DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

CONSTRUCTION OF 33/220KV POOLING SUB-STATION

LAHAL
(RAVI BASIN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM)

Project Implementing H.P. Power

Agency: Transmission Corporation
Ltd.
Corporate Office : Barowalias House, Khalini,
Shimla-171002( HP), India
 CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 Acknowledgement 1
2 Declaration 2
3 Abstract 3-4
4 Project report at glance 5-6
5 Project Report 7-11
6 Salient features of the project 12-19
7 Project Management 20-21
8 Means of finance and project budget 22-24
9 Risk Analysis 25-26
10 Annexure 26
11 Civil works subjected to project 27-46
12 Soil Testing 47-49
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As per university syllabus, I have to take summer training at an industry
or company. I take training at LARSEN & TOUBRO (L&T) Lahal,
Chamba. It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly
or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who
influenced my thinking, behaviour and acts during the training. I express
my sincere gratitude to Mr. Snehashish (Project Manager), for providing
me an opportunity to undergo summer training at L&T.

Great appreciation goes to Mr.Tripathi (Senior engineer) who helps me

from time to time during the project. I am thankful to Mr. Chandermohan
Tripathi (Site engineer) for his support, cooperation and motivation
provided to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and
blessings. The supervision and support that he gave truly help in the
progression and smoothness of the internship program. The cooperation
is much indeed appreciated. I also extend my sincere appreciation to my
faculty members (Civil Engineering Department) who provided there
valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project
report. I am also very thankful to the labour who gives me a lot of
practical knowledge regarding the work.

Besides this training program makes me realized the value of working

together as a team and as a new experience in working environment
which challenges me every minute. Lastly, I would like to thanks the
almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with
whom I shared my day to day experience and received lots of
suggestions that improved my quality of work.
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled at “GIS substation”
submitted to the IEC University Baddi, is a record of an original work
done by me under the guidance of Mr. Chandermohan Tripathi Site
engineer at L&T Lahal and this project work is submitted in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering. The results embodied in this thesis
have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the
award of any degree or diploma.
 ABSTRACT
ABOUT THE COMPANY
Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is an Indian multi-
national conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. It was founded by two
Danish engineers named Henning Holck–Larsen and Soren Kristian
Toubro in 1938. The company has business interests in engineering,
construction, manufacturing goods, information technology and financial
services worldwide.

ABOUT THE PROJECT

The Power Transmission and Distribution business of LARSEN &
TOUBRO has taken an order from the Himachal Pradesh Transmission
Corporation Ltd for the design, engineering, supply and construction of a
400/220/33kv gas insulated switchgear at Lahal in the Chamba District
of Himachal Pradesh. The project involves commissioning of 400kv and
220kv GIS switchgear, 220/400kv autotransformers, control relay
panels, substation control system, fibre optic terminal equipment,
auxiliary power system, construction of GIS and construction of the
control room along with other associated civil works.

Report
A cost estimate amounting to ` 67.40 Crore has been framed to cover the
cost of construction of 220/33KV Pooling Substation Lahal under financial
assistance from ADB.
The work will be executed under the supervision of DGM
(Projects) HPPTCL, Shimla.
 ALLOCATION SHEET

S. No. Description Details

1 Year 2013-14

2 State Himachal Pradesh

3 Name of unit HPPTCL Transmission Division

Chamba
4 Name of work Construction of 220/33KV Pooling
Substation Lahal
5 Major Head ADB

6 Supervision Sr. Manager, HPPTCL Division

Chamba
7 Estimated cost `. 67.40 Crore

TABLE 1.1
 CHAPTER: 1
1.1 PROJECT REPORT AT A GLANCE
S.No. Details Description

1. Project Name: HP Transmission Master Plan.

2. State: Himachal Pradesh.

3. Project H.P. Power Transmission Corporation

Implementation Ltd.
Utility:

4. Project : Construction of 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV

Pooling Substation Lahal

5. Approvals:

Internal Approval: This scheme is approved by Board of

Directors of HPPTCL on

Government
Approval:

6. Project Starting 01.04 .2013

date:

Project 24 Months
Completion date:

7. Total Cost of `. 67.40 Crore

Project:

80% Debt Portion: `. 53.92 Crores

20 % Equity `. 13.48 Crores

Portion:
8. Budget provisions: This project would be constructed on
80:20 ratio of Debt: Equity. 80 % Debt
portion of the total estimated cost is
planned to be funded by Asian
Development Bank and 20 % Equity
portion of total estimated cost will be
funded by Government of Himachal
Pradesh (GoHP). Equity portion of the
fund would be made available to
HPPTCL through the budget provision
of GoHP.

9. Issue requiring 1. To issue gazette notification for

simultaneous erection of new lines as per Indian
action: Electricity Rules.
2. To seek permission of all concerned
agencies for carrying out work.

TABLE 1.2
 CHAPTER: 2
2.1 PROJECT REPORT
2.1.1 Scope of the Project:
Transmission Systems covered under this Detailed Project Report is
estimated to be amounting to ` 67.40 Crores. The Transmission project
to be implemented under this report would be in major river basin of
Himachal Pradesh namely Ravi Basin. The details of Project are as
under:

Project: Construction of 1x50/63 MVA, 220/33KV Pooling Substation

Lahal

2.1.2 Objectives
This project is being constructed to evacuate 65.8 MW of power from
various Small HEP’s in Bharmour area of Ravi basin which have been
awarded to various IPP’s by HP Govt by the year 2014. Keeping in view
the upcoming of these projects in Bharmour area of Ravi river basin in
Himachal Pradesh, HPPTCL is intending to construct Integrated
Transmission System in the area due to the limited corridors availability
and as such too many circuits cannot be constructed. Total available
potential from Small HEPs in the Bharmour area is about 65.8 MW
which will be evacuated by pooling it at 33KV and then stepping up to
220KV by construction of proposed 1x50/63MVA, 33/220KV substation
at Lahal in the first instance. This 65.8 MW of power will be further
evacuated by constructing envisaged 220KV Lahal- Budhil Line (Single
ZEBRA) where it will terminate at 220KV Budhil power house
Switchyard and from there to the Regional grid PGCIL sub station
Rajera through existing IPP/PGCIL network.. This arrangement takes
care of reliability and redundancy in the system to evacuate power in
case of outage of any transmission line because of unforeseen
conditions.
2.1.3 Introduction
(Proposal, Brief Note, Justification & Recommendation)
S.No. Details of Sub-station

Project

1. Proposal: : Construction of 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV

Pooling Substation Lahal

Brief Note: The construction of 1x50/63MVA, 33/220 Lahal

sub station will evacuate about 65.8 MW pooled in power
from various Small HEPs in Ravi Basin. This sub station will
be connected to 220KV Budhil power house Switchyard
through the 220KV Lahal-Budhil line and from there to the
Regional grid PGCIL sub station Rajera through existing
IPP/PGCIL network. The construction of 1x50/63MVA,
33/220 Lahal sub station is proposed to be financed by ADB

Justification: To cater to overall generation capacity of App.

65.8 MW to be evacuated in Ravi river basin in Bharmour
area and to save the corridor it is proposed to evacuate this
power through a D/C 220 KV line with twin moose conductor
so that Circuit outage contingency is taken care of although
tower outage contingency is not being met. Accordingly
1x50/63MVA, 33/220KV Sub station at Lahal is proposed.
This proposal will be able to cater to the envisaged power
capacity in the valley along with the additional capacity to be
installed through Himurja. As Himachal Pradesh is
predominantly hilly state and availability of land for substation
is limited, GIS is proposed in place of conventional AIS
substation which will reduce cost of development of land and
civil works which forms a major part of capital cost in hilly
terrain.

2. Recommendation: SHEP’s having an aggregate capacity of

33 MW are expected to be commissioned during the 4th
quarter of the year 2013-14 and this is the only evacuation
system to evacuate the power from this Power Station,
hence this system needs to be in place by the time the Power
 House is commissioned. Accordingly, it is recommended that
this project is sanctioned.

TABLE 2.1

2.1.4 Salient features of the scheme

For 1x50/63 MVA, 220/33KV Pooling Substation Lahal
The following has been envisaged in this Sub-station:

(a) 1 No. 50/63MVA, 33/220 KV Transformers (Justification

provided above).
(b) Bus configuration for Sub-station will be double bus scheme
both for 220KV and 33KV levels with the provision of Bus
coupler and having latest Substation Automation and
SCADA.
Note: SLD of Substation enclosed as Annexure – 4

2.1.5 Salient features of the construction:

i) 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV Substation Lahal

1. The land for the substation has been identified and the formalities are
being completed and is likely to be acquired by HPPTCL in the current
financial year 2012-13.

2. The control room shall accommodate all the bay modules as per the
scope.

3. Earth mat will be designed as per finite element analysis.

4. The substation has been designed with SCADA and automation

system as per latest practices and standards.

2.1.6 Challenges:

Present transmission system of H.P. Power Transmission Corporation

Ltd and HPSEBL, in Himachal Pradesh, is not sufficient to evacuate the

power generated from upcoming HEPs awarded to Individual power

producers/ developers from State sector in Ravi river basin of Himachal
Pradesh. Keeping in view the above, HPPTCL envisaged constructing a
new transmission system for Bharmour area for power evacuation from
generating stations of IPP’s in Ravi Basin.

The other major issue was of the financial viability and tariff model of
these projects. The capital cost for these projects are high because of
the difficult terrains. Considering the front loading of the tariff, it may be
on higher side, but levelised tariff for these projects are well within the
optimum limit. Similarly, the tariff model of these projects has been ring
fenced from the existing transmission network of HPPTCL and
apportionment of the tariff for inter-linked transmission asset would be
determined as per the applicable regulations issued by appropriate
Regulatory Commission/ Government body.

IPPs have agreed to mutually pool their power at 33/220 KV level for its
further evacuation through 220 kV and 400KV proposed Intrastate
Transmission system of HPPTCL.

Recovery of the transmission tariff will be from the generating

companies, and Transmission Service Agreement is being finalized and
soon it would be executed between HPPTCL and Generators. It is
mutually decided that Generating Companies would be paying Annual
Transmission Charges to HPPTCL as the beneficiaries for these
generating stations are yet to be finalized. Therefore, cash flow in
HPPTCL for constructing and recovery of the transmission charges does
not pose any apprehension.

2.1.7 Benefits:
i).Tangible – Tangible cost benefit analysis has been done on the basis
of Financial Internal Rate of Return. For FIRR, cash inflow has been
done on the basis of Annual Fixed Charges. Annual Fixed Charges has
been calculated based on the present Regulations of HPERC. Further,
cost benefit analysis for this project has been done basin wise and not
individual projects wise. The details of recovery of Transmission
Charges on Pooled basis from the Long Term Open Access Customers
are enclosed as Annexure – 13.

For the calculation of the tangible cost benefit analysis sheets are
enclosed as:
Annexure – 11: AFC calculation of Project 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV
Substation Lahal.

Annexure – 12: FIRR calculation of Project 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV

Substation Lahal..

ii) Intangible Benefits – Intangible benefit from the construction of this

project would be in the local economy of the state. With inflow of funds
the local economy will improve resulting in the overall quality of life as
schooling, jobs and health facility would also improve in this tribal area.
With proper utilization of the funds this can be a win-win proposition for
HPPTCL and local ecology of the area.

2.1.8 Budget provision with provision for draw down of funds:

These projects would be executed on 80:20 ratio of Debt: Equity ratio.
80 % Debt portion of the total estimated cost is proposed to be financed
by Asian Development Bank (ADB) and 20 % Equity portion of total
estimated cost will be funded by Government of Himachal Pradesh
(GoHP). Equity portion of the fund would be made available to HPPTCL
through the budget provision of GoHP. This has been proposed keeping
in view that ADB does not fund the cost of Land, forestation and
Establishment to be incurred on the project.

Draw down of funds has been considered as 40% in first year and 60%
in second year. IDC has been calculated based on the above draw
down of funds.

2.1.9 Procedure of procurement and award:

Procedure of procurement is by International Competitive Bidding (ICB).
This is facilitated by one stage two packets process. First packet is
about the pre-qualifying conditions & technical bid and second packet is
about financial bid. Based on the qualification of bidders on pre-
qualifications and technical bids, the tender is awarded to successful
bidder based on financial quote.

Single line diagrams of 1x50/63 MVA, 220/33KV Substation Lahal is

enclosed as Annexure-4.

Bar Chart showing the activities of the Project Planning and

Implementation is enclosed as Annexure – 3

 CHAPTER: 3
3.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS
HPPTCL has in-house developed infrastructure/software capabilities and
computer aided facilities for planning and Design of transmission
system. Before planning a transmission system, various system studies
like load flow, stability, Short-circuit etc. have been undertaken keeping
in view the existing system, present and future load requirements and
the most optimal transmission system either associated with generation
projects or Grid strengthening projects and the system is evolved with
bare minimum redundancy required. Further, Design studies are
undertaken for selection of major system and equipment parameters for
transmission system up to 220 kV level. The system and equipment
parameters are chosen keeping in view the present trend in technology.
The conductors are selected such that the losses in them due to internal
resistance as well as due to external effects are bare minimum. The bus
bar materials and the clamps and connectors are chosen meeting the
stringent international requirements so that there is least loss of energy
in them. The transformers and other switchgears are also suitably
selected and evaluated before award itself for most efficient operation
from thermal and loss efficiency point of view. The energy thus saved is
energy transmitted to the beneficiaries. This is a major step in energy
conservation as the energy saved on account of losses is construed as
energy generated. Also type of terrain, i.e. snow bound, hilly, forest
stretch etc. likely to be encountered has been taken into consideration
while estimating the quantities.

3.2 Scope of work

Transmission System for Construction 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV

Substation Lahal.

Substation: 1x50/63MVA, 220/33KV Substation Lahal.

220KV Bays

Line Bays : 1
Bus Coupler : 1
Bus Sectionalize : 0
Transformer Bays : 1

33KV Bays

Line Bays : 0
Bus Coupler : 1
Bus Sectionalize : 0
Transformer Bays : 1

3.3 Target Beneficiaries: The target beneficiaries of this project are the
constituent states of Northern Regions. The above substation is
constructed for evacuation of Power from various small HEPs of various
capacities in Ravi Valley mainly.

3.4 Project Strategy: Being a State Transmission System project, the

project is being constructed after consultation with CEA for the
evacuation of power from state sector and private sector projects
undertaken for execution. The transfer of power to the beneficially will be
finalized after the finalization of open access applications.

3.5 Legal Framework: It is proposed to execute the above transmission

scheme as per provisions contained in the Indian Electricity Act, 2003
and the rules made there-under and the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1910
and 1948, in so far as these are applicable.

3.6 Technology Features

Salient features of 220 kV substation equipment & facilities

The design and specification of substation equipment are to be

governed by the following factors:

Insulation Coordination: 33KV & 220 KV systems would be designed

to limit the Switching over voltages to 2.5p.u. in 5 cycles. Consistent with
these values and protective levels provided by lightning arrestors, the
following insulation levels are proposed to be adopted for 33KV & 220
kV systems:

33KV 220KV

a. Impulse withstand voltage for 170KVp

1050KVp
 Transformer and reactorsfor other equipment 170KVp
1050KVp

b. Switching surge withstand voltage - -

c. Minimum creep age distance 1300mm 5125mm
d. Max. fault current 40KA 40KA
e. Duration of fault 1 Sec. 1sec.
f. Corona extinction voltage - 155KV rms
To control the steady state, transient and dynamic over voltages to
specified levels, compensation equipment shall be provided.

Steady State Stability: The Steady State Stability is the ability of a

system, to return/remain in the state of equilibrium when subjected to
small or gradual changes of disturbances. The steady state stability limit
is the maximum power that can flow through some lines in the system
when the entire or part of the system to which the stability limit refers is
subjected to a small disturbance without loss of its stability. The steady
state stability is usually quantified by measuring the relative angular
displacement (also called as swing curve) between the two buses
(nodes) in a network when a small disturbance is applied somewhere
into the system.

In an integrated power system consisting of large number of generator,

load and line etc. a maximum relative angular separation of about 30
deg. between the two buses may be assumed to be acceptable (safest)
limit for maintaining the steady state stability of the system. Angular
separation for different alternative have been studied and found to be in
order.

Switching Schemes

The following switching schemes have been considered

33KV Double Bus Bar system 220KV Double Bus Bar system

Substation Equipment

The switchgear shall be designed and specified to withstand

operating conditions and duty requirements.
Power Transformer: Power transformers shall be outdoor type with
both HV and LV sides SF6/Oil interface in general. These transformers
shall generally have OLTC, the range and requirement of which shall be
finalized based on the system requirement. The air core reactance shall
be of the order of 20%. Tertiary windings shall be provided for large auto
transformers which shall be capable of being loaded to one third of
transformer loading. Insulation level of tertiary winding shall not be less
than maximum transferred surge from HV/MV winding to tertiary winding.

Circuit Breaker: Circuits breakers shall be with the GIS module in

general comply with IEC 52271-100 & IEC-50594 and shall be of SF6
type. The rated break time shall not exceed 50ms for 33KV and 50ms for
245KV circuit breakers. Circuit Breakers shall be provided with single
phase and three phase auto re-closing. The circuit breakers controlling
220KV lines wherever required shall be provided with pre insertion
closing resistor of about 400 ohms with 8ms insertion time. The short
line fault capacity shall be as the rated capacity and this is proposed to
be achieved without use of opening resistors.

Isolators: The isolators with one switch and two switch shall be with the
GIS module comply to IEC 52271-102 in general. Isolators shall be
motor operated. Earth switches are provided at various locations to
facilitate maintenance. Main blades and earth blades shall be interlocked
and interlock shall be fail safe type. All earth switches shall be motor
operated type.

Current Transformers: Current transformers will be with the GIS

module shall comply to IEC 50044-1 in general. All ratios shall be
obtained by secondary taps. Current transformers shall have five
secondary for 220KV. The burden and knee point voltage shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the system including possible feeds
for telemetry.

Voltage Transformers: Capacitive Voltage transformers shall be

outdoor type and VT will be with the GIS bus module comply to IEC
50044-2 in general. These shall have three secondary out of which two
shall be used for protection and one for metering. Accuracy class for
protection core shall be 3 P and for metering core shall be 0.2. The
voltage transformers on lines shall be suitable for Carrier Coupling. The
Capacitance of CVT shall be 4400/8800pF depending on PLCC
requirements.

Surge Arrestors: Station class current limiting, heavy duty gapless type
surge arresters will be A/S type conforming to IEC 50099-4 in general
shall be provided. The rated voltage of surge arrester and other
characteristics are chosen in accordance with system requirements.
Surge arresters shall be provided near line entrances, so as to achieve
proper insulation coordination. These shall be fitted with pressure relief
devices and diverting ports suitable for preventing shattering of porcelain
housing providing path for the flow of rated currents in the event of
arrestor’s failure.

Substation Support Facilities: Certain facilities required for operation

& maintenance of substations as described below shall be provided with
in the substation.

AC & DC power supplies: For catering to the requirements of three

phase & single phase AC supply and DC supply for various substation
equipments the following arrangement is envisaged:

i. For LT supply, at new substation, 1 nos. 250KVA 33/0.4KV

LT transformer shall be connected to HPSEBL supply
system.
ii. 2 nos. batteries of 220V of 500AH for control & protection
and 1 no. 300AH 50V battery for PLCC would be provided at
new substation. Each battery would have a boost and trickle
charger.
iii. Suitable AC & DC distribution boards and associated LT
switchgear would be provided at new substations.
iv. In new substations, one no. 100KVA outdoor silent type DG
set shall be provided.

Fire Fighting System: For Auto Power transformer the fire protection
system shall be Nitrogen injection fire prevention & extinguishing system
and protection system for indoor control room and GIS room will be
portable type.

Lighting & Communication: Adequate normal & emergency AC & DC

lighting shall be provided in the control room of the substation. The
switchyards shall also be provided with adequate lighting. A telephone
exchange of 24 lines shall be provided at new substations as means of
effective communication between various buildings of the substation.

Control Room: There will be 220KV GIS cum control room building that
will have AC, DC distribution room battery & charger room, PLCC, SAs
system and offices. There will be separate one GIS room for 33KV
substation.

3.7 Protection & Control

3.7.1 Protective Relaying System: The protective relaying system

proposed to be provided for transmission lines, auto-transforms and bus
bars to minimize the damage to the equipments in the events of faults
and abnormal conditions, is dealt in this section.

Transmission Lines: 220KV lines shall have protection as three zone

distance type with carrier aided inter-tripping feature. 220KV line shall
also be provided with two stages over voltage protection.Further, 220KV
line shall be provided with single and three phase auto re-closing facility
to allow re-closing of circuit breakers in case of transient faults. These
lines shall also be provided with distance to fault locators to identify the
location of fault on transmission lines.

Auto Transformer: These shall have the following protections:

i. Differential protection
ii. Restricted earth fault protection
iii. Over-current and earth fault protection on HV/MV side
iv. Over fluxing protection
v. Overload alarm.

Besides these Power transformers shall have BUCHOLZ relay,

protection against high oil and winding temperature and pressure relief
device.

3.7.2 Bus bar Protection: The high speed bus bar differential protection
which is essential to minimize the damage and maintain system stability
at the time of bus bar faults shall be provide for 33KV & 220KV buses.
Bus bar protection scheme shall be such that it operates selectively for
each bus and incorporate necessary features required for ensuring
security. The scheme shall have the provision for future expansion. For
existing substations, the existing bus bar protection shall be augmented
wherever required.

3.7.3 Local Breaker Back up Protection: This shall be provided for

each 33KV & 220KV breaker and will be connected to de-energize the
affected stuck breaker from both sides.

Time synchronization equipment: Time synchronization equipment

complete in all respect including antenna, cable, processing equipment
required to receive time signal through GPS of from National Physical
Laboratory (NPL) through INSAT shall be provided.

Substation Automation System: The functions of control,

annunciation, disturbance recording, event logging and measurement of
electrical parameters shall be integrated in Substation Automation
System. The Automation System shall be provided with the facility of
communication at control centre and remote center operation. In existing
substations where substation automation is not provided, control
functions shall be done through control panels.

PLCC: Power line carrier communication (PLCC) equipment complete

for speech transmission, line protections, and data channels shall be
provided on each 220KV transmission line. The protections for
transmission line and the line compensating equipment shall have
hundred percent back up communication channels. The PLCC
equipment shall in brief include the following:

Coupling device, line traps, carrier terminals, protection couplers, HF

cables, trunk selectors, automatic exchange and maintenance & testing
instruments.

Coupling devices shall be suitable for 4400/8800pF for 220KV CVTs for
phase to phase coupling. The pass band of coupling devices shall have
sufficient margin for adding communication channel in future if required
Necessary protection devices for the safety of personnel and low voltage
part against power frequency voltages and transient over voltage shall
also be provided. The line traps shall be broad band tuned suitable for
blocking the complete range of carrier frequencies.

Line Trap shall have the necessary protective devices such as lighting
arresters for the protection of tuning device and shall be equipped with
corona rings. The carrier terminals shall be of single side-band (SSB)
amplitude modulation (AM) type and shall have 4 KHz band width.
Decoupling network consisting of line traps and coupling capacitors may
also be required at certain substation in case of extreme frequency
congestion.

Control Concept: All EHV Circuit Breaker shall be controlled and

synchronized from a centralized control center/remote control center.

Township: In a substation, township Quarters of different categories like

Type I, II, III, & Type IV are provided. The township is generally provided
within the substation area. Some temporary stores/warehousing are
proposed to be constructed for storing substation materials, prepared by
contractor. Detail engineering and construction drawing shall be of the
project. Other facilities of Substation Township like roads, water supply,
sewer line, telephone lines, electricity supply etc. are provided as per the
requirement of the project. The provision of Quarters & or the future
expansion is also considered in the township estimates. Details are
enclosed as Annexure – 10.

The Seismic Zone: The construction of the colony and control room
depends upon the seismic zone under which the substation falls and it
varies in ascending order from seismic zone 1 to seismic zone 5. The
identification of seismic zone is based a seismic zone map. The sub-
station area falls in the zone -5. During the design of the structure this
aspect shall be taken care of.

The Wind Zone: The weight of sub-station structures will vary in a

ascending order for the wind zone 1 to wind zone 6 as the transverse
load on the structure considered owing to the wind pressure increase in
this same pattern. The identification of wind zone is based on the wind
zone map given in IS: 875 (Part-1) 1987 and the past experience in the
region. The design is considered for wind zone-4.

Altitude: The altitude of the sites is between 1500 to 2000 meters above
mean sea level and the same shall be considered whole finalizing the
technical specification of the equipment. During winter the area can
experience one or two snow falls of moderate intensity.
 CHAPTER: 4
4.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The project of transmission system will be planned, implemented,
monitored and controlled through Integrated Project Management and
Control System (IPMCS).

IPMCS uses PERT/CPM technique as the basic management tool. For

effective project planning and review, three tier level of planning and
review have been adopted.

Level – I

Planning is done by the Corporate Monitoring Group, a central planning

cell, which is in the form of an overall project schedule called the Master
Network, for the project which forms the basis for all subsequent
planning and monitoring of the activities. This covers broadly all the
packages of project and indicates activities of engineering, contracts,
manufacturing, erection and commissioning. The Master Network is
prepared using computerized techniques which subsequently helps in
comparing the actual progress of the project with the scheduled
progress. This gives indication of the likely critical areas and helps in
preventing the same, thereby resulting in smoother implementation. The
Master Network also acts as a source for the planning to be done at
Level-II & Level-III.

Level-II
Planning is done package-wise and is worked out and finalized with the
respective contractor/vendor during the pre-award stage. Level II
networks are made within the milestones identified in the project Master
Network (L-I).

Level-III
Plans deal with elaborate schedules and weekly/monthly rolling plans
which are prepared for activities of engineering, supply (as the case may
be) & field activities. These form the basis of monitoring by the various
functions.
The system envisages monthly review of the level II programmer with
contractors and at field on a weekly basis. A site monthly progress report
is sent to the head office having four sections, i.e.

i) Project completion trend

ii) Salient achievements for the month
iii) Program for the next month
iv) Areas needing attention of top management.
 CHAPTER: 5
5.1 MEANS OF FINANCE AND PROJECT BUDGET
5.1.1 Project Cost Estimate
The estimated cost of the project based on 4nd Quarter 2011 price level
is as follows:

(`.in Crores)

Total Cost

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Cost of 220KV Substation 65.22

2. Interest during Construction 2.18

Total 67.40

The estimated cost of the project based on 4nd Quarter 2011 price level
is as follows:

5.1.2 Basis of Cost Estimate: The detailed cost estimates for the
procurement and erection of the equipments are based on the market
rates in the 4nd Quarter of 2011. The prices are variable. Hence the
price contingencies are not included in the BOQ but included separately
in the in the abstract of Cost. The detailed BOQ is enclosed in
Annexure – 9.

5.1.3 Project Overheads: The following overheads have been

charged on to the cost of the transmission system as a percentage of
supply and erection cost & price contingencies.
For Substation
1 Misc. Tools & Plants 11% for S.No 1 to 6
(excluding
2 Maintenance during Construction
afforestation Cost)
3 Establishment Charges including Audit
& Accounts
4 Engineering & Administration
 5 Losses on Stock
6 Contingencies 3%(excluding
afforestation Cost)

5.1.4 Funding Arrangement

5.1.4.1 Phased Fund Requirement: The anticipated year wise

fund requirement for the project including interest during construction is
given below as a percentage of project cost:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Year Percentage of Project Cost

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

First year 40 %

Second year 60%

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total 100 %

5.1.4.2 Mode of Financing: The project is proposed to be funded

through Equity provided by the Government of Himachal Pradesh
(GOHP) and through funding by Asian Development Bank (ADB). For
the total project, the equity component 20% is proposed to be met
through GOHP’s equity and the loan component 80% through ADB
funding.

5.1.4.3 Interest during Construction: Based on the assumption

that the project is being financed from equity and loan in the ratio of
20:80 and the equity component being released simultaneously along
with the loan component, the interest during construction works out to `
2.18 Crores The interest rate for the loan amount has been considered
at the rate of 4.64 % and the drawdown of funds as per details provided
at S. No. 5.4.1. The detailed calculation of Interest during Construction is
enclosed in Annexure – 7.
The project is scheduled to be completed in 24 months from the date of
award of contract. The interest during construction would however be
based on the actual financial structure of the project and the applicable
terms of interest on loans etc.

5.1.4.4 Price Contingencies: Since our cost estimates are based

as mentioned at S.No.5.2, it is also to state that prices of the above
contracts are variable. In order to cover the price escalation of basic raw
materials, price contingencies @ 6.8% to be compounded yearly has
been charged on the supply, erection cost .The price contingencies has
been provided as per the terms and conditions of the tender
specification of the projects mentioned at S.No.5.3.

5.1.4.5 Completion Cost: The completion cost of the project is

expected to be ` 67.40 Crores. The abstract cost estimate for completed
cost in enclosed in Annexure - 6.
 CHAPTER: 6
6.1 RISK ANALYSIS
6.1.1 Revenue Risk: The capital cost of the transmission system
comprises of (i) an equity component and (ii) a loan component. This is
recovered through the annual transmission charges consisting of return
required for the equity, an interest for the loan component together with
the depreciation charges, the O&M charges and interest on working
capital from the beneficiaries as per notification in proportion of the
benefits derived by them. These are recovered in monthly fixed charges
from the beneficiaries. In addition to annual charges income tax, FERV
and incentives, etc. as per notification would also be payable.

The Bulk Power Transmission Agreement (BPTA) which covers the

payments for transmission charges for all the existing projects as well as
those that may be included in future after approval by CEA already
exists.

6.1.2 Regulatory Risk: BPTAS have the provision that the

transmission tariff for new/existing transmission assets commissioned as
well as the additional tariff payable due to additional capitalization from
year to year, etc. shall be computed by HPPTCL based on
norms/methodology followed in the GOI notification dated 16.12.97 in
accordance with the norms to be specified by the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (CERC) as amended form time to time.

6.1.3 Environmental Risk: Transmission line projects are

environmentally friendly and do not involve any disposal of solid
effluents and hazardous substance in land, air and water Moreover in
forest areas trees are felled below each conductor to facilitate stringing.
On completion of construction only one such strip in maintained for O&M
purpose. Therefore the actual loss of forest is restricted to some
selected area only. However, as per the requirement of Forest
(Conservation) act, 1980 approval of Ministry of Environment & Forests,
Govt. of India for diversion of forest land shall be taken before
construction of line and compensatory afforestation shall be done on
double the area of degraded forest land to compensate the loss of
vegetation, due to diversion of forest land if there is any after detailed
survey.

6.1.4 Legal/Contractual Risks: Not foreseen.

6.1.5 Project Management Risks: Not foreseen.
6.1.6 Land Acquisition Risk: At Lahal about 50 Bighas of land has
been identified. The land in the cases is private land under cultivation
with very few trees. HPPTCL is in process of negotiation with the
owners of the land. Although the owners are ready to give the land for
Sub-Station construction but the price is yet to be negotiated.

7. Annexures
Details of Annexure:
1 Annexure -1 (a) and 1(b) Copy of the approval from Board of
Directors

2 Annexure -2 Description of HEPs

3 Annexure -3 Bar chart

4 Annexure -4 SLD of 33/220KV GIS Substation

5 Annexure- 5 Abstract of Detailed Estimate

6 Annexure -6 Abstract Cost Estimate

7 Annexure -7 IDC Table

8 Annexure -8 General abstract

9 Annexure -9 Detailed Cost Estimate (BOQ)

10 Annexure -10 Cost details of Residential colony

11 Annexure -11 AFC calculation of Project

12 Annexure -12 FIRR calculation of Project

13 Annexure -13 Details of recovery of Transmission

Charges
8. CIVIL WORKS SUBJECTED TO THE PROJECT
8.1 RETAINING WALL: A retaining wall is a structure designed and
constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired
change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.
It retains earth material and prevent it from sliding or eroding away. It is
designed so that to resist the material that it is holding back.

8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF RETAINING WALLS

 Gravity wall masonry or plain concrete
 Reinforced retaining wall
 Cantilever retaining wall (Inverted T & L)
 Counterfort retaining wall
 Buttress wall- RCC
 Brick masonry retaining wall
 Reinforced soil wall
 Soil nailing
 Hybrid systems
 Anchored earth walls
 Tailed Gabion
 Sheet pile walls

Gravity Retaining Walls: It is that type of retaining wall that relies

on their huge weight to retain the material behind it and achieve stability
against failures. Gravity retaining wall can be constructed from concrete,
stone or even brick masonry. Gravity retaining walls are much thicker in
section. Geometry of these walls also help them to maintain the stability.
Mass concrete walls are suitable for retained heights up to 3m. The
cross section shape of the wall is affected by stability, the use of space
in front of the wall, the required wall appearance and the method of
construction.

Reinforced Retaining Walls: Reinforced concrete and reinforced

masonry walls on spread foundations are gravity structures in which the
stability against overturning is provided by the weight of the wall and
reinforcement bars in the wall. The following are the main types of wall:
Concrete cantilever retaining wall: A cantilever retaining wall is
one that consists of a wall which is connected to foundation. A cantilever
wall holds back a significant amount of soil. They are the most common
type used as retaining walls. Cantilever wall rest on a slab foundation.
This slab foundation is also loaded by backfill and thus the weight of the
backfill and surcharge also stabilizes the wall against overturning and
sliding.

Counter-fort retaining wall: Counter-fort walls are cantilever walls

strengthened with counter-forts monolithic with the back of the wall slab
and base slab. The counter-forts act as tension stiffeners and connect
the wall slab and the base to reduce the bending moments in vertical
walls of great height, counter-forts are used, spaced at distances from
each other equal to or slightly larger than one half of the height.
Generally counter-forts are used for high walls with height greater than 8
to 12m.
Reinforced soil retaining walls:Mechanically stabilized earth walls
are those structures which are made using steel or geo-textiles soil
reinforcements which are placed in layers within a controlled granular fill.
Reinforced soils can also be used as retaining walls, if they are built as:

1. As an integral part of the design.

2. As an alternative to the use of reinforced concrete or other
solutions on the grounds of economy or as a result of the grond
conditions.
3. To act as temporary works.
4. As remedial or improvement works to an existing configuration.

These category covers wall which use soil, reinforced with reinforcing
bars, to provide a stable earth retaining system and includes reinforced
soil and soil nailing.

Soil nailing: Constructing a soil nailed wall involves reinforcing the

soil as work progress in the area being excavated by the introduction of
the bars which essentially work in tension, called passive bars. These
are usually parallel to one another and slightly inclined downward. These
bars can also work partially in bending and in shear. The skin friction
between the soil and the nails puts the nail in tension.

Hybrid system: The type of retaining walls that use both factors that
is their mass and reinforcement for stability are called hybrid or
composite retaining wall system.

Anchored Earth walls: Any wall which uses facing units tied to rods
or strips which have their ends anchored into the ground is an anchored
earth wall. The anchors are like abutments. The cables used for tieing
are commonly high strength, pre-stressed steel tendons. To aid
anchorage, the ends of the strips are formed into a shape designed to
bind the strip at the point into the soil.

Tailed gabion: Gabions are cages, cylinders or boxes filled with earth
or sand that are used in civil engineering, road-building, military
application and many others. Gabion elements fitted to geogrid tails
extending into supported soil. For erosion controlled caged rip-rap are
used. For dams or foundation of buildings, metal structures are used.

Sheet pile walls: Steel sheet pile walls are constructed by driving
steel sheets into a slope or excavation up to the required depth. Their
most common use is within temporary deep excavations. They are
considered to be most economical where retention of higher earth
pressure of soft soil is required. It cannot resist very high pressure.

8.3 REINFORCING CONCRETE AND METHOD OF DESIGN

The use of plain concrete in structural works is limited by the fact that
the tensile strength of concrete is only about one tenth of its
compressive strength. Hence, a beam of plain concrete will fail in the
bottom when the top portion can still take ten times the stress. By
inserting the steel bars in the bottom of the beam to take the tensile
stress, the beam is made ten times as strong as plain beam. Therefore,
combination of steel and concrete makes structure not only strong but
also stable.

Method of design: Two methods of design for reinforced concrete

structures are used, the working stress method and the limit state
method. In working stress method, the design is based on working loads
and the criterion for the strength of structure is its capacity to sustain the
loads and forces imposed on it. The limit state method of design is
based on determination of load at which a structure fails and a certain
factor of safety is adopted. Both the methods give somewhat different
results.

8.4 Salient features of R.C.C. structures

1. Factor of safety: Factor of safety is the relation between ultimate
strength at failure and permissible stress.
2. Modulus of elasticity: It is measure of elastic property of a
material and the ratio between the stress caused by an applied
load and the resulting strain or deformation.
3. Modular ratio: The relation between the modulus of elasticity of
reinforcing steel and modulus of elasticity of concrete is called
modular ratio. As there is no relative movement between concrete
and steel in a reinforced concrete, the elongation or contraction of
both steel and concrete is equal. The modular ratio is proportional
to permissible stresses in steel and concrete which work together.
In other words, the value of modular ratio varies with the modulus
of elasticity of steel and concrete respectively.
4. Grades of concrete: A set of mix for concrete should be well
defined either in terms of the proportion of cement, sand, fine and
coarse aggregates or in terms of 28 days compressive strength
requirements. The mixes usually required are 1:3:6, 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3,
1:1:2. The 1:3:6 mix is used for mass concreting and the rear sides
of the dam. The 1:2:4 mix is used for front faces of dams, water
tanks, columns etc. The 1:1:2 mix is used for piles. The IS
456:2000 code has recommended that the minimum grade of
concrete for plain and reinforced concrete work is M20.
8.5 Design of R.C.C. beam
1. The overall depth of singly reinforced beam shall not be less
than one twentieth of the span unless shear and other
considerations prevail. The greater the depth of beam less is
the steel required and more economical is the beam, but there
is limit to hit.
2. The breadth of beam shall normally be two third to one half of
the depth but not less than one third of depth. A good rule for
breadth is to take three fifth of the depth of the beam.
3. The deflection due to all loads should not normally exceed
span/250.
4. The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage occurring after erection of partitions and the
application of finishes should not normally exceed span/350 or
20mm whichever is less. The horizontal clear space between
two parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be less than
greatest of following:
 The diameter of the bar if the diameters are equal.
 The diameter of larger bar if diameters are unequal.
 5mm more than the nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregates used in the concrete. Where needle or
immersion vibrators are intended to be used, the
horizontal distance between bars of a group may be
reduced to 2/3 of the nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregates provided that sufficient space is left between
group of bars to enable the vibrator to be immersed. The
clear vertical space between two horizontal main
reinforcing bars shall normally be 15mm, the maximum
size of coarse aggregates or maximum size of bar
whichever is larger. Bars can also be placed one above
the other. Main tensile reinforcement bars in beam shall
not be less than 12mm in diameter.
8.6 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
8.6.1 INTRODUCTION: The basics needs of human existences are
food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial man has been making
efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of
shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment

needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place
of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for
comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

• General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye
laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage
arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion
a particular type of plan to any client.

8.6.2 DEMAND OF HOUSES: The house is the first unit of the

society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The house is built
to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance
against physical insecurity of all kinds.

The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique
nature and depend on the following factors.

• Availability of cheap finance.

• Availability of skilled labours.

• Availability of transport facility.

• Cost of labours & material of construction.

• Predictions of future demand.

• Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities
of long term payment may facilities investment in housing.

• Rate of population growth and urbanization.

• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.

• Taxation policy on real estates

• Town planning & environmental conditions.

8.6.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON

OCCUPANCY
GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS

GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS

GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS

GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: These building include any building in

which sleeping accommodation provide for the people. Such buildings
also include the bathroom, kitchen and dining facilities within it and many
more. It includes single or multifamily dwellings, apartment houses,
lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants, hostels, dormitories and
residential hostels.
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS: These include any building used for
school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction,
education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for

different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity,
care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention
in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings
ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS: These are the buildings where groups of

people meet or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious,
assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums,
places of work ship, etc.
BUSINESS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for transaction of
business, for keeping of accounts and records and for similar purposes,
offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses, libraries. The
principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and
keeping of books and records.

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used as shops,

stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise either wholesale or
retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS: These are buildings where products or

materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication, assembled,
manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry
cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses,
laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used primarily for the

storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and
animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for the

storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or
explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme
rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage
handling, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes
and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases processing of any
material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division
of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

8.6.4 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY: Selection of plot is

very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place where
there community but service is convenient but not so closed that
becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional
transportation is important not only because of present need but for
retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation,
shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road
condition whether there is indication of future development or not in case
of undeveloped area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as
follows:-

• Access to park & play ground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity &

sewage disposal.

• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

8.6.5 SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

Reconnaissance survey: The following has been observed during
reconnaissance survey of the site.

• Site is located nearly.

• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne
plats over the entire area.

• No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.

• The ground is soft.

• Labour available near by the site.

• Houses are located near by the site.

• Detailed survey: The detailed survey has been done to determine the
boundaries of the required areas of the site with the help of thedolite and
compass.
8.6.6 DESIGNS
• DESIGN OF SLABS

• LOADS ON BEAMS

• DESIGN OF BEAMS

• LOADS OF COLUMNS

• DESIGN OF COLOUMNS

• DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

8.6.6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS
456:2000.

•When the slab are supported in two way direction it acts as two way
supported slab.

• A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.

8.6.6.2 SLAB DESIGN:

fck = 15 N/mm2 fy =415 N/m2

i. Span
ii. Shorter span:- Lx = 5.8m longer span:-Ly =7.62m
ii. Check Lx/Ly= 7.62/5.8 =1.3<2

Hence the slab has to be designed as “two way slab”.

iii. Providing over all depth of slab as 5”, 120mm

v. eff. depth= D-15-Ø/2 =120-15-10/2=100mm

vi. Condition:- Supported on four sides.
vii. Load calculation:-
Dead load = 25x0.12x1 = 3.0KN/m
Live load =2x1 = 2.0KN/m
Floor finish = 1x1KN/m =1.0 KN/m

viii. Bending moment calculation:-

ix. Type of panel:- Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
ax(+) = 0.049 ax(-) = 0.065 ay(+) = 0.035
ay(-) = 0.047

(+ve) B.M at mid span in shorter directions. Mx(+) =

ax(+)wlx2 = 0.049x6x5.8^2= 9.9kn-m factored B.M
= 9.9x1.5 =14.85kn-m

Spacing and diameter: Provide 8mmØ bars at 210mm spacing.

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in shorter direction. Mx(-) =ax (-)

wlx2 =0.062x6x(5.8)^2 =13.12kn-m factored
B.M = 13.12x1.5=19.67kn-m

(+ve) B.M at mid span in longer directions. My(+)= ay(+)wlx2

= 0.035x6x(5.8)^2 =7.06kn-m factored B.M=7.06x1.5
=10.69kn-m

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in longer direction.

My(-ve) = ay (-ve)wlx2 =0.047x6x(5.8)^2

=9.48kn-m factored B.M=9.48x1.5 =14.22kn-m.

Check for depth:

Permissible depth=100mm

Mu.lim=0.36.Xumax(1-0.42Xumax)fckbd^2
14.86x10^6= 0.36.Xumax (1-0.42x0.48)15x1000d^2

d= 84.71 < 100mm Hence ok.

8.6.6.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS

• Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to columns and
then foundation to soil.

• Beam is a tension member.

• Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams.

• Following are the loads which are acting on the beams.

• Dead load

• Live load
• Wind load

8.6.6.4 LOADS ON BEAMS:

B1: BEAM

SPAN=5.8m (shorter span)

Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm) Height of the wall-10’-3m

Load calculations

 Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

 Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

 Slab load –

W = 6KN

Lx = 5.8

WLx/3= (6x5.8)/3 = 11.6Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+11.6 = 27.04Kn/m

8.6.6.5 DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:

B1:BEAM

Calculation of shear force

Va= Vb = total load

=27.04x5.8=78.416KN

Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x78.416x10^3 =1.37

Bd 230x373

Calculation of permissible shear stress

Tc = % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100
Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

Tc =0.50 Tc < Tv 0.05 < 0.76

Hence provide shear reinforcement.

8.6.6.6 Design of shear:

Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd =(0.76-0.50)x230x373 =22.30KN

Calculation: Vus =22.30 =0.59 KN/cm

D(cm) 37.3 From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 20 cm c/c spacing.

8.6.6.7 Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm

(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm 0.4b

0.4x230

(c) design spacing 45cm c/c

Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c.

8.6.6.8 LOADS ON BEAMS:

B2: BEAM

SPAN=7.62m

Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm)

Height of the wall-10’-3m

8.6.6.9 Load calculations
 Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

 Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

 Slab load –

W = 6KN

Ly = 7.62

WLy/3= (6x7.62)/3 = 15.24Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+15.24 = 30.68Kn/m

8.6.6.10 DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:

B2:BEAM

• Calculation of shear force

Va=Vb= total load

=30.68x7.62=116.89KN

• Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x116.89x10^3 =2.04

Bd 230x373

• Calculation of permissible shear stress

Tc = % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100

Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

230x373

Tc =0.50 Tc < Tv 0.05 < 0.85 Hence

provide shear reinforcement.
8.6.6.11 Design of shear:
Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd =(0.85- 0.50)x230x373 =30.02KN

Calculation:

Vus =230.02 =0.89KN/cm D(cm) 37.3

From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 15cm c/c spacing.

8.6.6.12 Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm

(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm 0.4b

0.4x230

(c) design spacing 45cm c/c

Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c

8.6.6.13 DESIGN OF BEAMS:

Mu at Left span = 11.577 KN-m

Mu at Mid span = 19.18 KN-m

Mu at Right span = 20.36KN-m

Check:-

Calculation limiting moment of resistances:

Mu = 11.577 KN-m

Mulimt =0.138 fck bd2

= 0.138x20x230x305^2

= 59.05 KN-m

Mu < Mulimit

Hence it is designed as simply reinforcement beam using sp-16

Mu =11.577x10^6 =1.39

bd^2 230x305^2

Refer table no.2 at sp-16 and read out the value of percentage of
reinforcement

Corresponding to fy = 415 N/mm^2 and fck = 20N/mm^2

For Mu = 1.39 Pt = ?

bd^2

1.35 0.409

1.40 0.426

Mu = 1.39 Pt = 0.422

bd^2

Pt = 0.422 %

Area of reinforcement

Pt = Astx100

Bd

=0.422x230x405

= 393.093 mm^2

Ast required = 393.093 mm^2

Ast provided:

Hence provide 3 bars & 12 mm dia

Ast provide =400 mm^2

Reinforcement of mid span:-

Calculate limiting moment of resistances

Mu =19.18 KN-m
Mulimt = 0.138 fck bd^2

=0.138x20x230x305^2

= 59.05 KN-m

Mu < Mulimit

Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement.

8.7 BOUNDARY WALL: A boundary wall has been provided all

around the site for safety purposes. The boundary wall is half brick wall.
The wall is well formed by providing a beam of plain cement concrete at
the base of the wall and well plastered. Columns are provided at regular
intervals.
8.8 MASONARY WORK: The counter forts are filled through
soil and then masonary work is done on the backside of the
counter forts. The masonary work is also done on the inner side
of the starting of the road so that soil cannot erode from there.
9. SOIL TESTING
9.1 INTRODUCTION: M/s Larsen & Toubro Ltd. is planning to
construct the 400/220/33 KV GIS substation at Lahal, Chamba in H.P.
The work of plate load tests have been carried out under supervision of
M/s HPPTCL & M/s L&T construction. The work of plate load test has
been awarded to M/s Sanguine Geotech Pvt. Ltd. by M/s Larsen &
Toubro Ltd.

The proposed structures are the 400/220/33 KV GIS substation at Lahal,

Chamba in H.P. The different functional units to be installed for this
substation may be power transformers, dis-connectors, surge arresters,
circuit breakers, earthing transformers etc.

9.2 Scope of work: As mentioned within the framework of this job

contract, the field investigations comprised of the following:-

i) Conducting plate load tests at eight locations as per instructions of

client and site drawings.

ii) Conducting two (2) no. of dynamic cone penetration test at site.

iii) Collection of sample at two (2) locations for CBR tests as per mark in
drawing.

9.3 Laboratory Testing

1. The laboratory test was carried out after all the samples have
reached.

2. All samples brought from field, whether disturbed or undisturbed was

extracted and examined by competent technical personnel, and the test
was carried out as per the procedures laid out in the latest edition of the
relevant I.S. codes.

The following laboratory test has been carried out:

CBR Tests

The mould containing the specimen, with the base plate in position, but
the top face exposed, was placed on the lower plate of the testing
machine. Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an intensity of loading
equal to the weight of the base material and pavement was placed on
the specimen. Specimen was soaked and the equal surcharge was used
during the soaking period. To prevent upheaval of soil into the hole of
the surcharge weight, 2.5kg annular weight was placed on the soil
surface prior to seating the penetration plunger after which the
remainder of the surcharge was placed. The stress and strain gauges
has then be set to zero. The initial load applied to the plunger was
considered as the zero load when determining the load penetration
relation. Load was applied to the penetration plunger so that the
penetration was approximately 1.25mm per minute. Readings of the load
was taken at penetrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5,
10.0, and 12.5mm.

9.4 Field Investigation Methodology

9.4.1 Plate Load Test: Plate load test have been conducted to
determine the bearing capacity and load/settlement characteristics of
soil at shallow depths by loading a plane and level steel plate kept at the
desired depth and measuring the settlements under different loads, until
a desired settlement takes place or failure occurs. The specification for
the equipment and accessories required for conducting the test, the test
procedure, field observations and reporting of results has conformed to
IS: 1888.

The size of the pit has been taken as 2.0m*2.0m & depth has kept at
1.60m. settlement has been recorded from dial gauges placed at two
diametrically opposite ends of the test plate at different time intervals
corresponding to the load applied by hydraulic jack. The test plate was
300*300mm size and 25mm thick. The bottom of the pit was made
leveled before placing the plate in position for conducting the test.

A seating load of 70gm/sq.cm was applied and after the dial gauge
readings are stabilized, the load was released and the initial readings of
the dial gauges record after they indicate constant reading. The load
was increased in stages. These stages were 5.0, 9, 14, 18, 27, 36, up to
72KN or load at which settlement attains 40mm whichever met earlier.

9.5 Dynamic Cone Penetration Test: Two no. of dynamic cone

penetration tests have been carried out with the circulation of bentonite
slurry at specified locations. The test has been conducted by driving a
standard size cone (65mm dia.) attached loosely or screwed to a string
of drill rods. The driving system is comprised of 65kg. Weight having a
free fall of 75cm. The test was conducted as per IS: 4968 partII.