What is an ART?  Two flake tools dated about .

9 million years, the

 Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating oldest man-made object associated with the fossils of
visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), a proboscidean, a prehistoric elephant.
expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, Shell Bracelets and Pendants (Neolithic)
or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their  4854 BC Shells were fashioned into tools, as well as
beauty or emotional power. ornaments.
 Art is “human ingenuity in adapting natural things to  The oldest known ornaments made from cone shells
man’s use.” (Webster) were found in the early 1960’s in the grave of an
 Art comes from the Latin word “ars” which literally adult male in Duyong Cave in Palawan.
means skill method or technique. Lingling-o (2000 BC – 1000 AD)
 It is synonymous with skill, cunning, artifice, and  An ear pendant fashioned from green nephrite (jade)
craft, which all mean the faculty of what is devised. is the characteristic trait of the Early Metal Age.
Integrated Art  One of the finest jade ornaments found to date is the
 This practice refers to inter-disciplinary art, art double- headed pendant recovered from Duyong
research, development, production, presentation, or Cave, Palawan.
artistic creation of work that fully uses two or more Maitum Jar (Metal Age: 190 BC to 500 AD)
art disciplines to create a work for a specific  In 1991, the National Museum archaeological team
audience. discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in
Contemporary art Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani
 It is the art of today, produced in the second half of Province, Mindanao, Philippines.
the 20th century or in the 21st century. Contemporary Traditional Folk Dance
artists work in a globally influenced, culturally  An ancient art form that is still practiced today
diverse, and technologically advancing world.  Native Filipinos used dances to celebrate important
Why study art? events e.g. harvests, weddings
 Art is a Natural Human Behavior  Many traditional dance troops keep this ancient art
 Art is Communication alive.
 Art is Healing Music
 Art Tells Our Story  Another art form that pre-colonial indigenous
 Art is a Shared Experience Filipinos were accomplished in.
 Native cultures had their own distinct instruments
Functions of art and styles of music.
Personal or Individual Function Spanish Colonial Period
 Artists have their personal reasons for indulging in  Artistic paintings were introduced to the Filipinos in
art. the 16th century when the Spaniards arrived.
 These paintings were mainly focused on religious
Social Function themes as they were used as religious propaganda to
 Man is a social being and as such he associates with spread Catholicism.
his fellow beings.  The purpose of most paintings from the 16th -19th
Economic Function century were to aid the Catholic Church.
 Many people believe that it does not pay to be an Early 19th Century
artist. However, this belief is negated by these facts.  Wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more
Political Function secular art which in turn caused art to deviate from
 When Imelda Marcos, a patroness of the arts became the religious motifs
Governor of Metro Manila, she promoted her  Paintings are all about landscapes, Philippine
political programs by means of the arts. fashion, its inhabitants, etc.
Historical Function  In WWII, the subject of Filipino artworks focused on
 Paintings, sculptures, architectural works, and other the effects of war such as battles, destruction, and
art forms serve to record historical figures and events. suffering
Cultural Function Damian Gabor Domingo (1796-1834)
 Buildings, furniture (chairs, table, etc.), clothes, and  Father of Filipino Painting
the like form part of the country’s material culture  The 1st Filipino to paint his face (self-portrait)
Religious Function
 Founder of the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura, the
 Almost all, if not all, art forms evolved from religion. first school of drawing in the Philippines (1821)
People in olden times worshipped their Gods in the
form of songs and dances.
 Two Filipino Art Styles that were Developed during
Physical Function
the Spanish Period
 Houses and other buildings are constructed to protect 1. Miniaturismo
their occupants and all others inside them
 art style that pays attention to the
Aesthetic Function
embroidery and texture of the costume.
 Artworks serve to beautify
2. Letras y Figuras
 art style that fuses letters with figures in
Art History of the Philippines
every day activity amidst a common
Pre-Colonial Period
background.
Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)
 Usually used in painting a patron’s full name
Espinosa Ranch Site, Cagayan
American Colonial Period
(16000-8000 BC)
 Art Illustration
 Proof of earliest man’s presence
 Advertising
 recovered from a ranch site in Cagayan Province
  Commercial Design Contemporary Art
 Painting themes still largely favored Genre Paintings,  the work of artists who are living in the 21st century.
Landscapes and Still Life  mirrors contemporary culture and society, offering
 Portraits are reserved for high ranking officials with a the general audiences a rich resource through which
more academic approach to make the subject more to consider current ideas and rethink the familiar.
formal.  Has a dynamic combination of materials, methods,
Art Nouveau concepts, and subjects that challenges traditional
 also called style moderne boundaries and defies easy definition.
 characterized by simple, clean shapes, often with a  Diverse and eclectic, contemporary art is
“streamlined” look; ornament that is geometric or distinguished by the very lack of a uniform
stylized from representational forms; and unusually organizing principle, ideology, or – ism.
varied, often expensive materials  Forms of art that is produced in the present time. It
Fernando Amorsolo includes, and develops from, postmodern art, which
 A portraitist and painter of rural landscapes. is a successor to modern art.
 Best known for his craftsmanship and mastery in the Elements of Contemporary Arts
use of light. 1. Appropriation - is when an artist creates a new work of art
 Art styles: Impressionism, Luminism, Realism with by taking preexisting images from other sources and modifies
subjects inspired by Philippine genre and historical, and/or incorporates those images with new ones.
nudes and society portraits 2. Performance - refers to artwork created by or presented to
 First awardee of the National Artist Award in 1972 an audience.
Guillermo Tolentino 3. Hybridity - Artists use hybridity in their work through the
 National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973. blending of new or unusual materials with traditional
 "Father of Philippine Arts" mediums.
Works: 4. Space - Artists use space for creating the illusion of space or
depth upon a flat surface. They use the effects of one point
 "Bonifacio Monument" symbolizing Filipinos cry for
perspective and/or light and shadow to create this illusion—or
freedom
they may purposely distort these elements to make
 "The Oblation" in UP signifying academic freedom
abstractions.
Post Colonial Period
5. Technology - This is the usage of technology for creating
Modern art
and disseminating art.
 Characterized by the artist's intent to portray a subject
Art and Environment
as it exists in the world, according to his or her
 The varied topography of the Philippine (mountain,
unique perspective and is typified by a rejection of
lowlands and coastal lands) continue to influence the
accepted or traditional styles and values.
form of art that Filipino create
Philippine Modern Art
o Bahay Kubo – vernacular architecture
 Some Philippine art historians/critics has always been
adapted to the Philippine climate
a follower of the Western Art Style and its trends at
o Ifugao’s payo(rice terrace): become basis of
that point and thus, suggested that this was actually
their cultural identity ,the construction of
the point where Philippine Modern Art Period started
rice terrace was built with minimal
but went only full swing only after the war.
equipment, largely done by bare hand.
Philippine Post Modern Art
 Torogan
 The support of the Philippine Government for the arts
- Built by slaves for the king in seventeenth century.
via the creation of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines during 1969, gave a venue for all artist to They resides in the torogan, a huge, stately, towering
house, with a single large room. The house is more
experiment and explore different art mediums -Pop
Art, Installation Art, Performance Art than a residence, it is also used for official meetings,
social gatherings and religious rituals.
 Social realism became a heavy theme by most
Filipino Artist as a social commentary of the problem  Bahay na bato
brewing in the Philippine political and social - A building originating during the Philippines'
landscape. Spanish Colonial Period. It is an updated version of
the traditional bahay kubo.
Postmodern art  The Hagabi of the Ifugaos is a long wooden bench
 a body of art movements that sought to contradict placed under the eaves in the stone-paved yard that
some aspects of modernism or some aspects that surrounds the house.
emerged or developed in its aftermath.  Ivatan House is a unique vernacular architecture
 In general, movements such as intermedia, developed in the province of Batanes. The Ivatan of
installation art, conceptual art and multimedia, Batanes Islands build houses whose primary
particularly involving video are described as function is to protect them against typhoons.
postmodern Art and Spirituality
Philippine Contemporary Art (1980s to Present)  Art produced from the 16th to the 19th centuries was
 It was on the on-set of the sudden rise of personal predominantly religious in nature.
computers and new technology created a new art  These were done under the auspices of Catholic
medium for the arts and human expression. Church ,Such as retablos, furniture, wall painting,
 There were also countless revivals of old styles being bell casting, gold vessels and priestly vestments
done.  Filipino have created their own sense of faith and art
 This started a new direction for the arts thus, setting as shown by the prevalence of many folk religious
the name, momentarily, the Philippine Contemporary practices that lived today.
Period  Islamic faith predisposed Muslim art toward
Definition of Contemporary Arts ornamental designs since the Koran forbids
 anthropomorphic figures, but allow the following :  Filipino classical musical compositions in many ways
Borak ,naga and sarimanok. epitomize the blending of multicultural influences.
 Called okir by the Maranao and ukkil by the Tausug, The compositions often embody indigenous themes
traditional carving shares a number of designs, and rhythms in Western forms, such as symphonies,
although with distinct regional variations. One sonatas, and concertos.
common motif is called sarimanok by the Maranao  Traditional types of music are played on wind, string,
and manuk-manuk by the Tausug. and percussion instruments made from local
Art in everyday life materials. These include the kulibit, a zither with
 The practice of art in Philippines is strongly bamboo strings and tubular bamboo resonators;
characterized by its integration into everyday life of wooden lutes and guitars; and the git-git, a wooden
people .I.e. Clothing and accessories three-string bowed instrument.
Art and Technology  The Muslim peoples use these and other instruments
 Images for digital art contexts, Internet website and to play complex musical compositions that have been
computer-generated images on film passed by memory from generation to generation.
Art and Politics
 Art in the hands of the state can harness the The Elements of Art
resources of the government to impose its will The Ingredients for a Great Composition
 Art comes in danger of becoming a propaganda tool What are the elements of art?
by people with vested interest political issues which The Elements of Art are the “tools” that artists use to make art.
government does not address find expression in Line
various medium of protest.  A line is a path that a point takes through space.
 The color red has been widely used in protest art to Lines can be thick, thin, dotted or solid. They can
signify resistance and the need for societal change make straight movements, zig-zags, waves or curls.
An effigy is a representation of a specific person in the form of  They may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal.
sculpture or some other three-dimensional medium. Horizontal Lines are generally restful, like the horizon, where
Philippine Arts as Filipino the sky meets land.
 The arts of the Philippines reflect a society with Vertical lines seem to be reaching, so they may seem
diverse cultural influences and traditions. inspirational like tall majestic trees or church steeples.
 The Malayan peoples had early contact with traders Diagonal lines tend to be disturbing. They suggest decay or
who introduced Chinese and Indian influences. Most chaos like lightening or falling trees.
modern aspects of Philippine cultural life evolved  Lines can convey emotion as well. They may show
under the foreign rule of Spanish and the Americans. excitement, anger, calmness, tension, happiness and
 The cultural movements of Europe and the United many other feelings. Because of this, some are said to
States profoundly influenced Filipino artists, even be expressive.
after independence in 1946. Expressive Lines tend to be found in nature and are very
Literature organic.
 Developed orally in poetic and narrative forms. Other lines that are very measured, geometric, directional and
 Epic poems, legends, proverbs, songs, and riddles angular are called Constructive lines. They tend to appear to
 Passed from generation to generation through oral be man-made because of their precision.
recitation and incantation in the various languages Shape
and dialects of the islands.  Shape is created when a line becomes connected and
 The epics were the most complex of these early encloses space. It is the outline or outward
literary forms. One common theme of the epics is a appearance of something. Shapes are 2 Dimensional
hero who is aided by benevolent spirits. The epics (2-D) which means there are 2 ways they can be
that have survived are important records of the measured.
ancient customs of tribal society before the arrival of  You can measure its HEIGHT and its WIDTH.
Islam and Christianity. The 2 Types of Shapes
Art and Architecture Geometric shapes have smooth even edges and are
 During the Spanish colonial period, the art and measurable. They include the square, the circle, the triangle
architecture of the Philippines were strongly and the rectangle.
influenced by the Roman Catholic Church. Organic shapes have more complicated edges and are usually
 In the late 1920s Victorio Edades, an American- found in nature. Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc.
trained painter, infused modernism into the Form
Philippine art world. Many Philippine painters who  A form is a shape that has become 3- Dimensional (3-
were influenced by American and European D)
modernism also experimented with it to reflect  Form has HEIGHT, WIDTH and DEPTH--which
Philippine realities. is the 3rd dimension. Depth shows the thickness of the
 Sculpture took on secular themes in the early 1900s. object. Forms are NOT flat like shapes are!
The major Filipino sculptor of the American colonial Turning Shapes into Forms
period was Guillermo Tolentino, who trained in A triangle becomes a cone or a pyramid.
classical sculpture in Rome. A square becomes a cube.
 More recently, sculptors have tended to utilize ethnic A rectangle can become a box or a cylinder
artifacts and natural materials to produce assemblages In order to turn a circle into a sphere, you must shade it. You
with social themes. Tribal groups have preserved can’t add another side to it!
traditional art forms such as woodcarving, textile Value
weaving, bamboo and rattan weaving, and  Value is the lightness or darkness of a color. Value
metalsmithing. makes objects appear more real because it imitates
Music and Dance
 natural light. When showing value in a work of art, Cool colors are those that have Blues, Greens and Violets.
you will need a LIGHT SOURCE. Cool colors seem to recede (or go back into) an artwork.
 A light source is the place where the light is coming Texture
from, the darkest areas are always on the opposite  Texture is the way the surface of an object actually
side of the light. feels.
 In order to have a successful drawing, you will need In the artistic world, we refer to two types of texture---tactile
to show a full value range, which means that there and implied.
are very light areas, middle tones, and very dark Tactile (or Real) Texture is the way the surface of an object
areas. This is a way of giving a work of art Contrast. actually feels. Examples would be sandpaper, cotton balls, tree
Color bark, puppy fur, etc.
 Color can add interest and reality to artwork. The use Implied Texture is the way the surface of an object looks like
of a 12-step color wheel will help us understand color it feels. This is the type of texture that artists use when they
more effectively. When light is reflected through a draw and paint. Textures may look rough, fuzzy, gritty, or
prism, colors can be seen. These colors are: Red, scruffy, but can’t actually be felt.
Yellow, Orange, Green, Indigo, Blue and Violet Space
Color Wheel  Space is basically divided into 3 parts: Foreground,
 A long time ago, artists decided that these colors Middle Ground and Background
would be more useful to them if they were placed in a  Generally, the background area is considered to be
wheel fashion. This became known as the color the upper 1/3 of the picture plane. The middle
wheel. ground area is considered to be the middle 1/3 of the
There are 3 primary colors: Red, Yellow and Blue picture plane. The foreground area is considered to
These colors are primary for 2 reasons: be the lower 1/3 of the picture plane.
1. They can’t be mixed to be made  Space can be shallow or deep depending on what the
2. They make all the other colors on the color wheel artist wants to use. Shallow space is used when the
 When you mix 2 primary colors together, you get artist has objects very close to the viewer.
a secondary color. For example:  Deep Space may show objects up close but objects
Red and Yellow=Orange are shown far away too.
Red and Blue=Violet  Positive and Negative space is a way that an artwork
Yellow and Blue= Green is divided. When planning a work of art, both areas
 When you mix a primary and a secondary color must be examined so that they balance one another.
together you get an intermediate (or tertiary) Drawing items running off the page and zooming in
color. For example: on objects are ways to create visual interest within a
Red and Orange= Red-Orange work.
Yellow and Green=Yellow-Green  Positive space is the actual object(s) within the
Blue and Green=Blue-Green artwork.
Red and Violet=Red-Violet  Negative Space is the area in and around the objects.
Yellow and Orange=Yellow-Orange It is the “background” and it contributes to the work
Blue and Violet=Blue-Violet of art---you can’t have positive space without
Color Schemes negative space
 Color is divided into groups based on the way they  Perspective is also a way of showing space in a work
are placed on the color wheel: of art. Perspective is when the artist uses a vanishing
1. 3-4 colors “next-door-neighbors” to each other point on the horizon and then creates a sense of deep
creates an analogous color scheme. space by showing objects getting progressively
2. 2 colors that are directly opposite each other smaller as they get closer to the vanishing point.
(going across the center) creates a  Objects may overlap as well. When objects are
complimentary color scheme. overlapped it is obvious that enough space had to be
3. A Split-Complimentary color scheme is a in the picture to contain all the objects that have been
complimentary color and the two colors on either included
side of its compliment. Time and Motion
4. A Triadic color scheme uses 3 colors that are  Movement in the visual arts that can either be an
equally spaced apart on the color wheel. illusion or an actual motion.
5. When you use only one color plus its tints and o Illusion of movement – common in two-
shades, you are using a monochromatic color dimensional artworks
scheme o Actual motion – kinesthetic sculpture
A tint is a color plus white Painting
A shade is a color plus black • refers to the process of applying color on a flat
 Colors have temperatures surface
 Colors can convey emotion and feelings too. Forms of Painting
Have your ever felt “blue?” Easel Painting
Been “green’ with envy? • most common form of painting
Called a “yellow” coward? • applying color to a board or canvass
It is important that artists understand the effects of • meant to be framed and hanged on a wall
color when they are trying to get the viewers of their Mural
art to feel a particular way. • A huge wall-sized painting
Color Temperatures • In 1980, it is used to increase social awareness
Warm colors are those that have Reds, Yellows and Oranges. • Portable mural - created by using bold strokes in
Warm colors seem to advance (or come forward) in an applying bright colors on pieces of canvas
artwork. Telon Painting
 • a backdrop or background for the stage  Body painting art is a form of body art. Indeed, body
• used for komedya, sarswela and sinakulo painting art is usually associated with tattoo art.
• Telon was later reduced as a backdrop in a  Difference: body painting art is temporary and it lasts
photography studio only for several hours (unlike tattoos)
Jeepney and Calesa Painting  Body painting art has an extremely rich history.
Calesa  In ancient ages, tribes and their members used to
- Painted using one color paint the body with clay and other natural pigments
- Borders are decorated with geometric patterns, and this practice is still alive. It’s an inseparable part
repetitive patterns, and/or thin lines of tribalism culture.
Jeepney  Many indigenous groups use body painting as a form
- Evolved from calesa painting of expressing their own culture.
- Logo, number, or painting  Across the continent of Africa, the skin was, and still
- Subject matter ranges from landscapes to scenes from is, regarded as a blank canvas to be decorated in a
comic books variety of different ways. Body painting was
Collage traditionally used in many societies to signify a
- It is a technique of an art production, primarily used person's social status and religious beliefs.
in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an  The peoples of Oceania used paint to adorn their
assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new bodies for ceremonies and festive occasions.
whole.
 The designs and colors signified a person's sex, age,
- Involves combined images in a single artwork
social status, and wealth, among other things.
- Cutting and pasting materials such as paper, tin foil,
 Designs had religious, social, and diplomatic
and other relatively flat material onto a board or
meanings.
canvas
Themes of Painting
Sculpture
Genre painting
 Sculpture is three-dimensional art.
• Portrays people in daily activities
• Subjects include planting and harvesting rice, a  It is the art of making two- or three-dimensional
young woman singing, barong-barong representative or abstract forms, especially by
Cubism carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster.
 The definition of cubism is a movement in art that
General Kinds
began in France in 1907 that is characterized by the
Free-standing
use of geometric planes and shapes. Works of Pablo
 can independently stand in space with flat horizontal
Picasso that consist of interlocking shapes and
base
geometric planes are examples of cubism.
Relief
Historical painting
 no flat horizontal base
 depicts a scene from the past
 projected from a flat surface
 has a lesson concerning national values
Interiors  Low relief
 refers to painting of the space inside of a part of a  High relief
house or a building
 It reveals the social class of the family living in that
particular house and their traits
Landscapes
 portrays natural scenery or urban scenes
 mixed media is now used
 seascapes
Portraits
 refers to painting portraying one or more specific
individuals Types
 portrays the physical characteristics of the subject of Sculpture in Contemporary Setting
and seeks to show an understanding of that person’s Assemblage
character  is formed by putting together materials
Cesar Legaspi Kinetic sculpture
Nude  Sculpture in motion
 portrays the unclothed human figure  Moves with the winds or vibrates with the
 nude painting sessions are conducted in galleries surrounding air
Jose Joya Welded sculpture
Religious painting  Involves the process of connecting sheets of metal
 includes a lone religious image, lives of the saints, together by using acetylene or electric torch.
and scenes based from the Scriptures like the Nativity  Eduardo Castrillo
scene, and the Stations of the Cross. Use of glass
EF Cruz
 Ramon Orlina
G. Hulagno
Tables pieces, murals and sculptures which unified
Still life
into a framework
 depicts natural or man-made objects that form a
 Imelda Pilapil
composition in a natural setting
Used glass planes with irregular shapes and linear
Face and Body Painting
patterns
Symbolic sculpture
  Abdulmari Imao  Body adornment permanently engraved on the skin
 Okir design using a sharp instrument and plant dyes and ink.
 Sarimanok, sari-mosque, sari-okir, calligraphic  Serve as a type of clothing
sculpture  Drive away spirit
Other Visual Art Forms  Express social values and attributes
Advertising art Textile weaving
 Used if paid space or time in any media  Process of creating cloth by interweaving a series
Basketry parallel vertical threads with another series of
 Art of creating containers by weaving, plaiting or horizontal threads at right angles.
braiding materials
Bamboo art Architecture
 May be used for everyday purposes or for decorations  Architecture is considered to be one of the most
or ornaments functional branches of the visual arts.
Costumes  We can readily see architecture in our surroundings
 Garments, hairstyles, and accessories because architecture involves designing the form of a
Book design building while allowing the building to serve its
 Structuring and reproduction of bound pages that are function.
filled with text and/or images  Considered to be the “art to inhabit”.
Embroidery Francisco Mañosa
 Art of stitching ornaments on cloth by hand  Used local materials in designing homes and
Food art buildings.
 Packaging and/or presentation of food Forms of Contemporary Architecture
Furniture Domestics Buildings and Houses
 Decorative and functional objects found in buildings Apartment
and dwellings  A building composed of many residences called
 Muebles / kasangkapan units.
Komiks and editorial cartoon  Usually built in urban areas
 Involve illustration of stories or events  Condominiums (larger offshoots of apartment) were
 EC – single-frame illustration developed
 K- may use single or multiple frames Bahay na Bato
 Built in many areas during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Leaf art  Considered to be a residence of the wealthy.
 Used in religious rituals, food wrapping and a form of Barong-barong
modern artistic expression  Houses of the landless poor that are built on any land
Mat weaving or area.
 Art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats”  Found near esteros, riverbanks, and bayshores;
Metalcraft processes spaces along high walls, railroad tracks; spaces near
 Brass casting and blacksmithing – involves casting abandoned buildings, and garbage dumps; or any
and forging pieces of brass or bronze. vacant lot.
 Goldsmithing and silversmithing – involves the use  Some are build under bridges.
of gold and silver in creating objects and ornaments Bungalow
 Tinsmithing  A one-story house with a wide front porch and large
Paper art windows/
 Involves cutting, pasting, recycling, and/or  It may also have terrace, which may be roofed or not.
constructing of objects from paper Ethnic Houses
Personal ornaments Bahay Kubo
 Objects that are worn on the human body  Considered as an ethnic house of Christian peasant
Photography families living in the lowland areas.
 Process of producing images using a light sensitive  Typically owned by families belonging in low
chemical plate or film. income groups.
Pottery Houseboat
 General term for decorative and useful objects made  A boat that also serves as a dwelling.
from clay and set off at a high temperature  The Badjaos or Sama Laut typically reside in
Earthenware or Terracota houseboats.
- Made from clay and is usually fired at 1700-2 -2,100 One-and-a-Half Story House
F  Characterized by an upper level or story covering just
Stoneware a half of the lower level.
- Made from clay and feldspar  This may also become a split-level house if half of
- 2,220 – 2230 F the ground level is higher in such a way that it is
Porcelain halfway between the ground level and the upper
- Made from kaolin – special clay level.
- 2500-2700 F Split-level House
 Has two main levels: The lower level houses the
Printmaking kitchen, living and dining areas, while the upper has
 Transferring of images from a firm surface to a the bedrooms. These levels are separated by about
pliable surface half or less-than-half a story.
Tattoo art Tsalet
  Refers to a suburban house that has one story, a two- Protestant Churches
story house with living quarters on the upper level, or  Neogothic architectural style
an elevated one-story house. Iglesia ni Cristo Churches
 The term tsalet came from the term “chalet” which  Has a triangular arch that is lined with tall slender
refers to a peasant house in Switzerland that has towers.
upper levels jutting over the lower levels, a steep roof Movie House (Sinehan)
and decorated gable.  A place where people watch films or motion pictures.
Commercial Buildings Theatre (Teatro)
Market (Palengke)  A building intended for dance, musical, and theatrical
 A place or a building for buying and selling goods. presentations.
 Also referred to as tindahan, and tiyangge. Other Forms and Structures
 Nowadays, the palengke has evolved into the Fort (Kuta)
supermarket, which puts the wet market and the  Structures that are built to defend a community
grocery together in the same complex. against enemies.
 The mall, or galleria, is considered a more recent Lighthouse (Parola)
evolved form of the palengke. The mall refers to a  A structure built on an island, peninsula, or rock to
one-or multiple-story building or a square filled with ensure that ships will be able to pass through a
shops. narrow area safely.
Buildings that house banks, business offices, and factories  Cape Bojeador Lighthouse (Ilocos Norte)
 These buildings, especially those created during the Bridge (Tulay)
1950’s, have plain wall surfaces and large windows.  A horizontal structure that serves as a passageway
 These also have bold rectangular forms and clean between two areas separated (body of water, hollow
lines. area).
Government Buildings Two-Dimensional Media
Capitol (Kapitolyo) Compositions of 2D Artworks
 Building of the provincial government. • Surface (Paper, Canvas, Wood, Wall)
 Use columns and pediments in the exterior of the • Drawing Medium (pencil, chalk, charcoal), or Paints
buildings. (oil, acrylic, watercolor)
Town Hall (Munisipyo) Surface
 Building of the municipal government. Paper
 The offices of the mayor, the municipal council, the • Most popular surface used
municipal court and jail, and other important offices • An organic medium made from cellulose pulp
such as the municipal registrar’s office are located derived from wood, certain grasses and linen rags
here. • Kinds:
 There are some instances, however, when the • Laid Paper
municipal court and jail are housed in a separate o Suitable for sketching with pastel,
building called tribunal. charcoal, soft pencil
Public Buildings and Structures • Textured pastel, charcoal and craft paper
School (Eskwelahan) o Suitable for pastel, charcoal
 A place where young people are educated to become • Wove paper
productive members of the community. o Suitable for ink drawing and realist
 American-influenced pencil drawing
Kamalig • Rough grained paper
 The Tagalog term for a building used for storing o Favorite of watercolour artists
grain. o For heavy wash – the tiny pits
 Considered to be the most economically significant allows paint to pool
structure among the tribes in Northern Philippines. o For dry wash – it leaves tiny dots of
 Bahay kubo and nipa hut can be used as kamalig. white contributing to the
Masjid characteristic effect
 The masjid or mosque refers to a place of worship of • Medium paper
the Muslims. o It has fine grain which can look
 Tower (minaret), prayer niche (mihrab) the dome, subtle when shading with a
arches that are reinforced with pillars, and a pulpit sharpened pencil
(mimbar). • Smooth-Hot press
o This has been hot rolled or
Cemetery (Sementeryo) “pressed” to create a very smooth,
 A place where people bury the dead. flat surface.
 Kampo santo, pantyon, libingan o Hot-pressed – smooth
 Had small chapel and vaults or nichos. o Cold-pressed – moderate texture
Church (Simbahan) o Rough – most pronounced tooth
 A place of worship for a Christian congregation. Canvas
Roman Catholic Churches • Made of a closely woven, heavy cloth of cotton,
 Earthquake Baroque style hemp or linen
 San Sebastian (Manila) • Most ready-made canvass are already primed with
Aglipayan Churches acrylic gesso.
 An offshoot of the Roman Catholic Church o Gesso – term used for the initial coat applied
 Cathedral of the Holy Child (Manila) to a support before it is painted on
Wood
 • Hardboard - Good for: bold strokes, washes,
• A board or panel that is made from wood filling wide spaces, impasto.
• Advantage: it offers a more rigid surface that results - Can use edge for fine lines, straight
in less cracking in the paint edges and stripes.
• Kinds: - Long haired flat brushes are ideal
o Masonite for varnishing.
o Plywood o Bright
o Laminated Board - Flat with edges curved inward at
Wall tip, with shortish hairs.
• The wall should be carefully inspected for cracks, - Good for: short controlled strokes,
molds, dirt, wax, oil or grease. thick, heavy color.
• Clean the wall thoroughly with mild soap solution - Better for working up close rather
• Paint with acrylic primer to make sure that the paint than holding the brush at a distance
will stick to the wall from the canvas.
Medium o Filbert
• Charcoal - Flat and oval-shaped end with
o Vine charcoal is a long and thin charcoal stick medium to long hairs.
that is the result of burning grape vines in a kiln - Good for: blending, soft rounded
without air. edges like flower petals.
o Compressed charcoal (also referred as charcoal - This brush is sort of a combination
sticks) is shaped into a block or a stick. Intensity of the rounds (because they can be
of the shade is determined by hardness. The used for detail) and flat (because
amount of gum or wax binders used during the they can cover more space than
production process affects the hardness, softer round).
producing intensely black markings while firmer o Fan
leaves light markings. - Flat, spread hairs.
• Graphite - Good for: natural hairs are good for
o Graphite drawing pencils are an art medium smoothing, blending, and
specially designed for drawing, as opposed to the feathering. Synthetic hairs are
writing pencils that are in common use. They are better for textural effects, clouds,
made with graphite, which is also called black and leaves on trees. For acrylics,
lead or plumbago, mixed with clay. They come use strong and sturdy one,
rated by hardness: the more clay mixed with the otherwise the hairs will clump
graphite, the harder the pencil; the more graphite, when paint is added.
the softer. o Angular Flat (Shader)
o The higher the B number, the softer the lead and - Flat with angled hairs at end.
the softer the lead, the darker the line or tone. - Good for: curved strokes and filling
• Brush corners.
• Parts: - Can reach small areas with tip.
o bristles - also known as hairs. can be Also can be used to cover lots of
natural, synthetic, or combination of space, similar to flat brushes.
both o Detail Round
o ferrule - the silvery bit that connects the - Round, hairs shorter in length,
bristles with the handle shorter handle.
o crimp - the part of the ferrule that - Good for: details and short strokes.
secures it to the handle Holds more color than you might
o handle - usually made of wood or think!
acrylic Drawing and Painting
• Kinds: • Drawing and painting are two important ways that
o Round artists give visible form to their ideas and feelings.
- Good for: sketching, outlining, • They suggest daily experiences and observations.
detailed work, controlled washes, • Media (or mediums) are the tools that artists use to
filling in small areas. create works of art.
- Creates thin to thick lines - thin at o Dry Media – Those that are applied dry and
the tip, becoming wider the more include pencil, charcoal, crayon, chalk,
it’s pressed down. pastel, etc.
- Use with thinned paint rather than o Wet Media – Those media in which the
thick paint. coloring agent is suspended in a liquid and
o Pointed Round include ink, paints, etc.
- Narrower than the round EX: Van Gogh utilized wet media.
paintbrush. Drawing
- Has sharply pointed tip.  Drawing is the process of portraying an object, scene,
- Good for: fine details and lines, or form of decorative or symbolic meaning through
delicate areas, spotting and lines, shapes, values, and textures in one or more
retouching. colors.
o Flat  This process involves moving a pointed instrument
- Square end, with medium to long (pencil, etc. across a smooth surface, connecting lines
hairs. in order to create shapes and other objects.
  The most fundamental of art – everything bases from Basic Components of Paints
this!  Pigments – colored part of the paint
 People of all ages draw: small children with crayons  Binder – material that holds together the grains of
and students doodlings in notebooks – people make pigment and allows it to stick to the painting surface.
careers out of this!  Solvent – the liquid that controls the thickness or
 Prehistoric times – hieroglyphics on walls serve as art thinness of the paint.
and language. Kinds of Paint
 All drawings have a common purpose – to give form  Acrylic Paint
to an idea and express the artist’s feelings about it.  Oil
 Only in recent times have drawings been thought of  Watercolor
as a major art form.
 Drawing Materials
o Sketchbook Other Forms of 2-D Processes
o Graphite pencils Printmaking & Photography
o Erasers  Printmaking & Photography offer an artist the
o Pencil sharpener opportunity to create multiple images.
o Ruler  In printmaking, the artist does this by repeatedly
o Charcoal transferring an original design from one prepared
o Spray fixative surface to other surfaces.
o Portfolio  In photography, black-and-white or color images are
Kinds of Drawing first obtained with the use of light rather than pencil,
pen, or brush.
 Illustration Drawing
o These are drawings that are created to  Both printmaking and photography can then be
reproduced to serve specific purposes – one of these
represent the lay-out of a particular
is to accurately portray people, objects, and events in
document. They include all the basic details
newspapers, books, and magazines.
of the project concerned clearly stating its
Printmaking
purpose, style, size, color, character, and
effect.  Relief Printing, Intaglio, Lithography, and Screen
Printing
 Life Drawing
o Drawings that result from direct or real  Printing was discovered long ago when someone
realized that by pressing an inked surface of a raised
observations are life drawings. Life drawing,
design against another surface, a copy was made.
also known as still-life drawing or figure
drawing, portrays all the expressions that are  Chinese artists were printing with carved wooden
viewed by the artist and captured in the blocks over 1,000 years ago!
picture.  Possible 1st uses – repeated patterns on textiles, paper,
 Emotive Drawing and in order to create paper money.
o Similar to painting, emotive drawing  Printmaking did not develop in Europe until the 15th
century, in time to meet the growing demand for
emphasizes the exploration and expression
inexpensive religious pictures and playing cards.
of different emotions, feelings, and moods.
These are generally depicted in the form of a  Later, used to provide illustrations for books with
personality. moveable type.
 Perspective Drawing  This moveable type was invented by Johannes
o It is used by artists to create three- Gutenburg.
dimensional images on a two-dimensional  Made it possible to create pages of books by using
picture plane, such as paper. It represents the same metal type over and over.
space, distance, volume, light, surface Four Basic Printmaking Methods
planes, and scale, all viewed from a 1. Relief
particular eye-level. 2. Intaglio
Shading Techniques 3. Lithography
4. Screen Printing
 Types of Shading:
Relief Printing
o Hatching
 The image to be printed is raised from the
o Cross-Hatching
background.
o Stippling
 1st – The artist cut away the sections of a surface not
o Blending
meant to hold ink.
Painting
 2nd – The remaining raised portion is then covered
 One of the oldest and most important of the visual
with ink and becomes the printing surface.
arts.
 3rd – Paper is laid upon it, pressure applied, and the
 An artist creates a painting by arranging the art
ink is transferred to the paper.
elements on a flat surface in ways that are sometimes
 Printing with carved wooden blocks originated in
visually appealing, sometimes shocking or thought-
China and spread to Japan where it became a highly
provoking.
developed art form.
 Subjects depend on the time and place in which they
Intaglio
live.
 The reverse of Relief printing.
 Did you know that the oldest known paintings in the
 A process which ink is forced to fill lines cut into a
world are not of people, but of animals?
metal surface. The term means “cut into”.
 Paintings were found thousands of years ago in caves
 Two methods – etching and engraving
throughout the world.
  Etching A Bit of Venice (1894)
o 1st – A copper or zinc plate is first covered with a Ansel Adams
coating made of a mixture of beeswax, asphalt, Stieglitz urged Adams to continue where he was
and resin (ground). forced to leave off due to age and health.
o 2nd – The artist uses a fine needle to draw an Adams responded with thousands of photographs that
image through this protective coating. marked a career covering nearly a half a century.
o 3rd – When the plate is placed in acid, it bites or He photographed everything from the unsettling
etches the lines into the metal where the ground stillness of a New Mexico moonrise to the majesty of
has been removed. a Yosemite winter storm.
o 4th - The remaining ground is then removed, the Clearing Winter Storm, Yosemite Valley - 1944
plate inked, the unetched surface is cleaned, and Monolith, The Face Of Half Dome [1926]
damp paper is pressed onto the plate with a press. Imogen Cunningham
o This forces the paper into the inked grooves, Her work combines a sensitivity for simple forms and
transferring the image. a straightforward photographic technique.
She works closely to her subjects.
 Engraving
She was able to create an image that seems to pull
o In an engraving, the lines are cut directly into the
viewers into it.
metal plate with a burin (engraving tool).
Imogen became widely known for her portraits,
o The lines made in this way are more pronounced
flower images, and nudes. She worked as a
and clear than the fine lines produced by the
photographer until her death at the age of ninety-three
etching process.
in 1976.
o When the prints have been made, you can
Several of her photographs were published by her so
actually feel the lines of raised ink on etchings after her death.
and engravings. Man Ray
Lithography Created immediate photographic images by placing
 There is a printing process based on the principle that objects directly onto the light-sensitive paper and
grease and water do not mix. exposing them to light.
 It is the printmaking method in which the image to be This was an innovation like no other in photography.
printed is drawn on limestone, zinc, or aluminum This artist once dressed a crowd in white, set them
with a specialized greasy crayon. dancing on a white dance floor, and projected movies
 1st – When the drawing is completed, it is chemically on them.
treated with a nitric-acid solution. This makes the
sections that have not been drawn on resistant to the
printing ink.
 2nd - The surface is dampened with water and then
inked. The surface is dampened with water and then
inked. The greasy printing ink sticks to the equally
greasy crayoned areas but is repelled by the wet,
blank areas.
 3rd – The surface is covered with paper and run
through a press to transfer the image.
Screen Printing
 More recent
 In screen printing paint is forced through a screen
onto paper or fabric.
 1st - A stencil is placed on a silk or synthetic (man-
made) fabric screen stretched across a frame.
 2nd – The screen is placed on the printing surface, and
squeegee is used to force the ink through the porous
fabric in areas not covered by the stencil.
 A separate screen will need to be made if you are
using more than one color.
 Serigraph – A screen print that has been handmade
by an artist.
Photography
Appear everywhere – newspapers, magazines, and
books.
A technique of capturing optical images on light-
sensitive surfaces.
Artists can create powerful images that teach others
how to see, feel, and remember.
Albert Stieglitz
He used his talent and camera to place viewers on a
bridge spanning a canal in Venice.
The viewers can share a brief, magical moment in
time with the photographer.
He was married to Georgia O’Keeffe.
Works like this inspired other artists like Ansel
Adams.