Panthera Leo Panthera

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LION

The lion (Panthera leo) is a species in the family Felidae and a member of


the genus Panthera. It is most recognisable for its muscular, deep-chested body,
short, rounded head, round ears, and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It
is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions have a prominent mane. With a typical head-
to-body length of 184–208 cm (72–82 in) they are larger than females at 160–184 cm
(63–72 in). It is a social species, forming groups called prides. A lion pride
consists of a few adult males, related females and cubs. Groups of female lions
usually hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. The lion is
an apex and keystone predator; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur
and have been known to hunt humans, the species typically does not.
Typically, the lion inhabits grasslands and savannas, but is absent in dense forests.
It is usually more diurnal than other big cats, but when persecuted it adapts to
being active at night and at twilight. In the Pleistocene, the lion ranged throughout
Eurasia, Africa and North America, but today it has been reduced to fragmented
populations in sub-Saharan Africa and one critically endangered population in western
India. It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1996 because
populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s.
Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause
of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are
the greatest causes for concern.
One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been
extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in
contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept in menageries since the time
of the Roman Empire and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoological
gardens across the world since the late 18th century. Cultural depictions of
lions were prominent in the Upper Paleolithic period; carvings and paintings from
the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France have been dated to 17,000 years ago, and
depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures that
coincided with the lion's former and current ranges.

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