Lateral Load Analysis

Comparison between SAP,ETABS

and Robot
2D Analysis
One Floor
Project Information:
• Flat slab with thickness 25 cm
• Plan 29x29 m
• There is 2 typical Columns.
• 10 Floors
• Load Values used:
o Live Load = 0.2 t/m2 .
o Flooring Cover = 0.15 t/m2.
o Equivalent Wall Load = 0.4 t/m2.
• Model Properties
o Mesh Size 0.5x0.5m (Gravity Analysis).
o Units used t.m
Gravity Analysis Using SAP(BM on Slabs) :
M11 M22

Due to ultimate Loads

4
Gravity Analysis Using ETABS(BM on Slabs) :
M11 M22

Due to ultimate Loads

5
Gravity Analysis Using Robot(BM on Slabs) :
M11 M22

Due to ultimate Loads 6

3D Analysis
Full building
Replicate the floor:

SAP Model
Replicate the floor:

ETABS Model
Replicate the floor:

Robot Model
Wind Load Procedures
According to the ECP
Wind Loads:
1-Wind Velocity:

• Cairo 33m/s
Wind Loads:
2-Topography (Terrain) Factor:

• Ct 1
Wind Loads:
3-Structure Factor:
• Cs 1

Where:
Wind Loads:
4-Calculation of Wind Load Pressure:
According to the ECP 203, the wind load pressure is calculated from:
Wind Loads:
5-Exposure Factor:
Wind Loads:
5-Exposure Factor:
Wind Loads:
5-Wind Pressure Factors:
Wind Loads:
5-Wind Pressure Factors:

• Cf = 0.8+0.5 = 1.3
Wind Loads:
6-Wind Load Pressure
over the whole building :
• Cf = 0.8+0.5 = 1.3
Wind Loads:
6-Wind Load Forces over
the whole building :
Wind Loads on
SAP
Wind Loads :
9- Define Wind Load as Lateral Load Pattern :
• Take the effect of Wind load in X and Y-direction
Wind Loads :
9- Modify Wind-X Lateral
Load Pattern :
• It is obvious that the SAP
automatically assign the
wind loads at the center of
mass of the slab
Wind Loads :
9- Modify Wind-Y Lateral
Load Pattern :
• It is obvious that the SAP
automatically assign the
wind loads at the center of
mass of the slab
Wind Loads on
ETABS
Wind Loads :
9- Define Wind Load as Lateral Load Pattern :
• Take the effect of Wind load in X and Y-direction
Wind Loads :
9- Modify Wind-X Lateral
Load Pattern :
• It is obvious that the ETABS
automatically assign the
wind loads at the center of
mass of the slab
Wind Loads :
9- Modify Wind-X Lateral
Load Pattern :
• It is obvious that the ETABS
automatically assign the
wind loads at the center of
mass of the slab
 Wind Load
Simulation on Robot
Wind Loads :
1- Assign the cladding for the 3D Model to simulate wind Loads:

Assign Cladding

For wind Simulation

Wind Loads :
2-Wind Load simulation on Robot Structure:
Wind Loads :
3-Wind Direction and
Parameters:
• Many directions can be
chosen to analyze the
structure in.
• The wind speed
according the zone of
structure
• The value of wind load
can be adjusted
according to the Terrain
Level
Wind Loads :
4-Wind Profile:

• A wind profile option is

given to adjust the
value of wind loads
according to the height
of the building.
Wind Loads :
4-Wind Profile:

• A wind profile option is

given to adjust the
value of wind loads
according to the height
of the building.
Wind Loads :
5-Wind Load Simulation
output:

• Pressure Contours are

the output of simulation
which gives the
compression and
tension forces on the
structure faces with
precise values..
Earthquake Load Procedures
According to the ECP
Egyptian Code Procedure:
• We had to use two methods in the lateral analysis for earthquake:
o The Equivalent Static Method.
o The Response spectrum Method.
• Check:
o The summation of base shear calculated using Response Spectrum Method at the
base level is not less than 85% of the base shear calculated using the equivalent
static method.
o If the condition is not satisfied, the base shear using RS will be factored to be
85% of the equivalent static base shear.
Equivalent Static Method
Equivalent Static Method:
1-Seismic Zone:
• Cairo Zone(3) ag =0.15g
Equivalent Static Method:
2-Soil Classification:
• According to the subsoil class we
can determine:
Equivalent Static Method:
3-Correction Damping Factor:
• According to the type of structure:
Equivalent Static Method:
4-Importance Factor:
• According to the type of structure
• Normal Structure I.F = 1.0
Equivalent Static Method:
5-Reduction Factor :
• According to the type of structure
and type of connection.
Effect of R on the R.S Curve:
7

Series1
4
Series2
Series3

3 Series4
Series5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Equivalent Static Method:
6-Ct Factor :
• According to the structure system
and material used.
Equivalent Static Method:
7-Substitute in the Code Equation of Response Spectrum:
• Design Response Spectrum:
Equivalent Static Method:
8-Tabulate the values and draw the RS curve:
• Input Data:
Equivalent Static Method:
9- Enter the Curve and get the value of Sd:
• W is total weight of building calculated as
dead load in addition to a certain percentage
of live load see table(7-8).

0.43
Equivalent Static Method:
10- The Value of base shear:

0.43
Equivalent Static Method:
11- Distribution of base shear force on floors:
• The approximate distribution of base shear along floor levels
based on linear increase rate of floor displacement with
height is given by:
Equivalent Static Method:
11- Distribution of base shear force on floors:
• The approximate distribution of base shear along floor levels
based on linear increase rate of floor displacement with
height is given by:
Export the calculations to
SAP,ETABS and Robot
Earthquake Load
on SAP
Assign The Diaphragm constrain:
• Type of Diaphragm is Flexible Diaphragm.
Equivalent Static Method:
1- Define EQ Lateral Load Pattern :
• Take the effect of EQ load in X and Y-direction
Equivalent Static Method:
2- Modify EQ-X Lateral
Load Pattern :
• In addition to eccentricity
resulting from distance
between center of mass and
center of rigidity and to
cover uncertainty in location
of center of rigidity, and
additional eccentricity
should be considered in both
direction.
Equivalent Static Method:
3- Modify EQ-Y Lateral
Load Pattern :
• The value of the accidental
eccentricity according to the
ECP:

• Where e is the additional

eccentricity and L is
building dimension.
Equivalent Static Method:
4- Modify Inertia of the
system Elements :
• Modify the inertia of Beams,
Slabs ,Columns , and walls
according the ECP.
Reduced Inertia according to the ECP 203 :

Example for columns

Response Spectrum Method:
• I will follow the same procedure to develop the Response Spectrum Curve.
• I will pick the tabulated values(Period Vs. Acceleration) and put them in a
text file.
• Define Response Spectrum function on ETABS.
• Make a user define function and import the text file which contain the
tabulated values for (Period Vs. Acceleration).
• Then define the damping ratio.
Define The Mass Source:
• According to the Egyptian Code W is
total weight of building calculated as
dead load in addition to a certain
percentage of live load as per the
following table:
Response Spectrum Method:
1-Define RS function:
Response Spectrum Method:
2-Insert the Text File RS function:
Response Spectrum Method:
3-Text File content:
• The text file contain the values of
period Vs. Acceleration to make the
SAP draw the response spectrum.
Response Spectrum Method:
4-Display the curve:
• SAP will automatically draw the
curve.
Response Spectrum Method:
5-Define the EQ load case:
• Define response spectrum in X-direction(at U1).
Response Spectrum Method:
6-Define the EQ-X load case:
• Define response spectrum in X-
direction(at U1).
Response Spectrum Method:
7-Define the EQ-Y load case:
• Define response spectrum in Y-
direction(at U2).
Response Spectrum Method:
8-Detrmine the value of base shear:
• Enter the SAP tables and show the value
of base shear and compare it with value
of the base shear calculated using
equivalent static method.
Response Spectrum Method:
9-Check the value of base shear:
• Fbx = 306 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby = 300 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is not OK.
• So, the response spectrum is going to be scaled
up.
Response Spectrum Method:
10-Calculate the scale factor:
• Sx =450/306=1.47
• Sy =450/300=1.5
• So the response spectrum curve is going
to be scaled up with the above factors to
satisfy the 85% of static base shear that
the code require.
Response Spectrum Method:
11-Recheck the value of base shear:
• Fbx = 450 ton = 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby = 449 ton = 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is ok and compatible
with the ECP 203b regulations.
Response Spectrum Method:
12-Check the effective mass:
• Using 12 Mode Shape will make about 93% from mass effective in motion.
Response Spectrum Method:
13-Modify Mode Numbers if needed:
• But according to the ECP No. of modes
selected should be according to one of
the following two criteria:
o Sum of effective masses considered should
be more than 90% of total mass.
o All modes with effective mass more than
5% of total mass are considered.
• So,if this criteria is not satisfied, we
should increase the number of modes to
be 13 mode to increase the effective
mass to be 90% other than 87%.
Response Spectrum Method:
13-Modify Mode Numbers:
Response Spectrum Method:
14-Load Combination:
• Define the Load combination for Ultimate
Loads to design the columns and shear
walls: Load Combinations:
o U.L =0.8(1.4D.L+1.6L.L+1.6W.L)
o U.L=1.12D.L+%L.L+S.L
o U.L=1.4D.L+1.6L.L
• Where U.L is ultimate load, S.L is seismic load
and W.L is wind load.
• If Vertical load increases stability then:
o U.L=0.9D.L+1.3W.L
o U.L=0.9D.L+S.L
Response Spectrum Method:
14-Load Combination:
Response Spectrum Method:
15-Combination of the EQ component:

• In case of using response spectrum, the

building response to each perpendicular
component of earthquake ground motion
should be calculated separately and then
the combined effect is calculated by
equation.

• Another method is that seismic response

can be calculated using following
equations.
Earthquake Load
on ETABS
 Assign The Diaphragm constrain:
• Type of Diaphragm is Flexible Diaphragm.
Equivalent Static Method:
1- Define EQ Lateral Load Pattern :
• Take the effect of EQ load in X and Ydirection
Equivalent Static Method:
2- Modify EQ-X Lateral
Load Pattern :
• In addition to eccentricity
resulting from distance
between center of mass and
center of rigidity and to
cover uncertainty in location
of center of rigidity, an
additional eccentricity
should be considered in both
direction.
Equivalent Static Method:
3- Modify EQ-Y Lateral
Load Pattern :
• The value of the accidental
eccentricity according to the
ECP:

• Where (e) is the additional

eccentricity and L is
building dimension.
Equivalent Static Method:
4- Modify Inertia of the
system Elements :
• Modify the inertia of Beams,
Slabs ,Columns , and walls
according the ECP.
Reduced Inertia according to the ECP 203 :

Example for columns

Response Spectrum Method:
• I will follow the same procedure to develop the Response Spectrum Curve.
• I will pick the tabulated values(Period Vs. Acceleration) and put them in a
text file.
• Define Response Spectrum function on ETABS.
• Make a user Define Function and import the text file which contain the
tabulated values for (period Vs. Acceleration).
• Then define the damping ratio.
Define The Mass Source:
• According to the Egyptian Code W is
total weight of building calculated as
dead load in addition to a certain
percentage of live load as per the
following table:
 Response Spectrum Method:
1-Define RS function:
Response Spectrum Method:
2-Insert the Text File RS function:
Response Spectrum Method:
3-Text File content:
• The text file contain the values of
period Vs. Acceleration to make the
ETABS draw the response
spectrum.
Response Spectrum Method:
4-Display the curve:
• ETABS will automatically draw the
curve.
Response Spectrum Method:
5-Define the EQ load case:
• Define response spectrum in X-direction(at U1).
Response Spectrum Method:
6-Define the EQ-X load case:
• Define response spectrum in X-
direction(at U1).
Response Spectrum Method:
7-Define the EQ-Y load case:
• Define response spectrum in Y-
direction (at U2).
Response Spectrum Method:
8-Detrmine the value of base shear:
• Enter the ETABS tables and show the
value of base shear and compare it with
value of the base shear calculated using
equivalent static method.
Response Spectrum Method:
9-Check the value of base shear:
• Fbx = 298 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby = 302 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is not OK.
• So, the response spectrum is going to be scaled
up.
Response Spectrum Method:
10-Calculate the scale factor:
• Sx =450/298=1.51
• Sy =450/302=1.49
• So the response spectrum curve is going
to be scaled with the above factors to
satisfy the 85% of static base shear that
the code require.
Response Spectrum Method:
11-Recheck the value of base shear:
• Fbx = 465 ton > 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby = 454 ton > 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is ok and compatible
with the ECP 203b regulations.
Response Spectrum Method:
12-Check the effective mass:
• Using 12 Mode Shape will make about 95% from effective mass in motion.
Response Spectrum Method:
13-Modify Mode Numbers if needed:
• According to the ECP No. of modes
selected should be according to one of
the following two criteria:
o Sum of effective masses considered should
be more than 90% of total mass.
o All modes with effective mass more than
5% of total mass are considered.
• If the effective mass participation ration
less than 90%, number of modes should
be increased to be 18 mode or more to
increase the effective mass participation
ratio to be 90%.
Response Spectrum Method:
13-Modify Mode Numbers if needed:
• But in our case no need to increase the
number of modes but we can decrease
the number of modes to be 9 modes
because at 9 mode level the
participation mass ratio more than 90%.
Response Spectrum Method:
14-Load Combination:
• Define the Load combination for Ultimate
Loads to design the columns and shear
walls: Load Combinations:
o U.L =0.8(1.4D.L+1.6L.L+1.6W.L)
o U.L=1.12D.L+%L.L+S.L
o U.L=1.4D.L+1.6L.L
• Where U.L is ultimate load, S.L is seismic load
and W.L is wind load.
• If Vertical load increases stability then:
o U.L=0.9D.L+1.3W.L
o U.L=0.9D.L+S.L
Response Spectrum Method:
14-Load Combination:
Response Spectrum Method:
15-Combination of the EQ component:

• In case of using response spectrum, the

building response to each perpendicular
component of earthquake ground motion
should be calculated separately and then
the combined effect is calculated by
equation.

• Another method is that seismic response

can be calculated using following
equations.
Earthquake Load
on ROBOT
 Assign The Diaphragm constrain:
• Type of Diaphragm is Flexible Diaphragm.
Equivalent Static Method:
Equivalent Static Method:
Equivalent Static Method:
Equivalent Static Method:
Equivalent Static Method:
Equivalent Static Method:
Equivalent Static Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
• I will follow the same procedure to develop the Response Spectrum Curve.
• I will pick the tabulated values(Period Vs. Acceleration) and put them in a
text file.
• Define Response Spectrum function on ETABS.
• Make a user Define Function and import the text file which contain the
tabulated values for (period Vs. Acceleration).
• Then define the damping ratio.
Response Spectrum Method:
1- Modal Analysis:
• It is necessity to carry out modal
analysis before the step to the response
spectrum stage.
• Go to the tools tap then job preferences
then click on the structure analysis tap
and activate the DSC algorithm
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:

1- Modal Analysis:
• If the mass density has been disregarded, so
you should take it into consideration in the
loads to mass conversion stage.
• Avoid doubling the mass by uncheck the
disregard mass density box and take the
mass in the load to mass conversion stage.
Response Spectrum Method:
2- Load to Mass Conversion:
• According to the Egyptian Code W is
total weight of building calculated as
dead load in addition to a certain
percentage of live load as per the
following table:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
3- Spectral Analysis:
• ECP 203 response spectrum values had
to be prepared using excel to be sent to
the robot structure as a text file.
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Check the value of base shear:
• Enter the ROBOT tables and show the
value of base reactions and compare it
with value of the base shear calculated
using equivalent static method.
• Drag down until get the spectrum cases
and notice the values of base shear
corresponding to Spec X and Spec Y.
Response Spectrum Method:
9-Check the value of base shear:
• Enter the ROBOT tables and show the value
of base reactions and compare it with value
of the base shear calculated using equivalent
static method.
• Fbx = 312 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby = 305 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is not OK.
• So, the response spectrum is going to be scaled up.
Response Spectrum Method:
10-Calculate the scale factor:
• Sx =450/312=1.44
• Sy =450/305=1.48
• So the response spectrum curve is going
to be scaled up with the above factors to
satisfy the 85% of static base shear that
the code require.
Response Spectrum Method:
How to scale up the response spectrum:
• Go to the Analysis types and enter the
Spectral Direction-X parameters.
• Then, multiply the spectrum with the
scaling up value.
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Then do the same thing with Y-Direction:
• Go to the Analysis types and enter the
Spectral Direction-Y parameters.
• Then, multiply the spectrum with the
scaling up value.
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
9-Recheck the value of base shear:
• Enter the ROBOT tables and show the value
of base reactions and compare it with value
of the base shear calculated using equivalent
static method.
• Fbx =449ton = 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby =450ton = 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is OK.
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Response Spectrum Method:
Check the effective mass:
• Using 12 Mode Shape will make about 85% from effective mass in motion.
Response Spectrum Method:
Conclusion of Analysis:
SAP ETABS ROBOT

DL (ton) 7005 6999 7002

LL (ton) 1683 1683 1689

Flooring(ton) 1262 1262 1266

Walls (ton) 3366 3366 3377

Working (ton) 13316 13309 13335

Ultimate (ton) 18979 18970 19006

Rx (ton) 305 298 311

Ry (ton) 300 301 304

T (sec) 1.45 1.42 1.69

Check the Stiffness:
Models displacement :
• According to the above comparison, the robot model show higher
flexibility than the SAB and ETABS Model.
• A 1 t/m’ has been assigned on the left columns of each of the three
models and displacement has been observed.
Check the Stiffness :
SAP Results:
Check the Stiffness :
ETABS Results:
Check the Stiffness :
Robot Results:
Conclusion:
• After trying all the means of model modification to reach the same SAP
and ETABS period, it had been found that the imported model from
Revit have some errors in the beam-column connectivity at corners.
• Model had been created on the Robot form blank and the beam-column
connectivity at corner had been compensated.

Before After
Results of the New Model:
• After trying all the means of model modification to reach the same SAP
and ETABS period, it had been found that the imported model from
Revit have some errors in the beam-column connectivity at corners.
• Model had been created on the Robot form blank and the beam-column
connectivity at corner had been compensated.

Before After
Base Shear:
Check the value of base shear:
• Enter the ROBOT tables and show the value
of base reactions and compare it with value
of the base shear calculated using equivalent
static method.
• Fbx = 310 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby = 303 ton < 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is not OK.
• So, the response spectrum is going to be scaled up.
Base Shear:
Recheck the value of base shear:
• Enter the ROBOT tables and show the value
of base reactions and compare it with value
of the base shear calculated using equivalent
static method.
• Fbx =449ton = 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• Fby =439ton = 0.85*Fb (Equivlent static) (450ton)
• The value of base shear is OK.
Modal Analysis:
Conclusion of Analysis of the New Model:
SAP ETABS ROBOT

DL (ton) 7005 6999 6933.4

LL (ton) 1683 1683 1654

Flooring(ton) 1262 1262 1241

Walls (ton) 3366 3366 3308

Working (ton) 13316 13309 13336

Ultimate (ton) 18979 18970 18721

Rx (ton) 305 298 310

Ry (ton) 300 301 300

T (sec) 1.45 1.42 1.43

 Stage(2)
Design Using Robot
Design Preferences:
Design Preferences:
1-Choose the Design Codes:
• The Chosen design code is
the Euro Code
• Edition BS EN1992-1-
1:2004 NA2005
Design Preferences:
2-Design Load Coefficients:
• Design Load coefficients is
chosen for the ultimate and
service limit state according
to the chosen code.
Design Preferences:
3-Design Load Combination:
• Design Load coefficients is
chosen for the ultimate and
service limit state according
to the chosen code.
Design of Columns:
Design of Columns:
Design Methodology:
• There is two way of design , the first
one is a design targeting the required
reinforcement, the second is to check
a certain provided reinforcement.
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinf:
• Select the element to be designed.
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinf:
• Select the element to be designed.
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinforcement:
• Select the element to be designed.
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
Columns Results(Capacity Curve) :
Design of Columns:
Columns Results(Column Reinforcement) :
Design of Columns:
Columns Results(Column-Note) :
Design of Beams:
Design Methodology:
• There is two way of design , the first
one is a design targeting the required
reinforcement, the second is to check
a certain provided reinforcement.
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinf:
• Select the element to be designed.
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinf:
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinf:
Design of Columns:
1-RC Members –required Reinf:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:

The Unsafe Load Combination

Design of Columns:
2-Provided Reinforcement:
Thanks