LINUX OVERVIEW
Huy Nguyen
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Outline
l Overview of Unix System
l Basic Commands
l Relative & Absolute Path
l Redirect, Append and Pipe
l Permission
l Process Management
l Install Software
l Text Editor
l Foreground and Background Jobs
l Remote log in and File transfer
l Some tips
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Overview of Unix System
Kernel & Shell
l Unix/Linux is operating system
(OS).
User
l Unix system is described as kernel
& shell. input
l Kernel is a main program of Unix Shell
system. it controls hard wares,
CPU, memory, hard disk, network Kernel
card etc.
l Shell is an interface between user
and kernel. Shell interprets your
input as commands and pass them
to kernel.
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Unix Overview (cont.)
Multi-user & Multi-process
Many people can use one machine at the same time.
File & Process
Data, directory, process, hard disk etc (almost everything) are
expressed as a file.
Process is an running program identified by a unique id (PID).
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Unix Overview (cont.)
Directory Structure
l Files are put in a directory.
l All directories are in a hierarchical structure (tree structure).
l User can put and remove any directories on the tree.
l Top directory is “/”, which is called slash or root.
l Users have the own directory. (home directory)
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Unix Overview (cont.)
Directory Structure
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Unix Overview (cont.)
Important Directories
l /bin This contains files that are essential for correct operation
of the system. These are available for use by all users.
l /home This is where user home directories are stored.
l /var This directory is used to store files which change
frequently, and must be available to be written to.
l /etc Various system configuration files are stored here.
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Unix Overview (cont.)
Important Directories
l /dev This contains various devices as files, e.g. hard disk, CD-
ROM drive, etc.
l /sbin Binaries which are only expected to be used by the super
user.
l /tmp Temporary files.
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Unix Overview (cont.)
Normal user and Super user
l In Unix system, there is one special user for administrator, which
can do anything.
l This special user is called root or superuser.
Case Sensitivity
l Unix is case-sensitive.
l MYFILE.doc, Myfile.doc, mYfiLe.Doc are different.
Online Manual
l Unix has well-written online manuals.
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Basic Commands
How to run commands
l => Application => Accessories => Terminal
l When you log on Unix machine, you will see,
[someone]$
l One command consists of three parts, i.e. command name,
options, arguments.
Example:
[someone~]$ command-name optionA optionB argument1
argument2
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Basic Commands
How to run commands
l Between command name, options and arguments, space is
necessary.
l Opitions always start with “-”
l Example:
cd ..
ls –l .bashrc
mv fileA fileB
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Basic Commands
Commands
l ls show files in current position
l cd change directory
l cp copy file or directory
l mv move file or directory
l rm remove file or directory
l pwd show current position
l mkdir create directory
l touch create new blank file
l rmdir remove directory
l less, more, cat display file contents
l man display online manual
l vi open and edit file
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Basic Commands
l su switch user
l passwd change password
l useradd create new user account
l userdel delete user account
l mount mount file system
l umount unmount file system
l df show disk space usage
l shutdown reboot or turn off machine
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Basic Commands
1. Type following command
in your directory.
ls 3. In your home directory,
ls –a ls .bash_profile
ls –la cp .bash_profile sample.txt
ls -Fa less/more/cat sample.txt
2. Make a directory (note: to quit less, press “q”)
mkdir linux rm sample.txt
pwd
cd linux
pwd
4. Check disk space usage
cd df
pwd df -h
rmdir linux
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Relative & Absolute Path
l Path means a position in the directory tree.
l To express a path, you can use relative path or absolute
path.
l In relative path expression, the path is not defined uniquely,
depends on your current path.
l In absolute path expression, the path is defined uniquely,
does not depend on your current path.
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Relative Path
l Relative to your current location
. : your current location
.. : one directory above your current location
pwd: gives you your current location
l Example
ls ./linux : lists the content of the dir linux
ls ../../ : lists everything that is two dir higher
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Relative & Absolute Path
l Relative Path • Ablsoute Path
pwd cd
cd . mkdir mydir
pwd pwd
cd /Users/invite
cd ..
pwd
pwd
cd /Users
cd .. pwd
pwd cd /
cd pwd
cd /Users/invite
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cd ~/mydir
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Redirect, Append and Pipe
Redirect and append
l Output of command is displayed on screen.
l Using “>”, you can redirect the output from screen to a file.
l Using “>>” you can append the output to the bottom of the file.
Pipe
l Some commands require input from a file or other commands.
l Using “|”, you can use output from other command as input to
the command.
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Redirect, Append and Pipe
Commands
l head show first several lines and omit other lines.
l tail show last several lines and omit other lines.
tail -f /var/log/message
l grep search the content of files
grep 'tel4vn' * -R
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Redirect, Append and Pipe
l Use redirect
ls -all > test.txt
l Use append
ls -all >> test.txt
l Use pipe
ps -ef | grep python
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Permission
l All of files and directories have owner and permission.
l There are three types of permission, readable, writeable and
executable.
l Permissions are given to three kinds of group. owner, group
member and others.
Example:
ls -l .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 cnotred cnotred 191 Jan 4 13:11 .bash_profile
r:readable, w:writable, x: executable
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Permission
Command
l chmod change file mode, add or remove
permission
l chown change owner of the file
Example:
chmod a+w filename
add writable permission to all users
chmod o-x filename
remove executable permission from others
chmod a+x
Gives permission to the usser to execute a file
u: user (owner), g: group, o: others a: all
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Permission
l Check permission
ls –l .bash_profile
cp .bash_profile sample.txt
ls –l sample.txt
l Remove readable permission from all.
chmod a-r sample.txt
ls –l sample.txt
less sample.txt
l Add readable & writable permissions to file owner.
chmod u+rw sample.txt
ls –l sample.txt
less sample.txt
rm sample.txt
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Process Management
l Process is a unit of running program.
l Each process has some information, like process ID, owner,
priority, etc.
Example: Output of “top” command"
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Process Management
Commands
l kill Stop a program. The program is specified by process ID.
kill 1718
l killall Stop a program. The program is specified by command
name.
killall -9 mysqld
l ps -ef Show process status
l top Show system usage statistics
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Process Management
l Check your process.
ps
ps –u
l Check process of all users.
top (To quit top, press “q”)
ps –e
ps –ef
l Find your process.
ps –ef | grep cnotred
l Check all using ports.
netstat -ntulp
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Install Software
• ALWAYS update the repository first
• Ubuntu: apt-get update, apt-get upgrade
• CentOS: yum update
• From binary file:
• Ubuntu: dpkg -i package_name.deb
• CentOS: rpm -Uvh package_name.rpm
• By commands
• Ubuntu:
• apt-get update
• apt-get install package_name
• CentOS:
• yum update
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• yum -y install package_name
Install software
l From source
l MUST install some basic packages first:
- CentOS: yum -y install make bison bison-devel ncurses ncurses-
devel zlib zlib-devel openssl openssl-devel gnutls-devel gcc gcc-c+
+ kernel-devel flex which
- Ubuntu: apt-get install install build-essential g++ libncurses5-dev
flex bison
l Download:
- wget http://link_for_downloading_package
- svn checkout http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/trunk asterisk
- git clone git://git.freeswitch.org/freeswitch.git
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Install Software
• Extract:
• package_name.tar.gz → tar zxvf package_name.tar.gz
• package_name.tar.bz2 → tar jxvf package_name.tar.bz2
• package_name.zip → unzip package_name.zip
• Compile and install (read INSTALL or README file first)
• cd /path/package_source_file
• ./configure
• make
• make install
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Text Editor
vi
l Programs & configuration files are text file.
l There are some other popular text editors: nano, pico,
gedit ...
l Although they are very powerful and useful, it is also true that
they are complicated for beginners and difficult to learn.
l vi is an easy and simple alternative.
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Text Editor
l Basic commands (press ESC to switch to command mode)
- :wq → save and quit
- :q! → quit but not save
- /abc → search abc in that file, press n to see the next result, press N to go
back.
- :180 → jump to line with number 180
- Shift-g → jump to the end of file
- x → delete character at cursor location
- dd → delete one line at cursor location
- u → undo any change from that file
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Foreground and Background
l Running job has two modes, “foreground” and “background”
l If program is running as “background”,
the program keeps running even after your session was closed
l If program is running as “foreground”,
Ctrl-C stop program
Ctrl-Z let program background
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Foreground and Background
l To run programs in background mode, use “&”
[tel4vn@lappy]$ command &
l To get background job back into foreground mode, use “fg”
command.
[tel4vn@lappy]$ fg → check !!!!!
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Remote Login & File Transfer
l SSH:
l SSH server:
- Ubuntu: apt-get install openssh-server
- CentOS: yum -y install openssh
l SSH Clients:
- can use with some ssh clients: Putty (Windows), Pac(Linux)
- Ubuntu: apt-get install openssh-client
- CentOS: yum install openssh-clients
ssh 192.168.1.50
ssh root@192.168.1.50
• Filezilla
• Host: 192.168.1.50
• Username: tel4vn
• Password: Passw0rd
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• Port: 22
http://www.tel4vn.com/
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Monitor services
• Check:
l ps -ef | grep process_name
l netstat -ntulp
• Start: /etc/init.d/process_name start
• Stop: /etc/init.d/process_name stop
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Debug network problem
l Ping ip address
l If using Virtualbox: NAT or Bridge ?
l Check network configuration (if using desktop version, MUST
configure network on the GUI)
l Ping local ip address, then ping public ip address
l Ping domain
l Ping dns server ip address
l Check dns configuration
- vi /etc/resolv.conf
- vi /etc/hosts
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Set static ip address
l CentOS
l vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
l Configure as below:
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.50
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
HWADDR=.....
ONBOOT=yes
l Restart network: /etc/init.d/network restart
l Test: ping google.com
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Set static ip address(cont)
l Ubuntu
l vi /etc/network/interfaces
l Configure as below:
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.50
gateway 192.168.1.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
l Restart network
/etc/init.d/networking restart
l Test: ping google.com
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Check iptables
l iptables -L → check all current rules
l iptables-save >> /etc/rules.save → backup rules
l iptables-restore < /etc/rules.save → restore rules from file
l /etc/init.d/iptables start/stop → monitor service
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Set environment variables
l vi ~/.bashrc
l Add as below:
l PATH=$PATH:/path_to_where_application_is/bin
l export PATH
l source ~/.bashrc
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Reference
l http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/
l http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/
linux_for_beginners_index.html
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THE END
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