Hawassa University, Institute of Technology

CEng3111 Reinforced Concrete I

Chapter Three
LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR SHEAR
 Hawassa University, Institute of Technology

Outline
• Shear design as per EC2
• Members requiring design shear
reinforcement
• Members not requiring design shear
reinforcement
• Examples
• Development, anchorage and splicing of
reinforcement

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Shear Design as per EC2
Important point to consider from ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 On ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 article 6.2.1(8) the code
stated that for predominantly uniformly
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 for shear design utilizes ‘strut inclination distributed loading the design shear force need
method’ or a truss model of the reinforced concrete section [See not to be taken at a distance less than ‘d’ from
figure below]. the face of the support.
In this method all the shear is assumed to be carried by
stirrups and the inclined concrete struts carry diagonal
compression.

Read McGregor 6E, section 6.4

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Members requiring design shear reinforcement

The angle θ (see figure above) should be limited

In regions of the member where VEd ≤ VRd,c no
to 1 ≤ cot(𝜃) ≤ 2.5
calculated shear reinforcement is necessary.
(ES EN 1992-1-1:2004 6.2.1.3)
which is 21.8°≤ θ ≤45°
VEd is the design shear force in the section
For members with vertical shear reinforcement,
considered resulting from external loading and and
the shear resistance, VRd is the smaller of (1) and
VRd,c is the design shear resistance of concrete
(2) below.
without shear reinforcement.
(1)
• But, minimum shear reinforcement should
still be provided according to 9.2.2. (2)

In regions where VEd > VRd,c according to Expression where:

(6.2), sufficient shear reinforcement should be Asw is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement
provided in order that VEd ≤ VRd. s is the spacing of the stirrups
fywd is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement
Where: VRd is the design shear resistance.
LSD for Shear Asnake K.
 Members requiring design shear reinforcement

ν1 is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in

shear The ratio of shear reinforcement is given by:
αcw is a coefficient taking account of the state of the ρ w should not be less than ρ w,min
stress in the compression chord
bw is the minimum width between tension and
compression chords
z is the inner lever arm, In the shear analysis of
reinforced concrete without axial force, the approximate
α is the angle between shear reinforcement and
value z = 0.9d may normally be used. the longitudinal axis

• The recommended value of αcw is 1 for members w/o

axial force.
The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear
• The recommended value of ν1 is ν and is given by: assemblies should not exceed sl,max.

where α is the inclination of the shear reinforcement to the

longitudinal axis of the beam.
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 Members requiring design shear reinforcement
Cont’d
The transverse spacing of the legs in a series of The additional tensile force, ∆Ftd, in the
shear links should not exceed S t.max longitudinal reinforcement due to shear VEd may be
𝑠 𝑡.𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 ≤ 600 𝑚𝑚 calculated from:

(MEd/z) + ∆Ftd should be taken not greater than

MEd,max/z, where MEd,max is the maximum moment
along the beam.

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

Shear resistance without shear reinforcement

The design value for the shear resistance VRd,c (in
Newton (N) unit) is given by:

With a minimum of

In regions of the member where VEd ≤ VRd,c no calculated

shear reinforcement is necessary.
But, minimum shear reinforcement should be provided as
per recommendation to avoid sudden failure.

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Summary of Designing for Shear

Summary
1. Calculate the design shear force (the critical 3. Check if designed or nominal shear
reinforcement is required, i.e., calculated V Rd,c
section is ‘d’ distance from the face of column)
and see if it is less or greater than VED( design
2. Check if diagonal compression failure doesn’t
shear force).
occur. Calculate VRd,max and design shear force
at the face of support. Here the angle θ should be
4. Calculate the necessary shear reinforcement
between 45⁰ and 21.8⁰ (nominal or designed).
In order to check VED <VRd,max , 5. Check the obtained spacing from the maximum
• First check at θ=21.8⁰ and if VED <V Rd,max proceed to the next allowed.
step 6. Check (MEd/z) + ∆Ftd should be taken not greater
• If at θ=21.8⁰ and if V ED >V Rd,max , then check at θ=45⁰ . if at than MEd,max/z, where MEd,max is the maximum moment
θ=45⁰ V ED >V Rd,max , then depth of beam should be revised.
• If at θ=45⁰ and if V ED <V Rd,max , then 21.8≤ θ ≤ 45. along the beam.
• Equate the design shear force with the equation
for VRd,max and determine θ.

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 Example on shear resistance calculation

#1. Determination of shear resistance given the section geometry and mechanics
Rectangular or T-shaped beam, with bw = 150 mm, h = 600 mm, d = 550 mm, z = 500 mm;
vertical stirrups diameter 12 mm, 2 legs (Asw = 226 mm2), s = 150 mm, fyd = 391 MPa.
Determine the shear resistance for:
(a) fck = 30MPa ; fcd = 17 MPa ; ν = 0.616
(b) fck = 90MPa, fcd = 51 MPa; ν = 0.512
Solution (b)
(a)

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 Example on design for shear

#2. A simply supported beam with 5m span length is subjected to 45 KN/m design load. The beam
is 250 mm wide and 450 mm deep. The material used for the design are C 25/30 and S400. If the
cover to reinforcement and the diameter of main bar are 30 mm and 16 mm respectively, determine
the necessary shear reinforcement. The beam is supported by 300 by 300 mm column.
Solution:-

Design shear VED

The maximum shear for a simply supported beam is
located at the support and the value is
Material data
For C25/30 : 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑀𝑝𝑎
For S400: 𝑓 𝑦𝑘 = 400 𝑀𝑝𝑎
And, the shear at the face of column and d distance
Concrete design strength from the face of column is calculated as follows
fcd = 0.85 ∗ 25/1.5 = 14.17 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Steel design strength

fyd = 400 /1.15 = 347.83 Mpa
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Example

VRd,max and V Rd,c

With θ=21.8⁰

𝑣1 = 𝑣 = 0.6 [1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘/ 250 ] = 0.6 [1 − 25/ 250 ] = 0.54

𝑧 = 0.9𝑑 = 0.9 ∗ 404 = 363.6 𝑚𝑚

𝛼 𝑐𝑤 = 1 (recommended)
cot (21.8 ⁰) =2.5 and tan (21.8 ⁰) = 0.4

𝑉 𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑉 𝑎𝑡 d from 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒, θ=21.8⁰ and diagonal

compression failure is not possible, i.e., depth is OK!

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Example

For zero axial load Eqn. 6.2 a simplifies to: VRd,c = [0.12 ∗ 1.703 ∗ (100 ∗ 0.0017 ∗ 25)1/3 ] 250 ∗
404 ∗ 10−3 kN = 33.43 kN
VRd,c = [CRd,c𝑘(100 ρ1fck)1 /3 ] bwd
And the minimum V Rd,c
𝑉R𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛)bwd
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓 𝑐𝑘 1/2

𝑘 = 1 + √(200 /404) = 1.703 ≤ 2 𝑜𝑘!

𝑉R𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛)bwd = 0.389 ∗ 250 ∗ 404 ∗ 10−3 KN

Flexural tension
= 39.289 KN reinforcement is
not given and take
𝜌1 = 𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛
which is on safe
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 Example

Calculation of shear reinforcement

Since the first VRd,c is less than the minimum, use the
minimum as the value of VRd,c.
𝑉 R𝑑,𝑐 = 39.289 KN In this ES EN, all the shear is assumed to be carried
Check if designed(calculated) shear reinforcement is by the shear reinforcement, i.e.,
required 𝑉 R𝑑,𝑐 = 39.289 KN < 𝑉𝑎𝑡 𝑑 = 87.57 𝐾𝑁 𝑉R𝑑,𝑠 = 𝑉 E𝑑 = 87.57 k𝑁
calculated. From V Rd, max = VED

Shear reinforcement should be provided.

2∗87.57∗1000
θ = ½ arcsin
1∗0.54∗14.17 ∗250∗(0.9∗404)
= 7.3⁰
But, 21.8° ≤ θ ≤ 45°, so take θ = 21.8 °

And if two legged stirrups with 8 mm diameter is

used:

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 Example

Check minimum shear reinforcement

cot(21.8) = 2.5 𝜌𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤⁄(𝑠 𝑏𝑤 sin(𝛼)) [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. 9.4 N]
100.53
𝜌𝑤 = = 0.00134
From V Rd,s = V Ed 300 ∗ 250 ∗ sin(90)

Asw 87.57∗1000
= = 0.277mm 2/mm
s 363.3∗347.83∗2.5
s = Asw/0.277 = 362.92mm
Take s=360 mm for ease in construction.

Check for maximum spacing of reinforcement

𝑠 𝑙.𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑(1 + cot(𝛼))……[ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. Shear capacity VRd,s due to provided sl,max
9.6N]
𝑠 𝑙.𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑(1 + 0) = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ 404 = 303 𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑙.𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Since S > S l,max,
provide S l,max. 100.53
363.3*347.83*2.5
300
= 105.87kN > VEd = 87.57kN
LSD for Shear Asnake K.
 Institute of Technology

Additional tension in longitudinal bar

∆𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5𝑉𝐸d(cot(𝜃) − cot(𝛼))
…………………….[ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn 6.18]
∆𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 87.57 ∗ (2.5 − 0) = 109.46 𝐾𝑁

The tensile force in the tensioned longitudinal

reinforcement necessary for bending must
be increased by ΔFtd
OR
Check (MEd/z) + ∆Ftd should be taken not greater than
MEd,max/z, where MEd,max is the maximum moment along the
beam.
MEd,max = 45*5*5/8 = 140.63kNm
MEd = 112.5*0.6-45*0.6*0.6/3 = 59.4kNm
59.4/0.3636+109.46 = 140.63/0.3636
272.82 < 386.77 OK!!!
Do this example by assuming VEd = 180kN!!!

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Definition

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/20151kips.ft =1.356kNm

Bar-Cut off
Definition: For economy, some of the
bars can be terminated or cut
Anchorage bond or development bond is the bond off where they are no longer
developed near the extreme end (or cut-off point) of a bar needed.
subjected to tension (or compression) so that bond forces are
safely transmitted to the concrete avoiding longitudinal
cracking or spalling.
• For bars in tension, the anchorage length is measured
along the centerline of the bar.
Splicing
• Splices are required when bars placed short of their
required length (due to non-availability of longer bars)
need to be extended.
• Splices are also required when the bar diameter has to be
changed along the length (as is sometimes done in
columns).

A lap length is the length required to transfer

the force in one bar to another bar.
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 Ultimate bond stress

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

ANCHORAGE OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Ultimate bond stress
Both anchorage and lap lengths are determined by the ultimate
bond stress fbd which depends on the concrete strength and
whether the anchorage or lap length is in a ‘good’ or ‘poor’
bond condition. 2/3
fck
fctd  0.21
1.5
fctd is the design value of concrete tensile strength
η1 is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the
position of the bar during concreting.
• η1 = 1,0 when ‘good’ conditions are obtained and
• η1 = 0,7 for all other cases and for bars in structural elements built
with slip-forms, unless it can be shown that ‘good’ bond conditions
exist
• η2 is related to the bar diameter:
η2 = 1,0 for φ ≤ 32 mm
η2 = (132 - φ)/100 for φ > 32 mm LSD for Shear Asnake K.
 Basic and Design anchorage length

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

Design anchorage length
Basic anchorage length lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd ≥ l b,min Eqn 8.4 as per EC2
The calculation of the required anchorage length shall take into where α1 , α2 , α3, α4 and α5 are coefficients given in Table 8.2:
consideration the type of steel and bond properties of the bars. where the coefficients α1 to α5 are influenced by:
α1 – shape of the bar
The basic required anchorage length, l b,rqd, for anchoring the α2 – concrete cover
force As.σsd in a straight bar assuming constant bond stress α3 – confinement by transverse reinforcement
equal to fbd follows from: α4 – confinement by welded transverse reinforcement
α5 – confinement by transverse pressure

Where σsd is the design stress of the bar at the position from
where the anchorage is measured from.
Values for fbd are given in 8.4.2. EN 1992.1.1

If the design stress σsd is taken as the maximum allowable design

stress:

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 Table for coefficients

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

cd is often the nominal cover to the bars

λ is the amount of transverse reinforcement providing confinement to a single

anchored bar of area
Fig 8.1

α4 = 0.7 if the welded transverse

reinforcement satisfies the requirements
given in Figure 8.1e of BS EN 1992-1-1.
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Otherwise α4 = 1.0.
 Minimum anchorage length

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

The minimum anchorage length lb,min is:

max {0.3lb,rqd; 10ø; 100mm} for a tension anchorage
max {0.6lb,rqd; 10ø; 100mm} for a compression anchorage
LSD for Shear Asnake K.
 Institute of Technology
Flow chart for anchorage
Development, Anchorage lengths determination
and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN
1992.1.1/2015

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Institute of Technology
Development, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN
1992.1.1/2015

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Lap, lap detailing and location

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

Laps

Forces are transmitted from one bar to another by:

• Lapping of bars, with or without bends or hooks;
• Welding; Laps:
• Mechanical devices assuring load transfer in • Lapping should not be located in areas of high
tension-compression or in compression only moments /forces (e.g. plastic hinges)
• All the bars in a section can be lapped at one
location if the bars are in one layer. If more than one
layer is required, then the laps should be staggered.
The detailing of laps between bars shall be such • If the bars are of different diameter, the lap length is
that: based on the smaller bar
• the transmission of the forces from one bar to
the next is assured;
• spalling of the concrete in the neighborhood
of the joints does not occur;
• large cracks which affect the performance of
the structure do not occur.
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 Lap arrangement

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

The arrangement of lapped bars should comply with Figure 8.7

• The bars are typically placed next to each other with no gap
between them.
• If not, the clear distance between lapped bars should not be
greater than 4φ or 50 mm, otherwise the lap length should
be increased by a length equal to the clear distance.
• The longitudinal distance between two adjacent laps
should not be less than 0.3 times the lap length, l0;
• In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent
bars should not be less than 2φ or 20 mm.

All bars in compression and secondary (distribution)

reinforcement may be lapped in one section.

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 Design Lap Length

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

Design Lap length

The design lap length is:

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 Percentage of Lapped bars

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

In most cases either the laps will all occur at

the same location, which is 100% lapped and
where α6 = 1.5, or the laps will be staggered,
which is 50% lapped and where α6 = 1.4.

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 Transverse Reinforcement in the lap zone

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone
Lapping bars, transferring a force from one bar to another
via concrete, results in transverse tension.

Transverse reinforcement for bars in tension

• Transverse reinforcement is required in the lap

zone to resist transverse tension forces.
• Where the diameter, φ, of the lapped bars is less
than 20 mm, or the percentage of lapped bars in
any section is less than 25%, then any transverse
reinforcement or links necessary for other
reasons may be assumed sufficient for the
transverse tensile forces without further
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justification.
 Transverse Reinforcement in the lap zone

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone

• *Where the diameter, φ, of the lapped bars is

• If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at
greater than or equal to 20 mm, the transverse
one point and the distance between adjacent laps at a
reinforcement should have a total area, Ast (sum
section is ≤ 10φ, transverse reinforcement should be
of all legs parallel to the layer of the spliced
formed by links or U bars anchored into the body
reinforcement) of not less than the area As of one
of the section.
lapped bar (ΣAst ≥ 1,0As).
• The transverse reinforcement provided for (*) above
• The transverse bar should be placed
should be positioned at the outer sections of the lap
perpendicular to the direction of the lapped
as shown in Figure 8.9(a)
reinforcement as shown in figure above.

LSD for Shear Asnake K.

 Transverse Reinforcement in the lap zone

Bond, anchorage and splicing of reinforcement as per ES EN 1992.1.1/2015

Transverse reinforcement for bars permanently in compression

• In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse reinforcement should be placed outside
each end of the lap length and within 4φ of the ends of the lap length (Figure 8.9b).

See examples in Chapter 5 Section 5.2 and 5.3.5 of reference” “Reinforced

concrete design to EC2 “ given to you

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Thank You!

LSD for Shear Asnake K.