Financial Fraud
Financial Fraud
Financial Fraud
Schemes
Akuntansi Forensik
- Kerugian - Perdata
Proaktif Investigatif
Keuangan - Administratif
Negara - Arbitrase
Fraud Temuan Temuan Audit dan Alternatif
Sumber Risk Audit Peneyelesaian
Informasi Assessment Tuduhan Sengketa
Keluhan
Indikasi Indikasi Bukti
Output potensi fraud awal ada/tidaknya
adanya pelanggaran
fraud
Forensic
Accounting
Intellectual
Estate/ Financial Government Property
Construction Environmental Fraud
Family Investigation Contract Contract Infringement
Claims Claims
Valuation Disputes Claims Damages
Fraud Fraud
Prevention
Examination
Fraud
Deterrence
Fraud
Detection
Fraud
Investigation
Fraud Loss
& Costs
Recovery
Anti-fraud
Controls
Remediation
Anti-fraud
Education
& Training
Fraud Fraud
Prevention
Examination
Fraud
Deterrence
Forensic
Fraud
Detection Accounting
Intellectual
Estate/ Financial Government Property
Construction Environmental Fraud
Family Contract Contract Infringement
Claims Claims Investigation
Valuation Disputes Claims Damages
Fraud Loss
& Costs
Recovery
Anti-fraud
Controls
Remediation
Anti-fraud
Education
& Training
Who needs forensic accounting ?
Corporate investigations
Litigation support
Criminal matters
Insurance claims
Government
etc
What should a forensic accountant
know and be able to do ?
Ability to identify frauds with
minimal information
Identification of financial issues
Knowledge of investigative
techniques
Knowledge of evidence
Interpretation of financial
information
Presentation of findings
Investigative skills
FRAUD
“ SEGALA SESUATU YANG DILAKUKAN
DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN AKAL /
KECERDIKANNYA UNTUK
MENDAPATKAN KEUNTUNGAN
DENGAN JALAN MENEKAN, MENIPU,
ATAUPUN CARA-CARA LAIN YANG
MEMPERDAYA SEHINGGA
MERUGIKAN PIHAK LAIN”
(Black’s law dictionary)
Karakteristik Fraud ?
• Deception/trickery
• Hidden
• intentionally
• Damage
Mens Rea
Actus Reus
FRAUD TRIANGLE
Perceived
Opportunity
Fraud
Triangle
Pressure Rationalization
Asset Fraudulent
Corruption
Misappropriation Statement
(3) (2) (1)
ASSET MISAPPROPRIATION
Inventory and
CASH
All Other Assets
Misuse Larceny
Larceny Skimming
Asset. Req
& Transfers
Of Cash Refunds
On Hand Sales Receivables
& Other False Sales
From & Shipping
Un Write off
Deposit Recorded Schemes
Purchasing
Under Lapping & Receiving
Other Stated Schemes
Un Unconcealed
Concealed Larceny
Fraudulent
Disbursement
Asset/Revenue Asset/Revenue
Overstated Understated
• fake or • improper
• matching • liability/expense • inventory valuations
phantom omissions
revenue with omissions • accounts receivable
Customer • subsequent
expensees • capitalized • business
• Sales with events
• premature expenses combinations
conditions • management
revenue • expensing capital • fixed assets
fraud
recognition : expenditures
• related party
long term • returns and
transactions
contract, allowances and
• accounting
channel warranties
changes
stuffing
• recording
expenses
in the wrong
period
Fictitious Revenues
Penjualan fiktif pada customer palsu
atau shell company, bisa jg customer
yg legitimate
Penjualan dicatat tetapi persyaratan
tdk dipenuhi, hak dan kepemilikan
tidak berpindah ke pembeli
Red Flags
Kenaikan pendapatan yang sangat cepat
atau tingkat keuntungan yang tidak wajar
dibanding industri sejenis
Cash flow dr operasi negatif sementara
melaporkan laba atau kenaikan laba yang
signifikan
Transaksi yg signifikan dg related parties
atau dg pihak yg tdk dlm lingkup bisnis
Penjualan yang signifikan dgn pihak yg
tdk jelas keberadaannya
Timing Differences
Pencatatan revenue dan expenses yg tidak
“match” dlm periode akuntansi yg sama
Premature Revenue Recognition :
• bukti arrangement belum ada,
• pengiriman blm dilakukan atau jasa blm diberikan,
• harga jual blm ditentukan/pasti,
• kolektibilitas di kemudian hari diragukan (resale of the
product atau customer tdk mampu membayar)
Mudah terjadi pd Long term contract
Recording Expenses in the wrong Period :
pressure to meet budget projections n goals
Red Flags
Kenaikan pendapatan yang sangat cepat
atau tingkat keuntungan yang tidak wajar
dibanding industri sejenis
Cash flow operasi negatif sementara
melaporkan laba atau kenaikan laba yang
signifikan
Transaksi yg signifikan & kompleks
terutama menjelang akhir periode
pelaporan
Kenaikan “margin” yg tdk biasa atau
dibanding industri sejenis
Concealed Liabilities and
Expenses
Liability/Expenses Omissions :
manipulasi dg tdk mencatat
hutang/biaya yg sebenarnya, tdk
dicatat sama sekali transaksi dibiayai
dr sumber pendapatan lain
Capitalized Expenses vs expensing
capital expenditures
Improper return and allowances
liabilities (menyangkut kebijakan retur
barang)
Red Flags
Cash flow dr operasi negatif
sementara melaporkan laba atau
kenaikan laba yang signifikan
Assets, liabilities, revenues or
expenses based on significant
estimates that involve subjective
judgments or uncertainties that are
difficult to corroborate.
Keterlibatan manajemen yg
berlebihan dlm “mengatur” prinsip
akuntansi
Improper Disclosures
Laporan Keuangan dan Catatan atas Laporan
Keuangan seharusnya jg mendisclose segala
informasi yg dpt mempengaruhi pembaca lap
keu, improper disclosure yg kerap terjadi :
Liability omissions ( adanya contingent liability)
Subsequent Events
Management Fraud
Related-party Transactions
Accounting changes
Red Flags
Dominasi manajemen atau pihak
tertentu dalam manajemen
Komite audit kurang berperan
Kenaikan “margin” yg tdk biasa atau
dibanding industri sejenis
Significant related party transactions
Pembatasan akses tertentu bagi
auditor intern maupun ekstern
Improper Asset Valuation
Purchase Invoices
Schemes Kickbacks
Sales Bid
Schemes Rigging
Other Other
Conflict of Interest
Benturan kepentingan
Bisnis dengan kelompok tertentu
Kontrak-kontrak jangka panjang
Nilai kontrak relatif mahal
Nepotisme
Terjadi di purchase scheme atau sales
scheme
BRIBERY AND KICKBACKS
• Menggunakan kewenangan sebagai pejabat publik untuk
kepentingan pribadi atau kelompok tertentu
• Memberikan perlakuan khusus atau keistimewaan pada
perusahaan atau individu tertentu
Kickback or Bribery or
Extortion?
Kickback : penjual “mengikhlaskan” sebagian
hasil penjualannya
Bribery : tidak selalu dalam konteks
“transaksi jual-beli” , penyuap mengharapkan
keputusan tertentu
Economic Extortion : Ancaman/pemerasan
terselubung
Illegal gratuities : hadiah yg merupakan
bentuk terselubung dari penyuapan
Victim Organizations