·''

li i [fl ' lll ~ rID

A HISTORY OF BRITAIN

~llilrg
 A HISTORY OF BRITAIN

Acknowledgments:
The author and publishers would like to thank Mr Mike Gibson for his help in
research , and the following for permission to use illustrative material :
Pages 18 and 19: The Jnstitute of Agricultural History and Museum of Rural Life,
University of Reading; 26 (bottom) : R. Aitchison ; cover and 23: Ashmolean Museum ;
35 (top) : the Marquis of Bath , Longleat House , Warminster ; 41 : BBC Enterprises
Ltd ; 42 : Phot. Bibl. Nat. París ; 50: Britain on View ; cover and 7 (top) : the Trustees
of the British Museum ; 37 : Pat Hodgson Library; 14, 20 (right); 27, 35 (centre and
bottom) : Michael Holford ; 12, 31 (2) : Hulton -Deutsch Collection ; 33: lpswich
Museums and Galleries; 16/ 17 , 26 (top and centre) : Jarrold Colour Publications;
cover (2) and 13, 30: A. F. Kersting; 17: drawing reference from King Edward VI
School , Louth ; 9, 24, 25 , 32, 39 , 44: The Mansell Collection; 45 , 51 (2), 53: The
Mary Rose Trust ; 49 (top right) : The Methuen Collection/ Corsham Coun ; 28:
Museum of London; 14 (left): National Museums and An Galleries of
Merseyside/ Walker An Gallery, Liverpool; 43 (top left): National Museums of
Scotland ; JO (top 3, bottom left , bottom right), 16, 21, 22: National Ponrait Gallery,
London ; 47 (top left): National Trust Photographic Library; 43 (top right): His Grace
the Duke of Norfolk and the Lady Herries; 10 (bottom centre): by gracious
permission of Her Majesty the Queen ; 15: Royal Armouries Board of Trustees ; 38:
The Shakespeare Binhplace Trust ; 20 (left): Topham Picture Library; 47 (centre):
Ulster Museum ; 25 , 36: the Victoria and Alben Museum; tapestry: Warwick Castle; 7
(centre), 49 (bottom left): the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey.
Designed by Gavin Young.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Wood, Tim
The Tudors.
1. Great Britain, 1485-1603
l. Title ll. Dennis, Peter, 1950-
941.05
ISBN 1-85543-009-6

First edition
Published by Ladybird Books Ltd Loughborough Leicestershire UK
Ladybird Books lnc Auburn Maine 0421 O USA
Paperbird is an imprint of Ladybird Books Ltd
@ LADYBIRD BOOKS LTO MCMXC
A// rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo -copying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior consent of the copyright owners.
Printed in England
Contents page
The Tudors - time chart 4
A new age begins 6
Henry VII 8
Henry VIII and his wives 10
Henry VIII and the monasteries 12
Henry VIIl's court 14
Edward VI, the hoy king 16
Changes in the countryside 18
Bloody Mary 20
AnewQueen 22
The royal progress 24
Tudor houses 26
Towns 28
Beggars 30
Crime and punishment 32
Food 34
Sports and pastimes 36
The theatre 38
What people wore 40
Mary Queen of Scots 42
Sea dogs 44
TheArmada 46
The death of the Queen 48
Howweknow 50
The legacy of the Tudors 52
Glossary 54
Index 55
Places to visit 56
 by TIM WOOD
illustrations by PETER DENNIS

Series Consultants: School of History

University of Bristol
Paperbird
 he Tudors
This book covers just over a
hundred years , from the end
of the Middle Ages to the start
of the Stuart Period.
During this time , England , Wales,
Scotland and Ireland , though not united ,
were all ruled by mem bers of the
powerful Tudor family. These years were
peaceful compared with the violent times
of the Middle Ages , although there were
still problems , particularly over religion
and the power of Parliament. For nearly
half of this period, England was ruled by
Elizabeth 1, one of the best-loved English
monarchs. By 1603 , the English were
united , proud of their country, and
getting richer. The throne seemed safe at
las t.
Events during Tudor period
Date Kings, Oueens and People Events

1450 Wars of the Roses

Henry VI I 1485 battle of Bosworth
(1485-15091

4
 1500
Henry VIII 1534 Parliament declares
(1509-1547) Henry head of the Church
Cardinal Wolsey of England
Thomas Cromwell 1536 Anne Boleyn executed
Sir Thomas More Closing of ttie monasteries
War with France and
Scotland

.,
Edward VI English prayer book
(1547-1553) introduced

Mary 1 Lady Jane Grey queen for

s (1553-1558) nine days
Persecution of Protestants
Alliance with Spain
1558 Loss of Calais

Elizabeth 1
y ' (1558-1603)
Lord Burleigh
Mary Oueen of Scots !lees
to England
l. Catholic plots against
Elizabeth
Drake English ships attack
Raleigh Spanish treasure ships
1587 Mary Oueen of Scots
executed
Lt 1588 Armada defeated
Shakespeare War in lreland
1600 Poor Laws passed

5
 A new age begins
Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III
at the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
When Richard was killed in the fight, his
crown was plucked from a bush and
placed on Henry's head. His death ended
the W ars of the Roses between the
Yorkists and Lancastrians, those members
of the royal family who had been
struggling for the throne for thirty years.

6
 the wedding of Henry VII and
Elizabeth of York and the medal
in honour of the occasion

:s

The new king, Henry VII, was a

Lancastrian. He rnade his clairn to the
throne stronger by rnarrying Elizabeth of
York, his fourth cousin and a rnernber of
the opposite side, the Yorkists. Henry had
lived abroad so the English people knew
nothing of hirn and could never have
irnagined that his farnily was going to
rule England for the next 120 years.

7
Henry VII
Henry brought peace to the country but
he did not feel completely safe on his
throne.
He believed that to be a strong king he
needed to have plenty of money. He told
his servants to collect as much money for
him as they could. Then he made sure
that he did not have to spend this money
on wars because they were too expensive.

Henry checked the royal

accounts every day to see
how his money was
being spent

8
Henry became a rich man. Although he
was not a popular king, he was respected.
When he died in 1509, he passed a safe
and strong crown to his son, Henry VIII.
When Henry VIII carne to the throne
however, he spent all his f ather's money
fighting wars against France.
Henry had to put down
two rebellions by men
claiming his throne . One
rebel, Lambert Simnel,
was only thirteen years
old. After beating his
rebel army, Henry put
Lambert to work in the
royal kitchens. The
other rebel, Perkin
Warbeck, was trained
by his tutor to pretend

to be Richard, Duke
of York, a member of
the royal family. He
was also captured
but Henry had him
executed.
Perkin Warbeck

9
 Henry VIII and bis wives
Two weeks after Henry VIII was
crowned, he married Catherine of
Aragon, a Spanish princess. Although she
was a good wife to him, she did not give
· him a son. Henry thought that England
would be weak if there were no king to
follow him.

Catherine of Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour

Aragon Had a daughter, Hada son,
Had a daughter, Elizabeth. Edward. Died
Mary. Divorced Executed

Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr

No children. No children. No children.
Divorced Executed Outlived Henry

10
Henry asked the Pope to give him a
divorce so that he could marry again.
The Pope refused, so Henry broke away
from the Catholic Church and set up his
own Church of England. He divorced
Catherine and married Anne Boleyn, a
lady-in-waz't·,;ng. Anne did not have a son
either, and when Henry tired of her, he
had her executed.

the execution of Anne Boleyn

His third wife Jane Seymour did give

him a son, Edward, but she died twelve
days later. Henry, becoming old and ill,
married three more times.

11
 Henry VIII and the monasteries
After he had made himself head of the
new Church of England, Henry began to
close the monasteries. Many monks had
never accepted the new religion and
Henry did not trust them
because they still thought of
the Pope as their leader.

Henry's chief minister, Thomas

Cromwell, sent officials to
investigate the monasteries

Cromwell

12
Henry, who was short of money, wanted
the wealth of the monasteries for himself.
Government officials reported that the
monks were lazy and were not obeying
the monastery rules. Henry used this as
an excuse to close the monasteries and
sell their land.
the ruins of Wh itby Abbey

The monks were driven out and the monastery buildings

were looted

13
 Henry VIII's court
As a young king Henry was tall,
handsome and intelligent. He was
interested in music, books and sport.
Eager to show off his wealth and power,
he built several palaces, magnificently
decorated with painted ceilings, and
furnished with carpets and tapestries.

Henry VIII

Hampton Court Palace,

the only one of Henry's
palaces that has
survived to this day . lt
was built by his
minister, Cardinal
Wolsey, and given by
him to the king .

14
 A game of blind
man's buff

The king and his

court'iers lived in the
palaces. They dressed
in their finest clothes
and jewels. They were
entertained with
dancing, poetry readings
and music. Outside, in
the royal gardens and
forests, all kinds of sport
were played.
Henry's armour. He was a fine
jouster, a good archer and a
keen deer hunter

15
 Edward VI, the hoy king
When Henry VIII died in 1547, his only
son Edward became king. Edward was
just nine years old, so first his uncle, the
Duke of Somerset, and then the Duke of
Northumberland ruled England in his
name.
Edward was never in good health and
died at the age of fifteen.

King Edward VI Grammar School ,

Stratford-upon-Avon
Edward VI

16
Henry VIII had closed the monastery
schools. During Edward's reign new
grammar schools were started to teach
boys to re ad and write. The most
important subject taught was Latin.
Although letters were written in English, most important
books were written in Latin. Hornbooks like
this were used to teach
pupils to read. There are
only twenty tour letters
on this hornbook. At the
time it was made, 1 was
used to write 1 and J,
and V was used to write
both U and V

Goosefeather qui/Is
were used for
writing. Pupils had
to sharpen the
quills and mix
their own ink

School teachers were very strict

and beat their pupils with
birches if they misbehaved

17
Changes in the countryside
By Tudor times, landowners had found
that they could make more money by
raising sheep for the wool trade than by
growing corn to make bread. Since it was
easier to look after sheep in an enclosed
space, they began to plant hedges to
make smaller fields. Soon much of the
land, including the commons, had been
enclosed.

Many peasants kept bees .

Honey was the only way the
Tudors had of sweetening
their food

18
 Without the common land, the
peasants could no longer grow enough
food for themselves. Even worse, many of
them lost their jobs because sheep did not
need so many people to look after them.
The difficulties were even greater
because the population had grown so fast
that there was not enough bread to feed
them.
Many peasants
were so angry about
the enclosures
that they tore
down the hedges,
and demanded that
land should be
ploughed for corn.
a plough

In 1549, peasants
in the Eastern
counties rebelled,
protesting about
enclosures, high
rents and low
wages . Their leader
Robert Ket and
about fifty others
were hanged .

19
Bloody Mary
Before Edward VI died, his ministers had
persuaded him to make a will naming
Lady Jane Grey as queen. They wanted
her because although her claim to the
throne was only slight, she was a
Protestant. But Mary, Henry VIII's elder
daughter, carne to London to claim the
throne. Lady Jane was arrested and later
executed.
Mary had been an unhappy child. Her
father, Henry VIII, divorced her mother,
Catherine of Aragon, when Mary was
seventeen. Mary never forgave
him. She was separated from
her mother, ignored by her
father and forgotten at court.

Mary married Philip 11, the

Catholic king of Spain.
They had a strange
marriage since they lived
together far less than a
year and had no children.
The marriage made Mary
very unpopular because it
was feared that Spaniards
would rule England.

20
Mary was a strong Catholic and when she
became queen she was determined that
England should return to the old
religion. Nearly three hundred people
who refused to give up the Protestant
faith were burned at the stake.

Bishops Latimer and Ridley being burned at

the stake in Oxford . lt was believed that
although the body was burned, the soul of the
victim would go to Heaven.

21
 A new Queen
In 1558 Mary died
and her sister
Elizabeth became
queen. The new queen
faced many problems.
She was short of
money. England was
threatened by Scotland,
France and Spain.
Elizabeth was a
Protestant but she tried
to make the Church of
England acceptable to
Catholics who were only charged a small
fine if they did not go to the services.

22
Luckily Elizabeth was an intelligent,
courageous and determined woman. She
was also very popular with the people
of England and became a much loved
and respected ruler, known as Good
Queen Bess.
Elizabeth's gloves. She was
very proud of her long, slim
fingers and loved fashionable
clothes

The Elizabethan age began

with Elizabeth's coronation.
The crowds fought to cut
little pieces off the blue
carpet on which she walked,
to keep as souvenirs
The royal progress
In August and September the court
travelled around the south of England,
staying in the houses of great nobles. A
long procession of 400 carts and 2, 400
packhorses carried the courtiers and their
belongings.

24
Every time the procession carne to a town
the mayor and council would welcome
the queen with speeches and gifts.
Elizabeth travelled so that her people
could see her and she could impress
them.

Elizabeth and her courtiers

carried their possessions in
chests like this one

In 1591, the court

visited Lord Hertford at
his house at Elvetham .
To amuse the queen
he built a lake with
three islands in it. He
put on a pageant
using ships, musicians
and actors dressed as
sea creatures. The fun
!asted far severa! days.
;,t, ,,¡,. f'I ""' "'"" 1.t ( 'f "°' 11.,., , , l llUM

25
 Tudor houses
Sorne people became very rich in Elizabeth's
reign. They built houses like this one that were
a lot more comfortable than medieval houses
had been .

Many magnificent houses were built by rich nobles, often in

the shape of an E. This is Condover Hall, Shropshire

26
Many houses were
built with a timber
trame filled in with
plaster .

the Guildhall,
Lavenham

Poor people lived in much

smaller houses

27
 The narrow streets of
Tudor towns and cities
were exciting, noisy
places, crammed with
people and carts. They
were also very .,.;;:-.....~

unhealthy. There was

rubbish everywhere,
and many people died
,.__ .._~.,._,
of diseases spread by

A London street in Tudor times 1 - - - - -..........

(a model of Cheapside)

28
29
Beggars
During Elizabeth's reign there was a great
increase in the number of poor people.
This was partly because the population
rose, but also because enclosures meant
that there were fewer jobs so many
people could not afford the high food
prices. Many Elizabethans thought that
people who were poor had only themselves
to blame because they were simply lazy.

Poor peo ple who were sick or old, and

therefore thought to deserve help, could be
looked after by their parish or given food at an
almshouse like this one, Leycester's Hospital in
Warwick.

30
 In years when the harvest failed and food
was short, people went hungry. They
were forced to travel to look for food or
charity. They were often joined by
soldiers returning from wars abroad.
Large groups of these beggars brought
terror to whole towns as they attacked
and robbed the townspeople. These
beggars were punished in houses of
correction by whipping or branding with
hot irons.
Beggars were very skilful at making people feel sorry for
them so that they would give more money. Sorne pretended
to be horribly injured, others pretended to be mad

A soap eater. He ate soap to

make himself froth at the mouth
and pretended to have fits

31
 Crime and punishment
There was a lot of crime in Tudor times.
There was no paid police force, so people
had to look for the criminals themselves.
Those who were caught were punished
very harshly as an example to others.
People could be hanged for stealing.

The gallows. Common

peo ple were hanged.
Nobles were usually
beheaded

Punishment for minor crimes

32
 The crimes of treason, rebellion, riot,
murder and most kinds of stealing were
all punished by death. Since modern
police methods such as fingerprinting had
not been invented, it was hard to prove a
criminal was guilty so people were
sometimes made to confess to
crimes by torture.

-- ~

--------------- - ---~--~-

33
Food
Rich Tudors ate a great <leal of meat,
except on one day each week when, by
law, everyone had to eat fish instead. All
meals, even those eaten by children, were
washed down with wine or beer. They
suffered from lots of diseases because
their diet had few vitamins in it.

r - B:reakfast Garn ~
1 Bean· porrid~, Selted fish, &iled Mutton,
Bread .

/ l>inner 12 noon
Roest rib of beef, Raast leg of lamh, l\abbjt pie,
Pigeon st:ew, Peas, fü-ead, Butter, Cheese.

Supper 6pm
le~ of mutton stuffed with gerlic, Vcnison
pestg with susared musta.rd, Boiled chicken
with • - · Roa•t .i,.kbi,.d, Pld<led
~uts, Cheese, .Almond hiscuíts.
ca.....,.· ¡
1
\

~- -~

Poor people mainly ate vegetable stews

and bread. Exciting but expensive new
foods such as chocolate and chilli peppers
were brought back from America.

34
The Tudors suffered
from bad teeth, partly
because they did not
drink enough milk, and
partly because they ate
too many sweet things.
Oueen Elizabeth had
very black teeth.

a toothpick
Sometimes a piece of
linen was rubbed over
the teeth as well

w ..
Tudor knives. Most people
ate with their fingers, as
forks were not widely
used at the time

35
 121
B
Sports and pastimes
Hunting for stags, deer and hares was
very popular among landowners. Hunt
picnics were arranged in the forests .
. ~" ·r
!'

36
The Eliza bethans were very fond of
dancing. In one dance, the volta, ladies
jumped high in the air. Sorne people
thought it disgraceful because the ladies
showed their knees.

Printing had made

books much
cheaper. There
were few story
books but

37
The theatre
The theatre was very popular in
Elizabeth's reign. Religious plays which
had been popular in the Middle Ages
were banned, so new plays were written.
These were perforrned in theatres, rather
than, as they had been in the past, on
wagons that travelled frorn town to town.

William Shakespeare . His

plays are still performed ali
over the world and he is
probably the most famous
playwright who ever lived

38
In 1576, the first
theatre was built in
London so that actors
could perform their
plays on the same stage
all year round. It was
so successful that soon
other theatres, like the
Fortune, the Swan and
the Globe, were built.
In Tudor times, all the
women's parts were
played by boys. Often a
bag of animal's blood
was hidden under the
actors' costumes to
make stabbings and
deaths look more real.

(below) The Globe theatre, where

William Shakespeare once acted

39
 < , ( ? ?_ ?X1..t ;?_;ese .(9

What people wore

Tudor clothes changed a good <leal from
;:_ the time of Henry VII. The clothes of rich
Elizabethans were much more splendid
and extravagant, partly because Elizabeth
. ., herself was very interested in fashion.
f'

gentleman during Henry Vlll's reign

lady during Henry Vlll's reign

Ladies' headdresses were

stiffened with wire and
decorated with gold and
n#.~tsm. jewels

woollen -
-... tights
~ called
\ hose tucked into the belt

Rich people often

decorated their
clothes with woollen gown
jewels. Sorne
literally wore their
Farmers' wives
entire fortunes on wore similar fashions but in
their backs. much cheaper cloth

40
 t < ¿

Makeup
This actress was made up to look like Elizabeth 1 for a TV series.
The labels show what Elizabeth herself wore, much of which was
very bad for her skin
N

plucked
eyebrows red wig

eyedrops made face painted

from Deadly with white
Nightshade lead and
vi negar
cheeks coloured
with red dye rouge on lips
and egg-white

were supported
by wire trames

very tight
padded
doublet
wrist ruffles

Skirts were
supported by
a wooden
framework short
of hoops cloak
called a
farthingale

Elizabethan ladies
wore corsets
stiffened with
wood or iron

Elizabethan men wore

short padded trousers called breeches

41
 Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots
was a rival to
Elizabeth. Mary was
Elizabeth's cousin
and would become
queen if Elizabeth
died without having
any children. Mary fled
Mary to England to seek
Elizabeth's protection after a
re be Ilion of the
Scottish lords in
1568.

Mary's jewels and tan,

given to her by her
servant, Giles Mowbray,
just befare her death

Mary's prayer
book, and the
rosary she
used on the
scaffold

42
 Mary was also
a Catholic and many Catholics felt that
she should be queen instead of Elizabeth.
For nineteen years Mary was imprisoned
in various English castles.
Foolishly, she became involved in
Catholic plots against Elizabeth. When
proof of Mary's plotting was given to the
Queen, she sadly signed Mary's death
warrant.
Mary was executed at Fotheringhay
Castle in 1587.

43
Sea dogs
In 1492, Columbus discovered America
for the King of Spain. The Spanish
conquered the Aztecs and Incas who lived
there, and took their land and wealth.
Spanish treasure fleets, loaded with gold
and silver, sailed across the Atlantic to
land their cargoes in Spain. Spain
became the richest country in Europe.

Sir F~ancis Drake . He

became the first Engl ish sea
captain to sail round the
world. He attacked Span ish ...
ports in America and stole
over f 1,500,000 of gold .
The Spanish called him
'el draco ' - the dragan .

44
 a Spanish
gallean

Encouraged by Elizabeth, who wanted a

share of the loot, English captains,
nicknamed 'sea dogs', began to attack the
slow Spanish galleons and steal the
treasure they carried. To the Spanish
king, Philip 11, the sea dogs were little
better than pirates. To the English, they
became heroes.

The English ships were

smaller but faster than
the clumsy Spanish
galleons . The sea dogs
pounded the galleons
with their cannon until
they su rrendered.
an En lish cannon called a culverin

45
The Armada
King Philip 11 of Spain grew more and
more angry with Elizabeth because she
encouraged her sea dogs to attack
Spanish ships. She was also helping the
Dutch Protestant rebels who were
fighting against Spain.

46
 Philip was a strong Catholic and he
wanted England to be a Catholic
country. He plotted to put Mary Queen
of Scots on the throne of England but she
was executed in 1587. The following
year, Philip decided to take action and
sent a great fleet, or armada, of 130
ships carrying 30,000 soldiers and sailors
to invade England.
Beacon tires
were lit
across
England to
spread the
news of the
Armada's
arrival

L::I,..~ Treasure raised by

divers from the
wreck of an
Armada ship

1111--wrJ In spite of English attacks in

the Channel, the Spanish
..=~_ fleet reached Cala is safely . The English sent
fireships into the Spanish fleet and it scattered
in panic. A great storm blew up, driving the
Spanish ships northwards . They had to sail
right round Scotland. Many were wrecked and
less than half of the Spanish ships managed to
limp back to Spain. The Armada had failed .

47
The death of the Queen
On Thursday, 24th March 1603, a hush
fell over London. Good Queen Bess had
died, aged nearly seventy. Elizabeth had
never married, and she had no children
to follow her. She was the last Tudor
ruler. Elizabeth's funeral
 Few of her subjects remembered what
it was like to be ruled by a king. She had
shown that a woman could rule as well as
any man. Though
she had become
less popular in later
years, her reign had
been one of the most
glorious in English
history.

As soon as Elizabeth
died, a messenger
galloped north to tell
King James VI of
Scotland, the son of
Mary Queen of Scots,
that he was to be
crowned James 1 of
England. He was the
first of a new family
of rulers - the
Stuarts.
Elizabeth's tomb in
Westminster Abbey

49
 SAXONS MIDDLE TUDORS
A~D AGES H8' - 160J
NORMANS 1272- U8j
181 - 1271

118 yrs >

The events in this book happened over three

hundred and fifty years ago - so how do we
know about them?
~ Historians use EVIDENCE, rather like detectives do,
to piece a story together. Much of this evidence
is missing because it has been lost or destroyed.
Many LETTERS, PLAYS and BOOKS describing
Tudor life have survived to this day.
The best known Tudor writer is
William Shakespeare, whose
plays give interesting
pictures of Tudor life.
Among the letters which
have survived are the lave
letters Henry VIII wrote to
Anne Boleyn. All sorts of
papers were kept by the William
government and landowners, Shakespeare
and while the handwriting is
hard to read, they help us to
understand how Tudor people lived.

50
 STUARTS MODERN
160J- 17U TIMES
1901 - 1945

A sailor's personal
possessions, found
on the Mary Rose

There are still a lot of BUILDINGS that have

survived to this day. There is a list of places to
visit on page 5 6.
Archaeologists have excavated many Tudor
sites. One of the most interesting is the wreck
of a Tudor ship called the Mary Rose. This
was like a time capsule which contained
thousands of objects all from the same period.
OBJECTS found by archaeologists
are often stored in museums.
There is a list of museums to
visit on page 5 6.

Sorne of these old

objects seem strange to
us. What do you think
these are? They were
found in the wreck of the
Mary Rose. You will find
the answer on page 56

51
The legacy of the Tudors
At the start of the Tudor period most
people thought the world was flat. Few
sailors had travelled far from the coast,
so Europeans had no idea what the world
really looked like.
By the end of the period, explorers had
sailed across the Atlantic and found the
vast continents of the Americas. Sea
captains, like Sir Francis
Drake and Thomas
Cavendish, sailed right
round the world and
so started a new age
of travel, trade
and settlement.

Cocoa, pineapples and turkeys were ali found by

Christopher Columbus in the West lndies in 149 2. They
reached England a few years later

52
 Tobacco and potatoes were discovered by Sir Walter
Raleigh on his trip to America in 1585. When Raleigh
smoked his first pipeful of tobacco, his servant thought he
was on tire and threw a pot of ale over him !

Several mathematical symbols were first

used in Tudor times. Among them were
the + sign, the - sign and the = sign~

Rockets and hand grenades were first

used in war in Tudor times

Chimneys were first used in Tudor times, making tires much

more efficient and putting an end to smoke-filled rooms. As
a result, houses became much more comfortable, with
many more rooms, each with its own fireplace

In 1570 a Spanish nobleman invented the first toothbrush

Astronomers said that the old idea that the sun went round
the Earth was wrong. They claimed that actually the Earth
went round the sun. However, few people believed them !
I
Near the end of the period the first screw appeared. lt was
really a nail with a thread on it. lt was hammered in, but
could not be removed until the invention of the screwdriver
more than a hundred years later !

The first pencil was made in 1565 in Switzerland.

lts lead was made of pure graphite, and its
cover was wood. Modern pencil leads are
made of graphite and clay

The first pocket watch

was made in 1 500 in
Germany.
Sailors sometimes had
pocket sundials like
this one found on the
Mary Rose

53
 branding: burning with a red-hot iron
Catholic: see Roman Catholic
common: land on which peasants had the right to
graze their animals
courtier: a person at the royal court
enclosure: dividing the land and surrounding the new
fields with hedges
house of correction: where poor people were given
food in exchange for work, and were also punished
.., when necessary
jousters: men who fought on horseback with lances
lady-in-waiting: one of the queen's attendants
monastery: a house where monks live and work
noble: a person of high rank such as a lord
pageant: an entertainment based on historie events
and people
Pope: the head of the Roman Catholic Church
Protestant: a Christian not of the Catholic Church
Roman Catho/ic: a member of the Church of Rome
rosary: a string of beads used while saying prayers
qui//: a pen made from a sharpened bird's feather
tapestry: a picture woven in cloth
treason: treachery against your own country

54
 page page
America 44,52 inventions and discoveries 52-53
Anne Boleyn 5, 10, 11 , 50 James I of England and
Anne of Cleves 10 VI of Scotland 49
Armada 5, 46,47
15 Ket, Robert 19
armour
King Edward VI Grammar School
beggars 30-31 16
books 17 . 37 knives 35
Bosworth , battle of 4,6
landowners 18, 36
can non 45 Latimer, Bishop 21
Catherine of Aragon 10 , 11 , 20 Leycester's Hospital 30
Catherine Howard 10 lute 37
Catherine Parr 10
MaryI 5, 10 , 20 -22
Cavendish , Thomas 52
Mary Queen of Scots 5, 42 -43 , 47, 49
chest , travelling 25
Middle Ages 4, 38
clothes 40 -41
monasteries 12 -13 , 17
Columbus , Christopher 44 , 52
More, Sir Thomas 5
Condover Hall 26
museums 51 , 56
crime 32 -33
Cromwell , Thomas 5, 12 peasants 18 , 19
37 Philip II, of Spain 20 , 44-47
dancing
Drake, Sir Francis 5, 44 , 52 places to visit 56
punishment 32-33
Edward VI 5 , 11 , 16-17 , 20
Elizabeth I 4 , 5, 22 -25, 30, 37 , 38 quills 17
40 -43 , 45, 46, 48, 49 Raleigh, Sir Walter 5, 53
coronation 22-23 Richard III 6
funeral 48-49 Ridley, Bishop 21
make -up 41 royal progress 24-25
tomb 49
sea dogs 44,45
Elvetham 25
Seymour, Jane 10, 11
food 34-35 , 52, 53 Shakespeare, William 5, 38, 39, 50
Fotheringhay Castle 43 ships 44 -46
Globe theatre 39 MaryRose 51 , 53
glossary 54 Simnel, Lamben 9
Grey, Lady Jane 5, 20 sports and pastimes 36-37
Stuart Period 4,49, 51
Hampton Court Palace 14
Henry VII 4, 6-9 , 40 theatres 38-39
coronation 6 time chart 4-5
deathmask 7 toothpick 35
Henry VIII 5. 9-1 7. 20 . 50 torture 32-33
court 15 towns 28 -29
wives 10-11 36
virginal
Hertford , Lord 25
honey 18 Warbeck, Perkin
hornbook 17 Wars of the Roses
26-27 Wolsey, Cardinal

55
- Places to visit
HOUSES. CASTLES and PALACES
Adlington Hall, Cheshire
Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Stratford-upon-Avon
Arreton Manar, lsle of Wight
Arundel Céistle, West Sussex
Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire
Bramhall Hall, Greater Manchester
Broughton Castle, Oxfordshire
Buckland Abbey, Devon
Burghley House, Cambridgeshire
Hampton Court Palace, London
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
J Hever Castle, Kent
Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh
Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire
Knole, Kent
Little Moreton Hall, Cheshire
Longleat, Wiltshire
Montecute House, Somerset
Penshurst Place, Kent
Speke Hall, Merseyside
Temple Newsam House, Leeds
Warwick Castle, Warwickshire
West Stow Hall, Sussex
Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire
Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire
MUSEUMS
British Museum, London
City Museum, Plymouth
Elizabethan House, Plymouth
London Museum
Merchant's House, Plymouth
Tower of London
Answer to objects on page 51 : The objects are arrow
holders for storing arrows. The hales held the arrows apart
so that their feather flights would not touch.

56
 History of Britain
List of titles in Series F895
The Romans The Stuarts
The Saxons The Georgians
and the N ormans The Victorian Age
The Middle Ages Into Modern Times
The Tudors 1901-1945

IS BN 1-85 54 3 - 009- 6

.-..-. ci-a
!.( . _,;;
1
HET 9 781855 430099