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Familiarizaiton With and Operation of The X

This document discusses the equipment, accessories, and processes used in taking and developing x-rays. It describes the main components of an x-ray machine, including the generator, tube head, and stand. It also outlines the key x-ray accessories like cassettes, film, and intensifying screens. The document explains how developing solutions like developers, fixers, and washes are used to convert the latent image on film into a visible image. Proper darkroom equipment and processes are also outlined to safely handle radiographic film.

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kushal Neupane
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75 views3 pages

Familiarizaiton With and Operation of The X

This document discusses the equipment, accessories, and processes used in taking and developing x-rays. It describes the main components of an x-ray machine, including the generator, tube head, and stand. It also outlines the key x-ray accessories like cassettes, film, and intensifying screens. The document explains how developing solutions like developers, fixers, and washes are used to convert the latent image on film into a visible image. Proper darkroom equipment and processes are also outlined to safely handle radiographic film.

Uploaded by

kushal Neupane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Familiarization with and operation of the X-ray equipment, X-ray

accessories and dark room equipments


Objectives:
To be familiar with and operation of the X-ray equipment, X-ray accessories and dark room
equipment.

Introduction:
Part of X-ray machines:

i. X-ray generator:
Contains Ma selector, KVp, timer, control panel
ii. Tube head:
Contains anode (+) and cathode (-).
iii. X-ray tube stand

X-ray accessories:

i. X-ray cassette:
It is flat light proof metal box made of aluminum used for keeping X-ray film for
exposure. It’s side and bottom are protected with lead. The X-ray enter the cassette
through front side not protected with lead fall on film and subsequently absorbed by
lead paints.
ii. X-ray film:
It is a gelatin coated polyester base. Its both sides are coated with tiny layers of silver
halide crystal (i.e. silver bromide). The emulsion is very thin i.e. 1/1000 inch. When
X-ray collide with silver bromide some electron are removed and these need to
absorb and are absorbed by some impurities used there such as sulphur. This reaction
to silver bromide produced black metallic silver and is further reduced by reducing
agents used in developing solutions. In developing solution silver bromide converted
to fine silver. Its reaction depends upon interaction degree. If no interaction it will not
be reduced and completely wash out in developing process.
iii. Intensifying screen:
It consists of a uniform homogenous coating of minute calcium tungstant crystals
mounted on a plastic base. Two screen are used inside a film cassette to sandwich the
special X-ray film in close and uniform coated. When X-ray fall in intensifying
screen ordinary blue coloured rays are produced. As X-ray film emulsion is very
sensitive to blue color the photographic effect of X-ray is intensified.
Advantages:
It reduces the amount of radiation one tenth to on e fifteenth of what would be
required. This in turn permits the use of brief exposure times.
Disadvantages:
As screen crystals have a definite size there is slight loss of detail and definite image.
Types of screen:
a. High speed screen
b. Poor speed screen
c. Slow speed screen
iv. Grid:
It is a flat plate made of a sheet of lead strips with radiolucent spaces between them.
Grid is placed in between the animal being examined and the film aim to pass only
primary rays to film and preventing any scattered or secondary radiation. Grid is
essential or best for radiograph of thick part while should not be used for the part that
is less than 11 cm thick because grid line will decrease the detail.
Types:
a. Parallel/Linear grid
b. Crossed grid
v. Lead apron and gloves:
The individual holding the animal should wear protective gloves having at least 0.5
mm lead equivalent. The vest type apron is recommended as it is necessarily the most
comfortable and provides the greatest protection and gloves should be used to provide
additional protection to the forearms.

X-ray processing solution:


a. Developing chemicals:
Sodium sulfite
Sodium carbonate
Potassium bromide
Reducing agents
b. Fixing solution
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium sulfite
Salt of aluminium or alum
Acetic acid
c. Final wash to remove all chemicals from film

In dark room other things are used such as

a. Measuring scale
b. film dryer
c. Heating rod
d. Emersion thermometer
e. Film viewer
f. Alarm clock
g. Safe light (red light)

In dark room there are two main work points


Dry bench: on which cassette can be loaded and unloaded as well as an area for processing
radiograph.

Wet bench: it consists of 3 compartment tank system (developer, ringe water and fixer). The
rinse water should be allowed to circulate. The temperature of the solution should be at 68
degree F (20 degree celceus).

Conclusion:

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