Energy-SL and numerical

C1- Energy sources

1. Energy is the capacity to do work.

a) What do you mean by renewable source of energy?” Give two examples.

Energy which are replenished at a rate faster than it is consumed are called
renewable source of energy. Examples- Solar energy, Tidal energy

b) What do you mean by non-renewable source of energy?” Give two examples

Energy which are used at a faster rate than they can be replenished.is called non-
renewable source of energy. Example- Fossil fuels like Coal, Petroleum and natural
gas..

c) Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Energy is conserved. However

the quality of energy is degraded. Why?

During the process of energy conversion, some energy is lost to the environment
and this energy cannot be converted to useful work.

d) Mention three characteristics of energy sources.

1. Cheap and plentiful. 2. Provide high quality energy at a suitable rate 3. Readily
accessible. 4. Minimum effect on environment.

e) Rain water possesses potential energy and nuclear bomb possess nuclear
energy. These two sources are not used directly to produce electrical energy. Why?

Rain water releases potential energy at a very slow rate. Rain water is stored in a
dam and then made to release energy at a useful rate.

Nuclear bomb releases energy at a faster rate and it will lead to nuclear explosion.
Nuclear fission is carried out in a controlled manner in a nuclear reactor.

e) Give some examples of high quality source of energy.

1. Fossil fuels. 2. Nuclear fission. 3. Electrochemical cell 4. Solar energy.

f) Energy can be converted from one form to another. Give some examples of
energy conversion

a) Solar energy- Photovoltaic cell converts sunlight into electricity

b) Electrochemical cell- Converts chemical energy produced due to redox reaction is

converted to electrical energy.

c) Nuclear energy- Nuclear fission reaction is carried out in Nuclear reactor and
nuclear energy is converted to electrical energy.

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2. Specific energy= Energy produced/Mass of the fuel

Energy Density= Energy produced/ Volume occupied by the fuel

Efficiency= Energy outputx100/Energy input

Numerical

1) Calculate the energy density and specific energy of n- hexane.

Density of n-hexane= 0.6548g/cm3

∆H c n-hexane= -4163 KJ/mole

Molar mass of n-hexane= 12.01x6+ 1.01x14= 86.20 g/mole

Specific energy= 4163/86.20= 48.3KJ/g

Density of n-hexane= 0.6548= mass of n-hexane/volume of n-hexane.

Volume of n-hexane= 86.20/0.6548

Energy density= (4163/86.20)x0.6548= 48.3x0.6548=31.6KJ/cm 3

2) A coal burning station generates electric power at a rate of 550x10 6J s-1. The
power station has a overall efficiency of 36% for the conversion of heat to electricity.’

a) Calculate the total quantity of electricity generated in one year.

b) Calculate the amount of heat energy needed to generate this electricity.

c) Calculate the mass of coal burnt in one year of operation.

a) Electricity generated= 5.55x106 Jx3600x24x365=1.73x1016J

b) Efficiency 36= Total output of energyx100 = 1.73x10 16 x100

Total input of energy Total input of energy

Total input of energy= 1.73x1016 x100 = 4.82x1016J=4.82x1013KJ

36

∆H combustion of carbon= - 394KJ/mole

Mass of Coal required= 4.82x1013 KJx12 =1.47x1012g= 1.47x109 Kg

394

3) ∆H combustion of methane is -890KJ mol-1. Calculate the specific energy in KJ/g

And energy density in KJ/m3

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Specific energy= Energy produced/ Mass of the fuel = 890/16.05= 5.54x10 4KJ/g

Energy density = Energy produced/volume of the fuel

PV= nRT

At STP T= 273K P= 100KPa

V= (1x8.31x273)/100= 22.7dm3 = 22.7x10-3 m3

Energy density = 890/22.7x10-3 = 3.92x104KJ/m3

Specific energy increases as the % of Oxygen in the fuel decreases.

Specific energy increases as the % of Carbon in the fuel increases.

C2-Fuel

1. How is fossil fuel formed?

It is formed by the partial decomposition of plant and animal matter that were
trapped. It occurs in the absence of air and in the presence of bacteria.

2. Give 3 examples of fossil fuel.

Coal , petroleum and natural gas.

3. Why are fossil fuels rich in hydrocarbon?

C-H bond is stronger than C-C, C-S, C-N and C-O bond found in animals and plants.

Therefore C-H bond do not decompose easily .

4. Name the most abundant fossil fuel.

Coal

5. How is coal formed?

It is formed from the remains of plant life which were subject to geological heat and
pressure. At high temperature and pressure, plant material undergoes changes from

Peat to lignite to bituminous to Anthracite. % of Carbon increases at each stage.

5. Mention the advantages of coal over wood.

Coal has high specific energy and energy density than wood. Coal is the most
abundant fossil fuel.

6. Mention the advantages of coal as a fuel

1. Coal is cheap and plentiful 2. Safer than nuclear fuel. 3. Can be converted to liquid
and gaseous fuel.
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7. Discuss some disadvantages of coal.

a) Mining coal is dangerous. b) SO2 gas emitted may cause acid rain.

c) CO2 produced contributes to global warming.

d) unburnt particles of carbon leads to global dimming.

8. Coal is converted to more clean fuel called methane.

a) Name the process carried out in the conversion of coal to methane.

Coal gasification.

b) Write the reactions involved in the conversion of coal to methane.

C(s)+H2O(g) →CO(g)+H2(g)--------- Synthesis gas.

Synthesis gas is reacted with addition of hydrogen.

CO(g)+3H2(g)→CH4(g) +H2O(g)

Synthetic natural gas can also be made by heating crushed coal in the presence of
steam. KOH is used as a catalyst.

2C(s)+ 2H2O(g) CH4(g)+CO2(g)

9. Coal liquefication is carried out by Fischer-Tropsch process. Write the general

reaction involved in this process.

(2n+1)H2+nCO→CnH2n+2+nH2O

Example

5CO+11H2→C5H12+5H2O

10. Explain why burning of synthesis gas causes less pollution than burning of coal

Synthesis gas does not contain Sulphur impurities. Burning of synthesis gas will not
result in the formation of SO2(g). No acid rain is produced.

Synthesis gas will not produce unburnt particles of carbon. No global dimming
occurs.

11. S is the main impurity present in the form of hydrogen sulphide in crude oil.

How is this impurity removed from crude oil?

Crude oil is dissolved in basic sodium carbonate solution.

H2S(g)+CO32-(aq)→HS-(aq)+HCO3-(aq)

The reaction is reversed and hydrogen sulphide is burnt in air.

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2H2S(g)+3O2(g)→ 2H2O(l)+SO2(g)

SO2gas is used in contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

It can also be converted to sulphur by a process called desulphuration.

2H2S(g)+SO2(g)→ 3S(s)+2H2O(l)

12. Why is it necessary to remove sulphur impurities in crude oil?

S is present in crude oil as hydrogen sulphide gas. It will block the active site of the
catalyst used during catalytic cracking carried out to convert higher hydrocarbons
into smaller fractions.

Sulpur dioxide also causes acid rain.

13. Describe and explain how crude oil is converted into several fractions in
fractionating column.

1. Crude oil is boiled to a temperature of 400 0C and the vapours are passed through
fractional distillation column.

2. Vapours condenses and collected at different heights depending on the boiling

point and size of the molecule.

3. Higher boiling fractions are collected near the bottom of the fractional distillation
tower and the lower boiling fractions are collected at the top.

14. Different fractions of crude oil are given below. Mention 2 uses of each fraction.

Fraction Number of C atoms Uses

Refinery gas 1-4 Fuel, Feedstock for petrochemicals
Gasoline 5-10 Gasoline-Petrol for cars.
Kerosene 10-16 Jet fuel. Domestic fuel
Gas oil 13-25 Fuel for diesel engine. Fuel for power plants
Ships etc
Residue >25 Bitumen for surfacing road, lubricating oil

15. Which is the most important fraction of crude oil?

C5-C10 is the most useful fraction. It is used as fuel in cars.

16. Fraction of crude oil containing higher hydrocarbons converted to more useful
fractions of lower hydrocarbon by a process called cracking.

Explain the following types of cracking carried out in Petroleum industry

a) Thermal cracking: Higher hydrocarbon fraction is heated at higher temperature.

Long chain hydrocarbon is broken down to smaller hydrocarbon.

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C10H22→C8H18+C2H4

b) Catalytic cracking is carried out at a lower temperature of 500 0C in the presence

of a catalyst. Zeolites are used as catalyst. It is a selective catalyst and results in a
desired product.

c) Hydrocracking- Heavier hydrocarbon fraction is mixed with hydrogen at a pressure

of 8x106Pa and cracked over Palladium on a surface of zeolite. High quality gasoline
is prepared by this method.

16. How does the performance of a fuel in an automobile engine is measured?

It is measured in terms of octane number. Octane number is the resistance of a

motor fuel to knock.

2,2,4-trimethylpentane has minimal knock and it is given an octane number 100.

n- heptane has maximum knock and it is given an octane number 0.

17. How does the efficiency of the engine is affected by the fuel?

When a fuel is burnt in an automobile engine, the fuel is first compressed and ignited
with a spark plug. Some fuels auto ignites without the need of a spark plug. This
premature ignition is called knocking and it reduces the efficiency of engine. It
damages the engine.

18. How does the length and branching in hydrocarbon affect the octane number?

1) Higher the branching in hydrocarbon higher is the octane number.

Example- Octane number of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is 100 while that of n-heptane is

0.

2) Octane number decreases as the length of the carbon chain increases.

Example- Hexane has a higher octane number than heptane.

3) Octane number of aromatic hydrocarbon is higher than the straight chain or

branched chain alkane.

Example- Toluene has higher octane number than even 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

Toluene octane number is 114 while that of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is 100.

19. Mention how the octane number of the fuel is increased

a) Catalytic reforming- Atoms in a molecule rearranges to form branched chain,cyclic

or aromatic hydrocarbon.

It is called platforming when platinum is used as a catalyst.

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Example-

i)CH3(CH2)4CH3 +4H2

n-hexane Benzene

ii) CH3(CH2)5CH3 CH3 +4H2

n-heptane Toluene

b) Isomerisation- It increases the branching in a molecule. AlCl 3 is used as a catalyst

Example AlCl3 CH3

CH3(CH2)6CH3 CH3-C-CH2CH-CH3

Octane CH3CH3

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane ( octane number=100)

c) Alkylation- Alkanes and alkenes of lower masses formed in cracking combine to

form higher mass branched chain hydrocarbon.

CH3CH3

CH3-C=CH2 + H-C-CH3 CH3-C-CH2-CH-CH3

CH3CH3CH3CH3

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (octane number=100)

20) Name the main constituent of natural gas. How is natural gas formed?

Methane is the main constituent of natural gas. It was formed millions of year ago by
the action of heat, pressure and bacteria on buried organic matter. It is also formed
by the decomposition of crude oil and coal deposits.

21) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas as a fuel.

Advantages

a) It is the cleanest fuel to burn due to his higher H:C ratio.

b) Impurities can be removed easily. Therefore it produces minimum amount of

carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and other particulates.

c) Can be transported easily through pipelines.

Disadvantages

a) Limited supply
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b) Global warming due to emission of CO2 on burning.

c) Non renewable source of energy.

22) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of using coal as a fuel.

Advantages

a) Cheap and available in plenty throughout the world.

b) Can be converted to synthetic liquid and gaseous fuels.

c) Safer than nuclear fuel.

Disadvantages

a) Produces CO2 which leads to global warming and SO2 which causes acid rain.

b) Transportation is difficult.

c) Mining is dangerous.

23) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of using crude oil as a fuel.

Advantages

a) Easily transported in pipelines or in tankers.

b) It is volatile and burns easily. Therefore most convenient fuel for cars.

c) Sulphur impurities are removed by desulphuration process.

Disadvantages

a) Limited life span and uneven world distribution.

b) Contributes to global warming.

c) Incomplete combustion of gasoline produces CO which is toxic.

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b)

Answer

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24) What is carbon foot print?

It is a measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide produced in our day to day
activity through the use of fossil fuel..

25) Numerical

Plant products can be converted to ethanol. Ethanol is mixed with alkanes such as
octane to

Produce a fuel. The table below gives some properties of these compounds.

i) Determine the energy density of ethanol and octane in KJ cm -3 using the data from
the table given above.

ii) Use the results to outline why octane is a better fuel in vehicle.

iii) Use the data from the table on page 8 to demonstrate that octane and ethanol
have similar carbon foot prints.

i)Ethanol = (1367x789)/46.08x1000=23.41KJ/cm 3

Octane= (5470x703)/114.26x1000=33.65KJ/cm 3

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ii) Octane has higher Energy density than ethanol.

iii) Amount of CO2 produced per KJ of energy is same for both ethanol and octane

Ethanol= 88/1367=0.064g

Octane= 352/5470=0.064g

26) In a typical winters day 1.33x106KJ energy is needed in a home. This heat is
produced by heating coal having the formula CH. Specific heat of coal is 31KJ/g

Efficiency of heating is 65%. Determine the carbon footprint by heating coal.

Efficiency= Heat outputx100

Heat input

65= 1.33x106KJx100

Heat input

Heat input= (1.33x106x100)/65= 2.05x106KJ

Amount of CH required= 2.05x106/31=6.6x104g

CH molar mass= 12.01+1.01= 13.02

CH CO2

13.02 g CH produces= 44.01g of CO2

6.6x104 g=( 6.6x104x44.01)/13.02=2.23x105g= 223Kg

27) Calculate the specific energy of ethanol

Specific energy= Energy produced/ mass of fuel used

∆H combustion of ethanol= -1367KJ mol-1

Specific energy= -1367/46.08= 29.66KJ g-1

28. Define the terms a) Binding energy b) Mass defect c) How is the binding energy
related to nuclear stability

a)Binding energy- It is the energy required to separate the nucleons into constituent
parts. protons and neutrons.

b)Mass defect- It is the difference between the mass of the nucleus and sum of the
masses of the protons and neutrons present in the nucleus.

Mass defect is converted to binding energy by using the equation

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∆E=∆mc2

c) Higher the binding energy, higher is the nuclear stability.

29. Calculate the binding energy of helium nucleus in a) KJ /atom b) Million electron
volt per nucleon c) KJ/mole. Use Table 2,4 and 6 of the Data booklet

2 He4- It contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

Total mass of Neutrons and Protons= 2x1.672622x10 -27Kg+2x1.674927x10-27Kg

= 6.695098x10 -27Kg

Mass of He nucleus= 4.00x1.66x10-27Kg= 6.64x10-27Kg

Mass defect= 6.695098x10-27Kg-6.64x10-27Kg= 0.055098x10-27Kg

E= mc2= 0.055098x10-27Kg x3x108x3x108= 0.495882x10-11J= 4.96x10-12J/atom

= 4.96x10 -15KJ/atom

Binding energy in Mev= 4.96x10-12/ 1.602x10-19=3.097x107= 30.97 MeV

Binding energy per nucleon= 30.97/4= 7.8 Mev

30. Which is the most stable isotope? Why?

26 Fe56 is the most stable isotope. It has highest binding energy per nucleon.

29.

Answer

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30) Explain the terms a) Nuclear fusion b) Nuclear fission. Give one example of
each.

a) Nuclear fusion- It is the lighter nuclei to form heavier nuclei. Heavier nuclei formed
is more stable due to its higher binding energy.

1 H2 + 1H2 → 2He4

b) Nuclear fission- Splitting of heavier nuclei to form products having higher binding
energy.

92 U235 + 0n1→ 56Ba141+ 36Kr92 +30n1

31) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion as a source of

energy

Advantage

1. Fuel is abundant.( large amount of 1H2 is available in sea water)

2. Less dangerous than fission. Most of the radioactive isotopes produced by fusion
has shorter half- life.

3. No radioactive waste is produced.

Disadvantages

1. Construction cost is very high.

2. Very high temperature is needed for fusion (10 6K) and it can be achieved only by
fission.

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A

Answer

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32.

15
33)

16
Answer

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34)

Answer

b) Low level waste- In hospitals where radioactive material is used.

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Examples- Hand gloves, cloth, paper towels. They are larger in volume and have
shorter half- life.

High level wastes- Nuclear power station and military here nuclear power is used

Examples- Control rods, fission products. They have low volume and longer half-
life.

Disposal

1.Low level wastes is stored in cooling ponds until the activity has fallen to safe
levels. The water is passed through exchange resins to remove the radioactive
isotopes and then the water is released into the sea.

2. Stored in steel container inside the concrete lined vaults.

High level waste

Fuel rods are cased in ceramic or glass and then packed in metal container. Metal
container are packed underground in the areas not prone to earthquake.

35)

Answer

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b) K=ln2/t1/2= ln2/14.8= 1/t ln(N0/N)

N0=100 and N=10

ln2/14.8= 1/t ln(100/10)

t= 49.2 days.

36)

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21
Answers

b) K= ln2/t1/2=ln2/25=0.0277day-1

K =1/t ln(N0/N)

ln(N0/N)= Kt=0.0277x7=0.194

(N0/N)= e0.194=1.214

N0 =1

N= 0.824= 82.4%

Amount decayed= 100-82.3= 17.6%

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37)

Answer

38)

23
Answer

24
39)

Answer

Or

K= ln2/t1/2 = 1/t ln(N0/N)

ln2/14= 1/t ln(32/1)

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t= 70 days.

40) Explain how the nuclear energy is converted to electrical energy in a nuclear
reactor

Principle- Nuclear fission is carried out in a controlled manner in a nuclear reactor.

1. 92U235 is bombarded with a neutron.

92 U235+ 0n1 → 56Ba141+ 36Kr92 + 30n1

Neutrons produced by the fission process are slowed down by the moderatorso that
they are absorbed effectively by the nucleus. Heavy water is used as moderator.

3 neutrons are emitted in this fission reaction. Control rods are used to absorb
excess neutron so that only one neutron is emitted at a time. Graphite or cadmium is
used as control rod. They absorb the excess neutron.

Neutrons produced trigger the fission of other uranium atoms and it leads to a chain
reaction.

Minimum amount of fissionable material required to sustain the chain reaction is

called critical mass.

Large amount of heat energy is given out and it is absorbed by heavy water.

Heavy water absorbs heat energy and keeps the nuclear reactor cool. It acts as
coolant.

Steam produced rotates the turbine and produce electricity.

40) What do you mean by the term the nuclear reactor being a) Critical b) sub-critical

c) Super-critical

Nuclear reactor is said to be critical if the number of neutron generated in one

generation is equal to the number of neutron generated in the next generation.

Nuclear reactor is said to be sub critical if the number of neutron generated in

successive generation decreases and the reactor stops functioning.

Nuclear reactor is said to be super critical if the number of neutron generated

becomes greater in successive generation and the reactor melts down.

41) Mention the disadvantages of nuclear energy

1. Disposal of nuclear waste.

2. Radiation emitted by nuclear waste can alter DNA and enzymes in our body.

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3. Failure of control rods leads to melt down.

42) Compare between fossil fuel and nuclear fission.

Fossil fuel Nuclear fission

Combustion of fuel produces energy Mass defect is converted to energy using
E=mc2
Carbon dioxide,water vapour, sulphur Radioactive materials are produced.
dioxide and particulates are produced.
No enrichment of fuel needed Fuel is enriched.
No melt down possible Failure of control rod leads to melt down
Air is required to burn fuel Neutron is required for fission

43) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

Advantages

1. Readily available and no purification is needed.

2. No transportation of fuel needed.

3. Very less pollution and no greenhouse gases are produced.

Disadvantages

1.It is more expensive than other sources of energy.

2. Solar energy is widely dispersed.

3. Supply of solar energy vary with weather conditions.

44)

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28
45) Structures of Chlorophyll a and b are given below

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a) Mention the difference in structure between chlorophyll a and b

Chlorophyll a contains methyl group and chlorophyll b contains aldehyde group.

b) chlorophyll appears green. Why?

Chlorophyll a absorb red light and chlorophyll b absorb blue light. Only green light is
not absorbed. It is the complementary color to the one absorbed.

c) Sunlight is absorbed in chloroplast by the chemical chlorophyll. Why?

Visible light is absorbed by the molecule having conjugated structure. That is

extended system of alternate single and multiple bonds. Wavelength of the light
absorbed increases as the extent of conjugation increases.

46) What are biofuels? Mention the advantages and disadvantagesof bio fuel

Biofuels are the fuels produced directly or indirectly from organic materials.

Example- Ethanol, Methanol.

1. Renewable source of energy.

2. Produces less greenhouse gases.

3. Dependence on fossil fuel is reduced.

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Disadvantages

1. Expensive.

2. Produced from plants and crops. It may cause shortage of food.

49) Vegetable oil releases large amount of energy when burnt. It is not used as a
fuel. Why?

Vegetable oil is highly viscous and cannot flow easily. It has high vanderwaal forces
and do not vaporise easily. It undergoes incomplete combustion.

50) How is biodiesel prepared? Mention the advantage and disadvantage of using
biodiesel as a fuel

Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oil. It is converted to less viscous ester by trans
esterification.

CH2 -O-COR + 3CH3OH RCOOCH3+ CH2OH

CH-O-COR’ R’ COOCH3 CHOH

CH2-O-COR’’ R’’ COOCH3 CH2OH

Biodiesel Glycerol

Advantages

1. High flash point. 2. Lower carbon footprint. CO 2 produced is used by plants in

photosynthesis. 3. Renewable source of energy. 4. No SO 2 emission. 5. Good
solvent and cleans up the engine.

Disadvantages

1. More viscous than diesel. 2. Lower energy than diesel. 3. Agricultural resources
are used. Food price may increase. 4. Oxides of nitrogen emitted when burnt.

51) Describe on a molecular level how the greenhouse effect occurs?

Incoming solar radiation is in visible and ultraviolet region. Some of these radiation is
reflected back into the space and some is absorbed by the gases in the upper
atmosphere. Most of the solar radiation passes through the atmosphere warms the
surface of the earth. Warm surface of the earth radiates some of this energy as
longer wavelength infrared radiation. This radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse
gases like CO2 and water vapour in the lower atmosphere. This increases in
vibration in bonds of greenhouse gases and the vibration energy increases. Air
becomes warmer. Some of this radiation is re-radiated back to earth surface and
some is radiated back into the space. This natural process called greenhouse effect
keeps the surface of the earth warm.

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52) Name the main sources of greenhouse gases.

1. Burning fossil fuels produces large amount of CO 2 gas.

2. Industrial gases from factories produces greenhouse gases like CO 2, oxides of

nitrogen, CFC etc.

3. Agriculture increases methane concentration from animals like sheep and cows
who generate methane gas in their digestive system.

4. Deforestation increases CO2 level in the atmosphere.

53) How does global warming occur?

Increased use of fossil fuel increases the amount of Carbon dioxide released to the
atmosphere. As the level of greenhouse gases increases more solar energy is
trapped and radiated back to the earth surface and the global temperature increases.

54) Water vapour is present in abundance but its contribution to global warming is
not considered. Why?

Water vapour is produced by natural process and the quantity of water vapour in the
atmosphere has not changed much.

55) Mention the effects of global warming

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56) How is the greenhouse gas CO2 in the atmosphere reduced by natural process?
How does it affect the aquatic life?

Half of the CO2 dissolved in carbon sink like ocean.

CO2(g) CO2(aq)

CO2(aq) +H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) +HCO3-(aq)

HCO3-(aq) H+(aq) +CO32-(aq)

Acidity of ocean increases and affect aquatic life.

57) Mention the measures taken to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.

1. Scrubber is used in coal power plants to reduce the level of SO 2 and other
greenhouse gases. Scrubber is made up of water and limestone. SO 2 is converted
as Gypsum salt (CaSO4.2H2O)

2. Sequestration- CO2 is converted to carbonate by using silicate.

Mg2SiO4(s) +2CO2(g) 2MgCO3(s) + SiO2(s)

3. CO2 is converted to synthetic gas.

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58) What is global dimming? How does it occur? Mention the effect of global
dimming

Particulates present in the atmosphere scatters the sunlight. Therefore lesser

amount of energy reaches the earth. Temperature of the earth decreases. This is
called global dimming.

Incomplete combustion of fuel produces particulates like soot, ash, sulphur

compounds. These particulates reflect the sunlight back into the space. These
particulates also acts as nucleating agent for the formation of water droplets.

Effects

It reduces global warming.

Harmful effects

1. Causes acid rain.

2. Reduces monsoon rain.

3. Causes breathing problems like asthma.

HL-numerical

Calculate the energy released in a) KJ/atom b) KJ/mole c) when 1 g of U 235 is used.

92 U235 +0n1 36 Kr89 + 56Ba144 +3 0n1

Masses in amu

Neutron= 1.008665

92 U235 = 235.04395

56 Ba144 = 143.922953

36 Kr89 = 89.91959

a)Mass defect in amu = sum of masses of products- sum of masses of reactants

(3x 1.00865+89.91959+ 143.922953) –(1.008665+ 235.04395)= 0.81592 amu/atom

Mass defect in Kg/atom= 0.81592x1.66x10-27=1.35443x10-27 Kg/atom

Energy released

E= mc2=(1.35443x10-27 Kg/atom) (3x108ms-1)2 = 12.189x10-11 J/atom = 1.2189x10-13

KJ/atom

b) 1.2189x10-13x6.022x1023= 7.341x1010KJ/mole

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Alternate method

Mass defect in amu= sum of masses of products- sum of masses of reactants

(3x 1.00865+89.91959+ 143.922953) –(1.008665+ 235.04395)= 0.81592 amu/atom

= 0.81592g/mole = 0.81592x10-3Kg/mole

Energy released

E= mc2=(0.81592x10-3Kg/mole)(3x108ms-1)2=7.343x1013J/mole= 7.343x1010KJ/molr

c) For 1 g of U235= 7.343x1010KJ/235.04395= 0.0312x1010KJ= 3.12x108KJ

Nernst equation

2. An electrochemical cell is made up of Cr/Cr3+(aq) // Fe2+(aq)/Fe

0.1M 0.1M

Determine the potential of the cell at 298K

Anode [Cr Cr3++3e-]x2

Cathode[ Fe2++2e- Fe]x3

-------------------------------------------------

2Cr+ 3Fe2+ 2Cr3++3Fe

------------------------------------------------

Nernst equation

ECell = E0Cell -RT ln[ (cr3+)2/(Fe2+)3

nF

E0Cell = E0C-E0a= -0.44-(-0.74)=0.30V

ECell= 0.30V- 8.31x298 ln(0.1)2/(0.1)3 =

6x96500

3. A concentration cell is made of Zn/Zn 2+ electrode.

Concentration of Zn2+ = 0.110 mol/dm3 and 0.220 mol/dm3 respectively.

Determine Ecell at 298K

Lower concentration is anode and higher concentration is cathode.

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ECell= -RTln[( Zn2+)anode/(Zn2+)cathode]

nF

ECell= -8.31x298 ln(0.110/0.220)

2x96500

= 0.0089V

3. Thermodynamic efficiency= -∆G0/-∆H0x100

Calculate the thermodynamic efficiency of methanol fuel cell

CH3OH(l)+3/2 O2(g) CO2(g)+ 2H2O(g)

From the ∆H0formation given in Data booklet

∆H0= ( Sum of ∆H0f of products)-( Sum of ∆H0f of reactants)

= (∆H0f CO2(g)+2∆H0fH2O(g))- (∆H0fCH3OH(l))= -726KJ

From the ∆H0formation given in Data booklet

∆G0f=( Sum of ∆G0f of products)-( Sum of ∆G0f of reactants)

(∆G0f CO2(g)+2∆G0fH2O(g))- (∆G0fCH3OH(l))= -685KJ

Thermodynamic efficiency= -∆G0/-∆H0x100= -685x100 = 94%

- 726

4. For H2 –O2 fuel cell

H2(g) +1/2O2(g) H2O(l)

∆H0f (H2O)l = -241.8KJ

Output is 0.7V

Find thermodynamic efficiency at 298K

-∆G0 = nE0Cell F

n= No.of moles of electrons=2

-∆G0 = nE0Cell F= -2x0.7x96500= -135100J= -135.1KJ

Thermodynamic efficiency= -∆G0/-∆H0x100 = -135.1x100 =56%

-241.8

36
5) Determine the frequency and wavelength of light absorbed when an electron from
helium atom moves from n=3 to n=4

Energy of He+ n=3→-581.8KJ/mole

n=4→-327.5KJ/mole

∆E= E4-E3= -327.5KJ/mole-( -581.8KJ/mole) = +254.3KJ/mole= +254.3x10 3J/mole

∆E per atom= +254.3x103J/mole/ 6.022x1023 = 4.22x10-19J

Frequency = 4.22x10-19J/ 6.63x10-34 = 6.37x1014 s-1

Wavelength

3x108 = 6.37x1014 s-1xwavelength

Wavelength= 4.71x10-5m

Energy HL

1)

37
Answers

38
2) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of lead storage cell

Advantages

1. Large amount of energy generated over a shorter period.

2. Can be recharged.

Disadvantages.

1. Heavy mass

2. Pb and Sulphuric acid causes pollution.

3)

Answer

39
4) Write the reactions involved at each electrodes in Ni-Cd cell during a) Charging b)
Discharging. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of this cell.

a) Charging the cell

negative electrode-Ni(OH)2

positive electrode- Cd(OH)2

Electrolyte-KOH(aq)

Cathode-Cd(OH)2(s)+2e- Cd(s) +2OH-(aq) Reduction

Anode Ni(OH)2(s) +OH-(aq) NiO(OH)(s) +H2O(l) +e- Oxidation

Overall reaction

Cd(OH)2(s)+2 Ni(OH)2(s) Cd(s) +2NiO(OH)(s) +2H2O(l)

b) During discharge

NiO(OH)(s) +H2O(l) +e- Ni(OH)2(s) +OH-(aq)

Cd(s) +2OH-(aq) Cd(OH)2(s)+2e-

Overall reaction

Cd(s) +2NiO(OH)(s) +2H2O(l) Cd(OH)2(s)+2 Ni(OH)2(s)

c) Advantages

1.Low internal resistance. Quick discharge time.

2. Can undergo full discharge.

Disadvantages

1. Cd is toxic.

2. Lose charge quickly at higher temperature.

4) Write the reactions involved during the a) Discharge b) Charging the Lithium ion
battery

Negative electrode- Li absorbed in a lattice of graphite

40
Positive electrode- Li in a lattice of MnO 2(s)

Electrolyte-Non aqueous polymer

During discharge

Anode

Li+Polymer Li+(polymer)+e-

Cathode

Li+(polymer)+MnO2+e- LiMnO2

Overall reaction Li(s)+MnO2(s) LiMnO2(s)

During recharge

LiMnO2(s) Li(s)+MnO2(s)

5) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Li ion battery

Advantages

1. Store higher electrical energy per unit mass than Ni-Cd or Pb-acid battery

2. Can undergo many recharge cycles.

3. No toxic materials used. Therefore disposal is easier.

Disadvantages

1. Very sensitive at high temperature. It can explode at high temperature.

2. Limited life span.

6) What are fuel cells? Explain the reactions involved H 2-O2 fuel cell in a) alkaline
medium b) acid medium

Fuel cells- Chemical energy released due to combustion of fuel is converted to

electrical energy.

Alkaline medium

Anode- Graphite rod packed with Pt

Cathode- Graphite rod packed with Pt

Electolyte- KOH(aq)

Pt acts as catalyst. H2 gas passed through anode and O2 gas passed through
cathode.

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Anode

H2(g) +2OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) +2e-

Cathode

O2(g)+2H2O(l) +4e-→ 4OH-(aq)

Overall reaction

2H2(g) +O2(g)→2H2O(l)

Acid medium

Anode and cathode- Graphite rod

Electrolyte-H+(aq)

PEM- Proton exchange membrane allows the flow of H+ ion from anode to cathode.
It is made up of teflon.

Electrodes are coated with Pt. Pt acts as catalyst.

Reaction at anode

H2(g) →2H+(aq)+2e-

O2+4H+(aq)+4e-→2H2O(l)

Overall reaction 2H2(g) +O2(g)→2H2O(l)

6) Mention the similarities and differences between fuel cell and other primary cells

Similarities- In both the cells Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.

2. Oxidation at anode and reduction at cathode.

Differences- Unlike other primary cells, the reactants are supplied continously and
the products are removed continously.

7) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of H 2-O2 fuel cell. Mention the main
use of this cell

Advantages

1. Hydrogen and Oxygen gas is used and water is the product formed. Therefore
pollution free.

2. Higher efficiency than other primary cells.

Disadvantages

42
1. Expensive. 2.. Pure hydrogen is required for H2-O2 fuel cell 3. Hydrogen is
explosive and its storage is difficult. 4. Hydrogen required is obtained from fossil fuel.
Fossil fuel is non- reneewable source of energy

It is used by astronauts as a source of energy and water.

8) Write the reactions involved in the production of hydrogen and oxygen required for

H2-O2 fuel cell.

1. Electrolysis of acidified water

2H2O(l) →2H2(g) +O2(g)

Pt is used as a catalyst.

2. C(s) +H2O(g) →CO(g) + H2(g)

CO(g) + H2(g)+ H2O(g) →CO2(g) + 2H2(g)

3. C4H10(g) +4H2O(g) →4CO(g) + 9H2(g)

4. Oxygen gas can be obtained by fraction distilation of liquified air.

9) Write the reactions involved at each electrode and the overall reaction in a DMFC
cell.

DMFC- Direct methanol fuel cell.

Anode

CH3OH(l) + H2O(l) →CO2(g) +6H+(aq) +6e-

H+(aq) moves to cathode throughPEM( proton exchange membrane)

Cathode

6H+(aq) + 3/2 O2(g) + 6e- →3H2O(l)

Overall reaction

CH3OH(l) +3/2 O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(l)

10) Mention the advantage and disadvantage of DMFC

Advantages

1. Methanol has higher energy density.

2. Methanol is a liquid fuel. Therefore it can be transported easily

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Disadvantages

Efficiency of DMFC is very low.

11) How does Microbial fuel cell(MFC) function?

Biomass is oxidised by bacteria in MFC. Part of the energy is utilised by the bacteria
for its growth and the remaining energy is converted to electricity.

12) Explain the function of MFC where glucose is used as biomass.

Anode

Live bacteria convert glucose to CO2(g) and H+(aq)

C6H12O6(aq) +6H2O(l) →6CO2(g)+24H+ + 24e-

H+(aq) moves to cathode through PEM.

Cathode

6O2(g)+24H+(aq) + 24e-→ 12H2O(l)

Overall reaction

C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g)→6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)

12) Write the half cell reactions and overall reactions when acetic acid is used as a
fuel.

Anode

CH3COOH(aq) +2H2O(l) → 2CO2(g) + 8H+(aq) +8e-

H+(aq) moves to cathode through PEM.

Anode

8H+(aq) +2O2(g) +8e-→4H2O(l)

Overall reaction

CH3COOH(aq) +2O2(g)→ 2CO2(g)+2H2O(l)

13) Mention the advantages of MFC over H2-O2 fuel cell

Hydrogen required is obtained from fossil fuel. Fossil fuel is non- reneewable source
of energy

Biomass is used as Microbial fuel. Biomass is renewable source of energy.

44
14) Describe the difference between votage and power in a battery. Identify the
factors that affect the voltage and power. Mention the ways to increasethe power

Power= Votage xcharge per unit time

1. Larger batteries deliver more power as they deliver more charge per unit time.

2. Increase in size of electrode decreases the internal resistance and the power
delivered increases.

15)

45
Answer

46
16) Why is it necessary to enrich uranium?

Uranium is made of 0.72% U235 and the remaining U238. U235 is fissionableand the
remaining U238 is non fissionable. Enrichment of Uranium increases the % of U 235.

17) Why is UF6 chosen for enrichment of uranium?

UF6 is a non polar molecule and has a low boiling point. It can be vaporised easily.

17) Mention the methods used and the principle involved in enrichment of uranium

1. Diffusion-

Principler-Lighter molecules diffuses faster than heavier molecules through a

membrane.

Method- Solid UF6 is vapourised and the vapours are passed through a
semipermiable membrane. Gas with increased concentration of U 235 is collected and
cooled. The process is repeated to increase the concentration of U 235

2. Centrifugation- Heavier particles move outwards and lighter particles move to the
centre.

Method- UF6 is placed in a centrifuge and spun at a higher speed. Molecules having
heavier mass(U238) moves to the bottom and molecules having U 235 stays at the
centre and pumped out. The process is repeated to increase the concentration of
U235

3. Breeder reactor

Principle – Non-fissionable U238 is converted to fissionable material

Method

47
U238 is bombarded with a neutron.

92 U238+0 n1 →92U239 →93 Np239+ -1e0→ 94Pu239 + -1e0

94 Pu239 is a fissionable material.

17) Mention the concerns associated with a breeder reactor

1. Pu is toxic. 2. Less efficient than using Uranium as fuel.

3. Liquid Na is used as coolant. It may lead to explosion if sodium comes in contact

with mopisture.

18)

Answer

48
Answer

19) Explain the function of DSSC( Dye sensitised solar cell) with the reactions
involved.

Anode- porous layer of TiO2 nano particles covered with a molecular dye.

Cathode- Transition metal wires.

Molecular dye has got an extended system of conjugation.

TiO2 provides large surface area to the organic dye.

Photon from sunlight excite an electron from the dye.

Anode-

Dye→Dye+ + e-

Electrons enter into the TiO2 nano particles and electron is prevented from
recombining with Dye+

Dye+ receives electrons from the electrolyte iodide ion

3I- →I3- +2e-

Dye+ + e-→Dye

Electrons travel through the nanoparticles and move to cathode through external
circuit.

Cathode

I3- +2e-→ 3I-

49
20) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of DSSC

Advantages

1. Energy efficient. Dyes absorbs photon effectively and convert it to electron.

2. Large surface areaTiO2 nano particles scatters the light so that the chances of
absorption of photon is more.

3. Work effectively even in low light conditions

Disadvantages

1. Current produced per unit area is low.

2. Dye will degrade when exposed to UV rays.

3. Dye has poor absorption in red part of the spectrum when compared to silicon.

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