Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education

Vol. II, Issue No. II, October - 2011, ISSN 2230-7540

Kanthapura: An Analysis on the Conceptual

Background of Raja Rao’s Novel

Lakshmi G
Lecturer, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Barely, UP

Abstract – This paper manages the issues that exude with Raja Rao's treatment of the fundamentally western idea
of "history" in the novel, Kanthapura. What's more how different topics of the novel are contextualized in a
particular thought standard to pronounce the presence of a historical continuum of which the novel is a part. This
thought of history presents itself as a counter rambling methodology to the West and in the meantime transforms
an association with it. The "Oriental" idea of history is something that has been truly not quite the same as its
western counterpart. It is a history, that is to say which is "living" and it is this rendition of history that the creator
endeavors to propose in a fundamentally western manifestation of literary works. In the purview of post
colonialist times it is fundamental to note that the "Orientalist" variant of history standing contradictory to its
Western counterpart has frequently been termed as 'non-history' or the 'Other'. Raja Rao utilizes certain systems
to place his content inside the Indian historical continuum; the 'sthala-purana' and weaves a legendary structure
through which we see the current changes in Indian political scenario. The paper tries to evaluate how through
the strategies for utilizing dialect, characterization, content, and account style and even the microcosmic setting,
the creator makes a broadened in-betweenness in the novel.

This is the first novel of Raja Rao and from numerous points of view his absolute best also fulfilling work. It was
composed in France many miles away from India but then it gives a most realistic, vivid and reasonable record of
the Gandhian opportunity battle in the 1930s and its effect on the masses of India.

The time of activity is 1930 and the scene of movement is Kanthapura, a normal South Indian village on the slants
of the Western Ghats. Moorthy, the focal figure, is a youthful man instructed in the city. He is a staunch Gandhi
man and the Gandhian Civil Disobedience development results in these present circumstances remote detached
village when Moorthy originates from the city with the message of the Mahatma. He goes from way to entryway
even in the Pariah quarter of the village and clarifies to the villagers the hugeness of Mahatma Gandhi's battle for
autonomy. He rouses them to take to charka - turning and weaving their own particular fabric. Before long the
Congress Committee is structured in Kanthapura. Reputation material is carried from the city and unreservedly
coursed in the village. A volunteer corps is structured and the volunteers are prepared and taught as with the goal
that they may remain non - vicious in the substance of government suppression. In this undertaking of arranging
the opportunity battle in Kanthapura, he is aided by Ratna, a junior woman, of progressive and edified
perspectives and Patel Range Gowda, the Sardar Patel of the village.

---------------------------♦----------------------------

INTRODUCTION such an affirmation lies conceivably the unsaid comment

that the history of India is maybe overall. Raja Rao's
Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore commented that The Kanthapura is an endeavor to endure that historical
Mahabharata is not a history composed by a singular or genealogy.
an antiquarian. Anyway it is the self-designed history of a
whole race .The impact of the epics on the awareness of The noteworthiness of history in the desultory studies, and
Raja Rao is unquestionably decently archived (Rao, particularly postcolonial studies, lies in the up to date
"Books Which Have Influenced Me", Illustrated Weekly, sources of historical study itself, and the circumstances by
1963, 45).also in this connection we can emphasize the which "History" tackled itself a mantle of a discipline. For
proclamation made by Charuchandra Basu in his Preface the development of history in European thought is
to The Dhammapada, that, in India, no samples of coterminous to the approach of frontier extension and its
European history might be discovered and copartners the detailing of the obscure as the "Other" and the consequent
history of Europe as being the history of movement. In addition of the non-European world. It found in history a

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Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education
Vol. II, Issue No. II, October - 2011, ISSN 2230-7540

noticeable, if not "the" conspicuous apparatus for the effort Sickle and Untouchable, and none, of these did he take
of control over the subject. The well-known Foucauldian the unmistakably sentimentalizing type of K.s
researcher, Edward Said in his Orientalism, uncovered Venkataramani's Kandan the Patriot. Both these authors
how this meets expectations. In this work he contends express the western appalling hints by putting a character
how a content implying to hold information about in brave battle against the persuasions of sociological
something can make learning as well as the precise powers which are out to eliminate him. Raja Rao rather,
actuality they seem to depict. Said says that over the span puts his novel in a little village like Kanthapura, whereby
of time this learning fashions out what Foucault terms as talking about its kin he endeavors to concede them a
'discourse', whose historical and material weight impacts honest to goodness put in the history of the flexibility
the writings generated out of it. The shrouded plan that development in India. He endeavours to provide for them
fashions this is the exact demonstration of terminology of a voice, generally denied by the joined together weight of
another world. To name a world is to claim it, and to the battle's sainted symbols.
possess it is to control it, characterize it, its past and its
personality in your terms; with you as the core. In Kanthapura Mahatma Gandhi is depicted as an image
both of godliness and actuality. He is the incarnation of
Raja Rao in his novel Kanthapura (1938) makes an Krishna (Mohandas truly signifying 'servant of Krishna')
endeavor and one must say a really great one to diagram and might thus battle the evil presences and free the
something of this sort. He utilizes the western abstract Indians from the yoke of the British standard. Likewise
manifestation of the novel and breakers it with Indian Gandhi discovers his spot as a statesman and his
outflows and sensibilities and charts a progress of the standards discover place even in simply socio-economic
regularly Indian novel which might depict the Indian feeling setting. Gandhi lectures the turning of the yarn and if the
of history and thus a different Indian personality. Raja Rao turning happens the cash that is sifted to Britain will be
was one of the soonest of the Indian novelists to affirm held in India for the poor and the exposed. This dualism of
that the "Indianness" of his written work ought to make for mentality records for the presence of Gandhi in the in the
a commonly Indian content as well as a typically Indian middle of space of a dominating statesman who fashions a
structure also. As he himself says: "The Indian novel must nationalistic discourse and additionally as a God like
be epic in structure and mystical in nature. It can just have legendary figure existing since time immemorial in one
story inside story to show all stories are just illustrations" structure or other in the awareness. Mythologizing Gandhi
(Rao, "India's quest for articulation toward oneself", The as both Rama and Krishna in Kanthapura makes him a
Times Literary Supplement, 1962). It is unmistakably fanciful saint.
something that Raja Rao himself certifies at the exact
outset of the novel, in its presently just as well known BACKGROUND
Foreword.
Kanthapura is a novel managing the effect of the
The decision of Achakka is critical. Raja Rao utilizes the Gandhian flexibility battle on a remote South Indian village
universal and informal type of 'story told by the grandma' of that name and what happens in Kanthapura was going
which in real actuality represents the significant wellspring on all over India in those blending years from 1919 to
of the legends learning for generally Indians. In light of the 1931 of the Gandhian non- savage, non - co - operation
Puranic style its story strategy is dependent upon development for the freedom of the nation. Gandhi does
universal routines. Composed from the perspective of "I" not stage a particular presentation in the novel however he
as the witness storyteller, it gives a feeling of sensible is always show out of sight and at each venture there are
believability to the overall legendary accounts. Achakka is references to vital occasions of the day, for example, the
a straightforward old village lady with significant memorable Dandi March and the contravening of the Salt
intelligence. It is she who like Eliot's Tiresias has fore- Law. Thus for the better comprehension of the novel it is
endured all. She weaves the at various times, Gods and vital to structure an acceptable thought of the essential
men in her story. political and social occasions joined with the Indian
flexibility battle.
The figure of speech that favours Raja Rao for this reason
for existing is blending the true with the legendary perfect. India's battle for freedom from the pilgrim principle of the
Social change carried to this sleeping village as Gandhi's British retreats to the war of 1857 which was released by
Satyagraha battle carries the village out of its apathy into the Britishers as a minor revolt. The fight for India's
frenzied activity and shakes it to its roots. In portraying the opportunity proceeded to be battled on the social and
intricacies of the flexibility battle the novelist most sensibly economic fronts. Social reformers worked unendingly for
and aesthetically catches the social milieu of India the annihilation of social shades of malice like kid -
throughout the times of 1919-1930. Raja Rao completed marriage, Sati, untouchability, "purdha" framework and the
not accompany any semblance of Mulk Raj Anand's socio- misuse also sick - medication of widows. They pursued a
reasonable style as exemplified by The Sword and the steady war against absence of education, superstition,

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Vol. II, Issue No. II, October - 2011, ISSN 2230-7540

blind confidence and universality. They highlighted the completely forthright like an elephant and is spoken of as
crushing neediness of the Indian masses that were being "our Gandhi", "the Saint of our Village".
rendered poorer as an aftereffect of the economic abuse
from their outside rulers. It appears that the effect of Gandhi's temperament has
converted him from a basic village fellow, into a youthful
In 1885, the Indian National Congress was established by man fit for administration furthermore the self - reparation
an Englishman, A. O. Hume. Indians like Surendra Nath and dedication which authority involves. Of course, he has
Banerjee, Feroze Shah Mehta, Dadabhai Nowrosjee and never come into individual contact with Gandhi.
numerous others voiced the Indian interest for 'home run
the show'. These pioneers were direct in their outlook as Moorthy was in school when he felt the full compel of
they were attentive to the great which their contact with Gandhi and he went out of it, a Gandhi - man. From the
the Britishers had done to them in realizing a political and time we reach him in the start of the novel to the exact
social recovery in the nation. The division in the general closure of the book, Moorthy is roosted at the top in his
population of the party was recognizable at the Surat austere quality and his ability for movement comes as
Session of the Congress in 1907. The Extremists headed
by Tilak besieged the Moderates and the session split up a shock in a visionary parsimonious quality and in a
in disarray. The Congress stayed under the administration visionary like Moorthy.
of the Moderates from 1907 to 1917.
2. Ratna, the Progressive Widow : Ratna is an adolescent
Indian masses are profoundly religious thus religion was widow. She turned into a widow when she was barely
unreservedly misused by Indian loyalists all through the fifteen years of age. She is engaging and enchanting as is
opportunity battle. The religious estimations of the clear from the consideration which Moorthy pays to her.
provincial people were completely abused by Tilak by There is simply a clue of a love - issue between the two.
presenting Ganesh celebration and Shivaji Jayanti However their adoration and loving for each different has
celebrations in Maharashtra and ingraining in them mettle, not been legitimately created and thus the novel needs in
patriotism, discipline and solidarity. Physical exhibitions, love - interest.
enthusiastic and religious melodies, kathas and ditties
were recounted on an extensive scale, bringing about a Ratna is a youthful instructed lady of progressive
feeling of pride in the great and commendable past of perspectives. In spite of the fact that she is a widow she
India. It may be specified that religion is utilized within this doesn't dress and live in a tried and true style of a widow.
quite route in the novel. There were presentations of She wears bangles; hued sarees (and not the white dhoti
Kathas and holding of Harikathas and celebrations of a widow) utilizes the kumkum check on her brow and
everywhere throughout the country. It was under the parts her hair like a courtesan, as Waterfall Venkamma
appearance of a parade of Ganapati that the individuals of puts it. She is likewise strong and witty in discussion and
Kanthapura attempt to make great their break. Religion can stand her ground against substantial chances. She is
had significant impact in the Indian battle for freedom thus quite reprimanded for her capricious ways however she
it does in the novel. couldn't care less for such feedback. She picks her own
particular way and sticks to it with solidness and
DEPICTION IN KANTHAPURA determination.

1. Moorthy, the Village Gandhi: Moorthy or Moorthappa is 3. Patel Range Gowda, the Tiger of the Village : Range
an taught adolescent man of Kanthapura. It is he who Gowda is the Patel of Kanthapura and all things
arranges the work of the Congress in the village and considered an administration servant. He, too, is a Gandhi
consequently he is the focal figure in the novel. He doesn't man and a staunch supporter of Moorthy. He tosses all his
ha anything brave about him nor would he be able to be weight and power in his support and is of a extensive
known as the saint of the novel. He is a conventional assistance to him in arranging the Congress work in
junior man, with basic human shortcomings. He is a many Kanthapura.
junior men who were propelled by Mahatma Gandhi to
4. Bhatta, the First Brahmin: Bhatta, the first Brahmin, is
surrender their studies, hazard the anger of the legislature
the inverse of Moorthy - the operator of the British
and get to be warriors for the reason for their country.
government, allied with the Swami in the city and meets
He is circumspect and deferential is evident from the expectations incessantly to baffle and thrashing the
warm path in which he is alluded to by the individuals of Gandhi development. In the event that whatsoever there is
Kanthapura. He is called "Corner - House Moorthy", "our any scoundrel in the novel, it is he.
Moorthy". Moorthy who has experienced life "like a
5. Bade Khan, the Policeman: Bade Khan, the Policeman,
respectable bovine, calm, liberal, deferent, Brahminic and
with his long whiskers, is an image of the British Raj. He is
is an extremely sovereign." He is acknowledged to be
the image of the British vicinity in Kanthapura. It is his

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obligation to keep up lawfulness and put down the Gandhi and what happens in Kanthapura under the impact of the
development and it may be said to his credit that he Gandhian non - violent non – cooperation movement was
performs his obligation faithfully and truly. The Gandhites happening all over India, in the lakhs and lakhs of Indian
may think as of him a reprobate yet judged impartially, he villages during those stirring days from 1919 - 1930 when
is a faithful Government servant performing his obligation Gandhi transformed the entire nation in a single lifetime
in every situation. He may be an instrument of the remote into an army of disciplined and non - violent freedom
Government yet it might not be right to reject him as a fighters. There were at least three strands in the Gandhian
cutthroat beast of fiendishness. movement - the political, the religious and the social
(including economic) and the three have been woven
7. The Swami : The Swami exists in the city. He stays out inextricably into the complex story of the regeneration of
of sight. Like Mahatma Gandhi he never shows up on the Kanthapura as a result of the freedom struggle. It is not
scene. He is a standard Brahmin, thin and traditionalist in merely a political novel but a novel concerned as much
his perspectives. He is a double crosser to the reason for with the social, religious and economic transformation of
the opportunity of India. He is in the pay of the British the people as with the struggle for political freedom.
government. He has accepted twelve hundred sections of
land of wet area from the Government. So he is a willing Kanthapura, is an obscure, out of the way, slumbering
numbskull of the Britishers. Allied with Bhatta, he tries his South Indian village. This obscure village, slumbering for
hardest to annihilation the flexibility battle in Kanthapura. It centuries, suddenly comes to life thanks to the non -
is he who suspends Moorthy for "the Pariah business" and violent, non - cooperation movement of Mahatma Gandhi
therefore is in a roundabout way answerable for the in the twenties. It is in the handling of this theme that the
passing of his mother who is unable to manage the stun. novelist quickens it to activity and thus gives us an insight
into the appalling social conditions of our villages as also
8. Advocate Sankar : Sankar, the promoter, is a staunch into the values that have preserved our people against
devotee of Mahatma Gandhi. He puts stock in his flood, fire, famine and exploitation from within and from
standards of truth and non - viciousness and tries to take without - and more than all, that incomparable manner in
after in his strides. He is a correct loyalist and tries his which Mahatma Gandhi tapped the deeply religious and
hardest for the reason for flexibility. He wears Khadi and spiritual resources of our people living in the remotest
does not head off to capacities where individuals come parts of India and built up a national movement in one life -
wearing dresses made of outside material. The point when time.
Gandhi is captured and sent to correctional facility, he
keeps quick with Gandhi. He accepts that fasting is a But it is no political novel any more than was Gandhi's
method of self - cleansing. It provides for him otherworldly movement a mere political movement and pictures so
quality also enlightenment. He adores truth and does not vividly, truthfully and touchingly the story of the resurgence
embrace false cases. of India under Gandhi's leadership: its religious character,
its economic and social concerns, its political ideals,
Striking and valiant, he is not perplexed about the precisely in the way Mahatma Gandhi tried to spiritualize
Government and consumes the defence of Moorthy, when politics, the capacity for sacrifice of our people in response
he is captured and attempted in the city courts. He is to the call of one like Gandhi - not the spectacular sacrifice
respectable, liberal and kind - hearted. The point when his of the few chosen ones who later became India's rulers -
first wife bites the dust, he does not wed a second time. but the officially unchronicled, little, nameless,
He recalls his wife and respects it a sin to wed once more. unremembered acts of courage and sacrifice of peasants
and farm hands, students and lawyers, women and old
9. Narsamma : She is the old widowed mother of Moorthy. men, thanks to whom Gandhi's unique experiment
She is customary and traditionalist unable to comprehend gathered momentum and grew into a national movement.
the significances of the Gandhi - development and the
respectable work in which her child is locked in. She has Kanthapura has rightly been called a Gandhi - epic for it
an incredible affection for her child and has high any conveys the very spirit of those stirring days when a single
desires for a splendid profession for him. Her trusts and individual in a single life - time could so enthuse the
dreams are smashed when he joins the opportunity people and so transform the entire nation. The readers
development. She is truly stunned and her emotions are feel the charisma of his personality but the great Mahatma
seriously stung the point when Moorthy is ex - conveyed himself does never appear on the scene. He remains in
by the Swami for the "Untouchable business". the background but his presence is always felt through the
transformation he is causing in Kanthapura and in every
KANTHAPURA AS A GANDHI – EGENDARY other village of India, for Kanthapura is but a microcosm of
the macrocosm.
Kanthapura is a great village novel but it is greater still as
a novel depicting the impact of the Gandhian freedom ART AND STRATEGY OF NARRATION IN
struggle on the life of a remote and obscure Indian village
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KANTHAPURA flexibility.

Raja Rao's Kanthapura is a triumph of account RELEVANCE OF THE TITLE KANTHAPURA

symbolization. It is flawlessly suited to the closures he
needed to accomplish. Raja Rao has been famously The title of the novel should be apt and suggestive. Just
fruitful notwithstanding the troubles of the undertaking. He as a sign board tells us of the contents of a shop so a
succeeded in carrying into his compass a stunning good title should indicate the contents of the novel. The
measure of heterogeneous material and still get up and go title 'Kanthapura' is apt and suggestive because the novel
quickly towards the close he had as a main priority. is about a South Indian village named Kanthapura and if
there is any hero in the novel it is the people and the
The portrayal is clear and sequential; there is no community of the village named Kanthapura.
retrograde and forward development as in a stream of
cognizant novel. The story has not been described by the The novel opens with an account of the situation, the
novelist himself yet by a persona, (envisioned character) locale, of the village. We are told in the very beginning that
called Achakka. Achakka is an old grandma that most Kanthapura is a village in Mysore in the Province of Kara.
antiquated of story - tellers. She had been generally It is situated in the valley of Himavathy; there it lies "curled
included in the occasions which structure the substance of up like a child on its mother's lap". This single image
the novel and she describes them years after the fact for makes the village spring into life and the readers are able
the profit of another - comer. In this manner the substance to visualize it as it lies sheltered and secluded like a child
of the novel is made up of the stream of her memory, in in its mother's lap. It has four and twenty houses in the
which numerous occasions and characters have been Brahmin quarter; it has a Pariah - quarter, a Weavers' -
obscured by the progression of time and numerous others quarter and a Sudra - quarter.
have been increased by her creative energy. She is a lady
with an adjusted personality, sound regular sense and the These socio - economic divisions in a village which has in
endowment of smart and clever perception. Her all sixty or hundred houses, at once strikes one with its
disposition colors the entire non - participation novelty. In this way, by telling us of the various quarters
development, the fearless safety of the individuals and into which the village is divided, the novelist has
their ensuing enduring. All is recalled and described by a highlighted the fact that the Indian villages are caste -
gullibility which is not the creator's yet the narrator's. ridden and that there is no free mixing of the people even
in the small and limited community of a village.
The storyteller in this way gives a helpful perspective,
however she is never pointedly individualized. We don't Having described the village, the novelist comes to the
know anything about her past the truth that she is a widow people. There is a Postmaster Suryanarayana with his two
who has now nobody with the exception of Seemu (who - storeyed house. Patwari Nanjundiah who had even put
might be her child or grandson) and has seven sections of glass - panes to the windows; the thotti - house of pock -
land of wet area and twelve sections of land of dry area. marked Sidda, which had a big veranda, large roof and a
This numerical exactness is again intended to pass on the granary; Waterfall Venkamma, who roared day and night
straightforwardness of the lifestyle where a man's property and Zamindar Bhatta, who has gone on adding peasants
is measured not regarding cash however as far as steers lands to his own domain; the young, idealistic corner -
and area. Her capacity is agent and her quality lies in house Moorthy, who is destined to shake the village out of
being nameless. She is just one of the numerous ladies of its complacency and put it on the map of Mysore and
Kanthapura who reacted to the call of the Mahatma, India; and the nine - beamed house of Patel Range
passed on through Moorthy. Her confidence in the Gowda, the vigorous peasant chief of the village wedded
goddess Kenchamma, her admiration for the nearby to the soil from immemorial generations. It is obvious he
researcher Rangamma, her unchallenged fondness for knows them just as well but if he does not individualize
Moorthy and her confide in him, all these emotions she them it is obviously because he doesn't like to crowd his
imparts to other ladies of the village. No quality is provided canvas. Thus we are told of the people, their poverty, their
for her that takes away from her agent nature. ignorance and their petty jealousies. The villagers are
depicted in their realistic colors. Their names are made
The story specialty of Raja Rao is the novel's delegated descriptive in nature - it is a typical rural way. For instance:
appeal. Achakka's gossipy deviations and circumlocutions Bent legged Chandrayya, Cardamom - field
are in the aged Indian custom of story - telling. Along Ramachandra, Coffee – planter Ramayya, Corner - house
these lines the happenings in a remote, dark, out of the Moorthy etc.
way village are converted into a Gandhian or Gandhi -
epic. Along these lines, as opposed to remaining an CONCLUSION
insignificant sthala - purana or territorial novel, Kanthapura
procures the sizes of an epic - the epic of India's battle for This research has dealt with the novel, Kanthapura, which
is a microcosm of what was happening during the freedom
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struggle movement in the nation. Though it tells about a

remote Indian village, Kanthapura, it is representative of
all the villages in India. Every village had at least one
Moorthy inspired by the golden influence of Mahatma
Gandhi. People were giving in their whole - hearted
contributions for the mass movement of freedom struggle.
They had their own sets of victories and failures in the
movement. Also the freedom struggle had united the
diverse variety of Indian people, irrespective of their
differences, to move towards a common aim of attaining
freedom which in itself was an achievement. So though
Kanthapura is a piece of fiction, it realistically represents
the contemporary Indian situation.

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 Dayal. P. Raja Rao: A Study Of His Novels. New

Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1991.

 Priyamvada. Gopal, The Indian English Novel:

Nation, History, and Narration. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2009. Print.

 Rao, Raja ‘India’s search for self-expression’, The

Times Literary Supplement, August 10, 1962.

 Rao, Raja. Kanthapura 24th Reprint. New Delhi:

Orient Paperbacks, 2008.

 Raja Rao, “Kanthapura,” Oxford University Press,

Madras, 1938.

 Ray, Mohit K. Ed. The Atlantic Companion to

Literature in English. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers &
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 Sekhar, Ajay S. Representing the Margin: Caste

and Gender in Indian Fiction. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications,
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 Sharma, Kaushal. Raja Rao: A Study of His

Themes and Technique. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2005.
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 Tagore, Rabindranath. Nationalism. New Delhi:

Macmillan, 2001.

 Rao, Raja. ‘Books Which Have Influenced Me’,

Illustrated Weekly of India, Bombay: 10 Feb. 1963.

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