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Ammonia: Test Yourself 19.1 (Page 381)

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1K views4 pages

Ammonia: Test Yourself 19.1 (Page 381)

Uploaded by

Jack Kowman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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nd

Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 19

Chapter 19 Ammonia

Test Yourself 19.1 (page 381)

(a) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)


(b) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

Test Yourself 19.2 and 19.3 (page 385)

1. (a) A low temperature like 200°C would give a high yield, but the reaction would proceed slowly. A
high temperature like 600°C would make the temperature proceed faster, but give a very low
yield of ammonia. Thus, a relatively high temperature of 450°C is the optimal temperature for the
Haber process.
(b) Maintaining high pressures in factories would require expensive equipment and can be
dangerous to maintain.
(c) The iron catalyst is finely divided to maximise the surface area that the reaction takes place on.

2. (a)

(i) 500 atm

(ii) 300 atm

(b) At the same pressure, the higher the temperature, the lower the yield.
At the same temperature, the higher the pressure, the higher the yield.

3. D

Get it Right (page 386)

(a) True
(b) True
°
(c) False. The optimal conditions for the Haber process are a temperature of 450 C and a pressure of
250 atm.
(d) False. The correct reaction is:
ammonium chloride + calcium hydroxide → ammonia + water + calcium chloride

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

19.1
nd
Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 19

Let’s Review (pages 386–387)

Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions

1. A 2. C 3. C

Section B: Structured Questions

1. (a) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)


(b) (i) The process is a reversible reaction and does not go into completion. Some ammonia was
converted back into nitrogen and hydrogen.
(ii) Ammonia has a higher boiling point than nitrogen and hydrogen, so it will condense to a liquid
first.
(iii) The hydrogen and nitrogen should be recycled for further reaction to produce more ammonia.

2. (a) Nitrogen is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air. Hydrogen is obtained from the
cracking of petroleum.
(b) 1 : 3
(c) The formation of ammonia from its elements is a very slow process. In order to speed up the
process, a high temperature has to be used. However, a high temperature also decomposes
ammonia back into its elements. A high pressure would also increase the yield of ammonia, but
using too high a pressure would not be cost-effective. Thus, the resultant yield of ammonia is
rather low.

3. (a) 2NH4Cl(s) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)


(b) Add aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by a piece of aluminium foil, then warm the mixture. Test
the gas liberated with a piece of moist red litmus paper. The gas turns moist red litmus paper
blue. The liberation of ammonia gas indicates that nitrate ions are present.
(c) Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then warm the mixture. Test for ammonia gas. The liberation of
ammonia gas confirms the presence of ammonium ions. Continue heating until no more ammonia
gas evolves. Add a piece of aluminium foil while the solution is still hot. If ammonia gas evolves,
then the solution contains nitrate ions.
(d) No. Calcium hydroxide would react with ammonium nitrate, a nitrogenous fertiliser, to form
ammonia, water and calcium nitrate. Ammonia will escape into the atmosphere and less nitrogen
will be available for the plants. Also, the calcium nitrate formed cannot neutralise the acidic soil.

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

19.2
nd
Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 19

Section C: Free-Response Questions

1. (a) A ‘reversible reaction’ is a chemical reaction that can go forward and backward at the same time.
(b) (i) Water vapour is given off and the blue crystals change to a white powder.
(ii) The decomposition of hydrated copper(II) sulfate to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and water.
The reaction is reversible.
(iii) Heat the hydrated salt in a boiling tube, which is fitted with a delivery tube. The delivery tube
opens into a dry test tube that is immersed in cold water. Collect the liquid produced during
heating. Stop heating when the blue solid becomes white, which indicates that the following
reaction has taken place:
CuSO4.5H2O(s) → CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)
Test the boiling point of the liquid. If it boils at 100°C, water is formed. Allow the boiling tube
to cool. Then pour the liquid collected onto the white solid in the boiling tube. The white solid
turns blue again. This indicates that the backward reaction has occurred:
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4.5H2O(s)

boiling tube test tube

hydrated
cold water
copper(II)
sulfate
condensed water

2. (a) Temperature: 350°C, Pressure: 400 atm


(b) In industries, a lower pressure is used in order to reduce the risk of an explosion and to cut down
the cost of equipment. A higher temperature is used to ensure that the speed of reaction is not too
slow.
(c) Increasing the temperature speeds up the reaction. However, it also causes ammonia to
decompose back into nitrogen and hydrogen.
3
(d) 48 dm
(e) Increase the quantities of the raw materials used, i.e. hydrogen or nitrogen.

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

19.3
nd
Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 19

3. (a)

dry ammonia

cover
ammonium chloride
and calcium
hydroxide

calcium oxide for


drying the ammonia

(b) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(s) → 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)


(c) Calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide and any ammonium salt
(d) Displacement reaction
(e) No, because they will react with ammonia.

Chemistry Today (page 388)

Relative molecular mass of NH3 = 14 + (3 × 1) = 17


Mass of nitrogen in 1 mole of salt = 14 × 1 = 14 g
14
Percentage mass of nitrogen in NH3 = × 100% = 82.4%
17

Relative molecular mass of NH4NO3 = 14 + (4 × 1) + 14 + (3 × 16) = 80


Mass of nitrogen in 1 mole of salt = 2 × 14 = 28 g
28
Percentage mass of nitrogen in NH4NO3 = × 100% = 35.0%
80

Relative molecular mass of (NH4)2SO4 = 2[14 + (4 × 1)] + 32 + (4 × 16) = 132


Mass of nitrogen in 1 mole of salt = 2 × 14 = 28 g
28
Percentage mass of nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4 = × 100% = 21.2%
132

Relative molecular mass of CO(NH2)2 = 12 + 16 + 2[14 + (2 × 1)] = 60


Mass of nitrogen in 1 mole of salt = 2 × 14 = 28 g
28
Percentage mass of nitrogen in CO(NH2)2 = × 100% = 46.7%
60

Although the best fertiliser appears to be ammonia (NH3), it is a poisonous gas with a very strong and
pungent smell. Being less dense than air, it can escape easily from the soil. Injecting liquid ammonia into
the soil is direct but requires the use of special equipment. Ammonia also forms quite a strong alkaline
solution (pH is about 9). Most plants cannot survive under these conditions. Therefore, the best fertiliser
is urea, CO(NH2)2.

© 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited

19.4

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