Financial Fraud

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Financial Transactions & Fraud

Schemes

LPFA, 16 Oktober 2012


Overview Fraud
Examination
 Resolving allegations of fraud-from tips,
complaints or accounting clues.
 Obtain documentary evidence, interviewing
witnesses and potential suspects, writing
investigative reports, testifying to findings,
assisting in detection and prevention of fraud
 Can also be conducted by professionals in other
fields: law enforcement official,etc
Fraud Examination
Methodology
 Predication : sufficient reason to conduct a fraud
examination
 The Case Theory Approach:
Analyze available data
Create a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Refine and amend the hypothesis
What is forensic
accounting ?
Forensic Accounting ?
 Forensic : belonging to, used in or suitable to
courts of judicature or to public discussions and
debate (Webster’s Dictionary )
 Penerapan dari keahlian finansial dan
kemampuan investigatif terhadap
permasalahan-permasalahan keuangan yang
belum terpecahkan dan dilakukan dalam
ketentuan bukti yang dapat diterima menurut
hukum
(William T. Thornhill)
Diagram Akuntansi Forensik
(Theodorus Tuanakotta, 2007)

Akuntansi Forensik

Jenis Fraud Audit Akuntansi Hukum


Penugasan Pidana
- Ganti Rugi -

- Kerugian - Perdata
Proaktif Investigatif
Keuangan - Administratif

Negara - Arbitrase
Fraud Temuan Temuan Audit dan Alternatif
Sumber Risk Audit Peneyelesaian
Informasi Assessment Tuduhan Sengketa
Keluhan
Indikasi Indikasi Bukti
Output potensi fraud awal ada/tidaknya
adanya pelanggaran
fraud
Forensic
Accounting
Intellectual
Estate/ Financial Government Property
Construction Environmental Fraud
Family Investigation Contract Contract Infringement
Claims Claims
Valuation Disputes Claims Damages
Fraud Fraud
Prevention
Examination
Fraud
Deterrence

Fraud
Detection

Fraud
Investigation

Fraud Loss
& Costs
Recovery

Anti-fraud
Controls
Remediation

Anti-fraud
Education
& Training
Fraud Fraud
Prevention
Examination
Fraud
Deterrence

Forensic
Fraud
Detection Accounting
Intellectual
Estate/ Financial Government Property
Construction Environmental Fraud
Family Contract Contract Infringement
Claims Claims Investigation
Valuation Disputes Claims Damages

Fraud Loss
& Costs
Recovery

Anti-fraud
Controls
Remediation

Anti-fraud
Education
& Training
Who needs forensic accounting ?
 Corporate investigations
 Litigation support

 Criminal matters

 Insurance claims

 Government

 etc
What should a forensic accountant
know and be able to do ?
 Ability to identify frauds with
minimal information
 Identification of financial issues
 Knowledge of investigative
techniques
 Knowledge of evidence
 Interpretation of financial
information
 Presentation of findings
 Investigative skills
FRAUD
“ SEGALA SESUATU YANG DILAKUKAN
DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN AKAL /
KECERDIKANNYA UNTUK
MENDAPATKAN KEUNTUNGAN
DENGAN JALAN MENEKAN, MENIPU,
ATAUPUN CARA-CARA LAIN YANG
MEMPERDAYA SEHINGGA
MERUGIKAN PIHAK LAIN”
(Black’s law dictionary)
Karakteristik Fraud ?

• Deception/trickery
• Hidden
• intentionally
• Damage

Mens Rea
Actus Reus
FRAUD TRIANGLE
Perceived
Opportunity

Fraud
Triangle

Pressure Rationalization

Donald R. Cressey, others people money, A study in the social psychology of


Embezzlement.
Fraud Tree Classification System

©2008 by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.


Occupational Frauds by Category — Frequency

©2008 by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.


Occupational Frauds by Category — Median Loss

©2008 by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.


FRAUD TREE

Asset Fraudulent
Corruption
Misappropriation Statement
(3) (2) (1)
ASSET MISAPPROPRIATION
Inventory and
CASH
All Other Assets

Misuse Larceny
Larceny Skimming
Asset. Req
& Transfers
Of Cash Refunds
On Hand Sales Receivables
& Other False Sales
From & Shipping
Un Write off
Deposit Recorded Schemes
Purchasing
Under Lapping & Receiving
Other Stated Schemes

Un Unconcealed
Concealed Larceny
Fraudulent
Disbursement

Billing Payroll Exp. Reimbursement


Check Register
Schemes Schemes Tempering Disbursement
Forged
Shell Co. Ghost Emp. Mischaracterized
Maker False Void
Forged
Non Accomplice Commission Overstated
Endorse
Vendor Worker Altered
False Refund
Personal Fictitious Payee
Compensation
Purchase Falsified Multiple Concealed Authorized
Wages Reimburse Checks Maker
Skimming
 Pengambilan kas sblm tercatat dlm sistem
akuntansi termasuk off-book fraud
 Terjadi saat dana masuk dlm sistem
akuntansi
 Tidak meninggalkan jejak audit
 Penjualan, teller
 Deteksi : pengaduan pelanggan
 Pencegahan : kehadiran pengawas secara
fisik, kamera video, collection procedures
Larceny
 Pencurian uang yg sdh masuk dlm sistem
akuntansi
 On-books fraud
 Kasus Penempatan Deposito milik PT
Taspen di BM Kantor Kas Rawamangun
FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD
“KECURANGAN / PENIPUAN YANG
SENGAJA DILAKUKAN OLEH
MANAJEMEN DENGAN CARA
PENYESATAN LAPORAN KEUANGAN
YANG MATERIAL SEHINGGA MERUGIKAN
INVESTOR DAN KREDITOR”
(Elliott and Willingham)
TUJUAN
 Meningkatkan penjualan saham
 Menunjukkan adanya kenaikan pendapatan
 Menutupi ketidakmampuan manajemen
 Menghilangkan persepsi pasar yang negatif
 Memperoleh pendanaan
 Meningkatkan nilai jual perusahaan
 Memenuhi kesesuaian dalam perjanjian
pembiayaan
 Memenuhi tujuan dan sasaran perusahaan
 Memperoleh bonus terkait dengan kinerja
 Mengelabui kewajiban perpajakan
Fraudulent
Financial Statements

Asset/Revenue Asset/Revenue
Overstated Understated

Fictitious Timing Concealed Liabilities Improper Improper Asset


Revenues Differences & Expenses Disclosures Valuations

• fake or • improper
• matching • liability/expense • inventory valuations
phantom omissions
revenue with omissions • accounts receivable
Customer • subsequent
expensees • capitalized • business
• Sales with events
• premature expenses combinations
conditions • management
revenue • expensing capital • fixed assets
fraud
recognition : expenditures
• related party
long term • returns and
transactions
contract, allowances and
• accounting
channel warranties
changes
stuffing
• recording
expenses
in the wrong
period
Fictitious Revenues
 Penjualan fiktif pada customer palsu
atau shell company, bisa jg customer
yg legitimate
 Penjualan dicatat tetapi persyaratan
tdk dipenuhi, hak dan kepemilikan
tidak berpindah ke pembeli
Red Flags
 Kenaikan pendapatan yang sangat cepat
atau tingkat keuntungan yang tidak wajar
dibanding industri sejenis
 Cash flow dr operasi negatif sementara
melaporkan laba atau kenaikan laba yang
signifikan
 Transaksi yg signifikan dg related parties
atau dg pihak yg tdk dlm lingkup bisnis
 Penjualan yang signifikan dgn pihak yg
tdk jelas keberadaannya
Timing Differences
 Pencatatan revenue dan expenses yg tidak
“match” dlm periode akuntansi yg sama
 Premature Revenue Recognition :
• bukti arrangement belum ada,
• pengiriman blm dilakukan atau jasa blm diberikan,
• harga jual blm ditentukan/pasti,
• kolektibilitas di kemudian hari diragukan (resale of the
product atau customer tdk mampu membayar)
Mudah terjadi pd Long term contract
 Recording Expenses in the wrong Period :
pressure to meet budget projections n goals
Red Flags
 Kenaikan pendapatan yang sangat cepat
atau tingkat keuntungan yang tidak wajar
dibanding industri sejenis
 Cash flow operasi negatif sementara
melaporkan laba atau kenaikan laba yang
signifikan
 Transaksi yg signifikan & kompleks
terutama menjelang akhir periode
pelaporan
 Kenaikan “margin” yg tdk biasa atau
dibanding industri sejenis
Concealed Liabilities and
Expenses

 Liability/Expenses Omissions :
manipulasi dg tdk mencatat
hutang/biaya yg sebenarnya, tdk
dicatat sama sekali transaksi dibiayai
dr sumber pendapatan lain
 Capitalized Expenses vs expensing
capital expenditures
 Improper return and allowances
liabilities (menyangkut kebijakan retur
barang)
Red Flags
 Cash flow dr operasi negatif
sementara melaporkan laba atau
kenaikan laba yang signifikan
 Assets, liabilities, revenues or
expenses based on significant
estimates that involve subjective
judgments or uncertainties that are
difficult to corroborate.
 Keterlibatan manajemen yg
berlebihan dlm “mengatur” prinsip
akuntansi
Improper Disclosures
Laporan Keuangan dan Catatan atas Laporan
Keuangan seharusnya jg mendisclose segala
informasi yg dpt mempengaruhi pembaca lap
keu, improper disclosure yg kerap terjadi :
 Liability omissions ( adanya contingent liability)

 Subsequent Events

 Management Fraud

 Related-party Transactions

 Accounting changes
Red Flags
 Dominasi manajemen atau pihak
tertentu dalam manajemen
 Komite audit kurang berperan
 Kenaikan “margin” yg tdk biasa atau
dibanding industri sejenis
 Significant related party transactions
 Pembatasan akses tertentu bagi
auditor intern maupun ekstern
Improper Asset Valuation

Fraudulent overstatement of assets :


 inventory valuation : manipulasi fisik
persediaan, penggelembungan unit
price
 account receivable : fiktif, write-off
 Business combinations
 Fixed assets
CORRUPTION
Conflict
Illegal Economic
Of Bribery
Interest Gratuities Extortion

Purchase Invoices
Schemes Kickbacks

Sales Bid
Schemes Rigging

Other Other
Conflict of Interest
 Benturan kepentingan
 Bisnis dengan kelompok tertentu
 Kontrak-kontrak jangka panjang
 Nilai kontrak relatif mahal
 Nepotisme
 Terjadi di purchase scheme atau sales
scheme
BRIBERY AND KICKBACKS
• Menggunakan kewenangan sebagai pejabat publik untuk
kepentingan pribadi atau kelompok tertentu
• Memberikan perlakuan khusus atau keistimewaan pada
perusahaan atau individu tertentu
Kickback or Bribery or
Extortion?
 Kickback : penjual “mengikhlaskan” sebagian
hasil penjualannya
 Bribery : tidak selalu dalam konteks
“transaksi jual-beli” , penyuap mengharapkan
keputusan tertentu
 Economic Extortion : Ancaman/pemerasan
terselubung
 Illegal gratuities : hadiah yg merupakan
bentuk terselubung dari penyuapan
Victim Organizations

©2008 by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.


Fraud dalam KUHP
 Pasal 362 Pencurian
 Pasal 368 Pemerasan dan Pengancaman

 Pasal 372 Penggelapan

 Pasal 378 Perbuatan Curang

 Pasal 396 Merugikan pemberi piutang dalam keadaan


pailit
 Pasal 406 Menghancurkan atau merusakkan barang

 Ps 209,210,387,388 dst yg scr khusus diatur dlm UU


Tastipikor
Fraud dalam UU khusus

 30 Jenis TPK (UU No.31/1999 jo UU 20/2001 Ttg


Tastipikor )
 13 jenis TP bidang Perbankan (UUNo.7/1992 jo UU
No.10/1998 ttg Perbankan)
 TP bidang pasar modal (UU No.8/1995 ttg Pasar Modal)

 TP Bidang Perpajakan (UU No.6/1983 sbgmn diubah


terakhir dg UU No.28/2007 ttg Ketentuan Umum dan
Tata Cara Perpajakan)
 Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang (UU 15/2002 jo UU
No.23/2003 ttg Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang
 Dll……

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