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University of Salahaddin College of Engineering Software & Informatics Dep

The document provides an overview of computer architecture and microprocessor components from a lecture on the topic. It defines a computer and its main parts, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. It describes the CPU as having a program control unit, execution unit, and registers for temporary data storage. It also outlines the memory hierarchy from cache to main memory. Input and output units are covered as well as the role of buses in transferring data and instructions.

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Zayto Saeed
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77 views26 pages

University of Salahaddin College of Engineering Software & Informatics Dep

The document provides an overview of computer architecture and microprocessor components from a lecture on the topic. It defines a computer and its main parts, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. It describes the CPU as having a program control unit, execution unit, and registers for temporary data storage. It also outlines the memory hierarchy from cache to main memory. Input and output units are covered as well as the role of buses in transferring data and instructions.

Uploaded by

Zayto Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Salahaddin

College of Engineering
Software & Informatics Dep.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
2 N D S TA G E

A S S I S TA N T L E C T U R E R : E S I L S E M I R K H U R S H E D

[Lec1]
2020 – 2019
Definition of a Computer
• A computer is a data processing machine
which is operated automatically under the
control of a list of instructions stored in its
main memory.
A computer System
• A computer system consists of a computer
and its peripherals.
• Computer peripherals include input devices,
output devices, and secondary memory.
Micro processor Architecture
• A computer system has three main component
 CPU
 Memory
 I/O device

• The main internal H/W feature of a computer system are:


 The processor
 Memory (ROM, RAM,..)
 Registers

• External H/W feature are


 I/O device such as (Keyboard, printer, scanner,…..)

• Software :
 Operating system
 Program and data file stored on disk
A. Central Processor Unit [CPU] :
• Central processor unit consists of two basic
blocks :
 The program control unit has a set of registers
and control circuit to generate control signals.
 The execution unit or data processing unit
contains a set of registers for storing data and an
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) for execution of
arithmetic and logical operations.

In addition, CPU may have some additional registers


for temporary storage of data.
Input Unit
• With the help of input unit data from outside
can be supplied to the computer.
• Program or data is read into main storage
from input device or secondary storage under
the control of CPU input instruction.
• Example of input devices: Keyboard, Mouse,
scanner, etc.
Output Unit
• With the help of output unit computer results
can be provided to the user or it can be stored
in storage device permanently for future use.

• Output data from main storage go to output


device under the control of CPU output
instructions.

• Example of output devices: Printer, Monitor,


Plotter, etc.
Memory Unit
• Memory unit is used to store the data and
program. CPU can work with the information
stored in memory unit.
• This memory unit is termed as primary memory
or main memory.
• There are two types of semiconductor memories

● Volatile Memory : RAM (Random Access


Memory).
● Non-Volatile Memory : ROM (Read only
Memory).
Registers
• Are temporary storage locations in the
microprocessor which store very small
amount of data and instructions for short
period of time. Used to speed up the
processor operations.

• A register may hold an instruction, a storage


address, or any kind of data (such as a bit
sequence or individual characters).
Cache memory
Is a high speed random access memory, directly
integrated with the CPU.

It stores the data most used by the CPU, making


the access for this information faster than in
the computer’s main memory, and therefore
increasing our program’s speed.
• Level 1 cache is very small (usually between 2
and 64 KB).
• Level 2 cache typically resides on a memory
card located near the CPU. Depending on the
CPU, its size is between 256 KB to 2
megabytes. Some of the inexpensive
computers don’t have a Level 2 cache, but the
high performance ones have their level 2
cache built into the CPU chip itself.
• Level 3 cache feeds our Level 2, it is typically
slower than the second one, but still faster
than main memory.
Memory Hierarchy
Inside the computer
Introduction to Microprocessor
• The microprocessor is one of the most
important components of a digital computer.
• It acts as the brain of the computer system.
• It is the controlling element in a computer
system that controls memory and I/O through
a series of connections called buses.
• Sometimes, microprocessor is written as µP
and referred to as the CPU .
The Microprocessor
• The microprocessor performs three main tasks
for the computer system:

• Data transfer between itself and the memory


or I/O system.
• Arithmetic and logic operations
• Controls the flow of information.
History of Microprocessor
• The first microprocessor was developed at Intel company in 1971.
• 4004: (1971)
 4-bit microprocessor. (4- bit wide memory location nibble)
 4Kb main memory.
 45 instructions.
 50 KIPs (Kilo instruction per second )
 main problem (disadvantages) : (low speed, word width , memory size)

• 8008: (1972)
 8-bit version of 4004. (8- bit wide memory location byte)
 16KB main memory.
 48 instructions.
 also 50 KIPs.

 main problem:
o small memory size
o slow speed time to execute one instruction 20μs
o limited instruction set
• Table1 lists the early and modern Intel microprocessor.
Buses
• In the microprocessor based computer system,
there are three types of buses:
 Address bus
 Data bus
 Control bus

• They are a group of wires that interconnect the


components of the computer system.

• They transfer address, data, and control


information between the microprocessor and its
memory or I\O systems.
Address bus

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