(0.6))
= 16.2 V

V2 = 400 - 16.2
= 383.8 V

4000
Ip = =20 A
200

ηmax =4 ¿ )
S = 4.32 kVa

= 4.32(1)
ηmax =4.32 kW

10. A 600 kVa, 1 phase transformer has an

efficiency of 92% at full load and half
load at unity power factor. Determine
its efficiency at 60% of full load at 0.8
power factor lag.

Sol’n:

60
=0.6
100
600
Pci + Pi = −600 x 103
0.92
= 52173.9 W 1

Pc 300 x 103 3
+ Pi = −300 x 10
4 0.92
= 26086.96 W 2

Pc = 34782.6 W; Pi = 17391.2 W

(0.6)(600 x 103 )(0.8)

η=
( 0.6)¿ ¿
η=¿ 90.59%