5/7/2020

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 03

Design of Doubly Reinforced

Beam in Flexure

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Background

 Flexural Capacity

 Maximum Reinforcement

 Design Steps

 Example

 References

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Objectives

At the end of this lecture, students will be able to

 Define Doubly Reinforced Beams

 Analyze and Design doubly reinforced beams for

flexure

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Background

 The problem in increasing the capacity of the beam is the restriction that
As should not exceed Asmax. This places a restriction on the maximum
flexural capacity of the beam.

 If As exceeds Asmax, the strain in concrete will reach a value of 0.003

before εs reaches εty + 0.003, thus violating the ACI code recommendation
for ensuring ductile behaviour.

 However, If either the strength of concrete is increased or some

reinforcement is placed on compression side, the load at which strain will
reach a value of 0.003 will be increased. When this happens As on
tension side can be increased without compromising ductility, which will
also increase the flexural capacity of the beam.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Background

 Practically this can be achieved simply by placing some amount of

additional reinforcement As′ on both faces (tension and compression) of
the beam. This will increase the range of Asmax.

 In this case the beam is called as doubly reinforced beam.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Flexural Capacity

 Consider figure “d” and “e”, the flexural capacity of doubly reinforced beam
consists of two couples:

 The forces Asfy and 0.85fc′ab provides the couple with lever arm (d – a/2).

 Mn1 = Asfy (d – a/2) ……..………………… (c)

 The forces As′fy and As′fs′ provide another couple with lever arm (d – d′).

Mn2 = As′fs′ (d – d′) ………………………………….. (d)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Flexural Capacity

 The total nominal capacity of doubly reinforced beam is therefore,

 Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = Asfy (d – a/2) + As′fs′ (d – d′)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Flexural Capacity

 Factored flexural capacity is given as,

ΦMn = ΦAsfy (d – a/2) + ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′) …………….. (e)

 To avoid failure, ΦMn ≥ Mu. For ΦMn = Mu, we have from equation (e),

Mu = ΦAsfy (d – a/2) + ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′) ……………..… (f)

 Where, ΦAsfy (d – a/2) is equal to ΦMnmax (singly) for As = Asmax

 Therefore, Mu = ΦMnmax (singly) + ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′)

 {Mu – ΦMnmax (singly)} = ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′) (Mu – ΦMnmax (singly)= Mu(extra))

 As′ = {Mu(extra)} / {Φfs′ (d – d′)} ……….….... (g) ; where, fs′ ≤ fy

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Flexural Capacity

 Conditions at which fs′ = fy ; Compression steel yields.

 By similarity of triangle (fig b), compression steel strain

(εs′) is, εs′ = εu (c – d′)/ c ….. (h)

 For tensile steel strain (εs) = εt =εty + 0.003 (for under reinforced behavior):

c = 0.41d for fy = 40 ksi, c = 0.37d for fy = 60 ksi

 Substituting the value of c and εu = 0.003 in eqn. (h), we get,

 εs′ = (0.003 – 0.0073d′/d) for fy=40 ksi, εs′ = (0.003 – 0.008d′/d) for fy=60 ksi…(i)

 Equation (i) gives the value of εs′ for the condition at which reinforcement on
tension side is at strain of εty + 0.003, ensuring ductility.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Flexural Capacity

 Conditions at which fs′ = fy ; Compression steel yields.

 εs′ = (0.003 – 0.0073d′/d) for fy=40 ksi, εs′ = (0.003 – 0.008d′/d) for fy=60 ksi...(i)
OR

 d′/d = (0.003 - εs′)/0.0073 for (40 ksi) and d′/d = (0.003 - εs′)/0.008 for (60 ksi)..(j)

 Substituting εs′ = εy, in equation (j).

 d′/d = (0.003 - εy)/0.0073 for (40 ksi) and d′/d = (0.003 - εy)/0.008 for (60 ksi)...(k)

 Equation (k) gives the value of d′/d that ensures that when tension steel is at a
strain of εty + 0.003 (ensuring ductility), the compression steel will also be at
yield.

 Therefore for compression to yield, d′/d should be less than the value given by
equation (k).

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Flexural Capacity

 Conditions at which fs′ = fy ; Compression steel yields.

 Table.3 gives the ratios (d′/d) and minimum beam effective depths (d) for
compression reinforcement to yield.

Table 3: Minimum beam depths for compression reinforcement to yield

Minimum d for d'

fy, psi Maximum d'/d
= 2.5 (in.)

40000 0.22 11.5

60000 0.12 21.5

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Maximum Reinforcement

Cc = Compression
 Cc + Cs = T [ ∑Fx = 0 ]
force due to concrete in
compression region,
 0.85fc′ab + As′fs′ = Astfy
Cs = Compression
force in steel in
 When a= β1c ; Ast will become Astmax
compression region
needed to balance the
 c = 0.41d for fy = 40 ksi, c = 0.37d for fy = 60 ksi
tension force in addition
to the tension force
 0.85fc′β1(cb) + As′fs′ = Astmaxfy
provided by Asmax (singly).

 Astmax (doubly) = 0.85β1(cb)fc′/fy + As′fs′/fy

 Astmax (doubly) = Asmax (singly) + As′fs′/fy

C

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Maximum Reinforcement

 Astmax (doubly)= Asmax (singly) + As′fs′/fy

 The total steel area actually provided Ast as tension reinforcement must be
less than Astmax in above equation i.e. Ast ≤ Astmax

 Astmax (singly ) is a fixed number, whereas As′ is steel area actually placed
on compression side. (For more clarification, see example)
 Note that Compression steel in the above equation may or may not yield when tension
steel yields.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Steps

 Step No. 01: Calculation of ΦMnmax (singly)

 Step No. 02: Moment to be carried by compression steel

 Step No. 03: Find εs′ and fs′

 Step No. 04: Calculation of As′ and Ast.

 Step No. 05: Ensure that d′/d < 0.22 (for fy=40 ksi) so that selection
of bars does not create compressive stresses lower than yield.

 Step No. 06: Ductility requirements: Ast ≤ Astmax

 Step No. 07: Drafting

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Design the given reinforced concrete beam for an ultimate flexural

demand of 4500 in-kip. The beam sectional dimensions are
restricted. Material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.

d = 20″

b = 12″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 1(a): Sizes

 bw = 12 in

 d = 20 in

 Step No. 01(b): Loads

 Load is given in the form of moment = 4500 in-kip

 Step No. 01(c): Analysis

 Mu = 4500 in-kip

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 01(d): Design

 ΦMn ≥ Mu (ΦMn is Mdesign or Mcapacity)

 For ΦMn = Mu

 ΦAsfy(d – a/2) = Mu

 As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)}

 Calculate “As” by trial and success method.

 As= 8.75 in2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 01(d): Design

 After trials As comes out to be 8.75 in2

 Asmax= 0.3 x fc′/fy bwx d = 0.3x 3/40 x 12 x 20= 5.4 in2

 As As= 8.75 in2 > Asmax = 5.4 in2 the given beam can’t be designed as a
singly reinforced beam because ACI 318 code does not allow to use As
greater than Asmax .

 Now designing the beam as a doubly reinforced beam.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 01(e): Calculation of ΦMnmax (singly)

Asmax (singly) = 0.3 (fc′/fy) bwd = 0.3 x (3/40) x 12 × 20 = 5.4 in2

ΦMn max (singly) = ΦAsfy(d – a/2), a = Asmax (singly) fy/0.85fc′bw

a = 7.06 in
ΦMnmax (singly) = 3202 in-kip

 Step No. 02: Moment to be carried by compression steel

Mu (extra) = Mu – ΦMnmax (singly)

= 4500 – 3202 = 1298 in-kip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 03: Find εs′ and fs′

From table 3, d = 20″ > 11.5″, and for d′ = 2.5″, d′/d is 0.125 < 0.22 for
grade 40 steel. So compression steel will yield.

Stress in compression steel fs′ = fy

Alternatively,

εs′ = (0.003 – 0.0073d′/d) ………………….. (i)

εs′ = (0.003 – 0.0073 × 2.5/20) = 0.0021 > εy = 40/29000 = 0.00137

As εs′ is greater than εy, so the compression steel will yield and fs′ = fy

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Calculation of As′ and Ast.

As′ = Mu(extra)/{Φfs′(d – d′)}=1298/{0.90×40×(20–2.5)}= 2.06 in2

 Total amount of tension reinforcement (Ast) is,

Ast = Asmax (singly) + As′= 5.4 + 2.06 = 7.46 in2

 Using #8 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.8 in2

No. of bars to be provided on tension side = Ast/ Ab= 7.46/ 0.8 = 9.32

No. of bars to be provided on compression side=As′/Ab = 2.06/ 0.8 = 2.6

Provide 10 #8 (8 in2 in 3 layers) on tension side

and 4 #8 (3.2 in2 in 1 layer) on compression side.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 05: Ensure that d′/d < 0.22 (for grade 40) so that
selection of bars does not create compressive stresses lower
than yield.

After placing tensile reinforcement of 10 #8 bars in 3 layers, d =

19.625″ and placing compression reinforcement of 4 #8 bars in single
layer, d′ = 2.375

d′/d = 2.375/ 19.625 = 0.12 < 0.22, OK!

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 06: Ductility requirements: Ast ≤ Astmax

 Ast , which is the total steel area actually provided as tension

reinforcement must be less than Astmax .
 Astmax (doubly)= Asmax (singly) + As′fs′/fy

 Astmax (singly ) is a fixed number for the case under consideration and
As′ is steel area actually placed on compression side.
 Asmax (singly) = 5.4 in2 ; As′ = 4 × 0.8 = 3.2 in2
 Astmax (doubly)= 5.4 + 3.2 = 8.6 in2
 Ast = 8 in2
Therefore Ast = 8 in2 < Astmax(doubly) OK.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example

 Solution:
 Step No. 07: Drafting

 Provide 10 #8 (8 in2 in 3 layers) on tension side and 4 #8 (3.2 in2 in 1

layer) on compression side.

4,#8 bars

h=24"

(4+4+2),#8 bars

b=12"

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

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